Title One Q: Is it necessary under this mode that the purpose
CRIMES AGAINST NATIONAL SECURITY AND THE
LAW OF NATIONS
Section One. Treason and espionage
Article 114. Treason
Article 115. Conspiracy and proposal to commit treason
Article 116. Misprision of treason
Article 117. Espionage
Section Two. Provoking war and disloyalty in case of war
Article 118. Inciting to war or giving motives for
reprisals
Article 119. Violation of neutrality
Article 120. Correspondence with hostile country
Article 121. Flight to enemy’s country
Section Three. Piracy and mutiny on the high seas in
Philippine waters
Article 122. Piracy in general and mutiny on the high
seas or in Philippine waters
Article 123. Qualified piracy
Article 114. Treason
Elements:
1. Offender is a Filipino citizen or an alien
residing in the Philippines;
2. There is a war in which the Philippines is
involved;
3. The offender either –
a. Levies war against the Government;
or
b. Adheres to the enemies, giving
them aid or comfort.
 Treason cannot be committed in time of
peace.
1st mode: “Levying war against
Government”
There must be an actual assembling of men. Thus,
the actual enlistment of men to serve against the
government doesn’t amount to levying war.
Under this mode, it is not necessary that there be a
formal declaration of the existence of a state of war.
Actual hostilities may determine the date of the
commencement of war.
The war must be directed against the government,
not merely to resist a particular statute or to repel a
particular officer. However, it is NOT necessary that
those attempting to overthrow the gov’t succeed in
their designs.
of levying war is to deliver the country in whole or in
part to the enemy?
A: Yes, if the uprising is committed without enemy
collaboration, the crime would be rebellion not
treason.
2nd mode: “Adhering to the enemies, giving
them aid or comfort”
“Adherence to the enemy” means intent to betray.
There is “adherence to the enemy” when a citizen
intellectually or emotionally favors the enemy and
harbors sympathies or convictions disloyal to his
country’s policy or interest.
“Aid or comfort” means an act which strengthens or
tends to strengthen the enemy in the conduct of war
against the traitor’s country and an act which
weakens or tends to weaken the power of the traitor’s
country to resist or to attack the enemy.
Adherence alone, without giving aid or comfort, does
NOT constitute treason.
The aid and comfort must be a deed or physical
activity. To be treasonous, the extent of aid and
comfort must be to render assistance to them as
enemies and not merely as individuals, and be directly
in furtherance of the enemies’ hostile designs .
However, the act need not actually strengthen the
enemy.
The aid or comfort under this mode must be after the
declaration of war. The enemies must be subject of a
foreign power.
When killings and other common crimes are charged
as overt acts of treason, they cannot be regarded as
the separate crimes or complexed with treason.
Example: Where the accused served as
secret agent for the Japanese, and in the
performance of such service, he participated
in the Japanese expeditions against guerillas
and committed mass murders, arson and
robberies, and those deeds were charged an
element of treason, they become identified
with the crime of treason and cannot be the
subject of a separate punishment.
But this rule will not preclude the punishment of
common crimes as such, IF the prosecution should
elect to prosecute the culprit specifically for those
crimes, instead of relying on them as an element of
treason.
Ways of proving treason
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A person may be convicted of treason on the
following evidence ONLY:
1. [Two-witness rule] Testimony of two
witnesses, at least, to the same overt act; or
2. Confession of the accused in open court.
The two-witness rule
The testimony of two witnesses is required to prove
the overt act of giving aid or comfort. It is not
necessary to prove adherence.
Q: A testified that he saw X on guard duty in the
Japanese garrison on Monday. B testified that he also
saw X on guard duty in the garrison on Wednesday.
Can X be convicted of treason on the basis of A & B’s
testimony?
A: No. Both overt acts, although of the same nature
and character, are two distinct acts. Either one, to
serve as a ground for conviction, must be proved by
two witnesses. That one witness should testify as to
one, and another as to the other, was held not
enough.
Laurel v. Misa
Petition for habeas corpus by Laurel based on the theory
that a Filipino citizen who adhered to the enemy giving the
latter aid and comfort during the Japanese occupation
cannot be prosecuted for the crime of treason because (1)
of the suspension of the sovereignty of the legitimate
government in the Philippines resulting in the suspension of
the correlative allegiance of Filipinos thereto, and (2) of
the changes of sovereignty upon the proclamation of the
Philippine Republic.
HELD: Citizen owes absolute/permanent allegiance to his
government/sovereign, which should not be confused with
the qualified/temporary allegiance which a foreigner owes
to the government of his current residence. This absolute
allegiance is not abrogated by enemy occupation because
the sovereignty of the government de jure is not
transferred thereby to the occupier, remaining vested in
the legitimate government. What may be suspended is the
exercise of the rights of sovereignty passing temporarily to
the occupant, and not the allegiance which subsists with
the subsistence of the sovereignty of the legitimate
government.
The change in government from commonwealth does not
affect the crime of treason. It holds applicable to the
present government being an offense against the same
government and sovereign people.
People vs. Perez
Perez was convicted of treason and sentenced to death
where 5 of the 7 counts against him alleged his abduction
of girls for the purpose of using them to satisfy the sexual
desires of Japanese officials.
HELD: For an act to be treasonous, it should be one that
renders assistance to the occupants to further their hostile
designs. Sexual relations between the women and the
Japanese officials cannot be said to aid in the furtherance
of the objectives of the enemies.
Dissent by Pablo: Entertainment tones up the nerves of the
soldiers. Services or favors that should have been
performed by Japanese women were done by Filipino
women. This helped improve the phases of their military
activities.
People vs. Prieto
Prieto, a Makapili who aided the Japanese in apprehending
Filipino guerillas (who were tortured and executed after
being apprehended) was convicted of 4 counts of treason.
HELD: Murder and physical injuries are identified as an
element of treason and they cannot be the subject of a
separate punishment, or make a complex crime with
treason. They are averred as a constitutive ingredient of
treason. But where the State prosecutes them for such acts
not as an overt act for treason, then the accused can be
punished for such acts if found guilty.
People vs. Manayao
Manayao et al were charged and found guilty of treason
with multiple murders. They were sentenced to death and
to pay the fine with indemnity to heirs of the victims of the
town they massacred with the Japanese troops. The
massacre was witnessed by the two children spared from
the killing.
HELD: The Makapili is not part of the Japanese Army in the
Philippines being an organization of ‘traitors, pure and
simple.’ This doesn’t divest the People’s Court of
jurisdiction. They have not lost their citizenship when no
evidence that he has subscribed to an oath of allegiance to
support the laws of Japan and that he showed his
acceptance of a commission in the Armed Forces of Japan
were presented. They are still subject of the law on
treason in the Philippines.
People vs. Adriano
Adriano was found guilty of treason by virtue of his being a
Makapili. The prosecution however did not introduce any
other evidence except for his membership. Furthermore,
the alleged acts committed by the accused were not
established or concurred by testimonies from 2 witnesses.
HELD: The two-witness requirement in the crime of treason
should be applied restrictively – the lawmakers having
intended for it to be applied with the same rigidity and
inflexibility due to the seriousness of the crime and the
abnormality of the times from American origin.
Hilado dissenting: Being a Makapili was one single
continuous and indivisible overt act of giving aid to the
Japanese invaders. There is no need for at least 2
witnesses to have testified on one same act.
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 3. His purpose is to obtain information, plans,
Article 115. Conspiracy and proposal to commit photographs or other data of a confidential
treason nature relative to the defense of the Philippines

Elements (Conspiracy):  It is not necessary that information be actually

obtained.
1. In time of war
2. Two or more persons come to an agreement (Mode 2) Elements:
to levy war against the gov’t or to adhere to the
enemies and to give them aid or comfort; and 1. Offender is a public officer
3. They decide to commit it. 2. He has in his possession (by reason of the public
office he holds) any information, plans,
Elements (Proposal): photographs or other data of a confidential
nature relative to the defense of the Philippines
1. In time of war 3. He discloses their contents to a representative of
2. A person who has decided to levy war a foreign nation
against the gov’t or to adhere to the enemies and
to give them aid or comfort, Espionage Treason
3. Proposes its execution to some other person Both not conditioned by the citizenship of the offender
or persons. May be committed in time of Committed only in time of
peace or war war
 The two-witness rule does not apply to conspiracy Many ways of committing Only two ways of committing
espionage, taking RPC117 treason
or proposal to commit treason.
and CA616 together

Article 116. Misprision of treason

Article 118. Inciting to war or giving motives
for reprisals.
Elements:
Elements:
1. Offender must be owing allegiance to the
Government, and not a foreigner
1. Offender performs unlawful or unauthorized acts
2. He has knowledge of any conspiracy (to commit
2. Such acts provoke or give occasion for a war
treason) against the Government
involving or liable to involve the Philippines or
3. He conceals or doesn’t disclose and make known
expose Filipino citizens to reprisals on their
the same as soon as possible to the governor or
persons or property
fiscal of the province or the mayor or fiscal of the
city in which he resides.
Illustration: The public destruction of the flag or seal
of a foreign state or the public manifestations of
 A116 will not apply when the crime of treason has
hostility to the head or ambassador of another state.
already been committed by someone and the accused
doesn’t report its commission to the proper authority.
The law says “knowledge of any conspiracy against”
Article 119. Violation of neutrality
not knowledge of treason actually committed.
 The offender in misprision is punished “as an
Elements:
accessory to the crime of treason”. Hence, the
penalty for misprision is two degrees lower than that
1. There is a war in which the Philippines is no
provided for treason.
involved
2. There is a regulation issued by competent
authority for the purpose of enforcing neutrality
Article 117. Espionage
3. The offender violates such regulation
Two ways of committing espionage
Article 120. Correspondence with hostile
country
(Mode 1) Elements:
Elements:
1. Offender enters a warship, fort or naval or
military establishment or reservation
1. In time of war in which the Philippines is involved
2. He has no authority therefore

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2. The offender makes correspondence with an
enemy country or territory occupied by enemy
troops
3. The correspondence is either –
a. Prohibited by the Government, or
b. Carried on in ciphers or
conventional signs, or
c. Containing notice or information
which might be useful to the enemy.
 “Correspondence” means communications by means
of letters.
 Even if the correspondence contains innocent
matters, if the correspondence has been prohibited by
the Government, it is punishable.
 Prohibition by the Government is not essential in
paragraphs 2 & 3 of Article 120.
 Circumstances qualifying the offense:
1. Notice or information might be useful to the
enemy; AND
2. Offender intended to aid to enemy
 These acts amount to treason. Hence, the penalty
is the same as that for treason.
Article 121. Flight to Enemy's Country
Elements:
1. There is a war in which the Philippines is
involved;
2. Offender must be owing allegiance to the
government;
3. Offender attempts to flee or go to enemy
country;
4. Going to the enemy country is prohibited by
competent authority.
 Mere attempt to flee or go to enemy country
consummates the crime.
Article 122. Piracy in general and Mutiny on
the High Seas or in Philippine Waters
Acts punished as piracy
1. Attacking or seizing a vessel on the high
seas or in Philippine waters;
2. Seizing in the vessel while on the high seas
or in Philippine waters the whole or part of its
cargo, its equipment or personal belongings of its
complement or passengers.
Elements of piracy
1. The vessel is on the high seas or Philippine
waters;
2. Offenders are neither members of its
complement nor passengers of the vessel;
3. Offenders either -
a. attack or seize a vessel on the high seas or
in Philippine waters; or
b. seize in the vessel while on the high seas or
in Philippine waters the whole or part of its
cargo, its equipment or personal belongings
of its complement or passengers;
4. There is intent to gain.
 “Piracy” is robbery or forcible depredation on the
high seas, without lawful authority and done with
animo furandi and in the spirit and intention of
universal hostility.
Piracy Robbery on the high seas
Offender is an outsider The offender is a member of
the complement or a
passenger of the vessel
Manner of committing the crime is the same
There is intent to gain
Piracy Mutiny
Persons who attack a vessel Offenders are members of
or seize its cargo are the crew of passengers
strangers to said vessels
Intent to gain essential Intent to gain not essential,
offenders may only intend to
ignore the ship’s officer’s
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 532
ANTI-PIRACY AND ANTI-HIGHWAY ROBBERY LAW
OF 1974
Definition of Terms
a. Philippine Waters. It shall refer to all bodies of water, such
as but not limited to, seas, gulfs, bays around, between and
connecting each of the Islands of the Philippine Archipelago,
irrespective of its depth, breadth, length or dimension, and
all other waters belonging to the Philippines by historic or
legal title, including territorial sea, the sea-bed, the insular
shelves, and other submarine areas over which the
Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction.
b. Vessel. Any vessel or watercraft used for transport of
passengers and cargo from one place to another through
Philippine Waters. It shall include all kinds and types of
vessels or boats used in fishing.
c. Philippine Highway. It shall refer to any road, street,
passage, highway and bridges or other parts thereof, or
railway or railroad within the Philippines used by persons, or
vehicles, or locomotives or trains for the movement or
circulation of persons or transportation of goods, articles, or
property or both.
d. Piracy. Any attack upon or seizure of any vessel, or the
taking away of the whole or part thereof or its cargo,
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equipment, or the personal belongings of its complement or
passengers, irrespective of the value thereof, by means of
violence against or intimidation of persons or force upon
things, committed by any person, including a passenger or
member of the complement of said vessel, in Philippine
waters, shall be considered as piracy. The offenders shall be
considered as pirates and punished as hereinafter provided.
e. Highway Robbery/Brigandage. The seizure of any person
for ransom, extortion or other unlawful purposes, or the
taking away of the property of another by means of violence
against or intimidation of person or force upon things of
other unlawful means, committed by any person on any
Philippine Highway.
Punishable Acts under the Crime of Piracy
1. Any attack upon or seizure of any vessel
2. The taking of the whole or part thereof or its cargo,
equipment, or the personal belongings of its complement or
passengers, irrespective of the value therefore
3. That the above acts were done by means of violence
against or intimidation of persons or force upon things.
Punishable Acts under the Crime of Highway
Robbery/Brigandage
1. Any attack upon or seizure on any highway
2. The taking of the whole or part thereof or its cargo,
equipment, or the personal belongings of its complement or
passengers, irrespective of the value therefore
3. That the above acts were done by means of violence
against or intimidation of persons or force upon things.
Acts Punishable:
AIDING OR ABETTING PIRACY REQUISITES:
1. Knowingly aids or protects pirates;
2. Acquires or receives property taken by such pirates, or in
any manner derives any benefit;
3. Directly or indirectly abets the commission of piracy
BAR QUESTIONS
Piracy in the High Seas & Qualified Piracy
Nagoya Maru was negotiating the sea route from Hongkong
towards Manila, and while still 300 miles from Aparri,
Cagayan, its engines malfunctioned. The Captain ordered the
ship to stop for emergency repairs lasting for almost 15
hours. Due to exhaustion, the officers and crew fell asleep.
While the ship was anchored, a motorboat manned by
renegade Ybanags from Claveria, Cagayan, passed by and
took advantage of the situation. They cut the ship's engines
and took away several heavy crates of electrical equipment
and loaded them in their motorboat. Then they left hurriedly
towards Aparri. At daybreak, the crew found that a robbery
took place. They radioed the Aparri Port Authorities resulting
in the apprehension of the culprits.
What crime was committed? Explain. (2.5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
Piracy in the high seas was committed by the renegade
Ybanags. The culprits, who are neither members of the
complement nor passengers of the ship, seized part of the
equipment of the vessel while it was three hundred miles
away from Aparri, Cagayan (Art. 122, Revised Penal Code).
Supposing that while the robbery was taking place,
the culprits stabbed a member of the crew while
sleeping. What crime was committed? Explain.
(2.5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
The crime committed is qualified piracy, because it was
accompanied by physical injuries/homicide. The culprits
stabbed a member of the crew while sleeping (Art. 123,
Revised Penal Code).
Highway Robbery (2001)
Police Sgt. Diego Chan, being a member of the Theft and
Robbery Division of the Western Police District and assigned
to the South Harbor, Manila, was privy to and more or less
familiar with the schedules, routes and hours of the
movements of container vans, as well as the mobile police
patrols, from the pier area to the different export processing
zones outside Metro Manila. From time to time, he gave
valuable and detailed information on these matters to a
group interested in those shipments in said container vans.
On several instances, using the said information as their
basis, the gang hijacked and pilfered the contents of the
vans. Prior to their sale to "fences" in Banawe, Quezon City
and Bangkal, Makati City, the gang Informs Sgt, Chan who
then inspects the pilfered goods, makes his choice of the
valuable items and disposes of them through his own
sources or "fences". When the highjackers were traced on
one occasion and arrested,
upon custodial investigation, they implicated Sgt. Chan and
the fiscal charged them all, including Sgt. Chan as co-
principals. Sgt. Chan, in his defense, claimed that he should
not be charged as a principal but only as an accessory after
the fact under P.D. 532, otherwise known as the Anti-Piracy
and Anti-Highway Robbery Act of 1972. Is the contention of
Sgt. Chan valid and tenable? Explain, (5%)
SUGGESTED ANSWER:
No, the contention of Sgt. Chan is not valid or tenable
because by express provision of P.D. 532, Section 4, a
person who knowingly and in any manner, aids or protects
highway robbers/brigands, such as giving them information
about the movement of police officers or acquires or receives
property taken by brigands, or who directly or indirectly
abets the commission of highway robbery/brigandage, shall
be considered as accomplice of the principal offenders and
punished in accordance with the rules in the Revised Penal
Code.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
No, the contention of Sgt. Chan that he should be charged
only as accessory after the fact is not tenable because he
was a principal participant in the commission of the crime
and in pursuing the criminal design. An accessory after the
fact involves himself in the commission of a crime only after
the crime had already been consummated, not before, For
his criminal participation in the execution of the highjacking
of the container vans, Sgt. Chan is a co-principal by
indispensable cooperation.
People vs. Lol-lo and Saraw
Boat carrying men, women and children on its way between
two islands in the Dutch East Indies were waylaid by six
vintas manned by 24 armed Moros. At first, they asked for
good but one on the Dutch boat, they took all of the cargo,
attacked some of the men and brutally violated two of the
women. All the people were placed back into the boat
except the two men, and holes were made with the idea of
submerging the boat. They took the women and repeatedly
violated them. Two of the raiders were Lol-lo and Saraw,
the former participating in the rape. The women eventually
escaped while Saraw and Lol-lo returned to TawiTawi
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where they were apprehended and tried. They were found
guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment.
HELD: Pirates are in the law hostes humani generis. Piracy
is a crime not against any particular state but against all
mankind. It may be punished in the competent tribunal of
any country where the offender may be found or into which
he may be carried. The jurisdiction in the crime of piracy
unlike other crimes has no territorial limits, nor does it
matter that a crime was committed within the
jurisdictional 3-mile limit of a foreign state, “for those
limits, through neutral to war, are not neutral to crimes.”
People vs. Rodriguez
Rodriguez et al (crew members of M/V Noria 767) were
charged with the crime of piracy, found guilty and
sentenced to death. They were able to obtain 3M as total
amount and escaped through the use of pump-boats. Ten
dead bodies were seen at the wharf as victims of the sea-
jacking
HELD: Where rape, murder or homicide is committed in the
crime of piracy, the penalty imposable is mandatory death
penalty according to PD532 amending RPA 134.
c. whenever the crime is accompanied by
murder, homicide, physical injuries or rape.
R.A. 6235
An Act Prohibiting Certain Acts Inimical to Civil
Aviation
Who are punishable?
1. Any person who shall compel a change in the course or
destination of an aircraft of Philippine registry, or to
seize or usurp the control thereof, while it is in flight.
An aircraft is in flight from the moment all its external
doors are closed following embarkation until any of
such doors is opened for disembarkation. (§1)
2. Any person who shall compel an aircraft of foreign
registry to land in Philippine territory or to seize or
usurp the control thereof while it is within the said
territory. (§1)
The penalty shall be increased whenever the violations
above were committed under any of the following
circumstances:

People vs. Siyoh
Siyoh et al were accused of qualified piracy with triple
murder and frustrated murder, found guilty and sentenced
to death. With the use of pump-boats, they were able to
divest money and goods from de Guzman and his
companions on the way to Mataja island. The companions
were killed while de Guzman was able to escape wounded.
3.
HELD: Although the body of de Guzman was still missing,
the number of persons killed on the occasion of piracy is
not material. PD532 considers qualified piracy (when rape,
murder, or homicide is committed as a result or on the
occasion of piracy) as a special complex crime punishable
by death regardless of the number of victims.
Article 123. Qualified Piracy
Elements:
1. The vessel is on the high seas or Philippine
waters:
2. Offenders may or may not be members of its
complement, or passengers of the vessel;
3. Offenders either -
a. attack or seize the vessel; or
b. seize the whole or part of the cargo, its
equipment., or personal belongings of the
crew or passengers;
4. The preceding were committed under any of
the following circumstances:
a. whenever they have seized a vessel by
boarding or firing upon the same;
b. whenever the pirates have abandoned their
victims without means of saving themselves;
or
 Whenever he has fired upon the pilot, member of
the crew or passenger of the aircraft;
 Whenever he has exploded or attempted to
explode any bomb or explosive to destroy the
aircraft; or
 Whenever the crime is accompanied by murder,
homicide, serious physical injuries or rape. (§2)
Any person, natural or juridical, who shall ship, load or
carry in any passenger aircraft operating as a public
utility within the Philippines, any explosive, flammable,
corrosive or poisonous substance or material. (§3)
“Explosive” - any substance, either solid or liquid,
mixture or single compound, which by chemical
reaction liberates heat and gas at high speed and
causes tremendous pressure resulting in explosion. The
term shall include but not limited to dynamites,
firecrackers, blasting caps, black powders, bursters,
percussions, cartridges and other explosive materials,
except bullets for firearm.
"Flammable" – any substance or material that is
highly combustible and self-igniting by chemical
reaction and shall include but not limited to acrolein,
allene, aluminum dyethyl monochloride, and other
aluminum compounds, ammonium chlorate and other
ammonium mixtures and other similar substances or
materials.
"Corrosive" – any substance or material, either liquid,
solid or gaseous, which through chemical reaction
wears away, impairs or consumes any object. It shall
include but not limited to alkaline battery fluid packed
with empty storage battery, allyl chloroformate,
allytrichlorosilane, ammonium dinitro-orthocresolate
and other similar materials and substances.
"Poisonous" – any substance or materials, except

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 medicinal drug, either liquid, solid or gaseous, which thereby sowing and creating a condition of widespread and
through chemical reactions kills, injures or impairs a extraordinary fear and panic among the populace, in order to
living organism or person, and shall include but not coerce the government to give in to an unlawful demand”
limited to allyl isothiocyanate, ammunition (chemical,
non-explosive but containing Class A, B or poison), Requirements for Terrorism
aniline oil, arsine, bromobenzyle cyanide,
bromoacetone and other similar substances or A. The accused ( maybe a single individual or a group)
materials. must commit any of the enumerated crimes

For any death or injury to persons or damage to property
resulting from a violation of §3 above, the person
responsible therefor may be held liable in accordance with
the applicable provisions of the Revised Penal Code.
Authority of airline companies to inspect cargo etc.
Aircraft companies which operate as public utilities
or operators of aircraft which are for hire are authorized to
open and investigate suspicious packages and cargoes in the
presence of the owner or shipper, or his authorized
representatives if present; in order to help the authorities in
the enforcement of the provisions of this law
If the owner, shipper or his representative refuses
to have the same opened and inspected, the airline or air
carrier is authorized to refuse the loading thereof. (§8)
B. There results a condition of widespread and
extraordinary fear and panic among the populace
i. The extent and degree of fear and panic,
including the number of people affected in order
to meet the term “populace”, are questions of
facts to be determined by the courts and on a
case to case basis.
ii. Is the term “populace’ to be interpreted as
referring to the local inhabitants where the acts
were committed, or does it refer to the national
population?
C. The purpose of the accused must be to coerce the
government to give into an unlawful demand
i. The word “demand” is too broad as to cover
not only political, criminal or monetarial
demands but also those which maybe
categorized as social or economic. This however
is qualified by the word “ unlawful”.

Disclaimer on airline ticket

Every ticket issued to a passenger by the airline or

air carrier concerned shall contain among others the
following condition printed thereon: "Holder hereof and his
hand-carried luggage(s) are subject to search for, and
seizure of, prohibited materials or substances. Holder
refusing to be searched shall not be allowed to board the
aircraft," which shall constitute a part of the contract
between the passenger and the air carrier. (§9)

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9372

AN ACT TO SECURE THE STATE AND PROTECT OUR
PEOPLE FROM TERRORISM
Defines the crime of terrorism to be the commission of “any
of the crimes of :

A. Under the Revised Penal Code.

i. Piracy in general and Mutiny in the High Seas or in
the Philippine Waters
ii. rebellion
iii. Coup d’etat
iv. Murder
v. Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention

B. Under Special Laws

i. Arson under P.D. 1613
ii. Violation of R.A. 6969 ( Toxic Substance ad
Nuclear Waste Control)
iii. R.A. 5207 ( Atomic Energy Regulatory and
Liability Act of 1968)
iv. Hijacking
v. Piracy in Phil. Waters and Highway Robbery
vi. P.D. 1866 ( Possession and Manufacture of
Firearms/explosives)

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