Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Thermal Radiation
Objectives:
Stefan-Boltzmann Law :
q
Rate of emission per unit area aT 4
A
T : Absolute temperature (K)
Quantum theory
The energy values of the radiation so emitted are not continuous but in the
form of successive and discrete quantities called quanta.
The higher the frequency, the larger the energy of quantum. Also higher
the temperature of emitter, the larger frequency of the quantum.
The term photon is often used for the above quantum of radiation. A
photon is believed to be particle having no mass, having energy hγ and
momentum hγ /c where c is the velocity of the light.
THERMAL RADIATION
The type of electromagnetic radiation that is pertinent
to heat transfer is the thermal radiation emitted as a
result of energy transitions of molecules, atoms and
electrons of a substance.
Temperature is a measure of the strength of these
activities at the microscopic level and the rate of
thermal radiation emission increases with increasing
temperature.
Thermal radiation is continuously emitted by all matter
whose temperature is above absolute zero.
Everything
around us
constantly
emits thermal
radiation.
7
Light is simply the visible portion of
A body that emits some radiation in the
the electromagnetic spectrum that
visible range is called a light source.
lies between 0.40 and 0.76 mm.
The sun is our primary light source.
The wavelength ranges of The electromagnetic radiation emitted by
different colors the sun is known as solar radiation and
nearly all of it falls into the wavelength
band 0.3–3 mm.
Almost half of solar radiation is light (i.e.,
it falls into the visible range), with the
remaining being ultraviolet and infrared.
The radiation emitted by bodies at room temperature falls into the infrared
region of the spectrum, which extends from 0.76 to 100 mm.
The ultraviolet radiation includes the low-wavelength end of the thermal
radiation spectrum and lies between the wavelengths 0.01 and 0.40 mm.
Ultraviolet rays are to be avoided since they can kill microorganisms and cause
serious damage to humans and other living beings.
About 12 percent of solar radiation is in the ultraviolet range. The ozone (O3)
layer in the atmosphere acts as a protective blanket and absorbs most of this
ultraviolet radiation. 8
In heat transfer studies, we are interested in
the energy emitted by bodies because of their
temperature only. Therefore, we limit our
consideration to thermal radiation.
The amount that It intercepts and absorbs which is coming from the
other walls of the enclosure because 1 is going to be greater than 2
because Ts is greater than Te.
They are at different temperatures then each gives off emits radiation.
The body which is hotter will emit more than it receives and absorption
the other body, therefore the hotter body will cool because of the
exchange of heat by radiation. That is how radiant heat exchange takes
place between the surfaces of bodies which are at different
temperatures.
Basic concepts of Thermal Radiation
3. Directional nature of thermal radiation. A surface emits
radiation in all directions encompassed by a hemisphere.
• All surfaces at all temperature levels emit thermal radiation and the
amount emitted or the rate of emission is proportional to the fourth
power of the absolute temperature of the surface.
Monochromatic emissive power: The energy radiated per unit time per unit area of
the radiating surface per unit wavelength range
The curve shows that the major part of
radiation is emitted within a narrow
wavelength range on both sides of the
wavelength at which the monochromatic
emissive power is maximum.
G a = ò (G a ) dl = ò a l G l dl
¥ ¥
0 l 0
Ga 1 ¥
a= = ò a l G l dl
G G0
Monochromatic transmissivity : 1¥
t= ò t l G l dl
G0
20
21
Transparent Body :
A transparent body is one which transmits part of the radiation falling on its
surface.
Opaque Body :
If it does not transmit any radiation at all it is called an opaque body.
t= 0
α+ρ=1
Black body:
A body which neither reflects nor transmits any part of the incident radiation but
absorbs all of it is called a black body.
ρ=0 , t =0
α=1
a perfect black body does not exist.
White Body :
White body is one which reflects all the incident radiation and does not absorb or
transmit any part of it.
α=0,t =0
ρ=1
22
Gray body:
If the absorptivity of a surface does not vary with temperature and wavelength of
the incident radiation, it is termed gray body
Coloured body:
If the absorptivity of a surface varies with the wavelength of radiation waves it
is termed coloured body.
Monochromatic emissive power of black body, Plank’s Distribution Law
A black body does not emit the same amount of radiant energy at different
temperatures.
æ ch ö
ç exp ÷ -1
è lkT ø
Reduced to Wein 2pc 2 hl-5
(E l ) b =
exp(ch / lkT)
= 2pc 2 hl-5 exp(-ch / lkT)
≪ 1 and expæç
ch ch ö
(ii) if λ is large or λ ≫ 1 , ÷ can be expanded in a series
lkT è lkT ø
ch c2 h 2
exp(ch / lkT) = 1 + + + ....
lkT 2l2 k 2 T 2
» 1 + ch / lkT
2pc 2 hl-5 Plank’s equation reduce to
(E l ) b =
ch Rayleigh-Jeans
1+ -1
lkT
» 2pckTl-4
Stefan Boltzmann Law
Total Emissive Power:
The total emissive power E of a surface is defined as the total radiant energy
emitted by the surface in all directions over the entire wavelength range per unit
time.
E= cal/sec cm2
J/m2
Total emissive power of given radiating surface depends on temperature of the
surface.
Stefan using exp. data of Dulong and Petit and Tyndall, discovered in 1879 that
the total emissive power of a radiating surface is proportional to the emissive
power of the absolute temperature of the surface.
The result of the above work is called Stefan & Boltzmann law for the total
emissive power of the black.
29
Stefan–Boltzmann law
Radiation emitted
by real surfaces
Emissivity e : A measure of how closely a
surface approximates a blackbody for
which e = 1 of the surface. 0£ e £ 1.
The emissivity ε of a surface is defined as the ratio of the emissive power of the
surface to the emissive power of a hypothetical black body at the same
temperature.
Total emissivity ε: Total emissivity ε is the ratio of the total emissive power of a
surface to the total emissive power of a black body at the same temperature.
e = E / Eh
Normal total emissivity εn: Normal total emissivity εn is the ratio of the normal
component of the total emissive power of a surface to the normal component of the
total emissive power of the black body at the same temperature.
e n = E n /(E b ) n
For Black (e l ) b = 1
body (e b ) = 1
(e n ) b = 1
A black body does not emit the same amount of radiant energy at different
temperatures.
A black body does not emit the same amount of radiant energy at different
temperatures.