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INTRODUCTION

Smart material
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Smart materials, called also intelligent or responsive materials ,[1] are designed materials that
have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external
stimuli, such as stress, temperature, moisture, pH, electric or magnetic fields, light, or chemical
compounds. Smart Materials are the basis of many applications,
including sensors and actuators, or artificial muscles, particularly as electrically activated
polymers (EAP's).[2], [3]

Terms used to describe smart materials include shape memory material (SMM) and shape
memory technology (SMT).[4]

Types[edit]
There are a number of types of smart material, of which are already common. Some examples
are as following:

 Piezoelectric materials are materials that produce a voltage when stress is applied. Since
this effect also applies in a reverse manner, a voltage across the sample will produce stress
within sample. Suitably designed structures made from these materials can, therefore, be
made that bend, expand or contract when a voltage is applied.
shape-memory alloys and shape-memory polymers are materials in which large deformation can
be induced and recovered through temperature changes or stress changes (pseudoelasticity).
The shape memory effect results due to respectively martensitic phase change and induced
elasticity at higher temperatures.

 Photovoltaic materials or optoelectronics convert light to electrical current.


 electroactive polymers (EAP's) change their volume by voltage or electric fields
 Magnetostrictive materials exhibit a change in shape under the influence of magnetic field
and also exhibit a change in their magnetization under the influence of mechanical stress.
 Magnetic shape memory alloys are materials that change their shape in response to a
significant change in the magnetic field.
 Smart inorganic polymers showing tunable and responsive properties.
 pH-sensitive polymers are materials that change in volume when the pH of the surrounding
medium changes.
 Temperature-responsive polymers are materials which undergo changes upon temperature.
 Halochromic materials are commonly used materials that change their color as a result of
changing acidity. One suggested application is for paints that can change color to
indicate corrosion in the metal underneath them.
 Chromogenic systems change color in response to electrical, optical or thermal changes.
These include electrochromic materials, which change their colour or opacity on the
application of a voltage (e.g., liquid crystal displays), thermochromic materials change in
colour depending on their temperature, and photochromic materials, which change colour in
response to light—for example, light-sensitive sunglasses that darken when exposed to
bright sunlight.
 Ferrofluid
 Photomechanical materials change shape under exposure to light.
 Polycaprolactone (polymorph) can be molded by immersion in hot water.
 Self-healing materials have the intrinsic ability to repair damage due to normal usage, thus
expanding the material's lifetime.
 Dielectric elastomers (DEs) are smart material systems which produce large strains (up to
500%) under the influence of an external electric field.
 Magnetocaloric materials are compounds that undergo a reversible change in temperature
upon exposure to a changing magnetic field.
 Thermoelectric materials are used to build devices that convert temperature differences into
electricity and vice versa.
 Chemoresponsive Materials change size or volume under the influence of external chemical
or biological compound [5]
Smart materials have properties that react to changes in their environment. This means that one
of their properties can be changed by an external condition, such as temperature, light, pressure,
electricity, voltage, pH, or chemical compounds. This change is reversible and can be repeated
many times. There is a wide range of different smart materials. Each offer different properties
that can be changed. Some materials are very good indeed and cover a huge range of the
scales.

See also
Smart materials are expected to be an important ingredient of third-generation
structures. Candidate smart materials for structural applications include optical fiber-
based sensors, Ferro-magnetic sensors, shape memory alloys and piezoelectric
sensors. As sensor technologies advance, periodical evaluations of their performance
should be conducted to identify the best-performing sensors available for the
measurement of structural responses (e.g. displacement, velocity, acceleration, strain,
and stress) and detecting structural damage (e.g. cracking, fatigue and corrosion). Such
evaluations should consider their performance (e.g. reliability, sensitivity, integrity, and
robustness) not only as stand-alone sensors but more importantly when externally
attached to structural members as well as internally embedded in concrete and FRP
materials. In construction, smart materials and systems could be used in „smart†Ÿ
buildings, for environmental control, security and structural health monitoring e.g. strain
measurement in bridges using embedded fiber optic sensors. Magnetorheological fluids
have been used to damp cable-stayed bridges and reduce the effects of earthquakes. In
marine and rail transport, possibilities include strain monitoring using embedded fiber
optic sensors. The paper discuss about types of smart materials, smart sensing
Technology, components of smart structures, various sensors i.e. Fiber optic sensor,
smart concrete, smart structure for seismic protection, health monitoring of smart
structure..

Piezoelectric materials are the main functional materials for sensors and actuators in
smart structures. In this paper, two new types of piezoelectric devices, functionally
graded (FG) piezoelectric bending actuators and piezoelectric fibers with metal core, and
their applications in smart structures are introduced. A new process to fabricate
piezoelectric ceramic fibers of 150 mum to 250 mum in diameter with metal cores of 50
mum in diameter has been developed. Since the metal core can be used as an
electrode, a single fiber can be used as sensor or an actuator after the other electrode is
coated on the outer surface of the fiber. After being poled, the fiber can be used as a
sensor or an actuator. The fundamental electromechanical characteristics of the fibers
are investigated and an example of application as Lamb wave sensors is introduced.
The fabrication process of functionally graded piezoelectric bending actuators and the
characteristics of the fabricated actuators are introduced. The material compositions with
different dielectric and piezoelectric constants were selected. The durability of the
fabricated FG piezoelectric actuators was measured in a vibration test and compared
with that of the traditional bimorph actuator to evaluate the improvement of performance.
The results show that the durability of the FG piezoelectric actuators is much higher than
that of the bimorph actuator.

Piezoelectric materials

(Source: Wikipedia. Image by Mael Guennou - Titzeff)

About

Piezoelectric materials generate an electric charge across its surface when it undergoes
mechanical stress, due to the asymmetry of its crystalline structure. The effect is
reversible, so an electrical charge will cause the material to change shape. This
piezoelectric effect only occurs in non-conductive materials, such as quarts (SiO2).
Other materials are ceramics, however the most well-known piezoelectric material is
Quartz.

Applications and Availability

Piezoelectric materials are used as electromechanical transducers - actuators and


sensors. As a sensor, it can be used as an acoustic pick-up on a guitar. The technology
is small, and so the pick-up itself is portable and more convenient to the end-user than
an amplifier.

University of Bath is working on bi-stable composites to enable a reversible snap


through using a piezoelectric materials 1.

Piezoelectric materials are widely available and commercially ready 1.


Limitations

The main limitation for piezoelectric devices is that the repeated forces applied to it
results is degradation. As a result, the design and location of the devices need to be
highly considered 1.

Electrochromic materials

Electroluminescent materials

Piezoelectric materials

Shape Memory

Alloys

Polymers

News and Suppliers

Sitemap

Materials > Shape Memory >

Alloys

Shape-memory alloy actuator

About

Shape-memory alloys (SMAs) are smart materials that can remember their pre-deformed shape
'programmed' at a specific temperature. While it cools, it can be shaped (plastically deformed),
however with the application of heat, at the specific temperature it was 'programmed' at, the alloy
will return to its original shape.

The shape memory effect is described as the phase change between martensite and austenite
phases - the difference in crystal structure of these phases' results in a large overall change in
component dimensions 1. Martensite describes the homogeneous movement of many atoms during
the phase change, causing changes in the crystal structure 2; austenite describes the phase where
solid steel recrystallizes 3. The transformation temperatures can be altered by changing the alloy's
compositions 1.

The transformation temperature range can be controlled by altering the alloy composition. Typically
SMAs are available with transitions in the temperature range - 40oC to 120oC. Moreover, the alloys
can repeatedly undergo the phase transformation from martensite to austenite, causing shape
change as shown in the video right 1.

Applications and Availability

The most useful SMAs are nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloys 4, also known as Nitinol. Other shape memory
alloys include copper-aluminium-nickel, copper-zinc-aluminium, and iron-manganese-silicon alloys 4.
Nitinol is characterised with super-elasticity 5, and so SMAs are used as orthodontic wires to reduce
the need to re-tighten and adjust the wire 4. SMAs are also used in flexible spectacles - the
material's super-elasticity means that it can be easily deformed and reformed (austenite to
martensite phase change). The video above demonstrates the use of SMAs in mechanical systems:

The material is used as an actuator - the Nitinol is subject to an electrical charge, causing an increase
of internal energy (rise in temperature), resulting in the spring returning to its pre-deformed shape.
As the material cools down, the spring begins to stretch (deform) back to the shape it began with at
the start of the video. The spring acts as a motor, pulling up a stone from a flat surface - Shape
memory alloys are used in robotics as actuators, and as micromanipulators to simulate human
muscle motion 4.

SMA technology is well establish and materials are commercially available 1.

Limitations

As the cross-sectional area of SMA wires increase, then more prone the material is to thermal lag - it
will take more time for the material to heat up and cool down. In general this lessens the
operational frequency of the actuator 1

Inchworm motor

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The inchworm motor is a device that uses piezoelectric actuators to move a shaft
with nanometer precision.

Figure 1. Diagram of Piezo Inchworm Motor in action.

Figure 2. Six Step Actuation Processes of the Piezo Inchworm Motor.

In its simplest form, the inchworm motor uses three piezo-actuators (2 and 3, see Figure 1.)
mounted inside a tube (1) and electrified in sequence to grip a shaft (4) which is then moved in a
linear direction. Motion of the shaft is due to the extension of the lateral piezo (2) pushing on two
clutching piezos (3).

Contents

 1Operation

 2Uses

o 2.1Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

o 2.2Patch Clamping

 3See also
 4External links

Operation[edit]

The actuation process of the inchworm motor is a six step cyclical process after the initial relaxation
and initialization phase. Initially, all three piezos are relaxed and unextended. To initialize the
inchworm motor the clutching piezo closest to the direction of desired motion (which then becomes
the forward clutch piezo) is electrified first then the six step cycle begins as follows (see Figure 2.):

Step 1. Extension of the lateral piezo.

Step 2. Extension of the aft clutch piezo.

Step 3. Relaxation of the forward clutch piezo.

Step 4. Relaxation of the lateral piezo.

Step 5. Extension of the forward clutch piezo.

Step 6. Relaxation of the aft clutch piezo.

Electrification of the piezo actuators is accomplished by applying a high bias voltage to the actuators
in step according to the "Six Step" process described above. To move long distances the sequence of
six steps is repeated many times in rapid succession. Once the motor has moved sufficiently close to
the desired final position, the motor may be switched to an optional fine positioning mode. In this
mode, the clutches receive constant voltage (one high and the other low), and the lateral piezo
voltage is then adjusted to an intermediate value, under continuous feedback control, to obtain the
desired final position.

Uses[edit]

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy[edit]

The inchworm motor is commonly used in scanning tunneling microscopes (STMs). An STM requires
nanometer scale control of its scanning tip near the material it is observing. This control can be
accomplished by connecting the scanning tip to the shaft of the inchworm motor. The inchworm
motor, in turn, allows control in a direction normal to the plane of the observed material's surface.
Movement across the surface is commonly referred to as movement in the x-y plane, whereas
movement normal to the surface is commonly referred to as movement in the z-direction.
Movement of the scanning tip by the inchworm motor is either manually controlled or automatically
controlled by connecting the motor to a feedbacksystem.

Patch Clamping[edit]

The inchworm motor can be used in the patch clamping of biological cells. This technique is most
often performed with an optical microscope and micromanipulator holding a glass pipette. The
inchworm motor is particularly ideal in patch clamping because it provides the operator with
virtually an instantaneous, precise, smooth and predictable motion without drift.
Shape-memory alloy
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A shape-memory alloy (SMA, smart metal, memory metal, memory alloy, muscle
wire, smart alloy[citation needed]) is an alloy that "remembers" its original shape and that when
deformed returns to its pre-deformed shape when heated. This material is a lightweight, solid-
state alternative to conventional actuators such as hydraulic, pneumatic, and motor-based
systems. Shape-memory alloys have applications
in robotics and automotive, aerospace and biomedical industries.

One-way vs. two-way shape memory[edit]


Shape-memory alloys have different shape-memory effects. Two common effects are one-way
and two-way shape memory. A schematic of the effects is shown below.
The procedures are very similar: starting from martensite (a), adding a reversible deformation for
the one-way effect or severe deformation with an irreversible amount for the two-way (b), heating
the sample (c) and cooling it again (d).

One-way memory effect[edit]


When a shape-memory alloy is in its cold state (below As), the metal can be bent or stretched
and will hold those shapes until heated above the transition temperature. Upon heating, the
shape changes to its original. When the metal cools again it will remain in the hot shape, until
deformed again.
With the one-way effect, cooling from high temperatures does not cause a macroscopic shape
change. A deformation is necessary to create the low-temperature shape. On heating,
transformation starts at As and is completed at Af (typically 2 to 20 °C or hotter, depending on the
alloy or the loading conditions). As is determined by the alloy type and composition and can vary
between −150 °C and 200 °C.

Two-way memory effect[edit]


The two-way shape-memory effect is the effect that the material remembers two different
shapes: one at low temperatures, and one at the high-temperature shape. A material that shows
a shape-memory effect during both heating and cooling is said to have two-way shape memory.
This can also be obtained without the application of an external force (intrinsic two-way effect).
The reason the material behaves so differently in these situations lies in training. Training implies
that a shape memory can "learn" to behave in a certain way. Under normal circumstances, a
shape-memory alloy "remembers" its low-temperature shape, but upon heating to recover the
high-temperature shape, immediately "forgets" the low-temperature shape. However, it can be
"trained" to "remember" to leave some reminders of the deformed low-temperature condition in
the high-temperature phases. There are several ways of doing this.[11] A shaped, trained object
heated beyond a certain point will lose the two-way memory effect.

Superelasticity[edit]
SMAs also display superelasticity, which is characterized by the recovery of relatively large
strains with some , however, dissipation. In addition to temperature-induced phase
transformations, martensite and austenite phases can be induced in response to mechanical
stress. When SMAs are loaded in the austenite phase (i.e. above a certain temperature), the
material will begin to transform into the (twinned) martensite phase when a critical stress is
reached. Upon continued loading and assuming isothermal conditions, the (twinned) martensite
will begin to detwin, allowing the material to undergo plastic deformation. If the unloading
happens before plasticity, the martensite transforms back to austenite, and the material recovers
its original shape by developing a hysteresis. For example, these materials can reversibly deform
to very high strains – up to 7 percent. A more thorough discussion of the pseudoelastic behavior
is presented by the experimental work of Shaw & Kyriakides[12], and more recently by Ma et al.[13]

Applications[edit]
Industrial[edit]
Aircraft and spacecraft[edit]
Boeing, General Electric Aircraft Engines, Goodrich Corporation, NASA, Texas A&M
University and All Nippon Airways developed the Variable Geometry Chevron using a NiTi SMA.
Such a variable area fan nozzle (VAFN) design would allow for quieter and more efficient jet
engines in the future. In 2005 and 2006, Boeing conducted successful flight testing of this
technology.[23]
SMAs are being explored as vibration dampers for launch vehicles and commercial jet engines.
The large amount of hysteresis observed during the superelastic effect allow SMAs to dissipate
energy and dampen vibrations. These materials show promise for reducing the high vibration
loads on payloads during launch as well as on fan blades in commercial jet engines, allowing for
more lightweight and efficient designs.[24] SMAs also exhibit potential for other high shock
applications such as ball bearings and landing gear.[25]
There is also strong interest in using SMAs for a variety of actuator applications in commercial jet
engines, which would significantly reduce their weight and boost efficiency.[26]Further research
needs to be conducted in this area, however, to increase the transformation temperatures and
improve the mechanical properties of these materials before they can be successfully
implemented. A review of recent advances in high-temperature shape-memory alloys (HTSMAs)
is presented by Ma et al.[13]
A variety of wing-morphing technologies are also being explored.[24]
Automotive[edit]
The first high-volume product (> 5Mio actuators / year) is an automotive valve used to control low
pressure pneumatic bladders in a car seat that adjust the contour of the lumbar support /
bolsters. The overall benefits of SMA over traditionally-used solenoids in this application (lower
noise/EMC/weight/form factor/power consumption) were the crucial factor in the decision to
replace the old standard technology with SMA.
The 2014 Chevrolet Corvette became the first vehicle to incorporate SMA actuators, which
replaced heavier motorized actuators to open and close the hatch vent that releases air from the
trunk, making it easier to close. A variety of other applications are also being targeted, including
electric generators to generate electricity from exhaust heat and on-demand air dams to optimize
aerodynamics at various speeds.
Robotics[edit]
There have also been limited studies on using these materials in robotics, for example the
hobbyist robot Stiquito (and "Roboterfrau Lara"[27]), as they make it possible to create very
lightweight robots. Recently, a prosthetic hand was introduced by Loh et al. that can almost
replicate the motions of a human hand [Loh2005]. Other biomimetic applications are also being
explored. Weak points of the technology are energy inefficiency, slow response times, and
large hysteresis.
Civil Structures[edit]
SMAs find a variety of applications in civil structures such as bridges and buildings. One such
application is Intelligent Reinforced Concrete (IRC), which incorporates SMA wires embedded
within the concrete. These wires can sense cracks and contract to heal macro-sized cracks.
Another application is active tuning of structural natural frequency using SMA wires to dampen
vibrations.[28]
Piping[edit]
The first consumer commercial application was a shape-memory coupling for piping, e.g. oil line
pipes for industrial applications, water pipes and similar types of piping for consumer/commercial
applications.
Telecommunication[edit]
The second high volume application was an autofocus (AF) actuator for a smart phone. There
are currently several companies working on an optical image stabilisation (OIS) module driven by
wires made from SMAs[citation needed]
Medicine[edit]
Shape-memory alloys are applied in medicine, for example, as fixation devices
for osteotomies in orthopaedic surgery, in dental braces to exert constant tooth-moving forces on
the teeth, and in Capsule Endoscopy they can be used as a trigger for biopsy action.
The late 1980s saw the commercial introduction of Nitinol as an enabling technology in a number
of minimally invasive endovascular medical applications. While more costly than stainless steel,
the self expanding properties of Nitinol alloys manufactured to BTR (Body Temperature
Response), have provided an attractive alternative to balloon expandable devices in stent
grafts where it gives the ability to adapt to the shape of certain blood vessels when exposed to
body temperature. On average, 50% of all peripheral vascular stentscurrently available on the
worldwide market are manufactured with Nitinol.
Optometry[edit]
Eyeglass frames made from titanium-containing SMAs are marketed under the
trademarks Flexon and TITANflex. These frames are usually made out of shape-memory alloys
that have their transition temperature set below the expected room temperature. This allows the
frames to undergo large deformation under stress, yet regain their intended shape once the
metal is unloaded again. The very large apparently elastic strains are due to the stress-induced
martensitic effect, where the crystal structure can transform under loading, allowing the shape to
change temporarily under load. This means that eyeglasses made of shape-memory alloys are
more robust against being accidentally damaged.
Orthopedic surgery[edit]
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Memory metal has been utilized in orthopedic surgery as a fixation-compression device


for osteotomies, typically for lower extremity procedures. The device, usually in the form of a
large staple, is stored in a refrigerator in its malleable form and is implanted into pre-drilled holes
in the bone across an osteotomy. As the staple warms it returns to its non-malleable state and
compresses the bony surfaces together to promote bone union.[29]
Dentistry[edit]
The range of applications for SMAs has grown over the years, a major area of development
being dentistry. One example is the prevalence of dental braces using SMA technology to exert
constant tooth-moving forces on the teeth; the nitinol archwire was developed in 1972
by orthodontist George Andreasen.[30] This revolutionized clinical orthodontics. Andreasen's alloy
has a patterned shape memory, expanding and contracting within given temperature ranges
because of its geometric programming.
Harmeet D. Walia later utilized the alloy in the manufacture of root canal files for endodontics.
Essential Tremor[edit]
Traditional active cancellation techniques for tremor reduction use electrical, hydraulic, or
pneumatic systems to actuate an object in the direction opposite to the disturbance. However,
these systems are limited due to the large infrastructure required to produce large amplitudes of
power at human tremor frequencies. SMAs have proven to be an effective method of actuation in
hand-held applications, and have enabled a new class active tremor cancellation devices.[31] One
recent example of such device is the Liftware spoon, developed by Verily Life
Sciences subsidiary Lift Labs.
Engines[edit]
Experimental solid state heat engines, operating from the relatively small temperature differences
in cold and hot water reservoirs, have been developed since the 1970s, including the Banks
Engine, developed by Ridgway Banks.

Crafts[edit]
Sold in small round lengths for use in affixment-free bracelets.

Materials[edit]
A variety of alloys exhibit the shape-memory effect. Alloying constituents can be adjusted to
control the transformation temperatures of the SMA. Some common systems include the
following (by no means an exhaustive list):

 Ag-Cd 44/49 at.% Cd


 Au-Cd 46.5/50 at.% Cd
 Cu-Al-Ni 14/14.5 wt% Al and 3/4.5 wt% Ni
 Cu-Sn approx. 15 at% Sn
 Cu-Zn 38.5/41.5 wt.% Zn
 Cu-Zn-X (X = Si, Al, Sn)
 Fe-Pt approx. 25 at.% Pt
 Mn-Cu 5/35 at% Cu
 Fe-Mn-Si
 Co-Ni-Al[32]
 Co-Ni-Ga
 Ni-Fe-Ga
 Ti-Nb
 Ni-Ti approx. 55–60 wt% Ni
 Ni-Ti-Hf
 Ni-Ti-Pd
 Ni-Mn-Ga[

Shape Memory Effect:


Characteristic temperatures:

There are four characteristic temperatures defining a thermoelastic martensitic


transformation; the martensite start temperature, Ms , at which martensite first
appears in the austenite. The transformation proceeds with further cooling and is
complete at the martensite finish temperature, Mf . Below Mf , the entire body is in
the martensite phase, and a specimen typically consists of many regions each
containing a different variant of martensite. The boundaries between the variants
are mobile under small applied loads. With heating, the austenite start
temperature, As , is the temperature at which austenite first appears in the
martensite. With further heating, more and more of the body transforms back into
austenite, and this reverse transformation is complete at the austenite finish
temperature, Af . Above Af , the specimen is in the original undistorted state. The
evolution of the volume fraction of the martensite with temperature is shown
schematically in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Volume fraction verses temperature.

The shape memory effect is shown schematically below:

Figure 2: Shape memory effect.


The cycle is; at a temperature above Ms , the specimen is entirely in the austenite
phase. Cooling to below Mf transformation the specimen entirely to the martensite
phase, but the macroscopic volume of the specimen has not changed - a condition
known as self-accommodation. With small loads the specimen can be easily
deformed, and the deformed shape remains after removing the loads. Heating to
above Afcauses the reverse transformation to occur and the specimen returns to its
original undistorted state.

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