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 America n Gear Metallurgical Specifications for Steel Gearing
Manuf act u rers AGMA 923- 805
Association CAUTION NOTICE: AGMA technical publications are subject to constant improvement,
revision, or withdrawal as dictated by experience. Any person who refers to any AGMA
technical publ>cation should be sure that the publication is the latest available trom the As·
sociation on the subject matter.
[Tat;>les o r other self- supporting se<;tions may~ quoted or extractel!. Citations shoull!
read: See AG MA 923-805, Metallurgical Specifications tor Steel Gearing, published by
the American Gear Manufacturers Association , 500 Montgomery Street, Suite 350,
Alexandria, Virginia 2231 4, http://www.agma.o rg.)
Approved May 3, 2005

ABSTRACT
This document identifies metallurgical quali1y characteristics which are important to the performance of steel
gearing. The AGMAgear rating standards identify performance levels of gearing by heat treatment method and
grade number. For each heat treatment method and AGMA grade number, acceptance oriteria are given for
various metallurgical characteristics identified in this document.
Published by
American Gear Manufacturers Association
500 Montgomery Street, Suite 350, Alexandria, Virginia 22314
Copyright © 2005 by American Gear Manufacturers Association
All rights reserved.
No part ot this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic
retrieval system or otherwise, without prior wrinen permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN: 1-55599-848-3

ii
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AGMA 923·805 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

Foreword
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, in this document are provided for
informational purposes o nly and are not to be construed as a part of AGMA Information
Sheet 923-805, Metallurgical Specifications for Steel Gearing.)
In November, 1984, an ad hoc Me1allurgy and Gear Rating Committee met to define the
factors required to qualify the variou s metallurgical quality grades that were to be introduced
into the gear rating standard that eventually became ANSl/AGMA 2001- 8 88, Fundamental
Rating Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute Spur and Helical Gear Teeth.
In May, 1988, ANSllAGMA 6033-ASS, Standard for Marine Propulsion Gear Units - Part 1,
Materials, was published using a s.hort list of metallurgical factors in table form.
In September, 1988, ANSl/AGMA 2001 - 888 was published using metallurgical factors in
table form.
Starting in July, 1992, AGMA representatives participated in writing ISO 6336-5,
Calculation of Load Capacity of Spur and Helical Gears - Part 5: Strength and Quality o.f
Materials, which was a modification of the tables in ANSl/AGMA and DIN Standards.
In February, 1993, AGMA 6002- 893, Design Guide for Vehicle Spur and Helical Gears, was
published using a modified version of the tables used in ANSl/AGMA 2001-888.
In September, 1993, the AGMA Metallurgy and Materials Comm~tee accepted the task of
consolidating the various tables to avoid redundancies and conflicting req uirements, and
started work on AGMA 923- AOO, Metallurgical Specifications for Steel Gearing.
In January, 1995, a revised ANSl/AGMA 2001-C95 was published using a version of the
ANSl/AGMA 2001 - 688 tables as revised by the AGMA Helical Gear Rating Comm~tee.
In November, 1997, a revised ANSllAGMA 2003- 897, Rating the Pitting Resistance and
Bending Strength of Generated Straight Bevel, Zerot Bevel and Spiral Bevel Gear Teeth,
was published using a version of lhe ANSl/AGMA2001-888 tables as revised by the AGMA
Bevel Gearing Committee.
The committee reviewed all metallurgical tables of the gear rating standard s ANSl/AGMA
2001-888, ANSl/AGMA 2003-A86, and ISO 6336-5:1996 and their proposed revisions to
develop consolidated tables describing the metallurgical characteristics associated with
each specific type of heat treatment and metallurgical quaffy grade. Effort was made to
reference ISO specifications where possible. The consolidated tables were submitted to
the gear rating committees for their agreement and are published here for reference by
other standards.
AGMA's goal is to develop a consistent metallurgical specification which reflects the quality
req uirements for steel gearing. AGMA 923-AOOwassuch a document, and was intended to
be consistent with the applicable portions of ISO 6336-S: 1996, to the extent possible while
the two standards were in parallel development. The AGMA Technical Division Executive
Committee approved the publication o f AGMA 923- AOO in August, 2000.
This edition of the information sheet, AGMA 923-805, incorporates changes 10 item 8,
microstructure, of table 1, Metallurgical characteristics for through hard ened gearing. The
balance of the document remains unchanged. The AGMA Technical Division Executive
Committee approved the publication o f AGMA 923- 805 in May, 2005.
Suggestions for improvement of lh is information sheet will be welcome. They should be
sent to the American Gear Manufacture rs Association, 500 Montgomery Street, Suite 350,
Alexandria, Virginia 22314.

iv © AGMA 2005 -- All tights res.

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 923·805

PERSONNEL of the AGMA Metallurgy and Materials Committee

Chairman: Phil Terry .. .. .. .. .. . .... .. .. .. .. .. ... . ... . Lufkin Industries, Inc.
Vice Chairman: Dale J. Wei res . . . • • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . Boeing Defense & Space Gro up

ACTIVE MEMBERS
C. Berndt .. . . . .... . Caterpillar, Inc.
I. Botto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . • . .. . . . FFE Minerals
D. Breuer ... ...... .. ....... . Melal Improvement Company
R.J. Cunningham . ... . .. . .. .. . .. .... . Consultant
G. Diehl . . . . ...... .. ... .... . Philadelphia Gear Corporation
D. Herring . .. . . . . .. . .. . . .... . The Herring Group, Inc.
D.R. McVittie ... , ... •• .. , . .. , . .. .. . Gear Engineers, Inc.
J. Mertz . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . .... . Falk Corporation
R.L. Schwettman . ... ... . .. .. ... . .. . Xtek, Inc.
M. Stein . . . .. . .... . .. . .. .... . Applied Process Soulhridge, Inc.
J.B. Walenta . ....... ...... .. ....... . Caterpillar, Inc.
L.L. Wille .. . . . .... . General Motors Corporation/Allison Transmission Division

© AGMA 2005 - - All rights reserved

AGMA 923·805 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

(This page is intentionally blank)

vi © AGMA 2005 -- All tights res.

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
American Gear Manufacturers
Association -
Metallurgical
Specifications for Steel
Gearing
1 Scope
This information sheet recommends steel material
and metallurgical quality characteristics for use in
conjunction with AGMA gear rating standards. This
information sheet identifie.s specifications and re-
quirements for various metallurgical quality grades
for through hardened, carburize and hardened,
induction and flame hardened, and nitrided gearing.
Characteristics covered include raw material, heat
treatment and post heat treat processing, and their
associated inspections. Topics related to gear de-
sign and rating, such as case depth, stress numbers,
and quality control sampling plans are not included in
this document.
2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which,
through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this document. At the time of initial development, the
editions shown were valid. All standards are subject
to revision, and parties to agreements based on this
document are encouraged to investigate the possi-
bility of applying the most recent editions of the
standard s shown below.
AGMA 904- C96, Metric Usage
ANSI/AG MA 101 O-E95, Appearance of Gear Teeth
- Terminology of Wear and Failure
ANSl/AGMA 1012- F90, Gear Nomenclature,
Definitions of Terms with Symbols
© AGMA 2005 -- All rights reserved
AGMA 923-805
ANSl/AGMA 2001-C95, Fundamental Rating
Factors and Calculation Methods for Involute Spur
and Helical Gear Teeth
ANSl/AGMA 2003-897, Rating the Pitting
Resistance and Bending Strength of Generated
Straight Bevel, Zero/ Bevel and Spiral Bevel Gear
Teeth
ANSl/AGMA 2004-889, Gear Materials and Heat
Treatment Manual
ANSl/AGMA 2007- 892, Surface Temper Etch
Inspection After Grinding
ANSl/AGMA 6002-893, Design Guide for Vehicle
Spur and Helical Gears
ANSl/AGMA 6032- A94, Standard for Marine Gear
Units: Rating
ASTM A29- 99, Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon
and Alloy. Hot- Wrought and Cold- Finished,
General Requirements for
ASTM A148-93b(1998), Specification tor Steel
Castings, High Strength, for Structural Purposes
ASTM A255-99, Test Method for Determining
Hardenability of Steel
ASTM A275-98, Test Method for Magnetic Particle
Examination of Steel Forgings
ASTM A290-95(1 999), Specification for Carbon
and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction
Gears
ASTM A291-95(1 999), Specification for Steel
Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears and
Shafts tor Reduction Gears
ASTM A304- 96, Specification fo.r Carbon and Alloy
Steel Bars Subject to End-Quench Hardenability
Requirements
ASTM A322-91 ( 1996), Specification for Steel Bars,
Alloy, Standard Grades
ASTM A370-97a, Test Methods and Definitions for
Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
ASTM A388- 95, Practice for Ultrasonic
Examination of Heavy Steel Forgings
ASTM A519-96, Specification tor Seamless
Carbon and Alloy Steel Mechanical Tubing
ASTM AS34- 94, Specification tor Carburizing
Steels tor Anti- Friction Bearings
ASTM A609-9 1(1997), Practice tor Castings,
Carbon, Low-Alloy. and Martensitic Stainless
Steel, Ultrasonic Examination Thereof
AGMA 923·805
ASTM A75 1·96, Test Methods, Practices, and
Terminology tor Chemical Analysis of Steel
Products
ASTM A837- 91 (1996)' '. Specification tor Steel
Forgings, Alloy, tor Carburizing Applications
ASTM A866· 94, Specification tor Medium Carbon
Anti-Friction Bearing Steel
ASTM A919· 84 (1993)''. Terminology Relating to
Heat Treatment of Metals
ASTM A941 · 99a, Terminology Relating to Steel,
Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and Ferroaltoys
ASTM A956-97, Test Method for Equotip Hardness
Testing of Steel Products
ASTM E3·95, Practice tor Preparation
Metallographic Specimens
ASTM E8- 99, Test Methods tor Tension Testing of
Metallic Materials
ASTM E 10-98, Test Method tor Brine// Hardness of
Metallic Materials
ASTM E18·98, Test Methods for Rockwell
Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of
Metallic Materials
ASTM E23-98, Test Methods for Notched Bar
Impact Testing of Metallic Material s
ASTM E45-97E2, Test Methods tor Determining the
Inclusion Content of Steel
ASTM E92-82(1 997)' 2, Test Method tor Vickers
Hardness of Metallic Materials
ASTM E11 0· 82( 1997)<2, Test Method for
Indentation Hardness of Metallic Materials by
Portable Hardness Testers
ASTM E11 2-96, Test Methods tor Determining
Average Grain Size
ASTM E125- 63(1997), Reference Photographs tor
Magnetic Particle Indications on F errous Castings
ASTM E 140-97", Hardness Conversion Tables for
Metals (Relationship Among Brine/I Hardness,
Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness, Rockwell
Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, and
Scteroscope Hardness)
ASTM E350-95(1 997)' 1, Test Methods for
Chemical Analysis of Carbon Steel, Low-Alloy
Steel, Silicon Electrical Steel, Ingot Iron, and
Wrought Iron
ASTM E384· 89(1997)' 2, Test Method
Microhardness of Materials
2 © AGMA 2005 •• All tights res.
AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
ASTM E407 - 99, Practice for Microetching Metals
and Alloys
ASTM E4 15· 99, Test Method for Optical Emission
Vacuum Spectrometric Analysis of Carbon and
Low-Alloy Steel
ASTM E428·92, Practice for Fabrication and
Control of Steel Reference Blocks Used in
Ultrasonic Inspection
ASTM E709- 95, Guide tor Magnetic Particle
Exam;nation
ASTM E1077-9 1, Test Methods tor Estimating the
Depth of Decarburization of Steel Specimens
ASTM El 444-94a, Practice tor Magnetic Particle
Examination
of
ISO 642:1979, Steel • Hardenability test by end
quenching (Jominy test)
ISO 643: 1983, Steels • Micrographic determination
of the territic or austenitic grain size
ISO 6a3· 1: 1987, Heat-treatable steels, alloy steels
and tree-cutting steels ·Part 1: Direct-hardening
unalloyed and low-alloyed wro.ught steel In form of
different black products
ISO 6a3-11 :1987, Heat-treatable steels, a/toy
steels and free -cutting steels - Part 11: Wrought
case-hardening steels
IS0 4967:1 979, Steel · Determination of content of
non-metallic inclusions - micrographic method
using standard diagrams
ISO 6336- 5:1996, Calculation of load capacity of
spur and helical gears - Part 5: Strength andquality
of materials
ISO 14104:1995, Surface temper etch inspection
after grinding
SAE/AMS 2300G, Premium Aircraft-Quality Steel
Cleanliness, Magnetic Particle Inspection
Procedure
SAE/AMS 2301H, Cleanliness, Aircrat/ Qvati/y
Steel Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure
SAE/AMS 2304, Special Aircraft- Ouafity Steel
Cleanliness, Magnetic Particle Inspection
Procedure
SAE/AMS·S-13 165, Shot Peening of Metal Parts
SAE J419 Dec 83, Methods of Measuring
Decarburization
for SAE J422 Dec 83, Microscopic Determination of
Inclusions in Steels

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTIJRERS ASSOCIATION
SAE J423 Dec 83, Methods of Measuring Case
Deplh
SAE J864 May 93, Surface Hardness Testing w#h
Flies
3 Definitions
The terms used in this document, wh erever applica·
ble, contorm to AGMA 904-089, ANSVAGMA
1012- F90, and ASTM A919, bul they have been
modified to cover only those concepts applicable 10
this document. For delinitions ot 1echnical 1erms not
included in lhis clause, see ANSVAGMA 1012-F90,
ANSVAGMA 2004 - 089, ASTM A919. and ASTM
A941 . Key 1erms used in this document are defined
as follows:
NOTE: Thesedeln llons maydifferlrom ll10Seinothe<
AGMA publications. The user should not assume Iha.I
familiar terms can be used without a carelul study or
their' detmltions.
alloy steel: A s1eel con1aining specified quan1ities ot
alloying elemen1s (olher than cartlon and lhe
commonly accepted amounts of manganese, cop·
per, silicon. sulfur. and phosphorus) added to
increase hardenabillly and to affect changes in
mechanical properties.
annealing: The heating to and holding at a suitable
temperalure above the upper transformation tern·
perature and then cooling, typically in the furnace at
a suilable rate, for reducing hardness, Improving
machinability, producing a desored microstructure, or
obtaining desired mechanical properties.
austenlle: A solid solution ot one or more elements
in lace- centered cubic iron. In cartlon and low anoy
steels this phase is stable o nly at elevated
temperatures and is non-magnetic.
austenitlzlng: The forming of auste nite by heating
a terrous material into the transtormatlon range
(partial austenitizing) or above 1he transformation
range (complete austenitizing).
balnite: An aggregate of territe and cementile
resulting from lhe lranstormation ol auslenile al
temperaiures below the peart11e range but above the
martensite start temperature. Its appearance is
leathery If tormed in the upper part of the bainite
translormation range and acicular, resembling
tempered manenslle, it lormed in the tower pan.
O AGMA 2005 - - AH rights reserved
AGMA 923-805
banding: A segregated slructure consisting of
alternating, nearly parallel bands of different chemi-
cal composition, typically aligned in the direction ol
primary hol working. Segregation is l requenlly
expressed as a departure from the average
chemical composition. Elements which tend lo
segregate are sulfur, phosphoru.s, cartion, silicon,
and manganese.
base hardness: The surface hardness in the tooth
area that was developed by lhrough hardening and
not changed by subsequent heat treatments. If the
material selected has adequate hardenability tor the
required hardness and section size combinallon,
this surface hardness represenls lhe expecled
hardness at lhe intersection ot lhe root circle and the
centef1ine ot the tooth at mid-face width. Base
hardness is applicable to through hardened, induc·
lion hardened, flame hardened, and nitrided
gearing. but no110 carburize and hardened gearing.
bending strength: The bending strength ol gear
1ee1h related to their resis1ance to gear 1001h bending
failure. Bending tailure is a tatigue phenomenon
usually resulting in cracking at the looth rool hllet.
Typical cracks and fractures are i llustraled in ANSI/
AGMA 101 o-E95. See standards such as ANSI/
AGMA 2001 - C95, ANSVAGMA 2003- 097,
ANSllAGMA 6002-093, or ANSllAGMA 6032-A94.
capable ot: The producer documents lhat the
material was produced wtth the processing sleps
and controls thal the producer has eslablished 10
assure compliance wilh lhe speciflcalion, but the
testing to conlirm compliance is not required.
carbide: A microstruc1ural ph ase which Is a
compound ol metal (M) and carbon (C) having the
chemical formula of ~ See figures t lhrough 4
tor photomicrographs ot various. ctassificalions ol
carbide structures (while consliluenl) in tempered
marten site.
carbon potential: A measure of the ability of a
furnace environment containing active carbon to
alter or maintain. under prescrib<!d conditions, the
carbon conlent ol the steel.
carbon restoration: Cartlurizing to replace the
carbon lost in the surface layer due to previous
thermal processing.
carbon steel: A steel having no specified minimum
quantily ot alloying elements except manganese
and silicon.
•
AGMA 923·805 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

5% nttal elch 5°/o nital etch

400 Xmag. 400X mag.
Figure 3 - Discontinuous carbides
Figure 1 • Continuous carbide network

So/o nital etch 5°/o nital etch

400Xmag. 400X mag.
Figure 2 - Semi-continuous carbide network Figure 4 - Dispersed carbides

4 © AGMA 2005 -- All tights res.

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 923-805

carburizing: A heat treatment proooss in w hich an
austenitized steel is brought into contact with a
carbonaceous atmosphere of sufficient carbon po-
tential to cause adsorption of carbon at the surface
and by diffusion to create a concentration gradient.
Carburizing is generally followed by quenching and
reheating (tempering) of an item to produce a
hardened and tempered case.
case: The o uter portion that has been made harder
than the inner portion (see core hard n ess) as a result
of allered composition, microstructure, o r both, by
treatments such as carburize a nd hardening,
induction hardening, flame hardening, and nttriding.
controlling section: The section size w hich has the
greatest effect in determining the rate of cooling
during quenching at a location w here the specified
hardness is required. Figures 5 thro ugh 8 illustrate
the controlling section size for various gearing
configurations whose teeth are machined after heat
treatment and w hose hard ness must be maintained
at the roots ol the teeth. The maximum permttted
section size for an alloy steel increases w ith the
hardenability o l the alloy steel.
Teeth

case depth: See the specific type of case depth

such as effective or total case depth . 6m
(1 50mm) Sin
(200mm)
case hardening: The generic terminology covering '--''--I
carburize and nitride hardening applicable to steel
that change the chemical compositio n and micro- I 6 in I Controlling section:
structure of the surface layer by adsorption of !-{1so mm)"'i 8 in (200 mm) diameter

carbon, nitrogen, or a mixture of t he two and by Figure 5 - Solid on shalt pinion blank
diffusion, create a chemical compositio n grad ient.

E®
Adsorption of carbon processes involve a subse· Teeth

---=~~--- ~
quent quenching to harden, w hile adsorption of
nitrogen d oes not require quenehing to harden.

case hardness: For carburize and hardened

------- :_j_ Sin
gearing and induction or flame harde ned gearing the (200mm)
hardness is m easured at 0.002- 0.004 inches (0 .05 • f-- 12 in _ ...l
0 Controlling section: 2 in
0 .1O mm) below the surface using a microhardness (300mm)
(50 mm) wall thicklless
test technique.
NOTE: If the bore diameter is less than 20 percent of
the &ength of the bore, then the controlling section is de·
For nitriding specilications surfaoo hardness is
termined by figures 5 or 7.
typically used rather than case hard ness.
Figure 6 - Bore style gearing b lank
Case hard ness is not to be confused with surface
hardness which is taken d irectly on the surface using
a conventional or portable hard ness tester.

cementite: A hard compound of iron and carbon,

known chemically as iron carbide, having the
ch emical formula Fe3C.

cold treatment: The preferred terminology for

f
- - - - -'' -
1.5in
l
12in
(300 mm)

cooling carburize and hardened parts to tempera- (40mm)

tures typically below minus 80' F (minus 60' C) to 2 1n
reduce retained austenite. Cold treatment is also (SO mm)
known as sub-zero treatment o r deep freezing. If Contfolling section: 2 in
cooled to below minus 300°F (minus 185°C), the (50 mm) lhickness
correct terminology is deep cryogenic treatment. Figure 7 - Disc style gearing blank

©> AGMA 2005 -- All rights reserved

AGMA 923- 805
Controlling seclion: 2 in ~ a·
(50 mm) rim thickness (200mm)
Figure 8 - Web style gear blank
Note that a flat plate with thickness equal to the
diameter of a round bar will cool slower than the bar.
The thickness of a plate equivalent in cooling rate to
that of a round bar (equivalent controlling section
size) is 0. 7 times the bar diameter.
The controlling section size for the selection of an
appropriate type of steel and specified hardness
combination must consider pan configuralion at the
lime of heat treatment. Special stock additional
allowances, such as those used to minimize distor-
tion during heat treatment, must be considered.
converted hardness: The hardness number re·
ported on a scale different from the scale used for
hardness testing. For example an actual microhard-
ness test reading of 542 HK500 has a converted
hardness of 50 HRC and would be properly reported
as 50 HRC (542 HK500) with the hardness number
and scale in parentheses representing the actual
testing resu lt and method.
core hardness: The hardness at the intersection of
the root circle and the centerline of the tooth at
mid-face width that was developed during the
hardening of carburized gearing. An alternative
location is given by ISO 6336-5, table 4, ilem 8.
The material must have adequate hardenability for
the required hardness and section size combination
for the required core hardness to be achieved. The
quench severity must also be adequate in order to
achieve the required core hardness.
The term core hardness is applicable to carburize
and hardened gearing. Induction, flame, and nitride
hardened gearing may use the term base hardness.
The core hardness of non-tooth portions (such as
journal areas of carburize and hardened gearing), is
6 e AGMA 2005 -- All rights res.
AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
the hardness at a specified location such as surface,
quarter radius, mid-radius, or centerline.
decarburization: The loss of carbon trom the
near-surface of a ferrous material.
deoxidizing: The removal of oxygen trom molten
steel by addition of suitable elements, such as silicon
and aluminum which react with oxygen, primarily
forming discard slag.
direct quenching: The quenching of carburized
gearing directly alter the carburizing opera tion,
generally from a reduced temperature within the
austenitic range.
effective case depth: The distance from the
finished tooth surfac.e to a specific sub-surface
hardness value. Stock removal done after heat
treating will reduce the as heat treated effective case
depth and potentially the surface hardness.
Carburize and hardened
The effective case depth is measured normal to the
finished gear surface to a location where the
hardness number ls 50 HRC (542 HK500 or 515
HV500 min) by conversion from a microhardness test
result. Note that ISO 6336-5 uses 550 HVsoo min·
which converts to 52.4 HRC or 583 HK500 , as its
criterion for determining the effective case depth. It
is recognized that the effective case depth of
carburize and hardened gear teeth varies with
location on the gear tooth.
Induction and flame hardened
For Grades 1 and 2 gearing, the effective case depth
is measured from the finished surface to a location
where the hardness number is equivalent to 10 HRC
numbers below the specified minimum surface
hardness. Grade 3 induction hardened gearing uses
the carburlze and hardened definition for its effective
case depth definition. Note tha t ISO 6336-5 uses
the distance from the surface to the location where
the hardness is equal to 80% of the specified
minimum surface hardness as its criterion for
determining the effective case depth.
Nitrided
The effective case depth is measured from the
finished surface to a location where the hardness
number is equivalent to 40.8 HRC (421 HKsoo or 400
HV500 min) by conversion from a microhardness test
result. II the core hardness is more than 38.9 HRC
(391 HKsoo or 380 HVsoo minl. core hardness plus 54
HK500or50 HVsoom1n(4.6 HRC) maybeusedasthe
AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
definition of nitrided effective case depth. Note that
this is the same definition used in ISO 6336-5.
ferrite: A solid solution o f one or more elemenls in
body-centered cubic iron. In carbon and alloy steels
this phase is stable at room temperature.
f lame hardeni ng: A case hardening p rocess in
which only the surface layer of the work piece is
heated by aname to above the upper transformation
temperature and immediately quenched.
free ferrite : The ferrite that is formed directly during
cooling without simultaneous formation of carbide.
grain size: The dimensions ol the grains, or
crystals, in a polycrystalline metal exclusive ol
twinned regions and sub - grains when present. The
ASTM grain size is a designation bearing a relation·
ship to average intercept distance at 100 diameters
magnification. Commercial grain size is categorized
as either coarse (grain size 1-4) or Ii ne (grain size 5
or finer).
hardenablllty: The property of a ferrous alloy that
determines the depth and distribution of hardness
induced by quenching.
hardened depth: For induction or flame hardened
gearing, alternative terminology for elfective case
depth.
..
Unetched
400Xmag.
Figure 9 - lntergranular oxidation in carburized gearing
©> AGMA 2005 -- All rights reserved
AGMA 923-805
hardness: See specific kind of hardness such as
base~ case, core or surface.
hardness conversion chart: A published docu-
ment for use in conver1ing from one hardness testing
scale to another.
Hardness conversion charts should be used with
great caution since discrepancies of 0.3 HRC
numbers at 30 HRC to 3.9 HRC numbers at 60 HRC,
have been noted between various p ublished conver-
sion charts. Therefore, it is suggested that the
conversion chart used for testing and reporting be
specified. Some of the more 1popular hardness
conversion charts are found in ASTM A370, ASTM
E140, ISO 6336-5, and certain individual corporate
documents and standards. For this documenl,
ASTM A370 is used and should be used whenever
no other document is specified.
induction hardening: A surface h ardening process
in which only the surface layer of the work piece is
heated by electrically induced currents to above the
upper transformalion temperature and immedialely
quenched.
intergranular oxidation (IGO): The preferential
oxidization of certain alloying ele ments along grain
boundaries during gas carburizing. See figure 9 for a
photomicrograph of intergranular oxides (black
constiluent).
AGMA 923·805 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

linear indication: An indication with length at least
three times its width.
marquench: Quenching into a liquid media whose
temperature is above the martensite start trans-
formation temperature, typically 300 • 5-00' F (150 •
260' C}, held at this temperature until temperature is
uniform throughout. and then cooled to form
martensite. Marquenching is used to achieve
redu~d distortion when compared 10 conventional
quenching.
martensite: A generic term for microstructures
formed by the diffusionless phase transformation of
austenite. Martensite is characterized by an acicular
or needle- like pattern in the miorostructure and is
the hardest of the austenitic transformation products
in steel.
microsegregation : The non· uniform distribution of
alloying elements, impurities, or p hases observed
primarily in tile microstructure of the material.
nitriding: The introduction of nascent nitrogen into
a suitable solid ferrous alloy by holding at a suitable
temperature in contact with a nitrogenous material.
Adsorption of nascent nitrogen produces case
hardening without quenching.
non·martensitic structures: l nciusive terminolo·
gy for ferrite, carbide, retained austenite, pearlite,
and bainite due to incomplete transformation to
martensite or incomplete austenization. Retained
austenite is not included in the quantitative
metallographic measurement ·of non-martensitic
structures.
non·martensitictransformation products: lnclu·
sive terminology for ferrite, cementite, pearlite, and
upper bainite in the surface microstructure of
carburize hardened gearing due to incomplete
transformation to martensite. See figure 1O for a
photograph of non-martensilic transformation prod·
ucts in martensite.
normalizing: The healing of a ferrous alloy to a
suitable temperature above the transformation
range and then cooling, typically in air, to a
temperature substantially below the transformation
range.
pearffte: A microstructural constituent consisting of
lamellar ferrite and cementite resulting from the
transformation of austenile at temperatures above
the bainne range.

5% nital eteh
400 X mag,

Figure 10 ... Non-martensitic transformation products in carburized gearing

8 © AGMA 2005 -- All rights res.

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
pitting resistance: Endurance lim it adequate to
resist contact fatigue. Initial pitting and progressive
pining are illustrated and discussed in ANSVAGMA
1010-E95. See standards such as ANSl/AGMA
2001-C95, ANSllAGMA 2003- 897, ANSllAGMA
6002- 893, or ANSVAGMA 6032- A94.
process control test coupon: For carburize and
hardened gearing or nitrided gearing, a test coupon
used primarily to monitor the consistency of the heat
treatment process in terms of carbon or nitrogen
penetration and case microstructure. Sometimes
called a standardized test coupon. For procedures
associated with process control tes t coupons, see
4.2.1.
Due to differences in quench cooling rates and
hardenability, the microstructure and hardness of
process control tesl coupons used lor carburize and
hardened gearing may not be the same as lhal of the
finished gear tooth.
reduction ratio: In forging and rolling, the ratio ol
the cross sectional area of the rough cast ingot or
continuously cast billet to the final c ross- sectional
area. The reduction ratio is calculated by the
following equation:
(1)
\vhere
RR is reduction ratio;
A is the cross sectional area of the cast ingot
or continuous cast billet, in2 (mm2).
For bar stock and forged shatting including step
shafts for solid on shaft pinion blanks as in figure 5:
B is the cross seclional area al the finished
largest forging diameter in the area where
lhe teeth will be, in2 (mm2); and,
C, D. £ , F. C and H = 1.
For upset forged gearing blanks as in figures 7 and 8:
B is the cross sectional area of the billet prior
10 upsening, in2 (mm2);
c is the height o f the culoff ingot prior 10 upset-
ting, inch (mm) ;
D is the height of the finish forged upset blank
belore piercing, inch (mm) ; and
£. f: <;andH a 1.
©> AGMA 2005 - - All rights reserved
AGMA 923-805
For forged or rolled rings:
8 is the cross sectional area ol the billet prior
to upselting, inZ (mm2);
c is the height of the cutoff ingot prior to upset-
ting, inch (mm);
D is the height of the upset blank after upset-
ting belore piercing, inch (mm) ;
£ is the heigh I of the upset blank after piercing,
inch (mm);
F is the wall thickness of the upset blank after
piercing, before any bore expansion
associated with piercing, inch (mm);
G is the height of the finish forged or rolled ring,
inch (mm);
H is the wall thickness of the finish forged or
rolled ring, inch (mm).
representative test coupon : A test coupon de-
signed to represenl the quenching rate of the
finished gearing tooth. If the coupon is to be used
only to determine the case properties. it can be
smaller than one used to determine the core
properties of tl1e gear tooth. A representative test
coupon sized for determining the core hardness and
microstructure can also be used for determining the
case properties or as a process control test coupon.
A representative lest coupon sized for determining
the case properties can also be u sed as a process
control test coupon but not lor determining core
properties unless substantiated by documented test
data. For procedures associated with representative
test coupons, see 4.2.2.
retai ned austenlle: The metastable austenile
retained within a quenched microstructure. The
amount of retained austenite is a function of carbon
content, alloy content (espec ially nickel and
manganese), quench temperatur.e and subsequent
thermal or mechanical treatments. See figures 11 ,
12 and 13 lor examples ol vis ual estimates of
retained austenite {white constituent) in tempered
martensite. More precise measurtiiments of retain0Q
austenite can be obtained by X- ray diffraction
techniques.
shot peening: A cold working process performed
by bombarding the surface of a part with small
spherical media. This results in a thin layer of high
magnitude residual surface compressive stress and
generally improves the bending st rength in the roots
of gear teeth. Shot peening should not be confused
with grit blasting or shot blasting w hich are cleaning
operations.
AGMA 923·805
5% nital etch 400X mag.
Figure 11 - Tempered martensite and 5%
retained austenite in carburi.:ed gearing
5% nital etch 400X mag.
Figure 12 - Tempered martens ite and 20%
retained austenlte In carburlzed gearing
to
AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
5% nilal etch 400X mag.
Figure 13 - Tempered martensite and 30%
retained austenlle In carburlzed gearing
specialty nitriding steel : A steel typically alloyed
with t % aluminum to provide higher surface hard-
ness after nitriding than normally attained with
nitrided through hardening steel s.
standardized test coupon : Alternate terminology
tor a process control test coupon.
subcrltlcal anneal: Reheating to a temperature
below the transformation range. For carburized
gearing the temperature is typically t 200- t 250' F
(650- 675' C) and is done after carburizing and
before hardening.
surface hardening: The generic terminology for
selective induction or flame heating of a surface
layer and then quenching that layer to produce a
hardened surface layer that may be thinner than the
heated area, but is harder than the unheated base
material. With induction or flame hardening there is
no significant alteration of the ch emical composition
ol the surface layer.
surface hardness: The hardness measured
directly on the functional surface, after appropriate
surface preparation. Surface hardness is not to be
confused with case hardness, which is taken on a
© AGMA 2005 -- All rights res.
AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
metallographic cross section using a microhardness
tester.
tempering: The reheating o f a hardened ferrous
alloy part to a temperature below the transformation
range, and then cooling it at any rate.
test bar: A sample used for ten sile or impact
strength testing. Also used as alternate terminology
for a test coupon used for !hardness and
microslructure tesling.
test coupon : See specific type of test coupon such
as process conlrol or representative.
total case depth : For carburized gearing the
maximum depth ol dilfused carbon.
The total case depth lor induction or flame hardened
gearing is usually assumed to be th e same as the
hardened and effective case depths.
The tolal case depth for nitrided gearing is the
distance from the surface to the depth at which the
HRC hardness number is 11 0% of the hardness
number for the core.
total nominal alloy content: Th e sum of the
mid- points of the specified ranges for all alloying
elements added to increase hardenability (e.g., Mn,
Cr, Ni, Mo).
t ransformation temperature: The temperature at
which a phase change occurs.
t raveling indication: An uninterrupted ultrasonic
testing signal on the displaywhich moves horizontal-
ly on the sweep line as the ttansducer is moved on
the scanning surface. Travel ol the signal indicates
varied depth of lhe discontinuity from the scanning
surface, often indicative of a crack.
4 Procedures
4.1 Recommended test methods
The test methods listed in l his clause are 10 be used
when no olher melhod is clearly defined or specified.
These are the methods to be used for evaluations to
the requiremenls of clause 5.
Testing of the actual part is preferred and should
always be used whenever practical. However,
properly selected tesl coupons can also be used.
The dimensions in lhis document are always to be
measured normal (not oblique) 10 l h e surface.
<t> AGMA 2005 - - All rights reserved
AGMA 923·805
Bandi ng • See microsegregation.
Carbon - See surface carbon.
Case hardness
For carburize and hardened gearing, unless
otherwise specified, the case h ardness is deter-
mined al a localion 1/2 ol looth height (or from a
representative test coupon).
For induction or flame hardened gearing, unless
otherwise specified, the case h ardness is deter-
mined al a location 1/4 of tooth heigh! above the
root
For nitrided gearing, unless otherwise specified,
the case hardness is determined at a localion 1/2
of toolh heigh! (or from a process conlrol or
represenlative lest coupon).
Chemistry· Analyzed per ASTM A751.
Core hardness - Per a standard or superficial
hardness testing melhod listed under "hardness''.
Decarburization • Per any o f three methods:
Method 1 - File hardness
The Hanks of a tooth are file hardness tested per
SAE J864 or ISO 6336- 5, annex D wilh lack of file
hardness indicating possible deearburization or
non-martensitic struclures.
Method 2 - Reduction of hardrness
Surface hardness readings are taken in the same
area using two different hardness testing loads,
such as HRC and HRl SN with major loads of 150
kg and 15 kg respectively. The two sets of read-
ings are compared using a standard hardness
conversion chart, such as ASTM A370, ASTM
El 40 or ISO 6336- 5, annex C. Decarburization is
indicated by a lower converted hardness for the
lighter load compared to that from the heavier
load, presuming that proper hardness testing
techniques were u sed for both sets of tests.
Method 3 - Metallographic evaluation
A metallographic specimen is prepared per ASTM
E3, etched per ASTM E407, a nd evaluated per
ASTM E1 077orSAEJ41 9.
Effective case depth - Per SAE J423 microhard-
ness test method. For carburi2e and hardened
gearing and nitrided gearing, unless otherwise
specified, the effective case depth is determined at a
location 1/ 2 of tooth height (or from a representative
test coupon).
For induction or flame hardened gearing, unless
otherwise specified, the effective case depth is
AGMA 923·805
determined at a location 1/4 of tooth height above the
root.
Grain size • Per ASTM E 11 2 or ISO 643.
Hardenability • Per ASTM A255 or ISO 642
end-quench test or by hardenability calculation per
ASTMA255.
Hardness - Listed below are each method and the
associated processes which are tested by that
method.
ASTM E1 0, Brinell hardness testing
Through hardened parts
Base hardness of flame, induction, or nitride
hardened parts
ASTM E1 8, Rockwell hardness testing
Through hardened parts
Carburize and hardened parts
Flame and induction harden ed parts
Nitrided parts
ASTM E92, Vicker's hardness testing
Through hardened parts
Carburize and hardened parts
Flame and induction harden ed parts
Nitrided parts
ASTM E384, Microhardness testing
Carburize and hardened parts
Flame and induction hardened parts
Nitrided parts
II standard bench top hardness testing cannot be
accomplished as stated in ASTM E1 Oor ASTM E18.
portable testing may be accomp!ished by ASTM
E 11 O or o ther appropriate methods.
Measurement of surface hardness per ASTM E 18 is
used as a nondestructive method to evaluate the
conformity of individual work pieces to the surface
hardness requirements. The measurement method
should be appropriate for the size and configuration
of the work pieces. The teeth area requirements for
hardness measurements include the root of the
tooth. Alternate methods of hardness measure-
ment, including file testing in accordance with SAE
J864 or ISO 6336-5, annex D, may be used.
Due to tile state of tile art of alternate microhardness
testing methods, results may vary by the equivalent
12
AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
of three points HRC from actual HRC measurements
per ASTM E1 8. The significance and interpretation
of those results needs to be agreed upon between
the parties.
lntergranular oxides • In the unetched condition,
see metallography and figure 9..
Magnetic particle· Per ASTM E 1444 regardless of
form, or alternatively ASTM E125 for raw castings,
ASTM A275 for raw forgings, or ASTM E709 for
finished gearing .
Mechanical testing - Per ASTM ES for tensile
testing and ASTM E23 for impact testing (also see
hardness).
Metallography - Pertormed at a magnification of
400 - 600 diameters. Metallographic samples shall
be prepared per ASTM E3 and etched per ASTM
E407, except for intergranular oxidation which shall
be evaluated in the unetched condition.
Microhardness - See hardness.
Microsegregation - Analyzed per ASTM A534.
Acceptance criteria is not specified but is to be
agreed upon.
Mlcrostructure - See metallography.
Nonmetallic inclusions • Per any of the following
methods:
SAE/AMS 230 1, for aircraft steels
ASTM A534, for carburizing bearing steels
ASTM A866, for through hardening bearing
steels
ASTM E45, for inclusion count
ISO 4967, by compariso n to micrographic
diagrams, MethOd B, Plate II with 0.3 in2 (200
mm2) inspection area
SAE J422, by comparison to micrographic
diagrams
Surface carbon • Per one of the following methods:
Method 1 - Spectrometric
Per ASTM E41 5.
Method 2 - Combustion
The combustion method utiliz.es chips from a ma-
chining cut of 0.001 • 0.004 inch (0.02 • 0. 10 mm)
in thickness on a carbon con'trol specimen. The
chips from this cut are collect·ed and analyzed by
combustion for carbon content per ASTM E350.
The specimen should be machined dry with high
© AGMA 2005 -- All rights res.
AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
speed cutting tools on centers, an d at least one
gram of clean chips free ol contamination should
be used for analysis.
Both methods require that prior to carburizing the
process control specimen, sufficient stock be ma-
chined from the surface to be carburized, in order
to remove all material with non-uniform surface
chemistry.
Su rface temper - Per ANSl/AGMA 2007- 8 92 or
ISO 141 04.
Test coupons - Microstructure, microhardness and
core hardness characteristics may be determined
from either actual parts or test coupons. See 4.2 for
the specific type o f test coupon (process control or
representative).
Ultrasonic i nspection - Ultrasonic inspection is
recommended lor large pans to detect flaws belore
incurring the expense of machining. When ultrason·
ic inspection is specified, the following guidelines
shall apply:
For wrought products the straight beam pro·
cedures described in ASTM A388 shall apply. Ei-
ther the flat bottom hole or back reflection method
may be used.
The sensitivity for the flat bottom hole method
shall utilize standard test blocks per ASTM E428
with the reflector size as specified in tables 1
through 4 of this information sheet. The metal test
distance for the blocks shall be 4.000 inches
(1 01.6 mm). This sensitivity shall be used when
radially scanning the portion o f the wrought mate·
rial that will comprise the tooth area. The tooth
area includes only those portions of the gearing
material where the teeth will be located to a depth
below the finished tooth tips o f at least 1.5 times
the tooth height. The balance o f the part may be
scanned using a distance am pl i~u de correction
curve (DAC) whose construction is detailed in
ASTM A388.
For cast products the straight beam proce·
dures described in ASTM A609 shall apply. The
back reflection method shall be used.
4.2 Test coupons
4.2.1 Proce ss control test coupons
Process control test coupons are used to monitor
various heat treatment process parameters, their
variation, their interactions, and to verify that these
parameters are maintained within their expected
<t> AGMA 2005 - - All rights reserved
AGMA 923·805
control range. The process control test coupons
may be made of various steel grades, different sizes,
and differing geometry depending on the parameter
to be monitored and the heat tre at facility's qualrty
control plan. Process control test coupons are not
intended to be used for final acceptance.
The p roperties ol a process control coupon may be
correlated by experience to the properties o f the
finished gearing with regard to hardness and case
depth. The process control test coupon
microstructure may be correlated to the condition of
the finished gear. The method of correlation should
be documented.
Process control test coupons may be used to
determine surface cartion concentration, carbon
penetration, cartion gradients, nitride depth, white
layer thickness, intergranular oxi'dation depth, and
process repeatability. Shim stock is often used to
monitor atmospheric carbon potential. Variations
from expecled process control l'imits are used as
indicators of unacceptable heat treat process varia-
tions. As long as the process control test coupons
are within expected control limits, the parts being
heat treated should have the expected metallurgical
properties.
The process control test coupon for carburize and
hardening should have minimum dimensions ol 518
inch (1 6 mm) diameter by 2 inches (50 mm) long and
is suitable lor gearing 4.5 normal d iametral pitch (5.6
module) and finer. A 1 inch (25 mm) diameter by 2
inches (50 mm) long coupon may be used for
coarser pitch (module) cartiurized gearing to 1.5
normal diametral pitch (17 mm module). The size of
the coupon for coarser than 1.5 normal diametral
pitch (17 module) gearing should be agreed upon,
and should app roximate the inscribed diameter at
mid height o f the tooth cross section. The coupon
length should be a minimum o f 2 ti mes the diameter.
Test disks or plates may be used Whose minimum
thickness is 70 percent of the appropriate test bar
diameter. The minimum inscribed diameter on a test
disc (or plate dimensions) should be three times its
thickness.
For determination of case hardness, case depth,
and case microstructure, the p rocess control test
coupon should be examined on a section normal to
its axis and at least one diameter f rom the end of the
test coupon. Case hardness is to be measured by a
microhardness method at a dep th 0.002 to 0.004
inch (0.05 to 0. 10 mm) below t he surface. Any
post-heat treat stock removal must be considered.
AGMA 923·805
4.2.2 Representative test coupon
The representative test coupon s'hall be from the
same grade of alloy steel with sim ilar harden ability
as the production part, but need no t necessarily be
from the same heat o f steel. Representative test
coupon proportions of a minimum diameter of 6
d ivided by the normal diametral pitch (6 times
module) but not less than 5/8 inch diameter ( 16 mm),
and a minimum length 2 times its diameter. as used
in ISO 6336-5, are recommended. A representative
test coupon may contain a tooth form that will be
used to verify the heat treat p rocess.
With customer approval, represe ntative test coupon
proportions o f a minimum diameter of 3 divided by
the normal d iametral pitch (3 times module) but not
less than 5/8 inch diameter (16 mm), and a minimum
length 2 times its d iameter, as used in ISO 6336-5,
are recommended.
A representative test coupon should have tl1e same
heat treat condition prior to carburizing as the part(s)
represented . This coupon should remain with the
part(s) represented throughout the entire heat treat
process. with the possible exception of heat
treatments prior to carburizing.
The representative test coupon, when positioned in
a heat treat load in the same g;eneral area b ut
separate from the piece part, is intended to represent
lhe metallurgy of lhe heat treated tooth section. The
microstructure at the center of the minimum size
representative test coupon approximates the core
microstructure o f the tooth section.
5 Metallurgical requi rements
The metallurgical characteristics identified in the
tables of this clause are intended to be used for all
steel gearing. Metallurgical characteristics defined
in the tables of this clause are intended to assure the
quality of the finished gMr teeth.
Individual AGMA rating standards may have specific
modifications to the metallurgical characteristics
grading; but the intent is to formal ize the assump·
lions and definitions on which the various AGMA
standards are based. These characteristics should
be compatible, wherever possible, w ith ISO 6336- 5.
Users of this document must be aware that the
Grade 1, Grade 2 and Grade 3 gearing produced by
d ifferent heat treatment processes have different
14
AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
ratings. Refer to the applicable gear rating
standard s for specific gear ratings.
Individual customers and manufacturers may have
specific modifications to the metallurgical grade
requirements or special material and processing
conditions that are not covered in these tables.
These modifications and special cond itions are
permissible with mutual agreement.
The following tabfe.s establish reasonable minimum
limits for each material and meta llurgical character·
istic that will allow gearing, which meet dimensional
tolerances, to meet the minimum e xpectations of the
gear rating design standards. As individual gearing
designs increase in size and complexily of features,
they become more difficult to manufacture, heat
treat, and inspect. This document, as a general rule,
does not differentiate based on gearing size.
However, where necessary, specific notation is
made to reflect the special pr·ocessing methods,
techniq ues and inspections req uired for large gear
manufacturing.
All requirements for a metallurgical quality grade
must be met in o rder to use the stress value, from the
AGMA rating standard, for that grad e. This can be
accomplished by specifically certifying each req uire·
ment where necessary, or by establishing p ractices
and procedures lo obtain the requirements on a
production basis. It is not the intent of this document
that all requirements for metallurgical quality grade
be certified, but that practices a nd p rocedures be
established lor their compliance on a productio n
basis. Intermediate values are not classified since
the effect of deviations from tl1e qualify sta ndards
cannot be evaluated easily. Specific sampling plans
and test methods need to be addressed by eitherthe
manufacturer, the customer, or b oth.
The various characteristics are l isted in the o rder in
which that characteristic is typically evaluated during
the manufacturing seq uence. Each individual
cha racteristic has the same item number in tables 1,
2, 3 a nd 4 whenever it is used, regardless o l which
table it appears. Some characteristics are only
applicable 10 specific heat I real methods. Therefore,
some item numbers are not used in some tables.
Characteristics that are lypically evaluated al the
same time are grouped by having the same number
before the decimal point, and modified with different
numbers after the decimal point for the individual
characteristics evaluated at that time.
5.1 Through hardened gearing
The major metallurgical characteristics that affect
thro ugh hardened gearing performance are shown
© AGMA 2005 -- All rights res.
 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 923·805

in table 1. The minimum acceptable requirements be met to qualify for the stress number associated
for each factor for metallurgical quality Grades 1 and with that metallurgical qualily grade.
2 are specified. All criteria in any given grade must

Table 1 - Metallurgical characteristics for through hardened geari ng

Item Characl erlsl lc •1 • 1 Grade 1 Grade 2
1 Malerial chemistry Not specified or Test repott only. Medium cart:>on alloy steel.
verified. 0.025% maximum sulfur.
2 Grain size Verification not Predominantly 5 or liner. Test report only.
required.
3 Hardenabi1ity Not specified. A minimum hardenability which is appropriate tor part size and
quench sever~y should be specified.
4 Non-metallic inclusions No1 specified. Wrought gearing
(cleanliness, steelmaJ<ing) 3) Capable ot meeting (certification not required)
SAE/AMS 2301, ASTM A866 or SAE J422 S2· 0 2
Cast gears
Only permissible if primarily round (Type 1) sulfide inclusions.
5. 1 Material form Forgings per either ASTM A290 or ASTM A291
Bar stock per ASTM A29, ASTM A304 or ISO 683· 1
Castings per ASTM A148
Tubing per ASTM A519
5.2 Material reduc1ion ratio Noll specified. - At least 7 to 1 for strand or continuous cast
(wrought only) - At least 3 to 1 for ingot cast•> 5)
6 Heat treatment Not specified. Quench and temper
900'F {4BO' C) minimum temper.
7 Mechan1e-al properlies after Hardness testing is required. Other mechanical testing is required only if specit1ed.
heat treatment<i>
8 Microstructure"J Not speci1 ied. Sound metallurgical practice dictates that the mrcrostructure require·
ments in the tooth area should be predominantly tempered martensite
with limited uppe<transformation products (ferrite, upperbainite and fine
pearlite). The microstructure shall befreeof blocky ferrite (due to incom-
plete austenization) with the follo,ving limits ror non- martensitic upper
transformation products:
Controlling sec1ion size, Non- martensitic structures,
inch maximum
at least less than
.. 5 5%
5 10 10%
10 15 20%
15 .. Hardness must be obtained at
roots with 900°F minimum temper

Controlling section size, Non-martensitic structures,

mm maximum
at least tess than
.. 125 5%
125 250 10%
250 375 20%
375 .. Hardness must be obtained at
roots with 4-80° C minimum temper
9 U1trason1C inspectron"'' .,,
Wrought material. Inspection recommended to the tonowing limits:
Either method is acceptable.
·Flat bottom hole (FBH) Not specified. • No indications giving a signal response greater than an 8164 inch (3.18
technique mm) reference standard.
- No indications giving a signal response greater than 50% of the same
reference standard if accompanied by a 500/o loss of back reHection.
- No indications wtiich are continuous over an area twice the diameter
of the search unit.
(continued)

<ti AGMA 2005 - - All rights reserved

 AGMA 923·805 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

Table 1 (concluded)

Item Characteristic'''' Grade 1 Grade 2

9 (continued)
· Back reflection technique
Castings
• Back reflection technique
16 Surface microstructure
considering subsequent stock
removal
16.3 Oecarburization. Any of the fol 4
Not specified. - No indications giving a signal response greater than 15°/o of back
reflection.
- No multiple indications thal lower lhe amplitude of the first back
reflection by more than 400/o.
- No traveling ind ~tions v1hose amplitude is greater than 100/o of back
reflection and length is greater than 0.75 incll (19 mm).
Not specified. - ASTM A609 Level I from outside surlace to t .5 times tooth height be·
low finished tooth tips.
- ASTM A609 Level 2 greater ltian 1.5 limes tooll1 height below finished
tooth tips.
Should meet the following surface related characteristic:

k>wing methods are acceptable

- Method 1. File testing. Not. applicable. Nol applicable.
- Method 2. Reduction of Nol specified. Maximum 2 HRC points or equivalent by .;;onversion.
surface hardness by two toad
method.6)
·Method 3. Metallographic Not specified. No total or partial decarburization apparent on the finished gear tooth.
evaluation.
21 Surface cracks' >t1> Cracks. bursts, seams and laps are not permissible in functional areas of finished gearing.
22 Magnetic particle in~ection ol Inspection recommended to the lollowing limits:
finished gearingS>7) 9>
- Belo\v the pitch line Not specified. No indications.
- Above the pitch line
Normal
diametral pitch Module
at less more at Indication, maximum
least than lhan most inch mm
-· 3 8 ·- 1/8 3.2
3 10 2.5 8 Not specified. 3132 2.4
10 ·- -· 2.5 111 6 1.6
23 ShOI peening· -, Shot peening per SAE/AMS-S- 13165 may be used to Increase surface resi<1ual ccmpressive
stress.
NOTES:
t) See clause 3 for definitions and clause 4 for test methods.
2) The metallurgical requirements assume homogeneous composition. In practice, mictosegregation and banding occurs in steels.
This microsegregation can produce variations in microstructure and properties that need to be assessed.
3) The grade requirements for non-metallic inclusion, ultrasonic and microstructure characteristics apply only to those portions of the
gearing material where the teeth will be located to a depth below the finished tooth tip of at least 1.5 times the tooth height.
4) A 7 to 1 minimum reduction ratio is recommended. For large gearing where this reduction ratio is not physically obtainable. lesser
redoction ratios may be used down to a minimum ot 3 lo 1.
SJ In -process ultrasonic and/or magnetic particle Inspection of gearing blanks is recommended for large <liameter parts to detect Raws
before incurring the expense of further machining.
6) See ASTM A370, ASTM E 140 or ISO 6336· 5, annex C for hardness conversion tables.
7) Removal of defects that exceed the stated limits is acceptable, provided the integrity of the gear is not compromised.
8) Cracks in non-functional areas require engineering disposition.
9) Limits: maximum of one indication per inch (25 mm) of face \Vidth \vith a maximum of five such indications on any one tooth flank.
Indications less than 1/32 inch (0.8 mm) are not oonsidered.
IO) It is recommended that ANSl/AGMA 2004-889 be revi6\ved to determine it the benefits of surface residual compressive stress
aehieved by shot peening may be beneficial to the panicular application. ShOt peening of the flanks of gear teeth should be reviewed to
ensure that no detrimental effects are caused to the gear set.

16 © AGMA 2005 -- All tights res.

 A MERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 923-805

5.2 Carburize and hardened gearing
The major metallurgical characteristics that affect
carburize and hardened gearing performance are
shown in table 2. Neither carbonitrid'ed nor nitrocar-
burized gearing is covered by this document. The
minimum acceptable requirements for each factor
tor metallurgical quality Grades 1, 2 and 3 are
specified. All criteria in any given grade must be met
to quality for the stress number associated with that
metallurgical quality grade.

Table 2 - Metallurgical characteristics for cart:Jurize and hardened gearing

Item Gharacteristic '1 ' ' urade 1 urade 2 u;rade 3

I Material chemistry
2 Grain size
3 Hardenabilrty
4 Non- metallic inclusions
{cleanliness, steelmaking)3l 4 l
Specified, bu1 not Test report only. Alloy steel. Tes1 report only. AUoy steel.
verified. 0.025% maximum sulfur.• > 0.015"1> maximum sutfur.3)
Predominantly 5 or finer. Tes1 report only.
Verification A minimum hardenablhty which is appropriate for part size and quench
not required. severity should be specified.
Not specified. Wrought gearing Wrought gearing
Alternative A: Alternative A:
- Capable of meeling bearing qual· - Certi tied ASTM A534
ity per ASTM A534
Alternative B, all of the following: Alternative B, all o f the following:
- The steel must be certified: - The steel m ust be certified:
- electric furnace practice - electric furnace practice
- ladle refined
- deoxidized
-- deoxidized
lad le refined

- vacuum degassed -
vacuum degassed
- bottom poured ingot or strand
casted
-
bottom poured ingot
- protected from reoxidation
- protected from reoxidation during teeming or casting
during ieeming or casiing - o•ygen oont0n1 of 20 ppm
- capable of oxygen content of maximum
20 ppm maximum - certified cleanliness by either
- capable of cleanliness con· ASTM E45 or ISO 4967 M ethod B
firmation by either ASTM E45 or Plate II with 0.3 inch2 (200 mm2) in-
ISO 4967 Method B Plate II wilh 0.3 speclion area. Acceptable ii does
inch2 (200 mm2) inspection area. not exceed:
Aoceptable if does not exceed:
Type Rne Thick Type Fine Thick
A (sullide) 3.0 3.0 A (suHide) 2.5 1.5
B (alumina) 2.5 1.5 B (alumina) 2.0 1.0
c (silicate) 2.5 1.5 c (silicate) 0.5 0.5
0 {globular oxide) 2.0 1.5 0 (globular oxide) 1.0 1.0
Alternative C: Alternative C:
Capable of meeting SAE/AMS Certified SAE/AMS 2300 or
230 1 or SAE J422. S2· 02 SAE/AMS 2304.
Alternative O:S)
Magnetic particle inspection of fin·
ished gearing to the requirements
o f Item 22, Grade 3.
Cast gears Cast gears
Only permissible if primarily round Not permitted.
(Type 1) suHide inclusions.
5. 1 Material form Forgings per ASTM Afl37 and eilher ASTM A290 o r ASTM A29 1
Bar Stoel< per ASTM A29, ASTM A304 or ISO 683- 11
Tubing per ASTM A519
Castings per ASTM A 148. I Caslings not permitted.
5.2 Material reduction ratio Not specified. · At least 7 10 1 for strand or continuous cast
(wrooght only) - At least 3 to 1 for Ingot cast •l 1)
(continued)

<ti AGMA 2005 - - All rights reserved

 AGMA 923·805 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURE RS ASSOCIATION

Table 2 (continued)

Item Characteristic'' '' Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3

9 Ultrasonic lnspectlow' ''
Wrought material. Inspection recommended to the Inspection required to the follow·ing
Either method is acceptable. lollo\ving limits: limits:
.
Fial bottom hole (FBH) Not specified. - No indications giving a signal re - - No indications giving a signal re·
technique sponse greater than an 8164 inch spon:se greater than a 5164 inch
(3.18 mm) reference standard. (1 .9$ mm) reference standard.
- No indications gM ng a signal - No indications giving a signal re-
response grealer than 50% ol the spon:se greater than 50% of the ref·
reference standard if accompanied erence standard if accompanied by
by a SO°lo> loss of back reflection. a 50% toss ol back reflection.
·No indications whid'l are - No Indications which are contlnu-
continuous over an area twice the ous over an area twice the diameter
diameter o f the search unit. o f the search u nit.
. Back reflection technique Not specified . - No indication s giving a signal re· - No indications giving a signal re·
sponse greater than 15% of back spomse grea1er lhan 10% of back
reflection. reflectiOfl.
- No multiple indications that k>wer - No multiple indications that lower
the amplitude o f the first back re - the amplitude of the first back re·
flection by more than 40%. flection by more than 20o/o.
• No traveflng Indications whose • No !raveling Indications whose
amplitude is greater than 1Oo/o o f amplitude is greater than 10% ol
back re flection and length is great· back reflection and length is great·
er lhan 0.75 inch (19 mm). er lhan 0.50 inch (13 mm).
Castings
. Back reflection technique Not specified. - ASTM A609 Level 1 from outside
surtace to 1.5 times tooth height
below finished tooth tips.
• ASHA Asog Level 2 g<eater thM
1.5 times tooth height bek>w fin-
ished tooth tips.
11 Tempering alter case Recommended. Required.
hardening
12 Surface hardness in tooth area. Shoold meet the following characteristics:
Alternative method o f in~-
tion is case hardness.8) 9) Ol
• Tooth flank 55- 64 HRC or 58- 64 HRC or equivalent 58- 64 HRC or equivalent
equivalent
• Toolh root
.
Normal diametral pitch 3 53 HRC minimum 0< 56 HRC minimum or equivalent 58 H RC minimum or equivalent
(module 8) and coarser equivalent
. Normal diam etral pitch 55 HRC m inimum Of 58 HRC minimum or equivalent 58 HRC minimum or equivalent
finer than 3 (module 8) equivalent
13 Case <fepth considering Shoufd meet the following charac.teris!lics;
subsequent stock removal
13.1 Effective case depth In finished Minimum and maximum e ffective case depth requirements tor the tooth should be specified in
condition 10> 11 > accordance wilh the appropriate rating standard.
t3.2 Effective case depth m inimum Not specified. 50% of m inimum specified effective 66%i0f minimum specified effective
at root radius, as determined bX case at 1/2 tooth height case at t/2 tooth height
bending strength rating.••> ' l recommended. recommended.
12)

14 Core hardness alter case hard-

ening 12) 13)
- For pitting resistance rating Not specified. 21 HRC minimum 21 HRC minimum
- For bending strength rating 21 HRC minimum 25 HRC minimum 30 HRC minimum 14)

(continued)

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 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 923·805

Table 2 (continued)

Item Characteristic'' '' Grade 1 Gra<le 2 Grade 3

15 Surface carbon (typical) ,, ,
For up to 2.5% tolal nominal 0.60 - 1.10%C 0.60 - 1.10%C 0.60 - 1.00"loC
alloy content
2.So/o to 3.So/o lotal nominal 0.60 • 1.10%C 0.60 • 1.00%C 0.60 • 1.00"!.C
alloy content
Over 3.5% total nominal alloy 0.60 - 1.10%C 0.65 - 0.95%C 0.65 - 0.95%C
content
16 Surtacg microstructure oonsid· The first 0.002 • 0.003 inch (0.05 • 0.08 mm) of case microstruc~um in the tooth ama should
erin~ subsequent stock remov- meet the surface hardness requirement of the specific grade and also meet the following sur·
al 1 16) face related characteristics and the requirements of Item 17:
16. t lntergranular oxidation (luv) Not specified.
(see figure 9)
Minimum specified effective
case depth
inch (mm)
al less al less Maximum allowable depth Maximum allowable depth
least than least ltian inch (mm) inch (mm)
-- 0.030 ·-
0.030 0.060 (0 75! (1.50)
(0.75) 0.0007
0.0010
(17)
(25)
0.0005
0 .0008
(12)
(20)
0.060 0.090 (1.50 (2.25) 0.0015 (38) 0 .0008 (20)
0.090 0.120 (2.25) (3.00) 0.0020 (50) 0 .00 10 (25)
0.120 -- (3.00) -- 0.0025 (60) 0.00 12 (30)
16.2 Non- martensltic transforma· Not spocified.
lion products (see figure 10) 11>
Minimum specified effective
case depth
inch (mm)
at less at less Maximum allowable depth Maximum allowable depth
least lhan least than inch (mm) inch (mm)
.. 0.030 .. (0.75) 0.0007 (17) ll.0005 (12)
0.030 0.060 (0.75) (1.50) 0.0010 (25) 0 .0008 (20)
0.060 0.090 (150! (2.25) 0.0015 (38) 0 .0008 (20)
0.090 0.120 (2.25 (3.00) 0.0020 (50) 0 .0010 (25)
0.120 .. (3.00) .. 0.0025 (60) 0 .00 12 (30)
16.3 oecarburizat1on. Any or the
following methods are
acceptable.
- Method 1. File testing. Not spocified. Gear tooth surfaces must be mehard to the minimum surface hardness.
- Method 2. Reduction ol SUf· Not spocified. Maximum 3 HRC points or equiva· Maximum 1.5 HRC poinls or equiv-
face har<!ness by two loa<I rent below maximum measured alent below maximum measured
method or reduction of case hardness by conversion, but hardne ss by conversion, but
hardness.10) measuring at least 58 HRC or measuring at least 58 HAC or
equivalent by conversion in the equivailenl by conversion in the
llnished state. finished state.
· Method 3. Metallographic Not specified. No partial decarburization appar· No partial decarburization appar·
evaluation. ent on active tooth profile. No fer· enton the gear tooth. No ferrite (to-
rite (total decarburization) is per· tal decarburization) is permissible
Minimum specified effective mlsslb!e in the case micfostrv<:ture I~ the case micr0$trncture of the
casedeplti of the gear tooth. geartooth.
inch (mm)
al less at less Maximum allowable depth in root
least than least ltian inch (01m)
.. 0.030 -- (0.75) 0.0007 (17)
0.030 0.060 (0.75) (1.50) 0.0010 (25)
0.060 0.090 (1.50) (2.25) 0.0015 (38)
0.090 0.120 (2.25) (3.00) 0.0020 (50)
0.120 -- (3.00) -- 0.0025 (60)
17 Case microsuucture consider· The microstructure ol lhe first 20%of the minimum specified effective case depth Shoul<I be pre·
ing subsequent stock removal, dominantly tempered martensite. Additional requirements for the case microstructure aro given
disregarding oorner effects 12) in Item 16 and the following case related characteristics:
(continued)

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 AGMA 923·805 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

Table 2 (continued)

Item Characteristic'''' Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3

17. 1 Carbide precipitation in the Continuous carbide Semi ·continuous carbide net\vork Discontinuous carbides per figure
case. netw ork per figure 1 per figure 2 is oot acceptable, but 3 are not acceptable, but dispersed
is 11ot acceptable, discontinuous carbides per figure 3 carbides per figure 4 are aocept 4

but semi-continu are aoceplable. Maximum accepl- able.

4

ous carbide network able length of any carbide is 0.0008

per figure 2 is inch (0.02 mm).
acceptable.
t 7.2 Retained austenite in the Not specified. Retained austenlte 30% maximum determined metallographicalfy by
case.9 l comparison with figure 13. Rejection of piece partS Shall only be based
on case hardness. The minimum microhardness at 0.004 inch (0.1 mm)
or through the area of highest retained austenite shall be 58 HRC (690
Hl<soo).10) 161

17.3 Mietostructure ot the case to a Nol specified. Primarity tempered manensite with Primarily tempered martensite with
depth of O.OtO inch (0.25 mm) Untempered mar· 5% maximum non-martensitic only trace non-martensitic struc·
or the first 200/o of the minimum tensite is aocepf· structures, carbide precipitation tures permissible, carbide precipi·
specified effective case depth, able. per Item 17. 1. retained austenite talion per Item 17.1, retalned aus-
whk:hever is smaller, along the pet Item 17.2,andother surfacemi· tenite per Item 17.2, and other sur·
flank (for pitting resistance crostructures as defined under face microstructures as defined un·
rating). 161 Items 16. 1 through1 6.3. der Items 16. 1 through 16.3.
17,4 Microstructure of the case from Untempered mar·
a depth of 0.01 oinch (0.25 mm) ten site is accept-
Of the first 200/o of 1he minimum able.
specified effective case depth,
whichever is smaller. to a depth
equal to 40% or the minimum
specified effective case depth
along the flank ~or pitting
resistance rating). 1 )
• NOtrllal diametral pitch 3 Nol specified. Not specified. Not specified.
(module 8) and coarser.
- Normal diametral pitch finer Not specified. 5% maximum non-martensitic Only trace non- martensitic
than 3 (module 8). stn,,c1ures. structures.
t7.5 Microstructure of the case to a Not specified. Un· Primarily tempered martensite with Primarily tempered martensite with
depth of 0.010 inch (0.25 mm) tempered marten· 100/o maximum non-martensitic 501o maximum non- martensitic
or the first ZOolo of the minimum site is acceptable. structures, carbide precipitation struC'lures, carbide precipitation
specified effeclive case depth, per Item 17.1 , retained austenite per llem 17.1, retain&d austenite
whichever is smaller, a1 the root per Item 17.2, and other surface mi· per It.em 17.2,andother surtacemi·
fillet (for bending strength crostructures as defined under crest ructures as defined under
rating), 161 Items 16.1 through16.3. Items 16.1 through16.3.
17.6 Microstructure of the case from Untempered mar·
a depth of 0.01 oinch (0.25 mm) lensite is accept-
0t the first 200/o of the minimum able.
specified effective case depth,
whichever is smaller, to a depth
equal to 40% or tlle minimum
specified effective case depth
at the root fillet (for bending
strength rating). 18)
• NOtrllal diametral pitch 3 Not specified. No1 specified. Not specified.
(module 8) and coarser.
- Normal diametral pitch finer Not specified. 100/o maximum non-martensitic S<ifo maximum non- martensitic
than 3 (module 8). stnJctures. struC'lures.
t7.7 Microcrad<s in case (cracks Not specified. 10 maximum per 0.0001 in" (0.064
across more than one platelet) mm2) field. 9119)
(continued)

20 © AGMA 2005 -- All tights res.

 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA 923·805

Table 2 (continued)

nem (.;haractenst1c '' 'I t.Jraae 1 1,;raae 2 I '-'raae 3

18 I Core microstructure"J 1 .:1 Not specified. Sound metallurgical practice dictates that the core m icrostructure re·
quirements are maintained in the tooth area to a depth of twice the mini-
mum specified effective case depth or 0.100 inch (2.5 mm). whichever
is less, below the minimum specified ettec1ive case depth. The micro·
structure in this zone should be predom inantly tempered martensite.
This microstructure zone shouk:t be free of blocky ferrite, peartite, and
measurable bainite. Below this tone the core microstructure should be
fr* of bloel<y ferrite and be primarily temi:iered manensite with some
acicular ferrite and bainite permissible.
20 Surface temper etch inspection Not specified. FB2, which allows light tempering F8 1, which allo\VS light tempering
of ground teeth on 25o/o of functional area. on 10% ot functional area.
2 1 I Surlace cracks....., I Cracks, bursts, seams and laps are not permissible in Cracks, bursts, seams and laps are
functional areas of finished gearing.2 1> not permissible in any area of fin-
ished gearing.
22 Magnetic particle inspection of Inspection recommended to the Inspection required to the following
finished gearing 7>20) 21>22> following limits: limrts:
- Below the pitch line Nol specttied. No indications. No indications.
- Above the pitch line
Nonnal
diametral pi1ch Mo<fule
al less more at Indication, maximum Indication, maximum
least than than most inch mm inch mm
.. 3 8 .. Nol specttied. 1/8 3.2 3132 2.4
3 10 2.5 8 3/32 2.4 1/16 1.6
10 .. . . 2.5 1/ 16 1.6 1132 0.8
23 ;,nOI peening--, Shot peening per sA JAMs-S-13165 may"" used 10 increase su rrace res;aual compressive
stres.s.
NOTES:
1) See clause 3 for delinitions and clause• for test melllods.
2) The metallurgical requirements assume homogeneous composition. In practice, microsegregation and banding occurs in steels.
This microsegregation can produce variations in microstructure and properties that need to be assessed.
3) Intentional additions of calcium or calcium alloys for deoxidation or inclusion and shape control are not permitted unless specifically
approved by the purchaser. The use of lime or Huorspar, or both, in the steetmaking slag is acceptable.
4) The grade requiremen1s for non-metallic i nelusion. ullrasonic, and microstructure charac1eristics apply on1y 10 these Portions of the
gear material where the teeth will be located to a depth below the finished tooth tip of at least 1.5 times the tooth height
S) Care should be exercised when using Alternative D be<:ause of the risk of rejection after lhe expense o f further manulacturing pro·
cesses.
6) A 7 to 1 minimum reduction ratio is recommended. For large gearing where this reduction ratio is not physically obtainable, lesser
reduction ratios may be used down to a minimum of 3 to 1.
7) In-process ultrasonic and/or magnetic particle inspection of gearing blanks is recommended for large diameter parts to detect flaws
berore incurring the expense ot further machi ning.
8) Roo1 hardness may be 1ess 1han llank hardness. depending on the size of the gear and the Quench process.
9) ff cold treatment is performed. ii is recommended that it be preceded by tempering at 300' F (150'C) minimum in order to minimize
formation of microcracks. Retempering is required after cold treatment. Cold treatment should not be used to transform large amounts of
retained austenite (e.g., 50°/o} to gain excessive improvements in hardness, even \Vrth prior tempering.
10) See ASTM A370, ASTM E140 or ISO 6336-5, annex C for hardness conversion tables.
11) When specifying minimum case depth, note that the "optimum"values for pitting resistance and bending strength capacity are not the
same. A maximum case deplh is prescribed in order to minimize the risk of embrittlement in the tooth area, including the tips.
12> See clauses 3 and 4 for a discussion of test coupons.
13) Core hardness requirements for pining resistance and bending strength are considered independently. The gear rating may be lim·

ited by either pitting resistance or bending strength for the selected metallurgical quality grade and its core hardness requirement.
14) Minimum hardness of 30 HAG for Grade 3 may be difficult to achieve on coarse pitch gearing. Due to the tooth section size of 3 normal
diametral pitch (8 module} gearing and coarser, the atternate (ISO) core hardness test location may be used provided documented test 4

ing or experience is available.

(continued)

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 AGMA 923·805 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

Table 2 (concluded)

l'llVIK;;;t;

15l Optimum pitting resistance is best achieved at surface carbon levels above the eutectold carbon tor a given alloy oh.emistry.
i6) If excessive, salvage may be possible by processes such as shot peening per Item 23 or by grinding provided lhe integrity of the
gearing is not compromised.
17) At maximum allowable depths the surtace may not be file hard and may not have the expected residual stress profile.
18) Bainite, observable at 200X, that extend's from the core microstructure into the case area is considered a ratable characteristic.
This bainite is the result of slower heat extraction rates due to part section size, mass of furnace load, marginal agitation, elevated
quenchant temperatures, and generally follows alloy segregation and material llo\v lines. The bainite tflat results in a line pepper
structure at 400 - ISOOX. but is still not resolvable at 800X. is considered nonratable (trace).
••l Maximum limit of mlcrocracks (llem 17.5) for Grade 3 gearing may be difficult to achieve If cold treatment is used to transform the
retained austenite level to 30<'4 maximum.
20) Removal of defects that exceed the stated limits is acceptable, provided the integrity of the gear is not compromised.
2 1) Cracks in nonfunctional areas require engineering disposition.
22) Limits: maximum of one indication per incti (25 mm} of face \Vidth with a maximum of five such indications on any one tooth flank.
Indications less than 1/32 inch (0.8 mm) are not oonsidered.
23) 11 is recommended that ANSVAGMA 2004- 889 be reviewed to determine if the benefits of surface residual compressive stress
aehieved by shot peening maybe beneficial to the particular application. Shot peening of the flankS of geaneeth should be reviewed to
ensure that no detrimental effects are caused to the gear set.

5.3 Induction or flame hardened gearing
The major metallurgical c haracteristics thal affect
induction or name hardened gearing performance
are shown in table 3. The minim um acceptable
requirements for each factor for metallurgical q uality
G rades t, 2 and 3 are specified . G rade 3 is reslricled
to contour spin induc tion Type A (Contour) harden-
ing only. All c riteria in any g iven grade must be met to
quality tor the s tress number associated with that
m etallurgical quality grade.

Table 3 - Metallurgical characteri stics for induction or flame hardened gearing

Item {.;haracteristic •1 ' ' urade 1 u rade 2 urade 3
Spin Induction Type A
(Contour) only
1 Material chemistry Not. specihed or Test report only. Test report only.
verified, 0.025°/o maximum sulfur for 0.015% maximum sulfur for
wrought. \Vrought.
2 uram stze I t-'redom1nantly 5 t-'redommanUy 5 or 11ner. 1es1 report onty.
or finer. Veritica·
tior. not required.
3 Hardenability Not' specified. A minimum hardenability which is appropriate tor part size and quench
severity should be specified.
4 Non- metallic inclusions Not specified. Wrought gearing Wrought gearing
(cleanliness, steelmaking) 3) Capable of meeting (certification Capable of meeting (certification
not required) SAE/AMS 2301, not required} SAE/AMS 2301 ,
ASTM A866 or SAE J422 S2-02 ASTM A866 or SAE J422 $2-02
Cast gears Cast gears
O nly permissible if primarily Not permitted
round (Type 1) sulfide inclusions.
5.1 Material form Forgings per either ASTM A290 or ASTM A29 1
Bar stoek per ASTM A29, ASTM A304 or ISO 683- 1
Tublng per ASTM A519
Castings per ASTM A t48. I Castings not permitted.
5.2 Material reduction ratio Not specified. - At reast 7 to 1 for strand or continuous cast
(wrought only) - Al least 3 to 1 for ingot cast•> Sl
6 Heat treatment prior to surface Not specified. Quench and temper
hardening 900' F (480' C) minimum temper.
1contmuea,

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