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  • Over View Secondary Fiber and The State of The Art in US

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    avgpaul
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    Recycled fiber

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    2. Over View Secondary Fiber and the State of the Art in US

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    5 Ansichten22 Seiten

    Over View Secondary Fiber and The State of The Art in US

    Hochgeladen von

    avgpaul
    Recycled fiber

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Als PDF herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
    Markieren Sie unangemessene Inhalte
    von 22
    See ee ee ee ART INTHE UNITED STATES Wayne F. Care Appleton, WI “he definition of stote-ofathe-art is "he cuerent stage of Gevelopment "of 2. practical. or. teehnalagieal “subject Trequenty. implying vse of the latest techniques. in prowucr ge aetiviy.”. iRet. Oxtors English Dictionary), Eisen one’ loka atthe abmost intnite paper and beard roducis with thelr changing quantum varieties of additives fe"Varying quantities and to retrieve the fers contained ‘thin’ these. products back iota an usable form for use Sruim, [rshovld be states tae secondary ber processes ate the ongoing art al ereativity. It would seem neaely thpontule Sonali wastepapet' visite sures of Aber, However, in he United” States alone, upward of 2he3 rillien tons of wastepager are recovered annually for this purpose. To review this vast subject before this forum is a great henge, but also’ 2 formidable tase." Even to explate 2 limited part of this subject area is challenge, but we will attempt to seuss the major design parameters, with detail of one: major parameter, which is wastepapers and Ssseclated "contaminant major teestment steps) snd fepresentative processes The primary fonction of the wie of secondary Uber is to provige "a iiber trom paper sources as. an elfective Euberiute for virgin wose snd nonwood fibers and to ls fur be ured in products which these flbers'ean be utilized. ‘This function satement by Impleation would lead ane to le virgin liber if he cost and/or quality of secondary fiber ‘fulp. were. selicient.—" Design parameters fot secondary tiver systems are Constantly under the Influence Gt factors which gencraily allset toa lester extent virgin, fiber processes. These lorces upon design constantly play ah inportant role tn causing 9 continuing. ehenge nthe Fepuipig processes to meet the challenge of wastepaper as avec source. To undertake the design nd operation of a system and/or TSS Components to praduce. 2 pulp from wartepaper, the parameters, for” the requirements” within s/stem Ehsracteristies must be well-defined (Fig Ih, The result of ‘ieaing ihe tna! pulp requirements will dlecty give the sclecien trom ihe wastepaper generation stream the per stot’ ade, and. in’ tum the weste treatment Fefremonts Selo dasgn can be undertaken. The nature Ci'Wunepuper and ss changer In charcterates overtime theretore becomes an ongoing lllvence upon Is Use All of these parameters depleted deserve far greater isession. One of the mort major will, however, be deceased wastepaper ‘The specific origin of waste paper strongly influences the Splice for it igpos tian and fhe sequence of collection at Thane stock, The following are sme major activities and {he pincipl sources of this material within these geovps. Residence or households 2 Recycling Papor: From Fiber to Fished Product K b. Commercial Institutions Ottice bilsings Retail establishments ‘holesale establishments ce industrial “Teansportatlon industries Printing and converting industries Service industcies ther Indust ‘The celationship between these sources and the accepted five major groupings of waste paper are a falows (1) oid Corrugated Containers (OCC) are peimarily feneraed ren dove by retail and oleae commercial sectors; relatively small quantities come fromm the household sector. (2) O16 Newspaper (Wews') is generated by all Sectors, but households are by far th primary source. bhp earlier stuay by the Forest Prowucts Laboratory US.B.A. indicated that newspaper comprised about WOH of the paper in Nourehold trash and that the 7S pounds discarded per person par year corresponded 10 [Eade bbs of she foral amount of newspaper printes 0) _ Pulp substitutes (P/5) are generated principally by the printing and convertiog sector (0) Deinhing (00 is generated i all seco, st tmainly by aller inslunons, ané other nds! Tibor sectors (0) yasd Papers are generated isl sectors tat Uadiionaliy ave” Seen collected” primarily Teor Silene uanenn and” eter commercat and ‘These categories are further broken! down by the Paper Stock Insitute of America (PSI), a sivision of the Nations! Association of Recyciing Industries, Ine. (NARD, into 86 fepular grades and’ 26 "ipecialty” grades of waste poper Sreske” HheSTeputar gradet comprise the major part of the ‘Taste paper market the other grades are chacacterizes Oy the presence of unutual” contaminants, such a5. wet Strength, plyesatings, plastic fol, carbon paper, and het smelt glue. [A turther clarification isthe lationship between products from secondary liber and. their original paper source Kethur B-Line hat combined them pee Table The majority ofall the individual paper stock grades that ‘make up the categories OCC, News, Pulp seostitutes, and Deinking are. derived from the’ specific paper” and paperboard” grades identified by. the American Paper Irsutute. Extreme difficulty, however, arises in the classification of ostepapet when the origin. of the source and. the TolatiSechip to apecitic grace is completely lost witnin ey major iad material | These ade onthe products} fo. enhanc become ‘Shick i echsolog Sopnisued hich mal melts 1s plastic ti! Seeeate The malor cla 2 Real Aly sue 5. Cod ne one Hol thy 2. Pal 1. sam sa wane mere otf on Inguncies vein ndstien sine (OCC) are primarily Sra a, totes vey tall quantities come : lave) is generated by ath = by tare primary source, Forest Prodkcts Laboratory newspaper comprised about ehoid trish and thatthe PS oe eae regen 5) are generated principally Bing seb rates in all sector, but Collected” peimariy icon woken down By the Paper vst af the Sates tres, Ine WAR, ite 96 2tionstip between products i “origin paper" source, (ews, Pulp Substvutes, aad sie pei per and completey Tt i | pet Adltves Become Potential Contaminants Within the sumerous grades of waste papery ane of the major identification markers besiees the source of he Imaterial i that ef the adsicves tndther nanfbrous Inateriasesocised with the paper. Tes svn tema and materia a placed oof nthe paper during. mafutactore or appiee fo, poper Products in converting ane other manutactring opeciens {o emhance its spcitic' ver prpover These ‘acetals Secome™ the” “major” ‘contaminants ‘in ceeyeling Centamination in a seconsay lvoe funsh isthe mater wile i dffieatt to remove ina given systems Ingusral {echnology has improved so much over the years tht ore ‘Sphisticatee egunie compounds have Sued devel 4 conning Yo be Sevelone to enhance paper ross i seine Te atom haben can coma fot ils, Taten, pressure seniives, indery tackler and SE [Sesh ed Ee om ail en Ce Blase dima styrene butadiene Taber (SHR), payuny! fceate PVAG), acrylic andaterenBingets. Waste papers contin. a. moltude of noncelhosie insteria which may make yp Tom | to 30% ofthe overt eight ofthe mast papers | clays deanium soso, tle, and othe fers, 8. Starches and gums. coating, materials which contain flee, starches, Inky which ace composed of vehicles, plement ‘firs ink compounas cetera ne 1. Hot melt bindery adresives, pad. binder cement, og per aie sates fe hat seal 9. Potstyene fam, 10, Pastis Goiyethylene, etcetera) i Het strength casing 12. Aspatt. 13. Heaey material sand, metal objects, and ote 1a, Symtneie bes 1 waste papers have a lear one of these constituents velnned SEH theme “any ef We grades have wo" oe The feltonhipbetwsen these major adlives ‘cin Ia Wipaperand ise aap ee ee a ‘the United States Bureau of Census is as follows: = (Olé Corrgated Contslers (OCC) are_peinarily Scsocinted wth hotmelt, prewire snshves Boirstyene foam, plastic Hi, wane wer stengeh Fesiny ote, ana epal Olé Wewspagers (ews) are primarily assecieted sth plas flim, hotly laten apmibete Tver, sone and septal 0) Purp. sustiwtes (2/5) ave atrciated adtves Peltclpally of het melts resin adhesives, stcches and ims, coating materials, and wer sreng ens 9) Detoking (ON) Nave assocated ith them peimacity oiyehpiene, Coating material clayey ies wee rangu csi waxes, and pesiure series, (©) Mises nave s high probability of any and al ofthe 18 Waste paper concain cellulosic sidere (wood fiber) which imake pte aor companont ie oper pours Stet Hee American "Wate pper but igs ited cxenn, ‘rginal paper preparation system” Pacthermote, te Properties of the tine products contained if paper art ale Efecto varlaion trom sltcnatve. gupta processes {ven to specific ehaice or blend of wood speck, alo incorporated in mumerour qrades of paper prowvets Exrerlgy ae te vetyle te ereies kaso as rade, the quality decreases, (rincipaly. the Tiber length Sec bindog To sid in the éatermination of te building blocks ot {essiment steps wich woud ve ciated fase removed requires yrovping ef like materials, Table W. In this discuston, contaminants age. clased by hele Physical properties Ley spciic gravity snd shapes” win these elses the contaminants soe furner leeitied oy ‘eeoplzabie name ‘These clasifications are the bois fr ov termination of The operational steps" caquied in “presen pracerc, persion steps, Table ly addesung the varios ontaminans which removsi_ may. ben ceguiced snd ‘eps leads tothe system required in Ue seeyele sts pical Fegsence wpe, ecroue Gaceaine Bota Inciuing ‘iss and type of contaminant gonarally removed ‘thin euch step are Foprerented In Figures 2 throug 16, ‘Ovorvion-Seconday Fiber: The Sate ofthe Artin the Utd See (3 ‘Teeatments Major weatment steps in most procenes are prepping, pulping sereoning,cltaning, washing, ana blesening wl Be Ueseribed in more dot. Prepulping, peeparstion for pulping, includes the original mmanolsctoring process to” protce the paper and paperboard products, vaste paper collection methods and She receiving and sorting of fhe paper stock prades at the Imi ttee Paper prints ara not prodiced wth the intent Sl being cecycles. The tact. dan quickly lead) to. an Sliminstion ol prpec stock rade being used in given fecycle system. Just one new adsitve being incacporated {octahante the original puper product can lead to that paper prosuct ss 8 oper stock source being noneecyelable. Frey ara rerlt, comes a constant fear of s secondary Eber lant ‘and idavs no high isk factor in wastepaper a 2 dependable fiber sources’ ‘The areas ‘within. prepulping Feguires well-trained. people to constantly manltor "and femove, wnusble” materials ‘belore entering systems Inengoble af processing them. Most mils Ia the United States are inthe untenable postion of limited sorting and Yet net having the type al egement co propery remmove {he Constont Increasing contaminants in westepapeen Nort mills as 2 result rely moce on eblaning. more complex Squipment “to. replace” simple, but silled, sorting menpower. Pulping is the inal step of the wetting of paper, Corvittening ot fiber and contaminants, along with cemoval ot large type contaminants. Pulpng of seeonéaty fiber as Stvanded Zensgerably in the escent pase Either boteh or eontiquous pulpers are used in all of the Speratignl eps forthe various pulping procesrer. ‘Low conssteney continuous pulping in the cange of 3 to 456 Conistency i Sil "ured “ulingextrction Poles of 52 0.28 mm) fo 1° 2.54 mm) for various grades, pcincipaly irised waste, old corrugated containers, and. to some Sxtent Genking gredesr ‘The tend Nas been to follow the Pulper wher sSunder atmosphere condition. by sing Eecenaary pulping here the pulping is continued under prevurized conditions, This eah alia be accomplished by & Combination ef covrse screening, cellaking, and cleaning SEP thee np, whlch ald be conde art split. hoses are nosmaliy. Incorporated. to ower the ‘ptensty of mechanical aetfont inthe pulper and allows onnminants to be removed wile il asize and shape ‘thigh pevmits easy cemoval Batch polping in the range of 10 10 15% consistency is Becoming eran mui fr deking grades The ue of Rightehpereture aoe = 2000R) Gichanging ue. Caminant when soften and cause sftcuty in removal ‘foe action of pulpag at higher consistencies, even sbove can improve ber butule separation without severe breskdown Gl consaminants and hee ailicutty of Tater Fevovaly Further lowering of chemical ang beatin the fyotem becomes an added Benefit: After pulping, the pulp hormaty attce ane exsractes through X” (0.66 mn) to 518" (38 mm) ele. Screening is anoth-r operational step whichis wniverslly Employed nail oi the. secondary fiber” processing Speations, "Screening involves te use of many types of SErcens and basket conigoratons and should be corsdeced I chy ettical tes or combination of steps In any system. ‘All centaminants noove the size of 0.07 sqq_ milimeters Sie subject by elteetive screening to a pastve barrier to 41 Recycling Paper: From Fiber to Fnshed Product thelr ecosptases in the pulp. The guipor is che first berrter i, for contaminant femovat with hale sizes in the range ot "(0.64 mm) to [8 (23H mm). Pulpersiereens (anconsary Pulpers or second stage pulpers) normally will act as Forther coarse barsier with hole sizes froin 1/8" (0125 mm) tok" (0164 mm). Other coarse sereens inthe earlier part of the repulping sequence will first se a perforated sexeen fo remove large materials and flor pleces such as plastic, Before they are reduced lurther In size and become more Ailicat to remove. The second grouping of screens re those having slote openings to! remove anything. vith renter three dimensional visracterltle.Talling sere ite necessary to recover usable fiber (rom sejeciss Both Seer type cee ih hat an psa St Slowted. sereens" could” nor\"aperete well Soave onsistency, however, tocay's screens are successfully ‘operating tbove this Consistency range without silica. Formally, sereeas will precese centeitugesleasers 10 emove materiats which wil send to plug chem, Cleaning is noemally accomplished in three groups of fzntrlugal devices.” “Conese. separating vai Heo To" (0.25 m) to 30" (0.76 ml dsincters are enerlly wed {or removing stones and metal sbjects which could

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