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Smart material
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Smart materials, called also intelligent or responsive materials ,[1] are designed materials that
have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external
stimuli, such as stress, temperature, moisture, pH, electric or magnetic fields, light, or chemical
compounds. Smart Materials are the basis of many applications,
including sensors and actuators, or artificial muscles, particularly as electrically activated
polymers (EAP's).[2], [3]
Terms used to describe smart materials include shape memory material (SMM) and shape
memory technology (SMT).[4]
Types[edit]
There are a number of types of smart material, of which are already common. Some examples
are as following:
Piezoelectric materials are materials that produce a voltage when stress is applied. Since
this effect also applies in a reverse manner, a voltage across the sample will produce stress
within sample. Suitably designed structures made from these materials can, therefore, be
made that bend, expand or contract when a voltage is applied.
shape-memory alloys and shape-memory polymers are materials in which large deformation can
be induced and recovered through temperature changes or stress changes (pseudoelasticity).
The shape memory effect results due to respectively martensitic phase change and induced
elasticity at higher temperatures.
See also
Smart materials are expected to be an important ingredient of third-generation
structures. Candidate smart materials for structural applications include optical fiber-
based sensors, Ferro-magnetic sensors, shape memory alloys and piezoelectric
sensors. As sensor technologies advance, periodical evaluations of their performance
should be conducted to identify the best-performing sensors available for the
measurement of structural responses (e.g. displacement, velocity, acceleration, strain,
and stress) and detecting structural damage (e.g. cracking, fatigue and corrosion). Such
evaluations should consider their performance (e.g. reliability, sensitivity, integrity, and
robustness) not only as stand-alone sensors but more importantly when externally
attached to structural members as well as internally embedded in concrete and FRP
materials. In construction, smart materials and systems could be used in „smart†Ÿ
buildings, for environmental control, security and structural health monitoring e.g. strain
measurement in bridges using embedded fiber optic sensors. Magnetorheological fluids
have been used to damp cable-stayed bridges and reduce the effects of earthquakes. In
marine and rail transport, possibilities include strain monitoring using embedded fiber
optic sensors. The paper discuss about types of smart materials, smart sensing
Technology, components of smart structures, various sensors i.e. Fiber optic sensor,
smart concrete, smart structure for seismic protection, health monitoring of smart
structure..
Piezoelectric materials are the main functional materials for sensors and actuators in
smart structures. In this paper, two new types of piezoelectric devices, functionally
graded (FG) piezoelectric bending actuators and piezoelectric fibers with metal core, and
their applications in smart structures are introduced. A new process to fabricate
piezoelectric ceramic fibers of 150 mum to 250 mum in diameter with metal cores of 50
mum in diameter has been developed. Since the metal core can be used as an
electrode, a single fiber can be used as sensor or an actuator after the other electrode is
coated on the outer surface of the fiber. After being poled, the fiber can be used as a
sensor or an actuator. The fundamental electromechanical characteristics of the fibers
are investigated and an example of application as Lamb wave sensors is introduced.
The fabrication process of functionally graded piezoelectric bending actuators and the
characteristics of the fabricated actuators are introduced. The material compositions with
different dielectric and piezoelectric constants were selected. The durability of the
fabricated FG piezoelectric actuators was measured in a vibration test and compared
with that of the traditional bimorph actuator to evaluate the improvement of performance.
The results show that the durability of the FG piezoelectric actuators is much higher than
that of the bimorph actuator.
Piezoelectric materials
About
Piezoelectric materials generate an electric charge across its surface when it undergoes
mechanical stress, due to the asymmetry of its crystalline structure. The effect is
reversible, so an electrical charge will cause the material to change shape. This
piezoelectric effect only occurs in non-conductive materials, such as quarts (SiO2).
Other materials are ceramics, however the most well-known piezoelectric material is
Quartz.
The main limitation for piezoelectric devices is that the repeated forces applied to it
results is degradation. As a result, the design and location of the devices need to be
highly considered 1.
Electrochromic materials
Electroluminescent materials
Piezoelectric materials
Shape Memory
Alloys
Polymers
Sitemap
Alloys
About
Shape-memory alloys (SMAs) are smart materials that can remember their pre-deformed shape
'programmed' at a specific temperature. While it cools, it can be shaped (plastically deformed),
however with the application of heat, at the specific temperature it was 'programmed' at, the alloy
will return to its original shape.
The shape memory effect is described as the phase change between martensite and austenite
phases - the difference in crystal structure of these phases' results in a large overall change in
component dimensions 1. Martensite describes the homogeneous movement of many atoms during
the phase change, causing changes in the crystal structure 2; austenite describes the phase where
solid steel recrystallizes 3. The transformation temperatures can be altered by changing the alloy's
compositions 1.
The transformation temperature range can be controlled by altering the alloy composition. Typically
SMAs are available with transitions in the temperature range - 40oC to 120oC. Moreover, the alloys
can repeatedly undergo the phase transformation from martensite to austenite, causing shape
change as shown in the video right 1.
The most useful SMAs are nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloys 4, also known as Nitinol. Other shape memory
alloys include copper-aluminium-nickel, copper-zinc-aluminium, and iron-manganese-silicon alloys 4.
Nitinol is characterised with super-elasticity 5, and so SMAs are used as orthodontic wires to reduce
the need to re-tighten and adjust the wire 4. SMAs are also used in flexible spectacles - the
material's super-elasticity means that it can be easily deformed and reformed (austenite to
martensite phase change). The video above demonstrates the use of SMAs in mechanical systems:
The material is used as an actuator - the Nitinol is subject to an electrical charge, causing an increase
of internal energy (rise in temperature), resulting in the spring returning to its pre-deformed shape.
As the material cools down, the spring begins to stretch (deform) back to the shape it began with at
the start of the video. The spring acts as a motor, pulling up a stone from a flat surface - Shape
memory alloys are used in robotics as actuators, and as micromanipulators to simulate human
muscle motion 4.
Limitations
As the cross-sectional area of SMA wires increase, then more prone the material is to thermal lag - it
will take more time for the material to heat up and cool down. In general this lessens the
operational frequency of the actuator 1
Inchworm motor
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The inchworm motor is a device that uses piezoelectric actuators to move a shaft
with nanometer precision.
In its simplest form, the inchworm motor uses three piezo-actuators (2 and 3, see Figure 1.)
mounted inside a tube (1) and electrified in sequence to grip a shaft (4) which is then moved in a
linear direction. Motion of the shaft is due to the extension of the lateral piezo (2) pushing on two
clutching piezos (3).
Contents
1Operation
2Uses
o 2.2Patch Clamping
3See also
4External links
Operation[edit]
The actuation process of the inchworm motor is a six step cyclical process after the initial relaxation
and initialization phase. Initially, all three piezos are relaxed and unextended. To initialize the
inchworm motor the clutching piezo closest to the direction of desired motion (which then becomes
the forward clutch piezo) is electrified first then the six step cycle begins as follows (see Figure 2.):
Electrification of the piezo actuators is accomplished by applying a high bias voltage to the actuators
in step according to the "Six Step" process described above. To move long distances the sequence of
six steps is repeated many times in rapid succession. Once the motor has moved sufficiently close to
the desired final position, the motor may be switched to an optional fine positioning mode. In this
mode, the clutches receive constant voltage (one high and the other low), and the lateral piezo
voltage is then adjusted to an intermediate value, under continuous feedback control, to obtain the
desired final position.
Uses[edit]
The inchworm motor is commonly used in scanning tunneling microscopes (STMs). An STM requires
nanometer scale control of its scanning tip near the material it is observing. This control can be
accomplished by connecting the scanning tip to the shaft of the inchworm motor. The inchworm
motor, in turn, allows control in a direction normal to the plane of the observed material's surface.
Movement across the surface is commonly referred to as movement in the x-y plane, whereas
movement normal to the surface is commonly referred to as movement in the z-direction.
Movement of the scanning tip by the inchworm motor is either manually controlled or automatically
controlled by connecting the motor to a feedbacksystem.
Patch Clamping[edit]
The inchworm motor can be used in the patch clamping of biological cells. This technique is most
often performed with an optical microscope and micromanipulator holding a glass pipette. The
inchworm motor is particularly ideal in patch clamping because it provides the operator with
virtually an instantaneous, precise, smooth and predictable motion without drift.
Shape-memory alloy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A shape-memory alloy (SMA, smart metal, memory metal, memory alloy, muscle
wire, smart alloy[citation needed]) is an alloy that "remembers" its original shape and that when
deformed returns to its pre-deformed shape when heated. This material is a lightweight, solid-
state alternative to conventional actuators such as hydraulic, pneumatic, and motor-based
systems. Shape-memory alloys have applications
in robotics and automotive, aerospace and biomedical industries.
Superelasticity[edit]
SMAs also display superelasticity, which is characterized by the recovery of relatively large
strains with some , however, dissipation. In addition to temperature-induced phase
transformations, martensite and austenite phases can be induced in response to mechanical
stress. When SMAs are loaded in the austenite phase (i.e. above a certain temperature), the
material will begin to transform into the (twinned) martensite phase when a critical stress is
reached. Upon continued loading and assuming isothermal conditions, the (twinned) martensite
will begin to detwin, allowing the material to undergo plastic deformation. If the unloading
happens before plasticity, the martensite transforms back to austenite, and the material recovers
its original shape by developing a hysteresis. For example, these materials can reversibly deform
to very high strains – up to 7 percent. A more thorough discussion of the pseudoelastic behavior
is presented by the experimental work of Shaw & Kyriakides[12], and more recently by Ma et al.[13]
Applications[edit]
Industrial[edit]
Aircraft and spacecraft[edit]
Boeing, General Electric Aircraft Engines, Goodrich Corporation, NASA, Texas A&M
University and All Nippon Airways developed the Variable Geometry Chevron using a NiTi SMA.
Such a variable area fan nozzle (VAFN) design would allow for quieter and more efficient jet
engines in the future. In 2005 and 2006, Boeing conducted successful flight testing of this
technology.[23]
SMAs are being explored as vibration dampers for launch vehicles and commercial jet engines.
The large amount of hysteresis observed during the superelastic effect allow SMAs to dissipate
energy and dampen vibrations. These materials show promise for reducing the high vibration
loads on payloads during launch as well as on fan blades in commercial jet engines, allowing for
more lightweight and efficient designs.[24] SMAs also exhibit potential for other high shock
applications such as ball bearings and landing gear.[25]
There is also strong interest in using SMAs for a variety of actuator applications in commercial jet
engines, which would significantly reduce their weight and boost efficiency.[26]Further research
needs to be conducted in this area, however, to increase the transformation temperatures and
improve the mechanical properties of these materials before they can be successfully
implemented. A review of recent advances in high-temperature shape-memory alloys (HTSMAs)
is presented by Ma et al.[13]
A variety of wing-morphing technologies are also being explored.[24]
Automotive[edit]
The first high-volume product (> 5Mio actuators / year) is an automotive valve used to control low
pressure pneumatic bladders in a car seat that adjust the contour of the lumbar support /
bolsters. The overall benefits of SMA over traditionally-used solenoids in this application (lower
noise/EMC/weight/form factor/power consumption) were the crucial factor in the decision to
replace the old standard technology with SMA.
The 2014 Chevrolet Corvette became the first vehicle to incorporate SMA actuators, which
replaced heavier motorized actuators to open and close the hatch vent that releases air from the
trunk, making it easier to close. A variety of other applications are also being targeted, including
electric generators to generate electricity from exhaust heat and on-demand air dams to optimize
aerodynamics at various speeds.
Robotics[edit]
There have also been limited studies on using these materials in robotics, for example the
hobbyist robot Stiquito (and "Roboterfrau Lara"[27]), as they make it possible to create very
lightweight robots. Recently, a prosthetic hand was introduced by Loh et al. that can almost
replicate the motions of a human hand [Loh2005]. Other biomimetic applications are also being
explored. Weak points of the technology are energy inefficiency, slow response times, and
large hysteresis.
Civil Structures[edit]
SMAs find a variety of applications in civil structures such as bridges and buildings. One such
application is Intelligent Reinforced Concrete (IRC), which incorporates SMA wires embedded
within the concrete. These wires can sense cracks and contract to heal macro-sized cracks.
Another application is active tuning of structural natural frequency using SMA wires to dampen
vibrations.[28]
Piping[edit]
The first consumer commercial application was a shape-memory coupling for piping, e.g. oil line
pipes for industrial applications, water pipes and similar types of piping for consumer/commercial
applications.
Telecommunication[edit]
The second high volume application was an autofocus (AF) actuator for a smart phone. There
are currently several companies working on an optical image stabilisation (OIS) module driven by
wires made from SMAs[citation needed]
Medicine[edit]
Shape-memory alloys are applied in medicine, for example, as fixation devices
for osteotomies in orthopaedic surgery, in dental braces to exert constant tooth-moving forces on
the teeth, and in Capsule Endoscopy they can be used as a trigger for biopsy action.
The late 1980s saw the commercial introduction of Nitinol as an enabling technology in a number
of minimally invasive endovascular medical applications. While more costly than stainless steel,
the self expanding properties of Nitinol alloys manufactured to BTR (Body Temperature
Response), have provided an attractive alternative to balloon expandable devices in stent
grafts where it gives the ability to adapt to the shape of certain blood vessels when exposed to
body temperature. On average, 50% of all peripheral vascular stentscurrently available on the
worldwide market are manufactured with Nitinol.
Optometry[edit]
Eyeglass frames made from titanium-containing SMAs are marketed under the
trademarks Flexon and TITANflex. These frames are usually made out of shape-memory alloys
that have their transition temperature set below the expected room temperature. This allows the
frames to undergo large deformation under stress, yet regain their intended shape once the
metal is unloaded again. The very large apparently elastic strains are due to the stress-induced
martensitic effect, where the crystal structure can transform under loading, allowing the shape to
change temporarily under load. This means that eyeglasses made of shape-memory alloys are
more robust against being accidentally damaged.
Orthopedic surgery[edit]
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Crafts[edit]
Sold in small round lengths for use in affixment-free bracelets.
Materials[edit]
A variety of alloys exhibit the shape-memory effect. Alloying constituents can be adjusted to
control the transformation temperatures of the SMA. Some common systems include the
following (by no means an exhaustive list):