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Mic 60-3901

RAUSCH, Jr., George Jay. VICTORIAMO

HUERTA: A POLITICAL BIOGRAPHY.
University of Illinois, Ph.D., 1960
History, Modern

University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan

>
 \

VICTORIANO HUERTA: A POLITICAL BIOGRAPHY

BY

GEORGE JAY RAUSCH, JR.

B.A., North Central College, 1955
A.M., University of Illinois, 1968

THESIS
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY
IN THE GRADUATE COLLEGE OF THE.
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. I960

URBANA, ILLINOIS
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

THE GRADUATE COLLEGE

I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY

SUPERVISION BY_ Q«orf J«y I w c h Jr.

TZOfORUlO BDDfAt A FOLZf ZOAL BZOQBAfHI

ENTITLED.

BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR

zoofoi or PHZLOSOPET ZI BZifoir

THE DEGREE OF_

ov Mkesis

A A
Head of Department
/

Recommendation concurred inf

Committee

on
Final Examination!

t Required for doctor's degree but not for master's.

DS17
———ramawri I.II , i n a a a w a — a — « — — — • — i m

PRBfAOB

fba Mexican revolutionary parlod beginning l a 1910 la of laportanoa

not only to Mexican hlatory but t o world hlatory aa wall. Mezieo, at tha
beginning of tha praaant century, waa alallar la aaay waye to nuaeroua under-
doTalopad aatloaa of today, fo tha axtant that any pattara la followed la
tha revolutionary dorelopaant of underdeveloped laadat tha pattara aay wall
ba that of tha Nazloaa revolution.
Oaa of tha aoat laportant fifaraa during tha revolutionary parlod waa
Tlotoriaao Huarta. Although aany voluaea have baan publlahad dealing with
tha revolutioa, tha parlod haa never boon adequately eurveyed. General Bnarta
haa raaalnad a ehedovy figure, oaa alght bat tar aay a oarloatura. Ho biography
of tho foraar Nazloaa praaldaat haa baaa publlahad la aithar Spanleh or Bnglleh.
l o adequate atudy of hla parlod or earaar haa baaa aada. fho Huarta of hlatory
haa raaalnad tha Huarta of hla anaalaa. Tha faction which oppoaad hla u l t l -
tmtaly gained control of Nazlco. Huarta, who waa blttarly hatad by hla
oppoaantat haa baaa pleturad aa l l t t l a bettar than a anrdaroua dlpaoaanlae.
Noat atudanta of Nazlean hlatory have aocaptad thla pietura without queatloa.
fo aona axtant Huarta haa baan aada tho aeapegoat for tha Mexican aatloa which
haa blaaad hla paraonally for tha revolution1 a aera eangulnery aapaeta.
It la not tha goal of thla atudy to dafend tha reputation of Huarta
froa tha charges aada ageiaat i t . Nuy of tha aceuaatloaa wara at laaat
partially based on foot. Bather, thla dieaertation haa attenptod to praaant
Huarta aa a huaan being with all tha attendant weakneaaea and atrengtha.
Carlcaturaa aay alaplify hlatory but thoy do l i t t l e to ineraaaa accuracy.
ill
mmmmrmmmmmas^atriamesmemammmmmmwwmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmamwmw^

iv

Tha atudy of Vlctorlano Huarta autoaatlcally leads to a atudy of United

States-Mexican relatione. Woodrow Wllaon waa deeply Involved la the affaire

of Mezieo and hla attitude, baaed on ideal a and eoaplaeeat Ignorance, led to

the fall of Kuerta and oriented Vilsonian policy throughout tho revolutionary

period. Zn reaoving Buerta froa the prealdenoy of Mezieo, Wllaon reaoved the

Mexican leader who waa aoat favorably disposed toward the United States.

The author wishes to acknowledge the aaalatanoe provided by the ataff

of the library of the Unlverelty of Zlllnoio in tha procuraaent of aourcea

through Intarllbrary loan and on aleroflla. At tha aaae time the author wlahaa

to extend his thanks to Mr. Carl L. Lokke and Miss Baaa Olen of the national

Archives, Senor David Area of the Mexican Biblioteea Bacloaal, and Senor

Alberto Talensuela for their help and aasistance.

For wlae guidance and aid during the proeees of writing thla dleaertatlon

the author la deeply Indebted to hla advisor, Profeoaor Oharles B. Howell of

the University of Illinois Department of History.

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BZBLZOftBAFBT 366
Appendix
I, MZLZfAHT BBOOBB OT TZOfOBZABD HUBBTA 377
ZZ. A UTTBB THAT BBTBR WAS WHZffBf r 8S8
ZZZ. fHB IMBMOZBS OB TZOfOBZABO BDBMA" 386
ZT, PAOT OB fBB OZUBABBLi • • • • • 388
 LZSf OB ILLDtTtATIOIB
Page
Tletorlano Buerta frontlapleoa
Traacisco Z. Madaro • • • • • 888
Teauatlaao Oarranaa 4 888
Belaoa 01 Shaughnessy ; 884
Mra. Baleen 0*Sheughaeaey 844
traaeloeo Leoa do l a Barra. , 886
Preeident VUeoa'o OaMaet la 1918 885

vi
 mssBB. m m

CHAFIBB Z

BDBRTAIS BABLT GABBBB

Late ia the year 1B71 General Soaato Ouerra led a detaehaent of govern*

aent troopa l a t o the village of Colotlan la the etate of J a l l a e o . Ouerra1a

aoveaento were probably in connection with the revolt of Porflrio Biai which

began ia Boveaber of that year. On hla arrival l a the v i l l a g e , Ouerra eettled

down to ooapooe eoae dlepatehee and military order a. He found himself In need

of the aervieee of aa amanuensie and inquired whether there waa one arallable.

Aaoag the eurleue by-atandere observing the troops waa a well-built elzteen

year old youth. The boy elalaed to be capable of handling the required

l i t e r a r y duties and waa put to work by General Ouerra. Ouerra was pleaaed t o

find that the work had been performed aatiafaetorlly and became sufficiently

Intereated In the youth to ask his. name and what hla aabltlona were. "Tletorlano

Huarta ia ay name," replied the boy and added that, he would l i k e to enter the

a i l i t a r y college and become a general. Upon Inquiry i t waa found that young

Huarta had ooapleted hla primary education aad the General suggested that the

boy follow hla t o Mexico City. The youth quickly agreed and when the a i l i t a r y

force l e f t Colotlan, he want with i t .

Tletorlano Huarta waa born on Deceaber 33, 1864, In Colotlan which

at that time waa a village of one or two thouaand Inhabitants. Huarta waa

probably of a s s t l s o origin although the pereentage of white blood waa certainly

very a a a l l . He alwaya preferred to consider hiaeelf an Indian which in many

hioula C. Siaonda, "Vletorlaao Huerta. A Sketch from Life," The

Atlantic Monthly. Tol. US, Ho. 6 (June, 1914), p . 732.
 9
way a he waa ao far aa culture and paraoaallty were ooneerned. Be waa probably
deeeeaded from the warlike Xallxea whose name survives la the state same
Jalleoo. 2
fhe Huarta family waa poor but Tletorlano took advantage of what
educational opportunities the village provided. He learned to read with the
aid of the village prleat Bafael Marquee. Huerta proved to be a good pupil and
wae aooa proficient la penmanship and arithmetic aad waa able to earn a l i t t l e
money by book-keeping of the rather elaple eort need la each a locality.
Bvea aa a small boy Huerta'a aabitloa waa to be a soldier. By chance
he came aeroaa a copy of the old Monitor •eaahllcaao. Be read la that periodical
aa official advertisement eoncernlng the eoadltloaa for adalaalea to tha Military
Oollege at Ohapultepae. fhereupon he beeaae deternlned to eater that eatebllab-
aaat although he had l i t t l e knowledge of hew to accomplish hie objective, 4
Upon hie arrival ia Mexico Olty Huerta waa presented to President Benito
Juarea, the famous liberal leader who waa then aearlag the end of Me l i f e .
"Bare." eald General Ouerra, "ia aa Indian lad who wanta to be a general!"
Juarei ahowed l i t t l e interact aad merely aftld, "Let hla enter the Military
College." fhe ether atudaate of the oollege were on vacation at the time but
Juarei ahowed ao further intereet In the boy. 8
Buerta wae seventeen when he entered the Chapultepeo . ool In January
of 1878. That faaoue academy had bean reorganised after the defeat of the
Baperer Mexiallian aad the termination of Trench political influence in 1867.

2
Siaonds, "Tletorlano Huerta," p. 738} Manuel Boblado, Mexico para los
Etxlcanoa, H. Presidents Huerta y. au Goblerao (Mexico, 1918), p. 90.
3
x °**° *• ** °«*«* Trevino, WUlon y. Huerta. Taanloo j . Jgra. CJEU« (Mexico,
1988), p. 11; Siaoada, "Tletorlano Huerta," p . 733.
*Slmonda, "Tletorlano Huerta," p. 783.
BSoUado, Ms^SS. SSIS. i££ Mexlcanoe, p. 90.
— — — • — u u i ,imm mmtxmmtmmtmwmmmKmmmmwmmmwmmmmmmmmmwmmmmmmmmmmmm^mmfmmtmmmtmmmmwmmmmm

Buaeroua Treaoh veteraaa were left without eaployaent and they were need to
direct the reorganisation of the echool oa Buropeaa llnee. Tietorlaao thua
received excellent training aa an artillery of fleer* epeclalislag la mathemetlee,
mountain gunnery, topography and aatronoay. Huarta rapidly proved to be one of
the outetaadlag etudeata attaadlng the echool aad year after year carried off tha
chief priiee in hie claae. At one of the annual eereaonlee he waa publicly
aantloned by General Agaetfn D{ai9 the director of the college, aa a credit to
the Institution aad one who would go far in tha future, the young Huerta
obtalaed fairly rapid promotloa within tha inatltutioa aad la December of 1875 he
wae made a Second Lieutenant among the etmdeat body.0
Za July af 1878 Praeideat Bealto Juarea died suddenly aad waa succeeded
by Sebeetiaa Lerdo de fejada the president of the Supremo Court. Lerdo wan a
man who would have been considered a potentially great praeideat if he had never
held the post. Unfortunately he quickly diellluaioaed the country. Zaetaad of
appelating a new cabinet upon which he could rely ha retained the old Juarei
oablaet. As * result he alienated hie frlende without gaining the support of his
enealee. After aa election in October 1872, Lerdo waa named to a full preaidea-
tlal torn. Zt waa expeeted that he would aow reward hla frlende with oablaet
poets, but again he retained tha Juarez aiaietera. fhe next years were atoray
onee for Mexico, with pariodlo revolta. Porflrio Dies who had been on tha verge
of open roTolt for many months finally oaaa out In full aoale oppoeltioa to Lerdo.
Gradually the aoalea of battle turaed agalnet Preeldent Lerdo and a
decielve encounter wae fought at Tecoao, Tlaacala, on Boveaber 16, 1876. Aa a
result of tha victory Porflrio Bias beeaae the chief political figure ia Mexico.
He was to retain that poeitioa for the next thirty-five year a. The young Huerta
asmtowMMMMMMMM«Ma«Mavaa«i

°"A Bay to the Sanguinary feaperaaent of Tietorlaao Buerta," Current

Opinion. Tel. 56 (January, 1914), p. 30; Siaoade, "Tiotoriano Huerta," p. 733;
Tortunato Heraaades, Mas. Alia del Doaaatro (Mexico, 1918), p. 178.

— B H B — a — i n ii IIIII ii1 ' n a a s a — • • • • • • mammjammmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmaMMKmmtammesmaamaBstman 11 i\

 4

seems to have been released froa hie dutlee at the ailitary echool long enough to

take a vary minor part ea the loalag aide of the battle of Teooao. 7

Za April of 1877 Buerta left the echool at Chapaltepao and reeelved the

rank of Lieutenant of Bnglneere. Be wae one of three aen in hla graduating

elaae to be ohosea for supplementary training la Germany, but the death of hla

father left hla with an aged aothar to auppert.

Buerta threw himeelf into hla ontlee la the engineering branch of the

eervioe aad during the year 1878 waa given projects repairing the Castle of

Perote in Tera Orus aad tha forte of Loreto aad Guadalupe la Puebla. Za September
1878 he waa made aa Adjutant of the Center aad West Army Staff. He wae promoted

to Captain of tho Speeial Staff la January 1879 and waa redesigned to the Special

Geaeral Staff of the 4th Division whloh had H e headquarters in the vicinity of

Guadalajara. Buerta 1 ! dutlee were largely those of engineer aad quartermaster.9

fhe division commander at Guadalajara waa Manuel Ooaealei, a nodal soldier

whoae mission was to keep peaoe la tha states of Agaaseallentea, Jalisco,

Guanajuato, Zaeatoeao and San Ltd a Potoaf. This area wae a canter of much of the

revolutionary trouble that had affected the nation In recent years. Another duty

of the 4th Division waa to aid General Carbo ia the pacification of Slaalea.

Buerta appeave to have had a part ia the latter action. Zn September 1879 ha waa

assigned to the Geographical Seotlon of tha General Staff aad in Dooenber he

returned to dutlee with the Speeial General Staff. At the end of 1880 he waa

promoted to Major.

7
Joae Juan fablada. La. Pefjnj* Social, Hlatorla do l a Campania do Ja
an. del Borte (Mexico, 1918), p. 87.
PlTltlon
8
f"A ley to,the Sanguinary Tenporamont of Tletorlano Huerta," p. 20;
Hernandez, Nag. Aj£a del Bejej&x, P* « * .
9
Doblado, Mexico vara loa. Mexlcanoa. pp. 94-95; H i e WCD 8321-7, p. 3 .
10
Doblado, JBulSSL !*£» l2L Mexicanos. p. 99; Pile WCD 8321-7, p. 2.

Baaa
 5

Za December of 1880 Huerta1 s foraar eomaaader Manual Ooasales replaced

D{as ae praeideat of the Mexican Bat Ion. fhe eaeeatlal differenoe between the

two aea wae more real than apparent. Soma eoaparlaon aight prove uaefal (leaving

Ooasales for later eoaalderatloa.) Bias wae a rough Mlxtoe Indian with a little

Spaaiah blood. He wae half educated aad although ha gradually took oa the

cultural externala necessary for hie positioa, ha never learned to write Spaniah

oorreetly. Ditas had a shrewd mind aad tha ability to manipulate man like ao many

puppet a. Ble long rule saw great advanoee for Mexleo In a purely material way

but little Improvement in tha etandard of living of tha maaaea. Terelgn capital

came into the country in large amounts, particularly froa the United States.

Bailway alleage lneraaeed treaeadously aad Naxloaa export a laereaaed by leape aad

bounda during tha period froa 1876 until 1911. Toreigaere were given preferential

treataant la the Mexican eourte aad other advaatagee ao aa to attract more and

more capital.

Peaoe came to Mexleo after yeara of civil warfare but It wae not the

peaee of a contented aad proaperoua people, although aaay ferelgaere and even

eome Mexioana took it for auoh. fhe army wae made Into a powerful and loyal

foroe, aad then gradually ite alio waa cut aa the need for it leaaened. The

thoueanda of bandit a who inhabited the rural areaa of the oountry were ellalaated

by the eiaple expedient of making them government employeea. fheee were turned

late the famous Buralee, a eorpe of mounted polioe who petroled the rural areaa

and gradually made Mexleo one of the eafest eountries oa earth for ferelgaere aad

the more prominent Naxloaa olassea. fhe poorer claaaea had ao auoh protection

aad were forced into poorer and poorer living oondltlone.

fo hla opponente Dfas offered the oholoe of pan o palo, bread or the club,

fhoae who were willing to go along with Dxas were given luorative poaitiona In

government or conslderationa in private bueinees. fheee who did not approve of

the Dfai systea were forced into exile or assassinated. Another favorite method
 7
knowledge that Gonzales oould be trusted to give i t back aad with the oertalaty
that he would do auoh a poor Job aa praeideat that Bias would be welcomed eathu-
olaatloally when he returned. If ao, his plana worked to perfection. Zn 1876
Bias's alogma had been "effective suffrage and mo re-eleotlon;" thue, he was
foreed to give up the presideacy for oae term, but oa hla retura he wae detoraimed
to etay la tha saddle, from 1884 until 1911, Bias wma preoidaat of Mexleo without
interruption. When he finally f e l l , It wae duo to a revolution which ehook
Mexleo for tea yeare.
Before Dfas turned the preeldenoy over to Ooasales, ha began a major
reorganl aatloa of the army. Buerta1 a aaae waa already baeoaing well kaewa beeaaae
of a particular oppoaltloa to the glitter of tho parade ground, which aometiaeo
goee by the aaae of ailitary eoienoe. Be was putting aa end to tha overloadlag
of the lnfantryaan with side arms and ammunition, pouehae, with moos tlaa aad
out lory. Huerta la elated that warfare la Mexloo aaat be of tho guerilla type.
He cured a tendency to insubordination by seeiag that hla aea were paid regularly.
On one oooaaloa ho wae reported to heedquertere for oonf laoatlng the treaeuree of
a monastic church. When taken to taek for hie actions, ha replied* "Mexloo oaa
do without her prieeta but ahe oan not do without nor soldi or e." On another
ooeaalen whoa payday rolled around and ao funda were available, Huerta broke into
a bank and excused hlaeelf when brought to book by pointing out that he had left
a reoelpt with the oaahier. Huerta had l i t t l e trouble gattiag the funde for hie
aea thereafter. Zn lata 1879 a new plan for tha reorganl aatloa of the General
Staff, which had been thought out by Huerta, wae put into effeet. He thue beoame
the founder of the new General Staff and reaaiaed a part of i t for aoae yeare.
Diaz was pleaoed with the work which Huarta had done and einoe one of tho
blggeat tasks involved in the army new-look waa the complete mapping of Mexico,

il
Bdwin Bmeraon, "Victorian.© Huerta," Tile WCD 7432-10, p. 2; "A Key to
the Sanguinary Temperament of Tletorlano Huerta," p. 20.
•mmstsammmmxmmaBsasstammmBaaemmBmsmmBmwammmammmmtmwmmm^
 KM

Huerta wae aoaigned to apeoial duty en the Geegraphioal Survey Oomalealoa la

January 1881. fhe Survey Ceaaissloa wae thea looated at Puebla but it oeoa eot
up permanent headquartere at Jalapa, Tara Orus. Buerta* • next ten yeare were
epeat with tha Survey Oommlaelon and hla duties took him all over the aatloa froa
Lower California to Tuoatan, aad froa Ooahuila to Guerrero. Buerta wae la charge
of all the aetronoaioal work of the Coaaieaion. One projoot under hla oupervieloaj
waa aatronoalcal observation of the peaalag of Tenua in December 1888. Senor
Leaadro ternandes, one of tha outstanding advooatee of the exaet eelenooe aad
Mlaleter of Oommualoatlone under Diaz, aald that the oaly member of the Geegraph-
ioal Survey Coaaieaion vhoae oaleulatlona never needed correction was Tietorlaao
Huerta. Ae a result of his sueceaeful work Huerta waa proaoted to Lieutenant
Colonel in 1864. Hie work with the Ooaaieaion was of great value to him la hla

later campaigns for he probably bad a better knowledge of the topography aad
12
ethnology of Mexloo than any other general of tho tiae.
In the late 18801 e Huerta aet aad married Senorlta Bailie Aguila. Bailla
was of largely Speaiah deeeent and came froa a family which had formerly bean
very wealthy but which had declined eoaewhat due to property loseee euatalaed
when the Trench invaded Mexloo. Still Bailla received a very Spanlah educat.loa
aad wae a great help to Tletorlano through the preetige brought by a wife aehoolodl
in all tha eooial graces. Bailla never ployed a proalnont part ia the oareer of
her hueband but aha alwaya remained in tha background aa a ateadylng influence;
and aa Huarta1 a health turned bad la later yeara aha beeaae hla nurae, elnee the
General had a dielike for doctore or the adaieaion that he wae ill. Aa the aothei

of the eleven Huerta children and the quiet ateady influence In the background,
13
Bailla contributed auoh to any atability that Huerta ahowed in hla career.

12
l»erson, "Tletorlano Huarta," Tile WCD 7422-10, p. 2; Tile WCD
8321-7, pp. 1-2.

13
Saereon, "Tletorlano Huarta," Tile WOD 7422-10, p. 2; "A Key'to the
Sanguinary Temperament of Tletorlano Buerta," p . 22.
 9

Tietorlaao Buerta at this time beeaae aa admirer of Bapoleoa who was la

vogue aaong the'Mexioan offlcera of tho day. Huerta felt that tho Wapoleonle

ayatem of government wan the beet ayetea for Mexloo and he felt that Porflrio

Diaz waa a close approximation to his Ideal.

Za 1890 Huerta wae promoted to a colonelcy and returned to Mexico City

where he remained aoet of tha time until 1895. During thla period Huerta eeeae

to have been in high favor with Diaz and waa something of an ornament at the

court of Ghnpultepee. Buerta had a poll abed aanner and tended to appear very

open In hla behavior. Be appeared willing to unburden hlneelf at the leaet

opportunity. Hie aanner waa eaay-golng and caeual although aubjeet to oecaaleaal

burete of temper. This eaee of manner in ooablnation with a tanned aad fairly

handeoae face and powerful frame of medium height made Huerta one of the most

popular figures in tho Diaz circle. Bvea at thie tiae Huerta apparently had

cultivated the complete control over hie aetioaa and expreeslons which waa paid

for by psychological disturbance in private. Serly in hla career ho atarted to

auffer froa insomnia which wae the eource of hie tendency to drink to exceee. He

gradually acquired a reputation for being one of the hardeat drinking offlcere in

the federal army. It wae many yeare however, before hie drinking lowered hie

efficiency in any way. Perhaps the reasoa for this wae that he eoeaed to limit

his heavy drinking to the hour a immediately before retiring. Buerta alee learaed

to uee hie reputation aa an alcoholic aa a weapon. Thie in eoablnatioa with the

tendency to dlaaeable upon nearly all occaalona led to the production of one of

the moat baffling pereonalltiee la hlatory.1*

Proa March 1890 until January 1892 he wae in charge of tho aurveyiag work

on the Mexican National Ballvay. Dlas at thla time had great faith In Huerta and

In 1892 cent hla to euparviee the rather delicate project of the eurveying aad

t *»A^r.ey to the Sanguinary Temperament of Tletorlano Huerta," p. 21;

Hernandez, Mae Alia del Doeaatre. p . 173.
 _ _

16
9
ftletrlbutloa of waste lead la tha canton of Papantla in Torn Cruz. Until 1895
Buerta reaalaed a soldier whose reputation waa baaed largely upon techaleal and
intellectual prowess. Be had had l i t t l e opportunity to distinguish himself as a
campaigner. It wae known that ho wae an advocate of guerilla warfare but beyoad
thie there wae l i t t l e to Indicate whether he would be effective in eoabat.
Zn 1695 Guerrero, which had alwaya been a trouble apot for Dims, erupted
into revolt again. Governor Area of Guerrero waa unpopular ia tho state and
General Canuto Beri, the leader of tho ailitary forcea of tho atate, revolted
against him. Bo etarted with~200 man but tha nwaber waa sooa increased as the
priest of Zuapahuaoaa, Tellpe OaetaSoda, and Colonel Joaquin Teraetogui Joined
hla. fhe federal government beoaae alarmed and prepared a etrong force to oppoeo
the rebels. General Jose B. Cuoto waa seat froa Mexico City at the head of a
large body of troops, fhe auxiliary forcea of Puebla aad Oaxaoa aailed under
General Zgaaelo Bravo for Acapuloo where they were to Join local foroee. Huerta
waa put la oomaand of the 3rd Battalion of Infantry in January 1896 aad waa aeat
to Guerrero with Mexleo City forcea, where he reaained for a abort period after
tha caapaiga. Beri eoon realised that hie uprlelng waa aot likely to bo auoeoea-
ful aad directed a communication to Diaz that the rising had not been intended aa
a movement againet the federal government but only against Governor Area. Diaz,
realizing that a full aoale campaign in the aountaina of Guerrero would be eoetly,
is
agreed to an amneety for the rebels.
General Beri waa called to Mexleo Oity-where he reoeivad only light
punishment, but he wae killed under rather ayaterloua eireunetenoeo aoae months
later. Governor Area waa reaoved from office and the oriole paaead. Buerta doea

16
Doblado, Mjxleo. para Joe. Moxlcaaos. p. 97; Pile WCD 8821-7, p. 3.
16
Eicardo Garcia Granadoa, Bletorla de. Mexico doade la Beatanraclon da la
Beimblloa on. 1867 haata *£ Calda Je. Huartat Tol. Z (Mexico, 1956), pp. 339-340;
Slmonds, "Tletorlano Huerta," p . 724; Oarletoa Beala, Porflrio Diaz. Dictator &£
Me»loo (Philadelphia, 1932), p. 285; Tile WCD 8321-7, p. 3.

I .
II • ' ' •
11
net appear to have taken an outstanding part in tha fighting although he gained
a reputation aa a man who gave ao quarter by oontlaming the daughter of Beri
follovera for some time after they had agreed to lay down their area. He also
17
began to build hie reputation aa an able field offleer.

Oa the eonolueion of the Guerrero caapaiga Buerta wae aoeigned to garrieon

duty at Aoapuloo ia that aaae etate while remaining commander of the 3rd Battal-

ion. Shortly afterward ho waa appointed erdnanoe officer for tho etate and poet

ooaaander at Ghllpancingo, the capital. Colonel Huerta reaalned at that poet

until 1897 when he wae recalled to the capital.18

Burly ia 1901 the Colonel wae aeat to Sonera where the Taquie were la

revolt aa they bad been porlodieally ainoe the ooaqueat of Mexleo. Zn early 1900

the government had deoided to make aa all cut effort to elimiaato the Taquie aa a

menace. Large bodiea of troope were ordered to tha region aad a caapaiga of

eyeteeetle mapping of the area waa undertaken ao aa to aid the government foroee

la any future diffieultiee. fhe Taenia were tough guerilla fight era and hated

Mexiowna on principle, fhe war wae enrage and brutal with neither elde asking

quarter. Tew large acale battles took place but iaatead the war conalated of

night attacks and aurprlae raida. Huerta wae active la the campaign but hla part

waa not a proalnent one. He and hla man had to live under the woret of eondl-

tiona with minor wouada a conetaat expectation, fhe leader of the Taquie at thla

time wae one fetabiate (Juaa Naldonado) who waa eventually killed in July of 1901.

Huerta appareatly had a larger part in the surveying taeke of the federal force e

than in the more directly warlike aepeete, although he eaw eome of both typee of

earvice. During an interlude in the fighting he managed to coaplete the mapping

17
0axcla Granadoa, Hlatorla da. Mj*xle&, Tol. Z, p. 340; Baals,
Porflrio Diaz, p. 285.
18
Simonds, "Tletorlano Buerta," pp. 723-724; Garza Treviao, Wilson, y_
Huarta. p. 11; Doblado, BB2LS2. »*** ISS. Mericanoa. p . 100; Pile WCD 8321, p. 3.
 12

of all of the eentral part of Sonera before a new outbreak of fighting foreed

hla back lute eonbat activities.19

In 1900 there wae an outbreak of civil warfare in Guerrero where the

rebele Caotlllo Calderon, Belle and Marques had began eerioua trouble. Huerta

campaigned against the rebel a froa April 12 until Soptenbor 7, 1901. He oaeae to

have handled the rebele rather eaeily, displaying an ability for which he was

later to boooaa noted. Hla aervioe in Guerrero was cut abort by a more urgent

call to Tueataa la October 1901. 30

Yucatan had been a problea for Mexleo for many yeare. fhe rebellion

there dated froa 1847 whoa there had beea a general rlalng by the Mayas against

the whites and meatlsoa. Most of the state was reconquered but the eouthern end

eaatera parte bad remained Independent. At the outset the Indians of the area

wore able to put a fairly large army late tho field but they bad degeaerated ia

tha following deeadaa and the population had fallen off. They were etill,

however, a warlike aad able people and ia combination with the difficult climate
91
they were able to defeat the aralea aent against than.
Another reaeon for repeated felluree had been poor planning and lack ef
adequate Mexican forcea at any time. By 1901 however i t wae determined that the
Jobjfould finally be done correctly. At thie time the Mayaa bad become more
troubloeome than uoual under the cacique Team. It waa decided to build roada,
put up fortified polnta, aad aee carefully to tho health of the attacking Mexican
troops. Zt was also planned that the retreat of the enemy would be cut off from

^Daniel Gutierrez Santos, Hlatorla Mill tar de Mexico 1876-1914 (Mezieo,

1955), pp. 31-32; Tranoisoo P. Troncoao, Lao. Qnerraa coa lap Trlbua Taenia y. Mayo
4 f l Bjlado. do. Sonera. (Mexico, 1906), pp. 261-316; Bdvia Baereon, "Tletorlano
Huerta, fhe Strongman of Mexico," Ifei Tortnlahtlv Beview. Tol. 100 (HOT. 1918),
pp. 844-857; "A Key to the Sanguinary Temperament of Tletorlano Huerta," pp.20-21.
20
Slaonda, "Tletorlano Huerta," p. 724.
21
/
Garcia Granadoa, Hlatorla de. Mexleo. Tol. I, p. 412.
 13
Britieh Hondnrae, an area froa which they had always received aid. fhe area held
by the rebele wae eeeentlally that of-the present Qnlntaaa Boo. fhe major govern-
aeat force wae to leave froa Peto la the present Tuoataa and advance on the rebel
capital of Chan Santa Cruz. At the oaaa time a naval foree waa to land troops in
the bays of Ascension and Ohetumal so as to oatoh tho enemy in the rear and out
off hie retreat Into Britieh Bonduraa. fhe rebel a fought valiantly but defeat
followed defeat until ia April the Important city of Bacalar f e l l to the govern-
ment, to be followed in Nay by the capital i t s e l f . 2 2
Za Nay of 1901 Tietorlaao Huerta wae promoted to Brlgidier General and In
October he waa cent to Yucatan. He took charge of a force of five hundred men
from varloue unite and with theae troopo he operated in tho unheal thy area
between Puerto Moroloe, Talladolid, San Antonio, and Oban Santa Cruz. His expe-
dition in thie area lasted only thirty-nine daya but they were daye of almoat
eoaataat fighting with a total of seventy-nine encounters with the enemy. Moat
of theee were probably of tho enlper variety. Ae a result of hie aetloa he
received the Crosa of Military Merit third claee and aeaaagea of oongratulatioaa
froa Mlnlater of War Bernardo Beyes and froa Preeldeat Dlas hlmeelf• The latter
was an unusual honor as Dlas was never inclined to build up the reputation of any
other aan.

Huerta remained In Tuoataa to coaplota the aopplng up procees and also to

put his engineering experienoe to use In the reconstruction phaae. Ho aaw to the
clearing and opening of the road froa Chan Santa Cruz to Baoalar. Zt waa at thla
tiae that he aet Major Aureliano Blanquet, who waa te be hla eloaeet associate
when Huerta reached the presidency. Zn Tebruary 1902 Huarta wae named second in
eoaaaad of tho campaign in Yucatan aad In May wae left as the cole ooaaander. By
October he declared that area ooapletely pacified. Za Boveaber Huerta was

^Garcia Granadoe, Hlatorla da. MjxjLco., Tol. 1, p. 412; Gutierrez Santos,

Hlatorla Mllltar do Mexico, pp. 33-34.
 _ 14
appelated prosldeat of tho board for clothing aad eaalpaeat of the a n y . fhe
aswly ©onqaersd area, iastead of belag Joined to Tuoataa, aa was hoped by the
people of that state, was made a federal territory with tho name of Oniataaa
Boo,
Zt was probably ia the Tuoataa eampalga that Tietorlaao Buerta learaed
the aethode of warfare whioh he wae to uee for the root of hie career. Be had
discovered that tho only way in which a swift moving enemy feree oould be
eiiaiaatad waa by sufficient force to aset Ida everywhere at the eaae time. He
had learaed the necessity for oarefal preparatiea for eaeh campaign aad the value
of moving only whoa he waa prepared beyond tho possibility of defeat. Geaeral
Buerta'a future eaapalgas were eharaoterlsed by a teadenoy to avoid battle ualess
victory were ear tain aad by a teaaeieue pureuit of the enemy ao aa to foree the
battle at a time when tha odda were l a Buerta*a favor.
At the elooe of the oaapaiga the General was culled to Mexleo Oity and In
August 1903 he was made a member of the board for tho revioioa of the ailitary
cede and erganle law of the army, la Septeaber he Joiaed the Supreme Court of
Military Justice, a pest which he held until Septeaber 1907. Buerta's etar
seemed to bo rising fast; It was eoon to fall aa quickly, fhe Minister of War
ia President Bias's oablaet siaee 1900 had been Geaeral Bernardo Beyee. Beyee
waa a native of the etate of Jalioeo, Just aa waa Buerta, aad the two aea beeaae
close friends. Beyoa bad used his influence to proaote Geaeral Buerta' e career
aad Tietorlaao responded by giving Beyee hie political baeklag, Buerta had
barely returned froa Yuoataa when Diaz found proof that Geaeral Beyee wae politi-
cally aabltloue and, ualng hla normal methods, he forced Beyoa to reelga and
arranged for hla to take the poet of governor of Buevo Leon, a poet Beyee bad

Garoia Graaadoo, ttjOojEU a£ MftXlfiO.» Tol. Z, pp. 412*413; Slaonds,

"Tietorlaao Buerta," p. 724; Hernandez. MasALla del Paaastra. p . 174;
Deblado, tt*»Mf W f l?f HTalBTlttr PP. 100-108.
mwmemmmwaammmBTMsasaaamsatmarmm&stwmmtmmmmmmtfwmm'mmiwmmammmm

15

formerly held. Geaeral Huerta as a eleee friend of Beyee alee fell under

suspleloa.**

After two yeare with the Supreao Court of Military Jastloe Buerta found

hiaeelf loeing Influence. There were two faotora la the fading of the General

as a political figure. Ac a result of the caapaiga in Yuoataa hla health turned

bad and ha never seema to have been ia completely normal condition again. Ble

nerves gradually grew worse as tiae passed aad he suffered froa periods of

nervous shaking. Whether he drank to help hie nervea or the nervous dleordere

were the result of his drinking is dlffieult to deteraiaa, but there wae probably

a reciprocal influenoe. Zn addltloa to that hie teeth wore in such bad condition

that they made eatiag dlffieult aad he refused to uee false teeth. 35

- fhe moat aerioua phyaloal problem that he faced was caused by recurrent

oataracta which affected both ayes. As a result bis sight was affected and he

waa foreed to wear a monatroua pair of horned glasses which almost hid his face.

Buerta had to submit to more than one delicate operation with only tho uae of

cocaine while a speelaliet reaoved the oataracta. He wae a very poor patient and

on one occaaion tore the bandagee froa hla face and went for an automobile ride

at the risk of blladneee.36

fhe eecond factor that led to tho eclipse ef the General was his close

friendehip with General Beyee whose political aabltlona wore not dead. It has

even been suggested that Buerta attempted to seduce Beyee into open rebellion

^Garela Granadoe, Hlajferje. do. Mexico. Tol. I, pp. 414-415; Tile WCD
8321-7, p . 3.
25
Doblade, Mjxieo. aara loj. Htllo*Bg|, p. 102; "A Key to tho Sanguinary
Temperament of Tietorlaao Buerta," pp. 31-22.

26-
"A ley to the Sanguinary Teaparaaont of Tietorlaao Huerta," pp. 21-22.
— — — 8 S E J I I.I IIIIIMW»JWM»«WBWMM»M«WWMWW»W^WWWWWW^I^WW«WMBMW^»«»MWMMMMWMiMMMMM
16
37
la 1901. If so, he felled for Beyee never openly oppeaed Dlas. 0
Ae Dlas became more auspielous, Huerta wae held back more aad aore until
la 1907 ho wae forced late retirement. Huerta deoided to live in Monterrey where
he would be close to Beyee who waa the governor of the etate. He opened a bual-
ness as a building contractor ia that city and wae able to obtain a rather large
paving contract with tho Beyee government.28
By 1907 Beyee waa already beginning to nurae hopea for the prealdenoy.
Preeldent Dlas was now la his lata eeventlee and it waa felt that ho would aot
aurvive another term aa praeideat. Beaoe, the man who waa named ae vloe-preoldeat
would likely become preeldent within a abort tiae. Dlas however found the eubjoot
unpleasant and finally deoided to back Samoa Corral, a widely hated politician.
With Corral aa the logical auoceaaor7 there waa l i t t l e likelihood that anyone
would attempt to k i l l Dlas,
Oa Tebruary 17, 1908, Dlas made a eerioua political error. Oa that date
he granted an interview to Jaaee Creelmaa, aa American Jouraaliat. During tho
interview Dlas ztated that he felt Mexleo wae ready for democracy aad Indicated
that he did not intend to run for the preeidoncy in 1910. Zn March tho Mexican
newspapers reprinted the etory and immediately there wae a furor of political
activity ae varioue groupe prepared to teet the truth of the report and to prepare
oandldatee if i t were true, fhe motive for Diaz'a atateaente ia unclear. Per-
haps he felt that the people would ineiet that he reaaia In tha preeidoncy. Zt
le certain that he did not know how unpopular he had become. Perhapa he waa
speaking for foreign consumption and merely wished to improve hie reputation

Z^MjUfiliej. del Oral. Tletorlano Hujrjfca, (Port Biles, Texaa, 1916), p. 75.
This volume wae published anonymously but there is very l i t t l e possibility of its
being genuine, fhe author undoubtedly know Huerta well and some of tha material
iaeludod l e undoubtedly true, fhe author wae obviouely attempting to dlaeredit
Huerta by aaklag i t appear that he eonfeaaed to wild chargea agalnat hla. Sea
Appendix ZZZ.

Garza Trevino, Wllaon y. Huerta. p. 12.

 17

aorose the Bio Grande. Zn aay ease the move proved to be a eerloue error, for
political activity, which had been of l i t t l e consequence for yeare, beoaae fervid
again.
Aaeag the groups which took renewed hope from tho Oreelmaa interview wae

the Beyiet. Political activity amoag tho Beyee eupportera increased greatly and

among then waa Tletorlano Huerta, There had long been numerous secret Beyee

elube and Huerta was in the habit of attending the Beatings of one eueh club at

the hone of Angel Beyee in Kexooae even before he moved to Monterrey in 1907.

Huerta always took groat pains to hide hie movements but they eventually beoaae
public knowledge and thie aay have had a part in hie retirement from active

duty. 29

Geaeral Buerta*a contracting business in Monterrey apparently prospered

fairly well for a tiae but eventually he ran into serioue trouble, fhe General

defaulted oa eome 18,000 peaoe under olrcumetaneoe that are not clear. In any

oaaa, Beyee atepped in to oover the lose of hie old eupporter, but eeeae to have

lost political preetige ae a result of the incident. Huerta left tha olty and

returned to the capital. Precisely what the relatione between the two aea were

after thie tine le difficult to determine but they were aever to be eloae friande

again. General Huerta felt that he had loot hla eareer becauae ef his support of
SO
Beyee, aad the latter felt that Buerta could not be treated.
The General'» experiences in the contracting bueineee appear to have been

only aoderately pleasant. He was an able bualneaa man and reasonably honest in

his business dealings. He eeeas to have beea eoaewhat leaa aorupuloua la hie
peraonal account a, aa he left a number of email debte in Monterrey which were

Jose T. Melendes, Historic de la Bevolueloa Mexieaaa, Tel. I (Mexico,

1936), p. 149; Bodolfo Beyoa, Pi Mi Tlaa. Memoriae Polltlcaa. Tol. II (Madrid,
1929), pp. 18-19.
30
Garza Trevino, Wilson, y. Huerta. p . 12; Msaorlas de. Huerta. p . 7.

asamunmammmama&BBBmatMtammmmmmaBaxcsaammmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmBmmmm
 18

aover paid, even whan he beoaae the president of the aatloa. Throughout tho years

his business activltiee in addltloa to the ineoae froa his ailitary eareer appar-

ently kept the Buerta faally in moderately good elreumetanoee although not in

affluence. —

When Huerta'a name again beeaae well-known It le doubtful If anyone

remembered him. He had been in eollpae for almoet ten yeare. One faotor which

aided in the rohabilltation of Huerta *ae the eliainatioa of Beyoa aa a political

faotor. This took place la late 1909 when Beyee wae seat late exile. Since

Bayes was gone, and Huerta had broken with hla in any case, Dlas now felt that
Huerta' could be trusted again.

In oppoeltioa to the Beyee groups la the fight for polltloal control at

thla time were the Olentlflcoe. Zn the laet decade of the 19th eentury a small

number of aea froa tho moneyed olass banded together Into a group which eaae to

be called the Olentlflcoa. fheae men wore lnaplred by the noted positlvlst

philosopher Auguste Coate. Coate believed that by the applioatioa of the aethoda

of phyalcal science te human relatione there night be a great advance In the

eoeial aelencee. Thus the email groupe of prominent Mexican Cientlfleos hoped to

eee the reign of science in Mexico, fhe Olentlflcoe wanted to gain as much

influenoe aa poesible under Dlas and to take over ooaplotely when he died. Tor
a auaber of yeara tho Olentlflcoa were fairly popular but after 1900 they beeaae

more and more corrupt. At flret the Olentlflcoe had favored a Halted deaoeracy,

but ae time went on they began to favor an out and out dictatorship, fhe leader

of thie change ia attitude waa the brilliant financier Joae Zves Llaantour.

Baalcally the change wae due to a conflict between Llaantour and other leading

members of the upper olaae such aa Joaquin Baranda, Bernardo Beyoa and Governor

Teodoro Deheaa of Tera Cruz. When the Cientlfleos saw that they would have

31 Topk
Hamilton Tyfe, fhe. Real Mjz&eo. (*** » a . O t P« 123.
 19

opposition froa other groups they eaae out in favor of dietatorahlp and favored

Dlas aad Corral in 1910. 98

Basloally then the Olentlflcoe were a small group of powerful aen who had

once-hoped to improve Mexico by scientific principles but who over a period of

years became corrupted by eaay money. The term "Oientlfioo" however oaaa te

refer to all aeabere of the official elaae who had reaaon for supporting the

status quo. A Oientlfioo in the broad senee beoaae eay individual of reactloaary

inclinations and loot all connection with the original group of intollectuala who

bad flret taken the name.

Alao epurred into political activity by tho Creelaan interview waa

Pranolaeo Z. Madero, the eon of e~great land holding family of Coahuila. Politi-

cally the Maderoe were etrong Dlas eupportera and close friends of Limantour, the

Minister of Haoleada, but Trendseo waa the faally black sheep. Be was not

satiefled to be the eon of a great family but wae lneplred by idealletle dreama

to attempt to aake Mexico a truly deaoeratio nation. Madero wae a email man with

ahining eyee who, although he at flrat glance appeared weak, wae driven by an

ideallatic fervor which led hla te accompli eh great thinga. Unfortunately he waa

also unrealistic and naive, two oharaeterletiea which led to hie downfall.

Madero had been involved In local politico for ooao tiae when the

Creelaan interview became public knowledge. He believed that the great political

toot would ooao ia 1910 and began aa early as 1906 to think along these lines.

Little waa aotually done, however, until the Creelaan interview brought wideepread

activity. Madero set to work ehortly after the Interview writing a book about the

coming campaign. Barly la 1909 the book waa published aa She, Procidentia!
33
Snaceaalon o£ 1910.

32
Charles C. Cumberland, Mexican BovoluMpn. GonejlA S&ftJZ. Madero. (Austin,
Texas, 1952), pp. 10-11. —
83
Praneleeo Z. Madero, La Suooeloa Prealdonolal en 1910 (San Pedro,
Coahuila, 1908).
mmmwmmMmmmmm*ma&atszMaa^Mmummmwmwmmmmmmwmmwmmmwmwmmm^ r«ri
 30
Although there was l i t t l e of real novelty or value in the book i t made Madero a
national figure. Madero called for aa aatl-reeleotloniat party baaed on freedom
of suffrage and no reelection.
Dlas had by this tiae announced that he would run for the presidency in
1910 and there eoened l i t t l e question remaining except with regard to the vloe-
prealdoney. At the time the leading political groups were the Democratic party
supporting Bernardo Beyes end the Reelectlonlsta supporting Dlas and Corral, In
May 1910 Madero attended a series of meetings in Mexleo City during which an
Anti-Boeleotioniet Center waa formed. Madero then went on a aerlea_of political
teura throughout the country froa which ha receiTod tho lmpreeeioa that Mexico
was ready for a change. Late In 1909 Madero1 a organization reoeived a groat ehot
la the arm. Beyee tamely eubaltted to Diaz and went into exile. Slnoe Madero
had long favored the Beyee party, but oppoaed Beyee hlaeolf, large nuabara of hla
aupportere Joined Madero'a following. Madero continued hie political touro aad
by early 1910 he wae becoming an Important political figure. Zn April the Aatl-
Beeleetionlata announced that Madero would be their candidate for tho preeidoncy
with Dr. Traneleco Taaquee Goaez as his running ante. Taaques Ooaez waa the
peraonal physician of Preeldent Dlas and a brother of Balllo Taeeuez Goaez who
had been active ia tha movement for come time. It waa hoped that Dr. Yaequez
Gomez' e poeition might be useful to tha party. As time paeeed the program of the
party became more broadly liberal and included reforaa affecting many different
aoelal groupa.

In June 1910 Madero began hie fourth tour of tho country. At San Luis
Potoal ha spoke froa the train and at Saltlllo be wae oheered by a thousand
persons. Belatedly Dlas realised the throat that Madero afforded and after a
apeeoh at Monterrey Madero waa arrested and charged with foaonting revolt and
insulting publio officials. The governaeat took wideepread atepe and whoa

fiiwur i II ii' I I » » • » — — — w — II
 U ' • ••• ' u
31
34
election day came there were five thousand Madero supporters la prison.
Madero was transferred to San Luie Potoel where he began to plan aa armed
revolt. After the eleetione wore over and the results declared in favor of Bias,

Madero* who had been releaeed oa bail, fled to the United Statee. Madero eooa

' iesued the Plea ef Saa Luie Potoel froa San Antonio with the plan backdated oo ae

to protect Amarioan aeutrality. fhe plan was largely a series of deaands for
political freedoa and deaoeracy, Dlas waa deelared a tyrant and reforaa were

proaieed but they were political reforae, aot social or ecoaoale reforaa. The

agrariaa queetlon, which wae eo important, waa alaoet ignored by Madero' e plan.

Zn Mexleo at tale time there were numeroue email uprialnge againat the

government and the Plaa of San Luie Fotoel added fuel to the flames. Although

there wae little of aa agrariaa nature la the plan, the discontented eleaente

" chose Madero ae their aavlor and looked te hla for leaderahlp. By early 1911 a

I rebel force under Paeeual Orosco had gained control of parte of GMhuahua and It

waa becoming obvioue that the etrength of the Dlas regime had been overrated.

By misusing the funds of a Trench company Traneloeo Madero'a brother Ouetavo wae

able to eoae to hla financial aid. The Madero family funds had been frozen by

Diaz.

Zn Tebruary 1911 Madero eroeaed the border Into Mexico and began a eerloe

of eampalgna ia Chihuahua. By April large parte of the nation wore in revolt and

Madero Joined foroee with tho powerful rebel leader Paaeual Orosco, After a

felat at Ohihuahua Oity the Madere forcea aored to the Texas border where they

boeieged Ciudad Juares.

Zn early 1911 a rebellion alao broke out in the etate of Guerrero.

General Tletorlano Huerta waa ordered south to take charge of the government

forcea In that atate la April. About the tiae of hie arrival In Chilpancingo

34
Stanley B. Boas, Tran,oll99 L Madero, Apostlt 9l Mexloan DaaatiranT
(Bow York, 1956), pp. 104-106.
 23

large porta of the couth of Mexico roao in revolt. The eituation in Guerrero wae

soon seen to be out of hand and Buerta was recalled to Mexico City to gather a

etrong force to novo agalnat that atate. fhe Tlgueroa brothera, Anbroelo and

Praneiaeo, aoon had Guerrero under their control and tho whole etate except

Aeapulco was loot to the government. There was no quick way for government

troopa to reach the etate becauae rebel groupe held the llnee of communication.

Bebela under Aabroslo Tlgueroa, Juan Andreu Alaazan, and Jeeus Salgado were

pouring into Morelos and Baillaao Zapata and Pablo forree Burgoo had Juet raieed

their banners in revolt In that atate. Since Moreloa wae nearer the national

capital and ainoe it waa believed that it night be caved for the government, a

decleion waa made to eend Buerta to that atate in Nay. At first it was euggeatod

that 10,000 aea be cent under Huerta but as tiae paeeed the auaber waa cut to

ever smaller also. When the expedition finally left, Huerta had a force of only
35
600 aen and tho whole expedition wae carried la one train of forty oars.

When Huerta reached Ouernavaoa, the capital of the etate of Moreloe, ia

the eprlng of 1911, hie troopa had barely settled theaaelvea in the barracks

when word came that another force of federal troopa wae heaaed In by rebele at

Cuautla aoae two daya aarch away. It waa expeeted that General Buerta would go

to the relief of thoee troopa, but no such orders were given and eventually the

aurvivors froa Cuautla, which fell on May 12, 1911, oaaa atraggllng into Ouerna-

vaca. There was a great deal of excitement and the people looked to Buerta for

eome counteraove agalnat the rebele, then beginning to approach Ouernavaoa.

Buerta continued hie usual tactics of doing nothing until he felt he could aake
a deoiaiva aove. He apparently felt that tho eituation waa hopeless for he
36
never gave the order for an attack.

35
Baeraon, "Tletorlano Buerta," Bile WCD 7422-10, pp. 3-4.
86
llU., p. 4.
 23

About this tiae the General was called to Mexleo City to give an account
of operatlono agalnat Zapata. He traveled froa Ouernavaoa to Mexico City alone
la aa automobile through country overrun by rebele whose greatoet deaire would
have been to oapture the Dlas general. When Huerta preeented hineelf before
Dlas, the latter saw a stocky man ef medium height who gave the impression of
being tall while seated, due to hie waving, long-armed gestures. Huerta's broad
brew, destitute of hair, the hawk-like noae with broad noatrlla, his full,
conproesed lips beneath a clipped auetaohe sprinkled with gray, all eoablned te
give hla an air of eerioueneee and atololsa. Dlas was favorably lapreeeed by the
unthinking courage of hie aeane of travel and this probably led hla to choose
General Huerta to lead hie eecort when he finally decided to go into exile. Bot
long after thie aooting Huarta and hie foreee were reoalled to Mexleo City. Soon
after they left Ouernavaoa, that city fell to the rebele without a ehot being
fired.

Meanwhile, thinge were alao going well for the rebele of the north. With
large parte of the nation in revolt Dlas attempted to conciliate the rebels by
a series of half-hearted meaeuree. On April 24 Madero agreed to a five-day
arsdatlce. Hegotlatlone led to a eerlee of araiatleea until an attack en May 7
brought the oapture of Oludad Juares. The end of the Dlas regiae wae at hand and
the Preeldent realised it. His army had proved to be a paper army ainoe corrup-
tion had drained it of lte strength. Dlas agreed to reelgn before the end of
May and turn tho government over to Tranoloeo Leon de la Barra. Da la Barra waa
a polished lawyer and dlplonat who had served the Diaz government aa foreign
Minleter. He had little ccnneetion with the revolutlonieta aad eeeaa to hare been
ehoeen for his eeaentlal honoety.

37
141th O'Shaughnesay, Intimate Pages of. Mexioan Hlatory (Bow York, 1930),
pp. 192-194; "A Key to the Sanguinary Temperament of Tletorlano Huerta,"
pp. 21-22.
mwmmmmmsasmmmtsisKaaKsmtmmwmmmmsmmmmwmmmmmmrmmmm^^

24

Dlas chose Huerta to lead his escort as he felt Huerta would aover desert

hia for a liberal oauee. He had had repeated proof ef Buerta'e courage and he

eaid, "He will give hie life for ae, if need be." Oenerd Huerta hlaeolf waa

amused at the ease with which tho rebels had overthrowa the Dlas regime. By 1911

the Oenerd wae a confirmed Porfirista aiaee the alternative to Dlas was a rebel

victory which to Buerta repreeented anarchy. Huerta at ill felt that there waa

hope and auggaated to Dlas that he be given a free hand in dearing the aobe froa

the streets. "There is etill time, Senor Preeldent," he insisted. "It la not
t 36
poaalble," replied the discouraged Dlas.
Za the small hours of tha morning of May 26, Dlas left for San Lazaro
etation where two traine waited for hla. The flret train waa to be a ecout train.
Diaz waa accompanied by hia ianedlate family and a number of hie doae aeaoeiatee.
The trains were not to take the ehort and easy route by way of Orizaba but rather
wore to go by way of J d a p a . They pulled out at four A.M. and until noon every-
thing vent qdte emoothly. Huarta had received the old man with every mark of
roepeot and with deep emotion. He doubtleee felt the importance ef the event a
la which he wae taking part. Aleo preaent to receive the exile waa B.B, Brown,
the preeldent of tba Batienal Ballwaya, who had made the arrangeaeata for the

trip. Aa tha traina moved elovly toward Tore Cruz, Huerta moved reatleedy from
39
one train to the other, poeelbly atopplng for an occaalonal eoplta.

Bear Tepeyahualco Station not far froa the Sierra de Perote they were

detained by a aaall party of rebele who were ignorant of the identity ef the

passengers. Buerta quickly ordered a counterattack which routed the rebels. As

tho enemy attack began Dlas leaped froa the train with a pietol in eaeh hand and

prepared to help in tha defense, Huerta realnded hia that that wae hie Job and
28
0'Sbaughneeay, Intimate. Pages, p. 194; MsagrJLaj. do. Huerjfc, pp. 7-8.
39
t 0'8haugbneaay, Intimate Pages, pp. 194-195; Garcia Granadoa, Hlatorla
£± Mexico. T o l . II, p. 170; Bode, Porflrio Dlas. p. 449. A eoplta is a snail
cup or glass, la Huerta'a ease usudly f i l l e d with brandy.
**~—————— ———- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ^ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ - — ^
 86
Dlas allowed Huerta to complete the task. Huerta'a treope captured a ado from
tha rebele which carried soae four thousand peeee.40
By eight o'doek that evening the traina reached Tera Cms aad Bias was
reoeived by Governor Teodoro Debase with all the honors fitting his position.
Tho people of the eity acted la the aoet correct aaanor. On the 27th a delegatioa
froa the eity council called oa General Dlas. Dlas reaslned in Tera Orus for
three daye and prepared to leave oa May 31, 1911. Ae the hour for departure
approaohed most of the prodnent pereoao of the eity gathered te eee hia off.
Buerta delivered a short speech while Dlas pdled himself erect to lieten. Tho
Oenerd told Dlas that ha wodd alwayi live ia the hearte of the people and
aeaured hla that if he ehodd ever retura, hie troope would e t i l l be l o y d . "They
arm the only portion of tho oountry which haa aot gone egainet you," Dlas wae
deeply aoved by this evidenee of lojalty and friendship and thaaked Huerta and tho
others. Re told them that tha aew government would be foroed to use hie aathoda
in governing and spoke of the army as the backbone of the government. At five*
thirty Bias moved toward the eteaaer Tpiy»py which waa to take hla to exile. He
thanked the people ef Tera Orus for their hespltdlty end left Mexloo, never to
return.

As the train carried Huerta back to Mexleo City ho probably thought for
tho firet time of the prealdenoy. Porhape aow that the god had f d l e a the
prealdenoy eodd be reached by mortda. Mexleo had changed in a matter of daye.
A now Mexloo wae ia the making. Dlas had said only the army eodd save Mexico.
Porhape Tletorlano Huerta eodd lead that army and return the nation te a
Porfirian era.

Garcia Granadoa, Hlatorla do. Mexloo. Tol. ZI, p. 170; Slaonde,

"Tletorlano Huerta," p. 724; Memoriae do. Buerta. pp. 8-9.
Garde Granadoa, Hlatorla ftp Mexloo. Tol. II, pp. 170-171; Bade,
EojEZlrlp. ?iaj, pp. 449-450.
 OBAPfBB I I

f HE DB LA BABBA ABD MADBBO ADNZBISTBATI0B8

The Treaty between the Dlas for eee and the rebele had stipulated that

Brandoco Leon de l a Barra wae to become ad interim preeldent and arrange e l e c -

tions for the preeidoncy. In accord with t h i e treaty De l a Barra beoame head of

the adsdnl atrat ion oa May 25, 1911. Bo retained that poeition for eome elx

montha. The period of the ad lntarla government wae unfortunate for i t waa one

with no definitely oetabliehed leaderehip. De l a Barra held the o f f i e i d poeitiea

ae prealdeat but the prestige centered around Madero, aad since the two aea

differed i a outlook and g o d e , conflict waa p l e n t i f u l .

Tollowiag the eollapae of the Dlas regime, Madero moved slowly toward'the

e a p l t d froa the north aad was greeted at every etation by erowde ef h y e t e r i e d

people who had been waitiag for boure t o see the "redeemer." Madero waa received

not as a man of aerely p o l i t i o d worth and lmportanoe but ae a s o d - d i v i n e figure.

When ho f i a d l y reached Mexico City on June 7, there were 100,000 pereona waiting

to welooae him. 1 lever had a Mexican leader been received with such enthusiasm.

All of t h i s proved unfortunate later for Madero and Mexleo. The Iaportant eleaeat

l a public opldon l a not what a man repreaonte, but rather, what he l e thought t o

represent. Unfortunately, Madero waa not exaotly what he ssemed. To the lower

classea Madero repreeented land dlvieion, but hie actual poaltloa waa aomewhat

to the right of thie g o d . The Plan of Saa L d s Potoel had given very l i t t l e

place t o land reform and the g o d e were H a l t e d . The people, however, knew

Cumberland, Genesis Under Madero. p . 157,

26
sxaKaasmammmsamsmxasBBamwtsasa^emssimamfSBmmmmmtmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
 87
Madero'a plan o d y by hearsay, and rumor indicated that i t wae a very radied
doounent Indeed.
Sinoe Madero had such overwhelming popularity, i t waa only natural that
he wodd atteapt to direot the aotione of the government. De la Barra, oa the
other hand, wae much more oonaervatlve than Nadere and eodd be oounted upon to
block aay r e d l y radioal aovee while he held the presidency, and he eodd count
on the support of all conservative groupa including the federal army.
The election of cabinet ministers was left to Madero and hie eholeee
caused a great ded of diffledty. The only true revolutionary whoa Madero
conaidared worthy of a cabinet poet waa Maauel Bodlla, who was named Minleter of
Communications, fhe Tasques Gomes brothers, Pranelsco aad Baillo, who had sup-
ported the revolution but were aore opportunistic than liberal, alao received
poets, la addltloa, Madero' a eeuain Bafael Hemandes aad his uncle Brneete
Madero reoeived cabinet posts, fhe latter two men were chosen becauae Madero
trueted then la spite of the faet they were conservative in philosophy.
Appolntnents of thie type aroused the erlticlsa of the victorious rebele
ae they felt Madero waa adllng out to the oonaervatlve foreee. fhe eams chargoa
were aada when It waa reveded that the rebel ardee were to be disbanded while
the fedord army was to remain intact. Madero, with hie idsallsa, waa blind to
or i t idem and felt that hia personal honeety was a guarantee of good reedta for
hie country, fhe oonaervatlve foroea within the government naturally need their
opportunities to the utnost.
One of the major diffledtlea facing the government wae pacification. In
eaoh atate new governor a had to be aent In to roplaoe the Dlas appointoee. In
aany atatee thla led to eonfueion and violence; but in a short time a l l of the
atates had been pacified except Moroloa where Zapata refueed to put down hla araa
until he felt secure regarding Madero'a political alma.

m m m m m m i i m m m m m m m w m m m m m m w g m m m m m m m m m a m m m i, ,,• ,
i - u
28
Tlotorlano Huerta, now one of tho moat trusted of the federal officers,
was a dcse supporter of De la Barra. fhe political philoaophiee of the two men
were quite eiailar and eaeh f e l t that the other was a aouree of protection
agalnat tho possible radlcaliaa of Madero. fhe conservative foreee hoped to
penetrate the Madero aoveaent and'control It froa within if they eodd not
die credit i t .
During the period between Juno and Boveaber 1911 the popularity of Madero
went steadily downhill. De la Barra too eaeae to have loot preetige, dthough he
did the beat he could under the poedlar elreuaetaneee. On the 17th of July,
Goneral Buerta aeked to aee De la Barra and when ehown Into hla preeence Informed
him that there waa a plot to assassinate hia the following day. fhe nezt day wae
the andvereary of the death of Juares and De la Barra was to take part la the
eereaonies. fhe Preeldent aada an effort to keep a close watch and took extra
aeourity prooautlone but proceeded with the ceremonies aa planned. Bothing
untoward happened, -but a few daye later an army doctor tcld Oenerd Baaeon, the
Mid star of War, that he had overheard two men dieeueeing the assassination plot.
Since he heard only part of the oonvereatlon, he had not at the tiae understood
Juet what i t meant. Prom the tone of the oonvereatlon i t wodd aeea the would-be
hired killers loot their nerve and refueed to carry^out the attempt, fhle
incident certaidy helped to make the relatione between De la Barra and Buerta
o
aore intimate.
Balliano Zapata wae of Indian blood and had rieen to prominence in the
early phases of the revolution ae the guerilla leader of Moreloe. Through the
mediation of Pablo Torrea Burgoo, Zapata had come, at leaet nominally, under the
control of Madero while Madero wae leading the rebellion in the north. Zapata,
however, waa much more radical than Madero. Hie main god waa agrarian reform

2
0' Shaughnoaay, Intimate Po-gea. pp. 112-114.
 29
aad he would not be eatiofied with anything leea. Zn a eenee Zapata repreaented
the true dealree of the Mexican people to a greater extent than did Madero who
waa concerned with political rather than econoale abuaeo. Tor Zapata the goal
waa a return to the ejido eyatea, tha system of command land-holding which had
been in effect anong tha Indiana for centurion. Under Porflrio Diaz a good deal
ef the communally owned land had fallen into private hands and Zapata wiehod to
aea an end to that eituation. At times, however, Zapata beoaae a fanatic and
urged the eliainatioa of all whitee froa the state of Morelos. Hie troope were
made up almost entirely of poor Indian peons and former bandita. The eoncervative
foreee naturally considered Zapata himsdf a bandit and opposed hia with deadly
tenadty. Among Zapata' e more serious enemlee were the Tlgueroa brothers,
Ambroslo and Trendeco, whose orlgind bailiwick had been the neighboring etate
of Guerrero.
When Madero arrived in Mexloo City on June 7, 1911, Zapata waa one of
the flret peraona to meet him. On the follortag day they got together for a long
dleeueelott of tho situation in Morelos. Zapata demanded immediate retura of the
land to the eommunltlee and urged that Madero oome to Moreloa to aee tha eituation
at flrat hand, Madero agreed to thie and on June 12 he began a trip through
Moreloa and Guerrero with the goal of initiating the discharge of rebel troope.
The tour wae another triumphal march fer Madero ae he was act by cheering
mobs in every city. Zn Ouernavaea Zapata arranged for Madero to review the
Zapatlata troope, but one odooker elalaa that Zapata ahowed the seas troops again
and again by aarehing thea around the block and in thie way impreased Madero with
hia might. During hla vlalt in that d t y Madero arranged for the disarming and
dlacharge of the rsvolutionary troops, and the operation began with Gabriel Boblee
Doalnguos representing Madero. Zt wae later charged that tba Zapatiataa tuuaed

Boea B. Xing, Teaoeet Over Medco (Bo at on, 1935), pp. 68-89.

\»9msMmmmsaBsmnm^eaaamsKsaaasMaBmammmmBmmm»wnamsmmmma^
 J

30
la o d y worthleea weapoae in exchange for the twenty peeoe which was to accompany
the discharge of eaeh rebel. To a oertaln extent thie aay have been true, but
ia geaeral Zapata probably responded to tho deal ia an honest manner.
The dleeharging operations apparently proceeded In aa orderly way, but
the conaervative press began a large aoale attack oa Zapata labeling hla the
"Modern At tile" and claiming that he was s t i l l raiding or wae la open rebellion
against the government. Theee char gee were belied by the foot that Zapata came
to Medeo City on June 34 to confer with Madero. Ae a r e e d t of t d s meeting tba
discharge ef troope eontlnued.
Throughout J d y reports continued that Zapata wae resisting tho dieeharge
of hie foroee and Baul Madero, brother of the preeldent i d candidate, reported
that he feared that Zapata waa preparing for a aew revolt. At thie time a com-
mission from Zapata visited the capital to talk d t h Madero, and ho urged that
Zapata violt hla toward the end of tho aonth. Zapata, however, feared a plot
agalnat hla l i f e and dedlned to ooao dthough he assured Madero of hie loyalty.
Madero suggested an dternate meeting plaoe, Tehuaema, where he expected to spend
several weeks for medical treataent, but Zapata excused hlaeolf on grounde of
illneaa and aent hla brother Bufeaio to meet Madero. Bufeaio Zapata told Madero
that the disarming operation waa eighty percent completed. Be dao warned of
aaehlnationo by the landowners, but Madero expressed his confidence in De la
Barra.

While Madero wae busy trying to pacify Morelos, there was an important
change in the cabinet of tha lnterla prealdent. On Auguat 8 Alberto Garcia
Granadoa took over the poet of Goberaadon in plaoe of Ballio Yaaques Gomes.
Madero agreed to the change, dthough \t wae regarded aa an Increase in

^ . H . Dunn, Ihf. Crjajon. £filer_ (Bow York, 1934), pp. 108-109.

Boss, Troaolicp, 1. Madero., pp. 1B9-190.
 81
conservative iafluaaee la tha government• De l a Barra at thie time deoided to go
ahead d t h tho disardag operetloao — by foroe If neoeaeary — without awaiting
tho results of Madero's efforts. Zapata eoamualcated with Madero asking hla
intervention aad not being satiefled with the reply received, he asked for a
sinoere aad frank answer. Madero waa daraed by the tone of the latter aeeaage
aad prepared to go to Moreloa.
Do la Barra informed Madero that prolonged negotiatione would lajuro the
preetige of the government and at the seam dam ordered Tletorlano Huerta to lead
a etrong force to Ouernavaoa. Huerta arrived at that eity on August 10. Boon
B, Xing who wae in the olty at the tine gives an interesting picture of the
arrival of Huerta, One afteraoon she heerd spirited firing and realised It wae
between two groups of federal troope, thoeo la the eity aad a body of aew arrlv-
da. Zt aeeaa that auoh exehangee were customary.
The firing continued and, looking out froa a plaoe of eafety, 1
aaw a man eonapieuouoly apart, sitting on a very fine horee. Bo
eat aa though made of iron, without a motion of hie body, his faoe
without a s d l e , alaoat without expreeeion, as cardeee of the
b d l e t e flying around hia as though thay were feathere.
Huerta stayed at tha Bella Tlata hotel which waa owned by Mre. Xing and
aha aoon oaaa to know hia well.
Oenerd Buerta remained at tho B d l a Tlata and i t amueed me to eee
the etlffenlng of tho ailitary aerale whoa this dynamic leader took
coamaad. He allowed no laxneee ia his troops, but they adored hia
becauae he dweye led them to victory. He himself drank heavily,
and nearly every evening had to be led off to bed; but he waa alwaya
up in the aornlng bright and early, looking aa though he were not
oven acquainted with the odor of drink, 8
fhe Zapata foreee committed varioue rebellloue acta In reaction to the
arrivd of federal troope. Do la Barra felt that these acts were sufficient
motive for sending Colonel Blanquet to Join Huerta with reinforcement a. Madero,

6
Boaa, Tranclsco Z, Madero. pp. 190-191.
7
King, Tajpejl fiver Mexico, p. 82.
8
Ibld., p. 83.
I ' ' u
32
meanwhile, bad failed In aa attempt to reach Cuautla for a conference d t h
g
Zapata beoause the traffie waa dierupted by Zapatistas.
Zapata blamed the foderd troop movements for tho bloodshed aad requested
Madero to atteapt to have the federale removed from the etate. He d e o etated
that he wodd not complete the dleardng of his troops until the -lend had been
restored to the villages.
On August 13 Madero again left for Ouautla in order te talk to Zapata.
Ho conferred with tho latter by tdephoae and the Moreloe commander demanded
the following terms: the sovereignty of the state ehodd be respected; a new
provlelosal governor ehould replace Governor Oarreea but i t must not be Samoa
Ollveros who wae an opponent of Zapata; federal troops should not be tba ones
responsible for public safety; ooao of hia troope shodd be chosen to preserve
_

order; and Zapata himeelf ehodd retire.

On thie eaae day De l a Barra ordered Huerta to preea the oaopalgn agaiaet
Zapata. Madero Informed De la Barra of Zapata'e terms, and they agreed that the
outlook wae favorable. Madero then ooamunioated with Huerta, exaoting a proaiaa
from him that he wodd not move d e troope. Madero now f e l t quite optimletic and
returned to Medeo City. The Council of Miniature recommended a auapenalon of
hostilities for forty-eight hours, and Huerta wae ordered to cease operations
until further notice. Huerta, however, had already begun an advance toward
Yautepee dong the road to Ouautla. Zapata proteated bitterly and accused the
government of deliberately foaentlng conflict. Husrta, Instead of complying with
the order to ceaae operatlona, inforaed the government..that he wae coneolldatlng
hia pooltion on the road to Yautepee. On Auguat 18 he wae again ordered to
10
aalntaln hia exaot poeition. ~~
9
Boee, trancisco I. Msdoro. p. 191.
10
0umbcrland, Consols Under Madero,, pp. 176-178,
mmmm3*mm*mm*aT0C2tBs=3SB3s»*wmmwmmmtmamwmmmmMimmBmmmmmmm

33
Madero reached Ouautla on August 18 and apoke to tho aeaeabled Zapatietaa.
He quickly reached an agreement with Zapata whereby Bduardo Bay wae to be made
provisional governor, and Haul Madero waa to be given command of a revolutionary
foroe to maintain order, fhe federd troops were to be ooneontrated in Ouernavaoa
aad thea dthdrawn. A garriaoa of former revolutionarlee wae to come from
Hidalgo, and the demobilisation of Zapatietaa wae to reeuae immediately. A
difference in interpretation developed at once. Zapata insisted on tho wlth-
drawd of federal troops before the dlecharging operation resumed. De la Barra
felt that the discharging operationo ehodd begin first.
Zapata, truatlag in Madero, agreed to the federal Interpretation and
began diacharging hie troopa elovly. Huerta' a dmoet simultaneous advance on
Yautepee, on August 19, brought a halt to the proceedings, Madero, urging
Do l a Barra to halt the federd troopa, d e o eommudeated with Huerta and quickly
went to Yautepee to eee if- he eodd remedy the eituation. At thie eaae time
Governor Oarreon was Issuing reporte of Zapatlata deprodationo, many of which were
eald to be perpetrated by aen who were aetudly with Madoro at the time, fhe
Council of Midstors agreed to order a forty-eight hour truce while the Zapatietaa
were concentrated at Cuautla for dlecharge. Zapata waa to oomplete diacharging
operatlone- within that time, and revolutionarlee froa Hidalgo and Tera Cruz were
to take control of the atate. Zapata agreed and withdrew froa Yautepee on
Auguet 2 1 . U
Madero aoved to Ouautla and engaged In further diecueelon of the terms
of peace, but they were of no avail. The continued reports of depredatione led
to the eending of relnforceaente by De l a Barra, Madero protected and even
Tranclsco Tlgueroa, who waa strongly antl-Zapata, advised agalnat the move. At
the end of the forty-eight hour truce the reinforceze nt of the federals became
doubly aenadng when Huerta began moving toward Cuautla. Thla could be

Cumberland, Geneels Under Madero. pp. 178-179.

T . I P [••••••mil aanMBBMa«WMWMWWwaMHWMW»MWWMW«M«WBBaBKHaww«aa
Interpreted ody as an attempt to force tha Issue and poadbly to elimiaato
12
Madero who wodd presumably be charged with treason by Zapata and executed,
Madero'a firat reaction waa diabollef. He eoon learned that there had
been no alotake. Zapata s t i l l trusted Madero and had no intention of killing
hia. Ha saw through the plot and allowed Madero to return to Medco City on
Auguat 24. At the same time Zapata demanded the return of hie weapone by Haul
Madero, and the latter agreed.
A aeriea of ayants which dooaed Madero1a hopea for a peaceful aettlement
followed in quick auoceaaion. On August 29 Garcia Granadoa, the Mini a tor of
Gobernaolon, declared full-scale war agalnat Zapata. Huerta arrived at Cuautla
only to find that Zapata had eocaped, Aabroelo Tlgueroa, a bitter enemy of
Zapata, waa named governor of Morelos. On August 30 a battle was fought at
Chlnaaeca between the Zapatlatae and the federal troope. Morelos was now in
open rebellion.
Throughout Septeaber the battle coatinued to rage in Morelos with Buerta
unable to trap and cone to grips d t h Zapata. Madero wae so furious with the
De la Barra government that he dmoet eeaaed cooperating. Zapata waa e t i l l
willing to aee a peaoefd aattleaent to the eituation, and on October 8 he agreed
te a fifteen-day truce. Tothing came of thie, however, and the battlee oontinued.
- In late October Huerta f d t that he had Zapata within hla grasp when a
sharp order from Madero caused bin to give up the chase. Huerta returned to
Ouautla swearing reyenge. Thie was probably the firet in a long aeriea of
olaahes between the tvo men which f i n d l y led to Madero'a overthrow at the hands
of Huerta.
Gradually the rebellion apread over Morelos and on October 24 a force of
3,000 rebele attaoked the town of Milpa Alta on the border of the Tederd District
Thla sklralsh oauaed a panic in the eapltd, and the conservative aeabers of the

12
Cumberland, Genesis Under Madero. pp. 179-180.
Chamber of Deputleo attacked Madero for hie interference. The tension became so
great that Garcia Granadoa, Ooasales Sales, the Nlalstsr of War, aad Tranclseo
Tasquez Gomez resigned their oabinet posts.
On October 26 Madero issued a nuaber of statements on the Morelos problem
and charged that the attitude of the provielosal government and the advance ef
Oenerd Buerta had been the oauaea of the renewed difficulties. He charged that
Huerta had "followed a t r d y inexplicable conduct," and urged that another
coaaander be aent. Huerta wae furious when Inforaed of Madero'a public attack on
hia. Ho wrote a letter to Madero protecting the char gee.
Concerned . . . by the charges which a person so considered as
yoursslf has seen f i t to make agalnat me, ohargee which I repel
d t h d l the energy of which I aa capable, I moat respsetfdly
exhort you to say exaotly wherein ay conduct wae 'inexplicable,'
Thla request of nine oannot be regarded as unreaaonabls, for you
muat be aware that I aa a man of the people, a aoldier and the
father of a f a d l y , d t h no 1fortune to bequeath to my children
but my honor and good name. '
By the end of October Madero had aanaged to have Buerta removed from the
Moreloa oommand. Be waa replaced by General Juvencio Boblee, who pushed the
campaign with great deterdnation aad cruelty. Madero waa now in tha preeidoncy,
aad whoa Zapata e t i l l refueed to lay down hie araa, Madero waa willing to giye
greater support to the campaign than had been the eaae while Husrta was command-
ing. In early Boveaber attempt a were aade to reach an agreement, but these broke
down under the load of distrust which preceding months had brought into being.
On Boveaber 28 Zapata leaned the Plan de Ayala which renounced Madero as the
leader of the revolution and reiterated tho goda of l a d redistribution which
had been formed earlier.
When Madero oaaa to office in Boveaber, Oenerd Huerta waa placed on
hdf-pay and the latter went back to hia bdlding buaineee for a ehort period of
time. He waa thinking of going into a marble quarry partnerehlp when a new revolt

12
* Simonds, "Tletorlano Huerta," p. 725.
IIIII i in II i ' — — — — — il
 36
oaueed d a to bo taken off half-pay and returned to a poaition of military
importance.
Madero gradually loat aoae of hie popdarity during the lnterla govern-
ment of Trandsco Leon do la Barra, but to a large extent t d e was aoraly a
matter of the aubatitutlon of the r e d Madero for the ideal one who had been
applauded earlier. Hie new popdarity wae that of a politician rather than that
of a divine being. After numerous oonfllota within the revolutionary group,
Madero waa foradly elected Preeldent of Medoo in the dddle of October 1911,
Hie victory was a landslide and the election waa porhape the moot honeat that
Medoo had enjoyed. On Boveaber 2 Madero aad hia running mate Joae Maria Pino
Sucrez were dedared foradly elected. The opportudetie Dr. faequo* Gomes bad
been dropped by Madero as a aan more likely to try to lead than to fdlow in a
vice-preeldentid capadty.
On Boveaber 6, 1911, Madero wae eworn In ae Preaident and he began one of
the moat eontroversid political periode in Mexican hlatory, Madero hiaaelf waa
honeat, ldedlstlc and, in aoae waya, able. He waa, however, polltiodly naive
aad Incapable of eeelng evil in anything vhloh wore a good label. He felt that
he had a certain divine guidance which made it impossible for him to bo in error
or to f d l . Because of these tralta the leea ethical membere of hia cabinet were
able to uee hla for their own purpoaoa. Perhaps the moot able member of tho
Madero government was Trancieeo' s brother, Gustavo Madero. Ouatavo waa an
exceedingly practicd man and he attempted to keep Tranolaeo'a feet on tha ground.
Despite this, he was always the follower and never the leader of his brother.
The opposition eaae to bate Ouatavo Madero even more violently than they hated
Trendaco, for Gustavo was the aan who waa most likely to f o i l their plans.
The conservative land-holding classes In Msdco were greatly opposed to
Madero becauae of the reforms that they feared he would put into effect.

The Tlaoa (London), Doeomber 12, 1913, p. 7:4.

a a — — i r i i fcn IIIIII i t3xxsmaammaaimemaMmamammmmmmmmmmmtmmmwmammmummwBBmmmmmmmaa,m\nn*\t i ana
 37
Particularly they oppossd land redistribution, aad dthough Madero did not etart
d a oaroer as aa agrarian reformer, he waa gradually learning of the nsceeeity
for thie type of refora, fhe Madero government wae eoaewhat dow in getting the
wheele of refora in motion, but eventually those wheels did begin to turn.
Unfortunately, aetlon had barely etarted before the government eaae to a pre-
mature end. Bssentlally tho role of tho Madero governaent waa to prepare the
nation for an eoonoaio revolution In an intellectual way. Little lead had been
dletributed by the time of the government' e f d l , but the i d e d no longer eeemed
radlcd or unreallatic. fhe Medeea people were ready to ask for It a d keep
asking until a governaent would do aomething about i t .
fhe Madero governaent, which laeted until February of 1913, waa dieturbed
by probleas of getting the machinery of government Into action while membore of
the old regime attempted to uee the governaent for their own purpoeea. fho
adaldetratlon alao wae haraaaed by a series of ailitary revolte. Of theeo
revolte ody the Zapatista movement was a popular aovoaent and It wae never really
serious so for as the whole oountry was concerned, fhe other revolte were of the
conservative or porsondist type.
Zn foreign affaire the Madero government had very l i t t l e difficulty. The
United States, after favoring Dlas for many year a, had finally turned toward
Madero. Popular opinion here defldtely favored Madero, aad the only thorn In
the dde of the Madero governaent iesued froa the United States Babassy In Medoo
City, Ambaosador Hoary Lane Wllaon waa violently antl-Madero, and d s feelings
grew aore extreae. as time passed. Wilson was closdy Involved with the Guggenheim
laterests, which had eoae into conflict with the smelting lntereete of the Madero
f a d l y in the past. 1 5 fortunately Washington paid l i t t l e attention to the advice
offered by Wilson. The ody threatening geeture made by the Udted Statee during

15
Brneet Gruedng, Mexleo an£ Zip. Heritage (Bow York, 1940), p. 561.

U i I.IIM r I I . u i i H I i iii amuammmmBBmmmmmammmmmmmmmmmmmwmmtmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmzassmi

 38
the Madero regiae waa an order that all troopa In the Udted Statee be prepared
for field service in Tebruary 1912. The purpose of this Increased readlaeee waa
purely defendve end It caused l i t t l e inconvenience to the Madero governaent.
Burly in 1912 Medoo's 26th Congress was oleeted by a fair and honest
election. The composition of the eongroee i s of some importance, for i t waa this
same congress which was ia edatenoe during a largo part of the Huerta presidency.
The 8enate waa composed of a oonaervatlve majority aad henee opponente of Madero.
In the Chamber of Deputiao the government gained a dear- aajorityt but poor
organization oauaed the governaent majority to be frequently ineffective. The
leading eppoaltion group waa that representing the national Catholic parti aa.
Zaeluded among the government supporters was a group of thoroughgoing revolutlon-
ieta celled the Benovatore who did not agree d t h Madero'e condliatory policy.
Another email group of great importance wae the eo-oalled "quedrilaterd" of the
oppoeltioa. Thla waa aada up of four deputlee of great brllllanoe who poaeeesed
preatlge and oratorical skill, fheee four men, Traacleeo M. de Olagulbel, Jose
Maria Lozana, Hemes lo Garcia Xaranjo and Querldo Mono no, were to be etrong
eupportore of Buerta in the eongroee aad later, aeabere of his cabinet.
The leaat eerious of the noteworthy revolte agalnat the Madero government
waa led by General Bernardo Beyee. Beyee had returned to Medoo after the f d l of
Dlas. After an unsuocessfd attempt to enter politics he entered the Udted
States and prepared for rebellion against Madero. On the night of December 13,
1911, Beyee crosaed tho border into Mexleo, A few minor groupe declared in hie
favor; but the whole poorly planned affair soon came to an end, and Beyoa surren-
dered to governaent forces. The old ganerd waa aent to Medoo City under charges
of rebellion and was lodged In the ailitary prison of Santiago Tldtelolco until
Tebruary 1913 when he wae released by the rebels and took part In another
rebellion.

^Ross, Brandsco I. Madero. pp. 225-227.

 39

Bmillo Taequez Gomez wae another political leader who allowed aabitioa to

outweigh pat riot lea. Ho had cooperated d t h Beyee, and la Boveaber 1911 ho began

to make motions toward a rebellion of hie own. Throughout tho first two months

of 1912 ho played the gaae rather elose to hie ehoet and did not announce hlaeolf

in open rebellion. Tarioue small movemente wore etarted oa hie behalf, but they

were of little Importance until Paecual Orosco began a much more important

movement.

Orozeo had been tho ailitary leader in the Madero revolt, and he felt that

he had not been rewarded sufficiently for his cervices. He had hoped for the

goveraorehlp of Odhuahua but waa defeated in an honest election, and Abraham

Gonzales obtained the poet. Later whoa Gonsales left to Join the Madero oablaet,

Orosco was disappointed again when he did not get the poeition ae governor. At

the very least, he wanted a leading army aeeignment; but lnetead be received tho

fairly ainor post as commander of the rurdee (rural police) in the etate of

Chihuahua. Orosco had not been trdned ae a military man end had little formal

training of any sort. The aselgnment he received was probably e q u d to hie

tdente. In January of 1912 Oroseo resigned his position dthough there le no

proof that he as yet thought of rebellion, fhe Tea que s Goaez movemsat gave hla

enoouragement, and he wae probably urged to rebellion by the powerful Terrasas

and Creel faailiee. Theee conservative groupe feared that Madero might attempt

to break up their holdings. It muat be admitted that they had reason for dis-

satisfaction since the period of turaoll had not been eaoy on their property.

After come vacillation Oroseo Joined the rebele on March 3, taking most

of the troops under his command d t h d m . Tranelsoo Tllla, one of hie principal

aidea, waa unwilling to go with hla and iaaedlately took the f l d d agalnat Oroseo.

With Oroseo went a large part of the etate of Ohihuanua einee that chieftain was

extreae ly popdar In his hoae etate. Six thousand eaaeoned troops followed Orosco

into rebellion, for he had Just recently been given an Important command agalnat
 40
tho rebele. Orosoo quickly gdned control of Chihuahua City, and on March 6, the
Plan Orosqdsta was made publlo. fho Plan made vagae ehargea agdast Madero but
did aot give details or aay suggestions for lmproveaent. fhere seeae l i t t l e
doubt that Oroseo waa la rebellion out of pure ambition.
Shortly after Orosoo announoed hlasslf la revolt, the Minister of War,
Joae Gonzalez Sdas resigned d e oabinet poet aad took the field egalnet the
rebels, fhe situation wltdn the capital beoaae very tenae aa word rolled la of
the massing of rebel troops, fhe Amerloen Ambassador, Henry Lane Vileon,
sponsored a defense league for the fordga colony aad began requeetlng ridiedoue
amount a of aasunltloa and weapons froa the United Statee Government. Gonsales
Solas oetabliehed hie base at Torreon, Durangor and announoed amnesty for aay
rebele who would surrender dthln eight daye. Tha government foreee ooasleted of
approdmately d x thousand men, thue making the oppodag for oca of about equal
elms. The federds, however, had the advantage ef possessing soae thirty cannon.
The rebel baaa waa at Jimenez, Chihuahua, some one hundred and forty ailee te the
north of Torreon. Between March 15 and March 19 there were eoveral small encoun-
ter e. federal field headquarter a wore at Cone Joe eeae fifty-five ailee to the
northwest of Torreon. The federal feroee were divided into three groupe under
Generde Truey Aubert, Joaquin Telle s, and Gonzalez salae. Although a unified
attack wae planned, the groups wore soon out of communication d t h eaeh other.
Bear Bellano, ody some forty miles from the rebel base, the eentral soot ion under
Gonsales Sales was attacked by the robele. A locomotive loaded d t h explosives
was sant careening into the federd convoy, and wdle the government foreee were
confused, the rebels dealt tbea a eruadng blow. Gonsales Sales managed to gather
d a troopo together and retreated toward Torreon by train. On the return trip
' 17
Gonsales Sales, feeling himsslf dishonored, committed suicide.
17
BOBS, Tranclscc I. Madero* pp. 261-262.

I - ,
11
41
The defeat of the federd troope throw the oapltd into a p a d e . fhe
d t l s e a s saw Orosquistaa bednd every bush and there were lnslateat demands that
dedolve action be taken by the government, fho ailitary eituation was not really
ae bed as i t seemed. Geaeral Truoy Aubert managed to edvage soaetdng froa tho
oaapalgA by launching a hurried attack agaiaat Jlasnea which made it imposelble
for the rebde to follow up their victory with aa Immediate march oa the oapital.
Orosoo, fluehed d t h victory, dedded that i t was time to eliminate hie rlvala
and as a r a s d t refused to reeogdse Bailie Tasques Gomes' s dalms for tho presi-
dency. Taequei Goaez took refuge in tha United Statee and ehowed a fine impar-
t i d i t y la condemning both of hie old oompanlonev Madero aad Oroseo.
At thie polat Tietorlaao Buerta stepped forward d t h a requeet that ho bo
put la charge of the campaign agalnat the rebele. "I d l l whip d a , " he add*
•Z guarantee i t . " 1 Huerta wae on somewhat better terms d t h Madero than he had
been after the Zapata campaign, due to a speech he had given shortly after tho
Inauguration of Madero. At a banquet honoring the new executive Buerta told
Madero that he waa wrong to distrust tho army, aa the army was bound to do i t s
duty and would dways be l o y d to tba constituted government•** Madero e t i l l
aiatrueted Huerta, however, and waa reluotant to agree to d s request even though
the Ooundl of Ministers urged such a step. Madero said, "Huerta le a drunk. Ho
can't etay out of the can tinea." Maauel Cdoro, the Minister ef foreign Eola-
tions, replied, "When Lincoln was asked to drop Grant becauae he was a drunkard,
Lincoln asked what brand ho drank aa he wodd like to eend some to d e other gen-
erals." This seemed to bo the dinehing argument for Madero for he quickly agreed
to send Buerta.91

18-Cumberland, Gene d o Under Madero. pp. 196*19 7.

19
0eorge Creel, The People Bext poor.; An. ZntorproUT* Hlotorr s£ Medcc
SfiA &£. Modoaae (Bow YorkT 1926)t pTaOB.
20Slmonds, "Tlotoriano Huerta," p. 735.
'^Manual Oalero, UJL Poconlo do. Polltlea Modcana (Bow York, 1920),
pp. 131-132.
 48

Buerta was greeted by d a troopa with groat enthusiasm for he had tha
reputation of being a winning commander. Buerta begaa hie period ae commander
ef the Division of the Berth d t h careful preparationa. He bad taken tha taek
d t h the underetanding that there wodd be ae executive interference and that
expense wodd be no object. He proposed to build a depeadablo army, aad he
deoliaed t o use any but his own choice of offloere. Huerta folt oertaln that
thie wae his one big opportudty, and ha had no Intention of failing. Be chose
thooe eleaeate whom he was sure would be aost able aad aoet willing to follow
ordere.
While Huerta wae organising his forces, recruiting new onoa and aeadlng
equipment to the north, edraishes oontinued in that region. Huerta trained d s
new foroee d t h great care and at the same tiae discovered a number of reliable
subordinates, among whom were Jesus M, Babago aad Guillormo Babio Bavarrate.
Babio was perhaps the outstanding artillery coaaander in the Mertoan army aad waa
to bo of great value In the campaign against Orosoo. Be was also aa excellent
orgadzer.
On April 12 Buerta arrived at Torreon and aet up his headquartere. Ho
offered aaaeaty to a l l rebele who would subdt witda fifteen days. Buerta' e
progress soeaed exaepsratlngly slow to many, but he was allowed to prepare lu hla
own way, Oroseo la the aaaatime was doing notdng to improve bis position. Whoa
the battle finally eaae, he waa to find himself ao stronger than he had been
weeke before. Huerta eoon had a force of nine thousand man and felt prepared to
move agalnat the enemy. Huerta'a foreee were aada up of a battalion of eappers
(zapadoree), five battalions of Infantry, the volunteers of XIeo, two cavalry
regiaents, two eorpe of rurelee, four batteries of field artillery aad one of
aountaia artillery, three of aaohine gone and one aouated battery. Besldee these
there were Irregular foreee under Brandsco Villa and Haul and Sailio Madero.22
22 /
Garcia Graaadoe, Hlatorla do Medoo. Tol. ZZ, p. 290.
 43
Barly la May Huerta put hie troope in motloa toward the north froa
Beraejlllo, a d t y a few ailee north of forreon. Oroseo at this same time be
impatient and loft d e positions at Parral la Chihuahua. Hia troope bad the die- .
advantage of being poorly supplied and greatly inferior in artillery. Orosoo's
offensive plan was well eoneelvd. He hoped te send flanking foreee around the
federal troops and cut tbea off froa their supplies at Torreon aad to hinder the
artillery by deetroying the railways. A coluan of 1500 men led by Jose Znes
Salasar was to flank the federal troope on tho right side, but near Monclova t d e
foroe wae aet aad eoaplotely routed by Oenerd fruey Aubert. fhe remaldng rebele
were pursued into the deaert where many of them perished.

fhe column wdeh intended te flank the government foroes on the left was
oompossd of 3,000 men lad by Candee, Baillo Campa and Benjamin Argumedo. They
marched eouth from Bellano with the aim of reaching Torreon, but at Podrieena
they were held up by a tenaeioua foroe ef federal troope and were late i a reaedng
thdr objective. Aa a resdt the battle wae deoided before thdr activltiee eodd
have any effeot. 3 *
On the evening of May 11 the advanced unite of the two armlea made con-
tact, near Conejos on the Central Bailroad. fhe rebel foroee were ia strong
positions a d the armlea were of about equal else. Huerta, however, used Ms
artillery advantage d t h skill. At 7 A.M. the federal foroee began an artillery
barrage wdeh quickly eliminated the small artillery force of the rebele. Orosoo
then foolishly ordered an infantry attack whloh was thrown back d t h serious
loesee. By noon of May 12 the battle was deoided. A federal Infantry attack
found the enemy poaitiona empty, fhe rebele had fled northward leadng 600 dead
and wounded on the field. A large amount of supplies was d s o captured, fhe
25
federal losses were not over 40 dead and 75 wounded.

Garcia Granadoa, Hlatorla de Mexico, Tol. II, pp. 290-291.

^Zbid., p. 291.
25
Zbld.. pp. 291-292.
 44
fhe next phase la the caapaiga consisted of a slow advance by the federd
forces as they repaired the railways destroyed by the retreating rebele. Zt wae
ebdoua that Oroseo must offer battle or be pushed completely out of Odhuahua by
d a relentloee pureuere. Oroseo ohose Bellano as hla place for a stand. Zt waa
here that he had defeated Gonzales Salae and he hoped for a eiellar victory.

fhe morning of May 22 found the federal forcea well entrenched opposite
the rebele and, as at Conejoe, the battle began d t h an artillery barrage. The
battle laeted throughout the 22nd, and on May 23 tha enemy e t i l l held their
poeitione. During the dght the federal artillery had kept up a eteady barrage
wdch hid an encircling aovoaent by the federal Infantry. The move waa succeea-
ful and the rebels were forced to retreat. Tho battle had laeted twenty-two
36
hours and again the rebel loeaea were over 600.
Buerta bad redised qdte early In the caapaiga that rtetory waa daoet
assured, aad he wae eoaewhat disappointed to aee that the campaign waa not going
to be aa long and d l f f i c d t as he had hoped. Huerta had high hopee of receiving
the Mldetry of War aa a reward for hia victor lea and he now began to fear that
the campaign wodd not be of aufficlent magnitude to gain dm that post. As a
result he bsgan attempt a to prolong the campaign. He began to delegate more and
aore authority. He drank heavily realizing that d a aubordinates were able and
well trained. As a r e s d t the campaign was pushed lees vigorously and the rebele
eecaped and lived to fight again. Bubio Bavarrete waa particularly relied upon
by Huerta, and in the battle of Bellano Huerta dmself took l i t t l e part. The
subordinates might d n the military glory, but the political advantage wodd fall
to hla. Huerta'e name was on everyone's lipe throughout the nation. Be had held
prominent positions for a short time in the past, but never before had ho been
truly a national figure. The politicians now looked to dm d t h respect, and the

26 t *
Garcia Granadoa, Hlatorla de. Mexico^ Tol. ZZ, pp. 292-293.

i s s — a n 1.1111111 inn "iii" i ' i i i II in. n ii\mmmuaasssmataaaammmasmmamwmKmmmmmmmmmmmmtmtaiammmammsammari 11 • HIE;

mwmwmmtK3ggmxssBsssg2ssm&m*mmmammmwmwmmmm*mw*mtmmtmmmmmm^

45
army offleere aad men admired him more than ever for he ehared the honors d t h
them.
fhe rebels retreated toward Jiaones d t h their epirlts broken. The leaue
wae no longer In doubt. The o d y queetion remaining waa how much longer the
campaign would go on. Huerta continued to follow in his expensive, timo-
conbuming, but completely secure, aanner. The rebele dthdrew finally to Bachlaba
where they determined to make a stand in an attempt to eave Chihuahua City.
It was at Jimenez that an unfortunate event occurred. Tranoleco Tllla'a
eoldlera had expropriated an unusually fine Bare, whereupon the owner of the
horee complained to Huerta who insisted that the horse be returned to i t s owner,
Tilla disobeyed the order and Huerta ordered dm ehot. Tllla wae dready before
the firing squad when the efforte of Colonels Haul Madero and Bubio Bavarrete,
who had asked for tho Preeldent'a aid, gained Tilla a etay of execution. Madero
telegraphed that he wished Tllla eent to Modeo City. Tilla wae Jailed in the
oapitd but aoon eacapod. Tde incident did much to dionate Huerta. Ho had been
aasursd that there would be no interference by the executive in hie handling of
the campaign and felt that he had been Insulted by the actlone of Madero.
The battle of Bachlaba wae l i t t l e different from the earlier battlee.
The federd foreee found the enemy entrenohed in Baehimba canyon. The federd
artillery again forced thea to retreat, and the rebele dthdrew to Chihuahua City
which f e l l a few daya later. The rebel forces which were now badly battered,
retreated to Oludad Juarez on the United State* border. Just after the middle of
August when t d e city d s o f e l l to the governaent, the rebel forces were diepereed
to continue their activities as guerillas.
Huerta's task was now at aa end and he returned to Modeo City. He
preaented himself to Madero with great ceremony, accompanied by Bubio Bavarrete
whose military reputation bad been made in the northern campaign. Huerta
protested his loyalty to Madero and explained away a shortage of- funds of some
 46
27
1*600,000 pesos during his campaign d t h the worde "I aa ao bookkeeper.* Huerta
wae loaded down d t h honors but l i t t l e else oaaa of d e dreaae. He waa aada
General of Division and then retired to the waiting l i a t for reassignment, fhe
reassignment never came about under noraal clrouaetanees and Huerta became pro-
greesively more bitter. He wae in i l l hedth at the and of the Oroseo campaign
due to a reoeeurrenoa of cater aet a; but when hie health returned to noraal and
there wae s t i l l no algn of a new command, he began to drink heavily and wait for
9ft

soae likely opportunity.

By Septeaber 14, 1912, the flmee of London wae reporting rumore of a
coning move by Buerta to seise control of tho government. The coup wae rumored
to be a chadded for September 16. Huerta, however, continued to avow that he waa
—go
l o y d to Madero. At t d e tiae he wae really doing everytdng in hie power to
get back in the good graces of the government. Guetavo Madero eeeme to have been
favorably deposed toward Huerta, porhape becauae they were both practical men.
Tmnoiaco Madero e t i l l felt inolined to play faat and looao d t h Huerta. He
aeeas to have trusted d a but not to have liked d a . Aa a result he would uee
Huerta only ae a trouble shooter aad not as a full partner in Ms regime.
Toward the end of 1912 an Interesting meeting took plaoe. At a govera-
aeatd function at Chapultepeo Huerta aet the governor of Coahuila, Don Tenuotiano
Carran za, for the first time. Their reactions to saoh other are of lntereet In
the light of their later relatione. Carranza, upon meeting General Huerta, took
Madero adde aad told him that ho muet not trust tho Generd ae he was treaeheroue
aad disloyd. 30 Huerta* s reaetion was aore direct. He wae greeted coldly by

27
Creel, Jfej. People Bext Door, p. 307.
28
Memoriae, del Huerta. pp. 14-15.
29
Bow York Times. Tebruary 19, 1913, p. 3:2.
30
Miguel Alesslo Bobles, Hi tt or la Politico do. la Ravclnclon (Modeo,
1938), p. 27.
la
 47
Carraasa aad immediately saw that Oarransa was an eneay. " . . . he aleo wanted
to be Preeldent and had guessed my thoughts."31
fhe last bid for power by the conservatives in 1913 was made by Telix
Dlas. Telix was the nephew of the dictator Porflrio Dlas and had been greatly
favored by his unds. Telix was sent to the Military Oollege aad gained a aoet
in the Chamber of Deputlee. fhe old dictator, however, did not favor aabltioa ia
anyone, not even in a member of hie own family; aad whoa he found thie trait la
hie nephew, he sent him to Chile on a diplomatic mission. Somewhat later Telix
wae given the poet of Inspector of Police of the Tederd Diet riot, vdeh was a
poeition of moderate importance. Telix alwaye considered hlaeolf d o nude's
heir, aad oa October 16 he rebelled against the Madero government. Be iesued a
plaa as did most rebele, but i t contained l i t t l e prodse of reform and wae essen-
t i a l l y a document showing d s own personal ambition. With tho aid of dightly
leee than two battdlone Dlas aanaged to seize the olty of Tera Cruz and called
for the fleet aad army to support dm. Although the upper olaeses showed aoae
inclination in favor of Dlas, the rebellion never got beyond Tera Cruz. The
Ohaaber of Deputies signed a resolution supporting the executive, while Madero
remained unconcerned. General Joaquin Beltran was ordered to move on Tera Orus,
and after auoh verbal exchange in which Bias tried to eeduoe the oppoelng com-
mander, Beltran took Tera Orus d t h very l i t t l e rezletanoe. Dies was tried by
court aartial beginning on Ootober 24. Tarloue delegations attempted to get
Madero to interfere either against Dlas or In his favor, but the President 1st the
courts deolde the case. Diaz was finally imprisoned in Modeo Olty where he wae
to oause further trouble for the Preeldent,

The Madero government now settled down to lte most fruitful period. Bo
more Berloue military difficultiee bothered it until Tebruary of 1918. The more
31
Memortn Ail Huerta. p. 14.
 ammm

liberal members of tho Chamber of Deputies begem to make their prosenee f e l t , and
the govornmsat began to look exceedingly solid, fhe oountry was l a alld fInaneial
diffloultlee because of tho ailitary campaigns which had boon aoeeesary, but the
ehaneea of recovery seemed good. Although Madero had lest a good dad of d o
popularity, the nation ae a whole e t i l l favored hia, Uafortuaately the Praeideat
aada enealee of those who would have been d s aoet valuable supporters, aad even
aore unfortunate was the fact that he did not eeoa to realise i t , Madero*a pro-
found faith in hlasdf was to cauae hia downfall, and the time wae aot far away.
Huerta spent the last months of tho Madero regiae in plotting and
drinking. Ho never eomdtted himself to aay plaa agdnet Madero, however. He
wodd lleten and euggoat but he never^took the final atop of preparing for rebel-
lion. While recovering d o health at the pdvata sadtarlua of hie friend Dr.
Urrutla, Huerta had frequent me stingo d t h Gar d a Baranjo who repraeeated the
coneervative "quadrilateral." Wheaever the various antl-Madoro groups approached
hla, he was willing to discuss the subject of rebellion freely. Zn the meantime
Huerta, who had saved some 30,000 peeoe from the Oroseo campaign, went into eome
email eode contracting. He enjoyed that type of work but aabltion made i t
lapoeeible for hla to be satisfied. With ao definite plan in dnd Huerta could
only wait and discourage the more ridiculous schemes that wore propoeed to him. 82

32.
Memoriae del Huerta. pp. 17-18.
 eawBMB«MB9aaamBBi.awpmn.

CHAPTBB ZZZ

TBB TBAGZO TBB DAY8

Zn early 1913 the forces oppoead t o tho Madero government began to gather

strength. Madero himself did not believe that there wae any serious danger and

refueed t o l i s t e n to h i s friends a d supportere when they advised caution. Tho

Benovator group d t h l n tho Chamber of Deputlee finally approached Madero in l a t e

January aad offered to support hia if he wodd put forward a progreeslve plan and

make cabinet change a that were in harmony d t h the wiahea of the people. fhey_

insieted that the revolution wae being rdned by the appoint aent to key govern-

mental posit iona of per aona who did not sympathise d t h reform. Madero, however,

wae not inclined to favor euoh cabinet changee. He assured the deputlee that

there wae notdng to f e a r .

fhe root of the nation wae not so confident as Madero. There were rumors

of plots and betrayda on d l aides and many of thorn had at loaat a degree ef

truth behind them. About thie time Huerta preceded d a e e l f one afternoon at the

hoae of Tice-Preeident Pino Snares. Pino was frightened as he believed that tho

long ruaored plot waa unfolding. Hia r e l i e f wae d e l b l e when Husrta smbraoed dm

and aald, "Senor Pino Snares', my enemiez eay that Z aa going t o r e v o l t . Z am

hero to assure you of ay adherence te the governaent." The attitude of the Tloe-

Preoident indicated the general Jumpinees of the Maderlat group. Other ruaora

Manuel Marques Sterling, Los. Ultimas Dlas del Presldante Madero (Havana,
1917), p . 348.

49

' i ii
 50
statsd that there were plots by Governor Carranza of Coahuila and Oenerd
Jeronimo Trevino to overthrow tho government.
The most serious anti-Madero aovoaent waa developing in aad around the
national capital. Gustavo Madero atumbled on i t by pure luck. He lent some
money to a down-and-out colonel and In gratitude the aan told him of the plot
that wae under way. He gave Guetavo a Hat of tha namee of those involved. The
beginning of the revolution waa sst for March 16. There were eight peroone of
importance induded in the -Hot wdch Ouatavo received; Generd Bernardo Reyes
was at that time confined in Santiago barra eke in Modeo City; Generd Manuel
Mondragon was the active organiser of the conspiracy; Bodolfo Beyes, son of
Bernardo, wae a noted lawyer; Generd Telix Dlas was then confined to the peni-
tentiary in Mexico City; General Aurellano Blanquet waa in active command of
4,000 troopa ia foluea in the state of Mexloo; General Beltran wae commanding
troopa at Tacubaya, a suburb of the capltd; Generd Bavarrete commanded the
artillery at Tacubaya. General Tletorlano Huerta waa Hated ae uncertain elnee
he had not poeitively agreed to Join. Guetavo ruahed to the President with hie
information but Praaeiseo simply refueed to believe it and refused to take any
steps to lnvestigats ths story. The disclosure accomplished l i t t l e except to
alarm the plotters and cause thea to hurry their preparations.

The main originatore of the Telidat revolt (named for Telix Diaz) were
Oenerd Manuel Mondragon and General Manuel Velazquez for Diaz, and Generd
Orogorio Ruiz on the part of Bernardo Beyee. Beyee had l i t t l e political ambition
at the time but, ae alwaya, he wae ready to leap at any opportudty which waa
offered him. Telix Diaz d a o had l i t t l e in the way of political plana but rather

, Jorge Tera Betanol, La Bovoluclon Mexlcana. Orlgonee y_ Besultados

(Mexico, 1967), p. 269,
8
Bdward I. Bell, The. Political Shame of Medcc (Hew York, 1914),
pp. 258-265.
 51

entrusted himself to the hands of h i s aide. General Mondragon. fhe plotters

met dally, uaually at the office of Bodolfo Beyee, who waa intereated only for

MB father'e Bake. In Mondragon the temperament of an orgadzer waa revealed.

He was a careful planner and hence took the lead in the or g a d zing phaae.

Huerta had been approached repeatedly to Join the rebellion but he

refused t o do s o . He did not give an abaolutely f i n d answer, however, for he

s t i l l hoped something might turn the revolt to d a own good. Huerta disliked

Madero and d a regime, but thie waa not sufficient reason for dm to take action.

He was motivated by ambition and was u n d l l l n g to Join a aovoaent which offered

the preeidoncy to Beyes on a proviclonal basis, the permanent preddenoy to

Diaz, and l e f t Huerta with, at moat, a cabinet poet. Huerta wodd move only

when he aaw the presidency beckoning to bin. Thue i t wae that whenever he wae

asked about the revolt he merely euggeatod that i t be held off for a b i t longer.

Tde actually waa a faotor In bringing about the revolt at an early date, for

the conspirators did not entirely trust General Huerta and were afraid he would
5
give them away.

As the time for the revolt approached, the police became more vigilant

and the conspirators found i t more and more difficult t o meet in secrecy.

They were afraid that they night be arreeted at any time, f l n d l y the new date

of Tebruary 9 was chosen for the rebellion and Generd Mondragon went Into hiding

on friday, Tebruary 7 to begin the final preparations. On that day General

Buls visited Bernardo Reyes in the prison a d inforaed hia that d l waa ready.

Mondragon had oontrol of the a r t i l l e r y at Tacubaya, and General Ruiz commanded

the 1st Cavalry of the same c i t y . Parte of the 20th battalion which guarded

^Reyes, Do. &. Tlda. Tol. X, pp. 198-203.

^Memoriae del Huerta. pp. 18-19; JbJA., PP* 205-207.

 52

Santiago prison were corrupted as were some machine gun companies and mounted
police. The students of the School of Aspirants (cadets) were counted upon
by the rebele aa well. 6
The rebellion was not intended for the purpose of aettlng up a military
governaent nor of restoring a Porflrian regime. Bernardo Beyee had ehown on
occasion that he was at least somewhat liberal. When Telix Dlas assumed con-
trol of the movement after Reyes' death, he ahowed the Intention of eetting up
a civilian government with democratic-progressive tendenoiee. Thin was demon-
strated by U s choice of cabinet mlnistera, for none were Porflrian or clerlod,
and d l ware of llberd and civilian atock except Mondragon, who waa to be
Minister of War. Bone were Huertlats nor did any of them bays any connection
with Huerta except through aa agreeaent to call elections. 7
Barly on the morning of february 7 the plot began to unfold. Two groups
of rebels left Tacubaya and the Military School of Aspiraats in Tlalpaa. The
Tacubaya group headed for the Military Prison of Santiago for the purpose of
freeing Bernardo Beyee. The guarde of the prleon offered no resistance, and
Beyee quickly put himself at the head of the column wdch continued on lte way
to the penitentiary where Telix Dlas waz being held. The rebels demanded that
tha guards of the penitentiary surrender and after a brief delay they did so
since they were too weak to reelet for any length of time. Telix Diaz was not
ready for hia sudden release, however, for he had not been warned of tho change
in date. Thue, there was a further lapse of time while he completed U s preper-
atione. These two delays proved costly to tho rebele later, ae they largely
nullified tho Initial advantage of surprise.

tReyee, De. M£. 71d£, Tol. I, pp. 211-212.

7
Tera Bstanol, La Rovoluclon Mexican*, pp. 282-283,
p—a.iiiii .BSBBBS-L- II.. i i i c n g s a i a r a — « j w j u . i m — p w w i — — i m n w 11 n n i — ^ — a n ^
53
Tho second column which was aade up largely of aspirants took posseesioa
of tho Batlonal Palace. The Palace guards agreed to support the rebele.
Guetavo Madero heard about the rebellion eoon after i t got under way, and
realising that the Batlond Palace wodd be a point of importance, rushed to
the Palace and made a valiant effort to d n the aspirant-guard coalition to the
Madero cause. The guards of the Palace wore inclined toward loyalty, and
Gustavo, d t h a speech which referred slurrlngly to the courage of Beyee aad
the dandified habite ef Dlas, nearly won tho troops over. Reyes was not noted
for groat ecurage or reeolution dthough ho wae alwaye d l l i n g to grasp a likely
opportunity; Dlas was well-known aa a lady* a man and hit popularity d t h tho
average aoldler waa limited. 8 But, despite his eloquence, Gustavo failed to
eonviaoe enough of the guarda to remain loyal to Madero. It wae not until the
Military Commander of the Plaza, General Lauro Tiller, arrived with a asmll
force of troops that tho Palace again f e l l into government hands. The aspirants
wars quickly rounded up and put under guard. The loyal troope then prepared to
defend the Palace against the expected arrival of the aaln body of the rebele.
Tha first group of rebele to arrive wae led by General Rule and, believing
tho Palace to be in rebel hands, they walked into a trap and were quickly
arreeted by General Tiller and Adolfo Basso, the Intendant of tho Batlonal
Palace. Immediately after tUa Generd Beyoa appeared before the gatea. Tiller
told him that the Palace was in government hands and asked hia to surrender.
Beyee doubting that the guards wodd fire on Ua and determined not to survive
another failure to aolse supreme power, ignored the warning of Tillar and
oontinued to advance.9 The guarda of the Palace opened fire and Reyes and a
number of others went down in a hail of bullets. A furious battle followed for
about ten ninutes during which aany civilians died in the deadly cross-fire.

^ e l l , XhJ. P o l l t l c d Shane of. Mexico, pp. 271-276.

9
Reyeo, Do M£. Tlda. Tol. I , p. 219.
g g a a i .in i nil i 11 — — ^ i — d u — u ^ j - i m - t i .hii miLmumtm*mmmmmmwmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmiMmmmammB*aBs^maatBa
mmmaBaaesasstr^es=aaaaessBtsasssBmw!ssmu tiMuiuiiemmrmiemimirmwmmmmmmmmmmBmmmmmmmmtt-mmnwmammsBS^Bmmm
84.
Over four hundred persons were klllsd in t d e brief period and aaay hundreds ware
wouaded. Aaoag tho injured was General Tiller who received a wound la the cellar-
bone, fhls may have beea the aost important bdlet la Ned eaa history for it
later proved lnetrumentd im the fall of the Madero government. Tolledag tha
battle. Bias led tho rebele away froa the Palaoe aad retreated toward the Oludad-
ela fortress ooao dletaaoe away. Before aoon they aaaaged te gala control of the
fertreae where they remained for aoae tea days.
Preeldeat Madero bad reoeived word of the evente that were taking- plaoe
aad when he learaed that the government had retakea the Batlonal Palaoe, he
resolvsd te go there. Mounted oa a beautiful white horae Madero led a small foroe
froa Ohapdtepee Castle dsag the Paseo de la Beferaa toward tho Palaoe. Ae waa
usual d t h Nadero ia aoeents of groat atrese aad danger, he proved to be dthout
fear. Aa he approached tho Bat load f heater, he heard heavy fir lag froa the
direotloa of the Palaoe. fhe group dedded te wait at this poiat uatil aero
laforsmtioa could be gained. At tde moment a saa la olvlllaa olothes aad
wearing blue glaeesB loft a oar aad approached the President. He was quickly
reeogdsad to be Tletorlano Huerta aad whoa he reached Madero he put dmeelf uader
the orders of tho President. As bullete were beginning to fly rather freely ia
the area, the Preeldent took refuge in the Daguerre Photo Shop. Buerta suggested
that It wodd be better If the President returned to the Oaetle ac he should not
expose himedf to danger. But it was sooa learaed that the eituation wae uader
control at tho Palaoe and the column oontinued on its way.
fhe firet problem which Madero bad te solve wae that of finding a replace-
ment for General Tiller, fhe Minleter of War, Oarela Pane, mentioned Buerta ae
a likdy choice. Madero approved ef the suggestlea aad Buerta thaaked d a for d e

10
Rose, Braaalaoa £, Madero. p. 284.
Marques Sterling, Lej. klieos. DJaa. pp. 191-192.
oonflesnoe. "X d l l prove to you, Mr. President, that I aa a grateful aad loyd
aaa, aad ia twenty-four houro the seditious oass will have subdtted." Be appear-
ed to be very oaotioad aad waated to kaool dowa aad kiss the hand ef Madero, who
prevented hia d t h a rapid geeture aad embraced MB.12 Tiller, who though
wounded, had remained at do poet until replaced, learaed ef the appolatmeat,
approached Huerta and cautioned, "Much eare Tletodano, much care."
Baerta' a first aet was to carry out aa order to execute Goneral Bala aad
fifteen aspirants. It is not oertala where the order originated but Buerta oar-
taldy carried it out with daerlty for Ruiz knew of Baerta* s contacts d t h the
rabd leadere. Buerta uadoubtedly hoped te show his loyalty to tho Preeldent aad
olleaao a possible informer at the tame tiae.
While Huerta prepared the government troopa for operatleae agalast tho
Oludadela, Madero made a hurried trip to Ouernavaoa to sea General Tellpe Aagelss
aad aak d a for relaforooaeate. Aageloo was known to be loyal ao well aa able.
Ia waa upeet whoa ho learaed that Buerta had baea plaoed ia charge ef tho defease
of tho government aad Madero was partially convinced that he had aada a detake.
Aagdee proaleed te eend treope ae soon aa poadblo a d Madero returned to tha
capital, 14
Word waa aent to the outlying districts aaar the eapitd to aaad reln-
foreeaente te tho eapitd and gradually tho federd foreee begaa to bdld up.
Huerta, while aakiag plaaa to defeat tho rebele, wae dso asking plans of hla owa.
Brandseo do la Barra visited Buerta at the Palaoe and wae dlghtly sickened by
tho blood aad bodieo which still remained la the plaaa. He found Huerta sittlag

ML*
a
Teiix r. Fdavielnl, Ml Tlda Bovolucleaada (Mexloo, 1937), pp. 152-153.
13 * ,
, Alfoneo Taraeena, HI Tide. fn. £4 Terligo. At la. BfTBolffatB MttttBBl,
(Mexico, 1936), p. 179.
Boss, freaolseo X* Madero. p. 388.
 86
d t h a bottle of brandy before hia aad a telograa froa Madero la his haad. Buerta
wae p d o but oa hie faoe waa aa expression ef tranquility which rather surprised
tho ex-President, fhe Generd waa apparently even tbea trying eat tho preaidea-
t i d eeat. 1 8
Henry Lane Wileon, the American Ambassador, waa auoh pleased with tha
proceedings since ho had Informed Wasdagtsa that the Madero government was ready
to f a l l aad it looked like the time waa near. Za fact, tho Ambassador was aet
opposed to helping i t fall. Oa the afternoon of fohruary 9 Telix Dlas asked
Wllaon to urge Madero to resign. Wilson refueed ae he f d t i t wae a bit praaatare
aad Barely aeked both aides te protect tho foroiga ooloaleo. 1 * for tha next few
daye Wilsoa waa kept busy proddiag ehelter for the Aaarteaa foroiga odony which
waa badly fdghtened. Bis reports te Waehington generally eaphadsed the strength
of the rebels aad tha woakaoaa ef the Madero governaent.
Other aoabere ef the diplomatic corps were of laportaaoe for the fate ef
Medoo. fho British Midster, Iraaols Strongs, deplored violence and was basl-
o d l y a peacemaker. Bo was always d l l i n g to offer asylua la his legation, fhe
Treneh Mldater, Paul Lefdvre, was a aaa ef long latfa Aaerioaa oxpsrioaoo aad
auoh culture. Bernardo J. de Cologan, tha Spadeh aUdster, wae a t d l saa ef
grave appearance who fouad d e dutlee a wearing problea due te Mexloea antagoalsa
toward the Spaalsh. Tllla la particular took pleasure la badgertag any Spadeh
aatioaals that he dght ooao aeroae. Admiral Tea Bint so, the Mia later of Geraaay,
waa a aaa ef very oorreet aaanor, great latelligeaoe, l i t t l e feellag aad treaaa-
doue courage. He waa later to become noted for d a rather faataetle adventures
as a eeablnod diploaatlc and lntolllgenoe agent during World War I. Maauel

15
0'8haughneeay, Intlaato Paaea. pp. 309-810.
16
United States Governmeat, Departaent ef State, Papera Belatiaa: Ip. the
JsulBk Bill\\iffBS fil IBB. BBliSft. ilBllS, (WasUngton, 1930)-, Tel. for 1913,
pp. 700-708.
— » — P H I " I H I Ml • IWMMMMII 1—1 — — — — — — — • • — M ^ — — ^ —

57
Marques Sterling, tho Cuban Minleter, waa very active during tho tragic tea days,
particularly ia d e efforts to save tho llvee ef Madero aad Plao Snares. Bo seems
te have played a role ef great diplomatic eorreotmeos, dthough de sympathise
worm d t h Madero.
By the Bordag of Tebruary 10 the rebellloa waa essentldly crushed.
Telix Bias aad Maauel Mondragee did aet have the popularity to draw more foreos to
thea aad tho federd foreos uader Buerta gradudly grew duriag the aext week until
the federal oomeander waa hard pressed act te d a la spite of himself. As it waa,
Buerta proferred to give the impression of fur lone fighting, while he really eat
bank aad waited for the rebels to addt they were beaten. Then dctery would ooao
to thea as a gift froa Buerta aad aoet ef the reward wodd go to tha giver, for
the aext aiae days there wae sporadic firing ef eaall arae and artillery* ef which
very little wae alaod d t h accuracy aad seas not alaed at d l . dthough aaay
rounds of artillery were expended by both sides, the Oludadde was hit oaly eaoe
sad tba Batloaal Palace only tdoe. fho root of tha explosives fell oa laneeent
dtlsens throughout the olty. Generd Aagdes found that tho range of Ue guns
had been changed when he prepared to open fire. Babio Bavarrete gradually
redised what Baerta iateaded and elalaed that tba Oludadela wae impregnable after
earlier haviag addtted that i t would be aa easy aark. Generd Slaaouet wae
ordered to briag d a foreos froa foluea and when they arrived they were used for
ody lnnoosnt purposes. Tlaelly BUaqnet took charge ef the Palaoe guard.
Siadtaaeeudy, latrlgue wae underway. De la Barra wae not directly
Involved in the Tdieiet awvaneat but he favored i t , end on Tebruary 10 he and
Buerta aet at tho Mlnletry of Oobernaoloa to dieouee the eituation.17 Zt was the
first ef a nuabsr ef asstlngs ia that bdlding between Huerta and various pereona
representing the rebele. At 10 A.M. ef that eaae day, Telix Dlas left the
17
Bdl, fJatrrttflr*! Stem.!*. Efcalfil* P. 398.

BBmmasmmmmeamssssssssaaassmsasBSBmaamBaammmaBmtuamm^
—wmmm—tai.inf 11 i., n n m iiiii».«»g»!»=w»»CTBWw»w»»iwww«w»aM——CTWWwnw««B»«»wnMaanMMi^MMnMaMe»E

68
Cludadala and acooapanled Bad quo Cepoda and Oalso Acosta te "Bl Globe," a snail
eafo ia the ©enter of the eity, where they aet Colonel Oaueque, a repreeentative
of Buerta. After a ehort eoaferenee Diai returned te the Ciudadela bavlag
arraagsd a sooting d t h Buerta for tha follodag day,18 Oepeda* who waa variously
reported to bo aaythiag froa a dose friend ef Baerta to d a illogitiaato eon, was
to eerve as aa lataraodlary between Buerta aad Bias, aad Huerta and Henry Lane
Wileoa, throughout the period of the revolt. Be was a aaa of low eharaeter aad
aa aleoholie ae well as a drug addict. Be wae te rise high la the favor ef Huerta
aad thea lose that flavor doag d t h hia l i f e .
Oa Tebruary 11 Baerta aad Bias aet oeeretly at the hoae of Oepeda ea tba
Odle de Bapoles and oaaa to a definite agraeaeat te turn tho battle Into a faros,
although it ia udikmly that Huerta eoaaltted aimsalf to aay speeifie action to
oarry oat thla agrecaent. Dlas was at the aerey of tho federd eoaaander aad
seoas to have baea aware of the fact. 1 9
The follodag day Henry lane Wilsoa, together with Addral vea Biatse and
Senor Colegaa, paid a violt to Madero at the Batioaal Palace. They protected
that the boBbardaent la the d t y was causing such lees ef l i f e aad property
damage. Madero was eabarraeeed aad blamed Dlas for tho diffiedtiee. Wllaon was
udapreeaed. After a retura to tho eabaesy where they not Mr. Stronge of tho
British Mldetry, they vlcited Dlas la tho Ciudadela aad gave d a the saaa
aessage that they had given Madero. Bias of oourso biased i t d l oa Madero aad,
30
ae was te bs oxpeeted, Wileoa waa favorably lmpreaaed,
Bobruary 13 passed d t h aa laoreaee la the aaouat of firing by both sides
but l i t t l e waa aeeoapllahed ia either a ailitary or diplomatic way. Many groups,
Htaaoa Prida, Dje. la. Dlctadnra a Ja_ ^ f r w i * (Guatemda, 1929), p. 87.
W
lbJA., p. 90.
20
Henry Laae Wileoa, Diplomatic Bplaodoo \m. KtSififl., Bsldum §n£ Chile
(Garden City, Bow York, 1987), pp. 855-259.
1^—wmt U.K., I I — — • — W W — • • I I I I M J I I M I . I — . — » ^ M ^ M — 1 — T - — . ^ —

59
however, were beginning to f e d that aoae draetle aotioa aaat bo takea te briag
aa oad to tha sltuatloa.
By february 14 other persons begaa to put their fiagere late tha pio of
latdgue. fho Minleter of foreign Relatione, Pedro Lascurain, paid a visit te
Wilson oa tha aordag of that day aad lot lasted that ho thought that Madero ehodd
resign, Lascurain was basically honeat aad l o y d , aad the fact that he s h o u l d ^
21
express ouch aa epidoa was evidence that the etrain waa beeeaiag great."* Oa
t d e saaa day the Britieh Midoter francie Strongs directed a b e t t e r to Wllaon
which read aa follows I
Private. Tory eonf idontial. My eeteeaod Mr. Wilaoat
Ae you must know, la the ease of the absence of the President of
the Bepubllo tha leadersUp of tho adaimietratioa f a l l s to tha
Minleter of foreign Beletiene.
Baw thea, Z have very good reason to bdleve that i f i t
should happen that Mr. Madero reslga aad Mr. Lassurala reaalaa as
Provieienul President, that gentleaaa will r d y em tha oerdid aid
of persoaa of great p o l l t l o d laftuaaoa aad reputatlom,
Z algat aaa, that dthough Mr. Lascuraia doee met beleag
ta tho Progressiva Party, he has Baea by foroe of droumctanoeo
ia latlaate ooatact with i t e p r i a d p d leaders aad, therefore
they will have lose d l f f l e d t y thaa with aay ether porsoa (aet
a party aoabar) l a coatrelllag the sltuatloa. f d s l a presented
for your ooasideratloa , • , .*•
fhus, even tho gentle Mr. Strange wae making a feeble atteapt to eater late the
intrigue. Wllaon seeas t o have aeeded ao help, for Stroage had ao active part
ia the overthrew of tho Madero governaent or i t a replaooaent by a oonaervatlve
regiae,
laoouraia asked the President of tho Senate to call a meeting of ite
aoabors, aad accordingly, twelve ef thea aeeeabled at tha hoaa of Senator
Sebaetiea Gaaaeho at four la the afternoon. Lasouraia ardvad at alx aad laforaad]
the Senators that the eituatioa was very grave aa tho Amor loans ware thraatsdag

31
foreign Belatlons. 1913, p . 708.
23
1968), Tol.Zsldro
1, p. Tabela, IlliorJLa
84 (author's Jf
Mdomatloa de. la Bevoludon Modcana (Medoo,
translation
 60
te intervene i f aoaethiaf waa not done to step the bloodehad. f d s was p a r t i d l j
true aa Aaarteaa ahlpa had beoa seat to Mod oaa ports aad both Wilson aad the
governor ef fsxae were urging intervention, fhe Udted States Goveraaeat,
however* had l i t t l e Inclination to follow the lead of either aaa. Lasouraia of
course eodd not knew thie. After a discussion of the eituation it wae deoided
to appoint a eomaleiioa which wodd ask Madero to radge. A short tiae later it
wae dedded to include aore Senators i a such aotioa, and the follodag day a
larger group heard slallar tsstlaoay by Lasouraia aad eaae to a like deeleioa.

fhe tempo of events wae now picking up again, fhe Trench Charge
d'Affalres, as well as the Mid stare of Britain, Germany aad Spain, wae e d l e d to
the Aaerieaa Babassy late on the night of Tebruary 14 for a aooting. In tho
early hours of tha nornlng the ooafereaoe broke up with a geaeral agroeaoat to
ask Madero to resign, fhe Spanish Minleter, Senor Cologaa, wae given the task
of oarryiag the Joint aessage. Oa the aordag of Tebruary 15 Cologaa d e l t e d
Madero aad wdle there encountered a delegatioa froa the Senate on a slallar
alsslon. Cologaa inforaed Madero that the eituatioa at present wae hepoleaa and
asked Urn to resign. Madero replied that he wae the oonetltutloaal preeldent ef
the nation aad that ha did not roeognlsa the right of the diplomatic corps to
intervene. When the eenators a eked for an audieaee the President refueed to see
thea. they ware mat by Braesto Madero who inforaed thea that the Preddeat wae
out and idieated that be wodd be unable to sse thea when bo returned.
Zn tho afternoon Wilson and Ton Hint so visited the Bationd Palaoe with
the intention of eeeing Buerta about aa aralatiee for hummdtarlaa reaaons.
Wilson ia a later eossranloatlon to U s goveraaeat expressed regret that whoa they
arrived they were forced to sse Madero lnetead. Only after Insisting upon i t were
thsy pernltted to t d k to Huerta, aad thea ody ia the prosenee of lascurain.

33 #
cLeandro J. DeBakkerj Do, Ooao vjno. Buerta y, Cjap. so. fjf. (Modeo, 1914),
pp. 106-109.
jmtmaMmmcaseasss=^Btcssaaaexamwmmmmmmmmawmmmm)mmmmmmmmmmmm^
61
Obviously, even Madero had beoome reluetant to leave his two chief eaaalea done
together, Wilsoa asked Baerta for am araletioe la ordsr to roaovo fereignere
froa tho olty aad to rescue Amor 1 oaaa trapped ia tha battle area. He also aaked
that artillery aad troops be plaoed so as to hinder the foroiga eel eay as l i t t l e
34
as possible. Buerta agreed to d l ef these demands.
Before Wilsoa left tha Palaoe Madero showed hia a espy of a telograa
which ho waa plaadag to aend to the Udted Itates goveraaeat. It waa essentially
a request far iaforaatlsa about tho Amerieaa attitude toward laterveatioa aad a
ooaplaiat about Wilson, President faft replied ia a reaasoring aaanor on
Tebruary 16.
Daring aoet of Tebruary 16 aa araletioe was la effect dthough it wae
broken for a short tiae la tha afternoon. Duriag that day Wilsoa reported,
•Generd Huerta has ladleatod a deeire to t d k dth aa aad Z shell sea d a aoae
tiae during the day • . • Z hope for good results cfroaj tda." At aidnight
Huerta aent word tbat he would aot bo able to hasp tho appolataent but tbat he
36
waa taking steps to terdaate the "eituatioa."
Tietorlaao Buerta had budasss of hla owa to attaad te that dght aad i t
was aot the sort that he wodd have ehoaea. Aa offloer loyal to Madero had eoea
eighteen earts of previsioas aateriag tha Oiudadda. Bo reported the dtuatloa to
the Praaideat who asked Huerta to explain how it waa poaaibla tbat the rebda were
reeoldag euppllee. Buerta at firat deded the report, but whoa confronted d t h
the officer who bad eoon i t , ho adaittod that it waa true. Be Inforaed Madero
tbat the robds ware epreadlng throughout tho olty la aeareh of supplies, Za
order to destroy thea i t was asoessary to have thea la oaa spot. Ho said that

^fiLrjiA*fillfiJfel2Bl> *•»• PP. 718-713.

M
rjbJLAi, pp. 713-716.
Soss, Traaolooo J,. Ifsdero., p. 303.
i

—aaJ^ i m i i i i • sBsautaBaaaa iiiinii 1111 • i •aca^ajasBaasaapjBaBaags*

mwmmawmmmgmK^ttsmaisatmmmsarmmnfmwmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
68
he wodd sead the rebele woaea aad liquor i f i t would keep thea content and con-
centrated ia the fortress. All eodd thea be takea together. Madero wae hositaat
to aoospt this version, but Baerta changed the subject to tbat ef aa attack.
Madero aad Piao Snares urged a dght attaek but Buerta aeted offended. Were they
queetiealag d a ability? Buerta thea reee aad plaoed hie bands oa Madero* s
ehouldere. "You are in the arae ef Tietorlaao Huerta," he said. Tde hardly
reaesurlag statement scene to have satisfied Madero**7
fhe following day General Buerta paid a d s i t te Geaessl Blaaquot M
flaxpaaa, probably to deterdne Just where he stood on the subject of a ooup.
Bet loag after ha l e f t , two senators, Plmentel a d Obregoa, also dropped la oa
Blaaquot to find out what U s sent las ate were. Blaaquot suggoeted tbat thsy aaa
Huerta aad t e l l hia about the feeling aaoag aoae ef the eeaaters that Madero
should resign. They did so aad suggoeted that he apeak to Madero.*
Buerta apparently felt that the tiae for aotioa was approaching aad aaat
word to Benry Lane Wilson that ho ehodd "expect aotioa that d l l reaove Madero
froa power at any aoaont} plaaa fully aatured, the purpose of delay belag to avoid
80
any violence or bloodshed." Contrary to eetaaliehed diplomatic custom Wilsoa
took no action oonoerdng the smssags aad did aot question the aesssnger. A abort
tiae later Geaeral Blaaquot aoved U e troops to Medoo Olty where they were
greeted by Buerta who gave a opeeeh froa tha balcony of the Palaoe. 80 Blaaquot
was assigned to guard duty at tat Wetland Pdeoe, which put hla ia exoelleat
posltioa to take part la the aatl-Madoro aoveaeat.

^franoiaoo Taequas Goaez, Memoriae Polltloae (1909-1913) (Modeo, 1933),

pp. 605-5061 Boee, Tranolooo X* Madero. pp. 303-303.
Roes, Tranolaeo £,. Nader*, p. 303.
*fjrjlae\ Relatione. 1913, p. 718.
8C
W Ifttt Times. Tebruary 16, 1913, p. Is7.
 63
A oonferenee took plaoe tbat aaae day at the Mldstry of Oobernaclon
between Buerta aad repreeentativee ef the Ciudadela group. Zt wae probably at
this aeetlag that a final agreeaent waa raaohsd betwooa Buerta aad the Telldete.
Bdward Bell reporte what took plaoe at tbat meeting, although tho accuracy mast
bo takea d t h aoae reserve. Aeeordlag to Bell, Buerta aequlesood regarding tha
deaths of Guetavo Madero and Adolfa Baase and did aot raise aay quest lea about
tha death of Piao Snares, fraudeeo Madero, however, was a differeat Batter,
aad he aade aa effort to save tho Preeldent*e l i f e . Ho felt that tha death of
Madero would aake the Job of the provialoaal president very dlffledt. Tinally
bs left tho aooting without agreeing to tho death of the President. Tarloua
aeabsrs ef tho Pelicist groupe waated the deaths ef a l l four aaa, largely for
81
purposes of personal revenge. Whether t d e report la accurate or aot, it doee
eoea to reflect tho otaad wdoh Huerta oould bo expeeted to take. Buerta waa too
cerebral aa individual to have eadaagarad his ehaaoee for the preeidoncy Barely
for revenge. Za addltloa, Huerta had roaaoa to dldike Madero but l i t t l e basis
for dolaat hatred.
fho plaas of Buerta nearly oaaa to aa unhappy aad whoa Ouatavo Madero
learaed froa Deputy Jesus Urueta of Buerta* s aeetlag d t h Bias at tho hoae of
Oepeda. Guetavo dadded that Ue brother would aot save hlaeolf aad wae deter-
alaed to take a band. Urueta and Ouatavo oalled oa Buerta at tho Palaoe oa tho
evening of Tebruary 17. Urueta talked d t h Buerta for soae tiae, aad thea Ouatavo
appeared at tha door d t h a revolver ia his bad. Gustavo ga*» Buerta a tongue
laehing aaying tbat he knew all about his "dirty plaas." Buerta defended hlaoelf
aad proteotod his loyalty but his pleadiag wae of ao avail. Ouatavo disarmed hla
and put Ua under the guard ef Adolfo Basso end Urueta wUla he iaforaed Traaelseo
of what had taken plaoe. At two o' clock in tho aordag Madero aent for Buerta
and askod Ua the aaadag of U s actions. Huerta oxpldnod that hla meetings with
3l
Boll, The Political Shame of Mexloo. pp. 398-396.
— • • 8 — B E M. I II III I g g » » W W » » n — M B — W r W — • M W W B g W W M M M W — W W B i t M M M M I I ^

64
Oepeda were laaooeat, aad ha repeated U s pledge of loyalty. Be iaaiated that oa
the Borrow he would launch aa attaek which wodd take the Oiudadela. This was
aot tho first oeoaslea oa wUch ha hat baea aeoueed of slewaeos. Madere, aa
u e u d , waa affected by tha pleadiage of Buerta aad gave U a tweaty-f our boure to
prove U s loyalty. Buerta' o weapon waa returaed aad Ouatavo was reprimanded for
U s aetlona ia arreatiag Huerta, fhe relieved General throw Ua araa around
Guetavo aad eabraoed U a , saylag that ha bad had reason for his snspioloae, aad
SB
was forgiven.
Oa the aordag of Tuesday. Tebruary 18, the firing la tha olty waa vary
heavy for the first few houro, bat around tea o* elook i t beoaae lighter. Somewhat
before tbat hour Tietorlaao Busrta Invited Traneleoo Oarbajal, President of the
auproas Court, to hla office ia tha Palace. Buerta offered t o plaoe hit foroee
at tha orders ef tho Sapreae Court, but Oarbajd add tbat ho eoald aot aooopt as
ho did aot repreeeat tho aajority of tho eourt. At tUo polat they ware later-
rapted by the arrtvd of a group of aiae eeaatero. fho group waa lad by Senator
Guillerao Obregoa who wae a etauneh anti-Maderlet. Obregen told of tha vialt by
a senate ooadttae to Goneral Blaaquot a d of Blaaquot'a epidea that tho Oludad-
ela oould aot bo takea. He add that ho spoke for the aeaato aajority aad
believed that tho resignation ef Madero waa eaaoatial. Baerta ahowed thea
Bavarrete'e report that the Oiudadela eodd aot be takea aad ooagratulated thea.
Bo added U a owa feelings about tho impcmttrmblllty of the fortress.* 8
Buerta thea aald he wished te oall la soae of U e d l i t a r y aeaeolateo to
hoar what had beoa said. Garcia Pone, the Minister of War, Geaeral Blaaquot aad
aoae othere arrived. Seaator Obrogon told of hie deolree again, aad Garcia Pone

38
Alfonso faraeena, Madero TJda. do*, Bejferj. y. do*, Politico (Modeo, 1937),
pp. 598—593,
83
Dp. Ooao d a o HujrJA, PP- 124*1261 Marques Sterling, Lea Ultlmoa DJaa.
P. 454.
 66
ahowed signs of oppoaitloa. He asked Buerta if ho was ia support of the eeaatora
aad Buerta acrdy replied that he dohed te submit their request for aa audieaoe.
After a wait of twenty alautoe the sematora were admitted te see Madero who
quickly refused to reelgn or even oendder dolag so. Senatore Barleues aad
Caetollet wore aomewhat conciliatory aad they ware aaked te oall Buerta aad iafora
hia of tho results of the conference. After haviag done ee the senators declared
t h d r alssloa ooaplstod. Before they loft, Madero aaked Buerta t e explain his
34
plaas for a dedoive battle d t h the rebels which waa ploaned for 3 P.M.
fho battle which was eoheduled for 3 e*dock wae aover latoaded to take
place. Baerta had other pleas wUeh wore expected to unfold before tbat tiao.
fhe first stage la tho plot was to bogle at tho Batioad Palaoe. As i t aoarod
ls30 P.M. Madero wae la a small rooa adjdalag the Saloa de Aouerdos with some of
U s ddes aad cabinet offlelale. they were Interrupted by the entrance of
Lieutenant Colonel Jlaoaes Blverell ef tho 39th Battallea. Bo reported that
Geaeral Blvera wae arrtviag froa Oaxaoa la a rebellious attitude but the report
was Interrupted by a ooamotiea euteldo the door. Upon Investigation they found
Major Zseuierde aad soae thirty eoldlere foreing t U r way past aa d d e . fho
eoldlere wore araed aad ready for aotioa. Madero aad Ue ooueia Marooe Hernaades,
d t h the ddee aad oablaet offloero bedad thea, faced Biveroll and Isoulerdo.
Blverell told Madero that he wae under arrestt Madero proteotod tbat he had ao
right to arrest tho Preeldent of the aatloa. Whoa Blverell attempted to seise
Madero, two aldoe, Oaptalas Gustavo Garaendia aad rederloo Moates, drew 38-odlber
p l s t d s aad Oaptaia Oaraoadia fired killing Blverell. fUe led to the die charging
of rifles by soae of the eoldlere and, while Major Zsqulordo and Marooe Hernandez
slid to the floor f a t d l y wounded, Madero advanced toward the eoldlere. Ho told
thea to keep oda and not fire, and then aa he aoarod the door, he dashed into aa

34
De Ooao vlao Buerta. pp. 126-129j Boss, Tranolaco 1, Madero. pp. 306-
307,
 66
adjoining roea, Madero than dodded to look for Blaaquot who had ordered U s
arrest. Bo s t i l l felt that the army eoald aot be dieleyd to hla. fho Proaidoat
redo tho elevator dowa to the patio where he found Geaeral Blaaquot d t h soae
aeabere of tho 89th Battalion. 86
General Blanquet advanced with a pistol la U s haad aad ordered Madero
and hie aldoe to surrender, Madero ia a veioe vUeh wae almost a oereaa add,
"You are a traitor, Oenerd Blaaquot." Blanquet was unaffooted by tho charge aad
aerely said, "You are ay prisoaor." Madero realised he wae trapped aad allowed
Blanquet te take Ua to the office of the ailitary eoameder. All but two aeabere
of the cabinet were arreeted at thie tiae. Piao Snares, the Tlee-Presidont, wae
86
oaa of tho absent.
At t U s same time another play waa being oaaoted at the Oaabrlnua
Restaurant, Gustavo Madero had gone there d t h Buerta and a aumber of others to
take part la a banquet given for tha Praeideat ef the Chaaber of Deputlee.
Shortly before two o'doek Buerta wae called to the telephone where he learaed of
tho sueoees of Blaaquot'a d s s l e n . Be told Gustavo that be had to leave oa bual-
aeaa aad that he had forgottea U s pistol. "Will you lead ao your of" "Cortaidy,"
replied Gustavo. A fow alautes after Buerta loft, Guetavo waa approached by
Oaptda Luis Tuemtoo aad plaoed uader arreat, "By whose orderst" demanded tho
Indignant Madero, "By these of Oenerd Buerta," replied lueutee.* 7
Other key aeabere of tho Madero governaent wore gradually made prleoaor
as the day progressed. Sarita Madero aad other members of the Madero faally took
refuge la the Japanese Legation. Geaeral Aageloe wae takea prisoaor whoa ho

36 ,
lose, Traneleoo X* Madero. pp. 307-309; Do. Como vino Huerta. pp. 38-40.
36 *
Do. Cjfjp. vinp. Buerja, p. 41.
Marques Sterling, Los. &U1PJ. P i n , pp. 251-262; Bell, fhe Pol It l e d
5BS1S. 21 KfJlaSL* P. *00.
 67
• refueed te oeass firing at tho Oiudadela. Piao Snares eoon fell into rebel hands
aad was taken to the Batlonal Palaoe,
After he lsft tho Gaabrlaus Beetaurant, General Huerta hurried to tho San
Lusaro Station where General Bivera wae Just arriving d t h foreos froa Oaxaca.
As Bivera etepped off tho trala, he waa aet by Buerta d t h aa eabraee and Invita-
tion for a drink, Bivera refueed oa tha grounde that ho dehed to aeve against
the Oiudadela as rapidly as possible. Buerta told hia to take i t easy and led
Ua te a oantlaa for a drink ef meaoal. from there Buerta drove Bivera to the
ailitary hoadqnarters at the Batlonal Palace. Bivera wae quietly arrested aad
plaoed with tho other prisoners. Buerta was now able to see the results of Ue
plea. All had gone well and tho strongest Madero eupportere were uader arreet.
There eaeae to be l i t t l e doubt that the aoet Important motive for Buerta*s
aetlene wae aabltloa. fhore was certainly at least soae oleaeat of personal die-
like for Madero aad U s prograas ae well. Publicly, however, a bettor reaooa waa
aeoded, aad Huerta dreulated the etory that Madero had oa two oeoasioas attempted
to have Urn killed, fhe flret etory wae that oa one oeoaeloa he had visited the
Preeldent's offlee aad been indted te look out the dadov at which moment a
aharp-shooter bad fired at hia. fhia etory aay pooeibly have had aa eleaeat of
truth. He aay have baea narrowly dased by a b d l e t for there were aaay flying
a l d e e s l y la tho heart of Mexleo Olty during the period of d d l war, Madero,
however, oertalaly had aotUag to do d t h the occurrence. If it took place, fhe
second etory iavolved a suppoeedly poisoned bottle of d u e eerved at the Gaabrlaus
oa tho afteraoon of Madero'e f a l l , f d s story was undoubtedly manufactured by the
fertile brain of Tletorlano Buerta or oae of hie frlende. A etory with eomewbat
aore bade le tbat a proecrlptloa Hot waa found among the papers of the Madero

38
atBStrifJ. Sx Huerta. pp. 27-38.
89
IBB. XftXIl a^HfJU Tebruary 20, 1913, p . 3s 1.
 68
government d t h the aaass of Baerta and Blaaquot iaoluiod. If such waa the oaaa,
i t wae probably a oopy of tho list ef those who wore preparing to betray Madero
as revealed by Gustavo soae weeks earlier.
At five e'doek General Buerta pdd a visit te hie prisoners ia the
Batlonal Palace. "Senor President'• he said. "Ah, ae I'a s t i l l the PresidentI"
aaid Madera. Buerta remained client a aeaeat aad thea replied, "Seaer ox-
Presldeat . . . ." Be atteapted to Bake a speech telling why ho didlkod Madero
bat lid aot got far. "froa tho tias whoa I oonouercd at BaohiaVa . • ." "You
were evea thea a trdter," latorpooed Madero. Baerta stopped aad thea prepared
to leave^ He offered Us haad to Madero who refused i t . Maauel Tasques Tagle
likewise refused Ue haad aad Baerta loft the rooa somewhat dewaoast.40
Beary Lane Wilsoa had boom waitiag tensely for soae nova about the politi-
cal dtuatloa, aad at 8 P.M. Oepeda, wounded la tho haad, arrived at the Aaerioaa
Babassy. Whoa ho eoald speak, ho iaforaed Wilsoa that Madero had baea arreeted
aad Gustavo Madero Bade prisoner, Oepeda waa aa eaberrasslag visitor aad was aooa
cent to Ue hoae. Shortly thereafter aa official aoto waa reoeived froa Buerta
wUeh aaked that Wilaoa iatorprot Ue aotloaa to the Udted Statee Goveraaeat aad
that bo iafora the reads la the Oiudadela of what had happeaed, Wileoa replied
that ho wodd ooaply with both requests.**
Za the aeaatiae word had spread throughout tho d t y of the coup. Orowde
began to pour late the streets shouting "Tiva Baerta!" fho people realised that
at last the tea-day shelling of tho dty waa over. Medoo City at leaet did act
dsh Madero to reaala in power if it aeaat continued bloodehed. Buerta quickly
Issued a madfoctet
————————————
40 ,
4
Miguel Aleeelo Bobles, Historic Politico do la Beveluelea, pp. 47-48.
flUSzla*Bdatlona. 1913, p. 720; Bell, fJho. Political SJiaje. e£ Moxlaa.
pp. 301-303; Wileoa, Didomatlc Bd sodas, p. 375.
mmmwmmmmmmmmamsemmtssmmwmsmmmmtmmmmmmmmmwmmmwmmmmmtmmwmmm^
69
fo tho MsTloan Peoplet
Za view of tho diffiodt elrcumetancee uader wUeh tho
aatloa, aad d t h i a ths last few lays ths Oapltd of tho Republic
have labored, la dew ef what Z aay oall tho state of anarchy duo
to tho incapable goveraaeat of Solar Madero, Z hereby assume tho
executive power. Uatil tho Chanbers eaa aset aad debate upea the
presoat sitaatioa, Z shell hold Trendseo Z. Madero aad the members
of U s cabinet, to tha oad that this pdat being settled, aad every
effort boiag aade to u d t e d l Binds la tUa Uotodeal moment, we
aay all work together to re-establish poaeo, which for our nation
le a matter of l i f e aad death.**
At five-tUrty Baerta aad Blaaquot appeared to get bar oa the balcony of
the Palaoe aad were greeted d t h oheere ao Buerta announced: "Mexicaaa, brothers:
43
there will bo ao acre eannoaallag. Poaeo has ooao."
fhe government ef Modeo was BOW ia tho heads ef Tietorlaao Buerta. Hie
dreaa of the preeidoncy~wae now witUa U s grasp, but there s t i l l rsaalaed a
detail to doer up. Certainly ooao form ef agreeaoat had been aade d t h the
rebels l a tho Ciudadela but i t l e obvious that tho details of tho agreeaoat had
baea left opoa. Dlas e t i l l coveted tha presldeaey aad U s supporters were aet
likely to approve of Buerta* s ambitions, Bexry Laao Wileoa offered the uee of the
Amerioaa Babaesy to tho two leadere ae a plaoe where they eodd reach aa wader*
etandlag and about osvea o*deek the principals begaa te gather.
Buerta arrived at the eabassy accompanied by hie nephew, Joaquin Naae,
and Bar 1 que Oepeda. 8hortly after they arrived, they were Joined by Telix Diaz,
Rodolfe Beyoa sad Tldencio Beraaades. Buerta aald that ho had fdlowsd ths
dshes of tho Seaato la arresting Madero aad that ho dshed to discuss ths eitua-
tion d t h Dlas. Both of the leaders disdained aay personal aabitioa aad the
party broke up late paire. Oepeda tried to eonvinee Beyee that Buerta ehodd be
aaaod aa later la president, Henry Lane Wilson broke in to express agreeaoat,
although he preferred Diaz for aay peraeaoat leaderehip. After a ehort period
42
0'8haugbnesey, Zntlaate Pagee. p. 179.
^ B e l l , The P o l l t l e d Shams of. Medco. p. 302.
mmwnmmmmammmaBseatmmimmmKammtmsTmtswmamwmmmmmmmmmmm$m^

70
Beyee and Oepeda rejoined tho two leaders aad, slaos they were asking l i t t l e
progress, suggested that aa udavolved persea bs ehesen, Buerta aaked bluntly,
"Whet" Reyes suggested, •Senor Alberto Garcia Graaadoa." Diaz agreed tbat tUa
would bo a good oholoe, but Buerta asked for tweaty-four hours to osaslder i t .
Be said that he hud glvea proalaes to ethers a d prepared to leave. Oepeda inti-
mated that i f Buerta were aot accepted, trouble wodd eoatlaue. Henry Lane Wilsoa
thea began to exert a l i t t l e pressure oa tho two loadere to ooao to aa agreeaoat.
Buerta finally deoided te stay aad the two loadere asked to bo left done. A half-
hour later they had reached aa agreeaoat. Although there l e ao record of what
44

was said tho reasoalag of the two aea eeeas obvious.

Baerta held a l l of the high oarde la tho aogotiatloae. Zt wae he who had
overthrowa Madero. Be controlled the ailitary force which, if correctly used,
eodd erueh tba rebde la a matter of hours, fhe army would ohooee U a In favor
of Dlas d t h l i t t l e hedtatioa. Dlas thea oould aot hold o u t i f Buerta wore
stubborn. On the other haad, Dlas hoped te aurrouad Buerta with oablaet alalstors
froa U e owa group aad thue ooatrol U a . Buerta wae d l l i n g to accept euoh
ainlatere for two reaeone. Be felt that he eodd control thea because he bad no
intention of allowing either tho dnlstero or Dlas ever to gala doalaaaoe. Be
knew U a s d f to be acre Intelligent than Diaz a d f d t he could e u t d t U a where
aeoeaaary. Also, the aea ehoaea by Dlas were geasrally aea ef Ugh reputation aad
could be odoulatod te bring prestige to ths now goveraaeat. Zt le poeelblo tbat
Diaz, a aaa of l i t t l e reeolutioa, wae already surrendering to the etubbora Buerta.
fhe f i a d eettleaeat wae that Buerta wodd become Provieional President
and support Dlas for the preoldenoy when the aext elect lone were held. Dlas was
worried about the resignations of Madero aad Pino Snares but Huerta merely aaid,
"Tbat i s ay Job, Z will have their redgnatlone dthln tweaty-four hours." 45
"Beyee, De. hi Ildi., Tol. II, pp. 32-34.
46
Zbld.. p . 60.
 .—. — I
Whoa word of tho agreeaoat between Baerta aad tho rebda reached tho
people of Mexloo Olty there was wild rojoidag aa they believed that the troubles
were over for tho d t y . fo a large extent tUs waa true bat civil war was to
spread throughout the country. Shortly after tho pact waa dgaed, Buerta aad
Bias gave a Jolat preolamatlon to tho press iatiaatiag that peace had ooao and
urging oooperatioa d t h tho aow goveraaent. fhat aov goveraaeat bad te be put
into operatlea before Tietorlaao Buerta could root eaey. fhe ten lays of d d l
44
war wore over but tho tragedy waa not.

fhe text of the Pact of tho Oiudadda ia quoted la Appendix ZT.

 OBAPfBB ZT
fBB rZBSf BATS OT fBB aXOXBA GOTBWnOBJT

fhe first steps of the aov govorasset were f d t o d a g , for i t s eoapoeitloa

was aot iaaedlately esrtala. Bo la Barra was act partlodarly disposed to Join
the oablaet ainoe ho bad baea elected to a post of iaportaaoe ia the otato of
Modeo. Bowevor he eooa agreed to take a posit lea as Sooretary of foroiga Bcla-
tloas. Jorge Tera Botaaol refueed to serve eo he f d t that ho wodd aet bo ia
sympathy d t h the polltlod orientation of the goveraaeat. fho other oldsters
aade aa effort to convince hia argdag that the peat ef Mldoter of Public
laotraetloa waa aot a political posltloa. f l e d l y . whoa i t waa dated that U s
stubboraaeaa would load te tho odlepee ef the Pact of the Oluendela aad perhaps
to Aaerleaa iatorveatloa, ho agreed to accept. Bio aeooptaaoo oaaa aoae hoars
before the aow Praeideat wae ewera ia.
fho early aoathe of the Baerta goversaemt wore to be takea up with grad-
ually Bouatlag toasloa between Buerta aad the aoabero ef his first oablaet.
t i a d l y those members wore dropped oaa by oaa aad aow ease, aero Buertiet ia
orientation, were ehoeoa. Siaeo the differeaeee between the Preeldent aad the
orlgiaal oablaet aeabere will be of iaportaaoe, it lo aeoaeosry to ldroduoo tbea
ia soae detail.
fraadsoo Leon do la Barra aoods l i t t l e further iatreduetien. Be had loag
been a aervaat of tho Dias goveraaeat but ho had aover Identified hlaeolf d t h
tho Bias polidoe slaos U s posts were diploaatie. Dariag tho tragic tea days he
had been of ooao iaportaaoe l a bringing tho Telldot groups aad Huerta together.
Hie sympathies were defidtoly with Telix Dlas probably becauae U e government

7B
mtmsamess^mrissmssmBggsssaixmfaaBaxtmwmmmimwmmmmwmmmwmwmmmmmKmmm^

73
would be a acre oirtllea affair than wodd a Buertist goveraaeat. Bs la Barra
was conservative but not to the extent of iaf ledblllty.
Alberto Oarola Graaados, tho Mideter of Goberaadea (Governaent), was a
liberal ef fira eonvietloaa and great patriotloa. Be waa probably ehoaea for the
oablaet oa tho grounds ef U s porseaal prestige for he wae politically to the loft
of both Dlas aad Huarta. Oarola Greaadoo was later executed by Oarraasa oa the
weakest ef grounds.
Za ths Ministry of Public Instruction was Jorge Tera Bstaaol, a noted
Jurist and iatdleotud. Bo waa esasntidly aa independent and had ae link d t h
eithor Dlas or Huerta. Bis Ideals were, "order, liberty aad Juetioe" aad ho hoped
to reach those gode through education of tho aassss. Tera lstaaol waa named to
the oablaet eeeeatidly for Ue prestige value aad ao was indicated earlier
accepted with reluotaaoe.
Sidlar ia etatua wae ferlbio Bsqulvd Obregoa, the Miaister of Baeleada
(Tiaaaee), Seoul vol Obregoa wae anti-Porflriaa, antl-ailltary aad ef revelutioa-
ary lndlnat lone, dthough ha objeeted to violent revolutieaary set hods. He felt
tbat publle education waa the basic seed ef the oountry elaeo It wae tho basis of
red deaoeraey. fhe cabinet poet waa given to Ua booause of his reputation and
he act Dlas for the first tiae only after ha had been appelated.
Maauel Mosdragen was the asw Miaister of War and a strong supporter of
Dlas. Buerta had atteapted to block Ue eppelataent booause ho redised that
Mendragen was a seheaer ef eoas ability aad ossentldly aabltious in a peroond
way. In many characterietice ho reseabled Buerta but he did aot have Buerta's
ability as a leader and as a soldier. Mondragon sseas to have lacked any of the
finer eaotlono and d l prlnelples oxeept aabltlon. He wae to roaaia a pro-Dies
Intriguer in the Huerta~cabinet until ho waa dlalnated.
Rodolfo Beyes la the Mlniotry of Juatloe waa a aan of aoae ability who
sseas to have boea drawn late pelitloe by filial feeling. Bodolfe had Joined the
mmmmmsssmsmmmaBssssssBssaasssaasmtesmmmssmmmammm
 74
plot agalast Madero priaarlly to help U s father aad after tho latter* s death he
reaalaed true to tho gode U e father had ehoaea. Be, d t h Moadragen, wae the
f i n e s t supporter ef Dlas la tho new oablaet, bat he aaaaged to stay out ef ooa-
f l l c t d t h Huerta for a reasoaably loag tiae. Beyoa appareatly was aot a p o l l t l -
daa by nature aad quietly weat about U s dutlee la a fairly able aanner.
Alberto Boblee Gil, tho aow Minleter ef roseate (Promotloa aad Develop-
ment), wae aa old friend ef Telix Dlas, but there was aore than favoritisa l a U s
appolntaeat dneo ho had proven Unself to bo able wdle ooanoeted d t h tho
government of Jalieeo. So far ae p o l l t l o d philosophy le concerned, ho aaat bo
dasslfied d t h the revolutionary l l b e r d e .
David do la Tuente, the Minleter of Oeaandeatlone, and Manuel Garza
Aldape, the Minleter of Agrlcdture, were both reproeentatlves ef the aerthera
rebels, Garza Aldape was a foraer aeeoelate of Traaeioeo Tasques Gomes aad waa
somewhat leee liberal than Do la Tuente who was probably the aoet leftist ef tho
alalstere.
On the whole the first Huertlst cabinet represented a good deal of ability
aad a Tellelet bias. Generally, they were l l b e r d p o l l t l e d l y and thsy wore not
ths type ef aea who wodd bo madpulated oaally. fhe aext five monthe were to be
characterized by a etruggle d t h l n the executive branch of tho government between
the cabinet aad the Preeldent.
With tho completion ef the orgadsatlon of U s cabinet Generd Tietorlaao
Huorta now wae i a a position to put U a s d f l a ths presidency, but there wore etill
legal arrangements which needed to be takea cere ef before the new governaent
wodd be on a solid footing, fhe redgnatloae of the Preeldent and Tloe-Preddent
were to be eeeured aad the loadere of the old regime were to bo eliminated ao
polltlod factors,

Here Bstanol. La. Bcvol\WltB BtXlgfeBB.* P. 283.

 75
fho latter step was dready well underway by Tobruary 19. Oa the evening
of rebruary 18 Oaerido Moheno, a aoaber of the oonaervatlve "quadrilateral" of
the Chamber ef Deputlee, was visited by Deputy Manuel Mdo y Juvora who with aoae
others sought to have Ua Jola thea at the hoae of foaea Brealff, Aaoag those
proseat at the Brealff hoae wore Torlbio Boouivel Obregoa, Traaeloeo Bsoudero,
Maauel Tlllasenor and a auaber of other noted deputies. Aa a result of tha
discussion they realised that they wore ignorant of tbo real eituatioa aad aaaed
two ooaaisslens to visit Buerta and Slas. fho Dies eoadcolon was aade up ef
Moheno, Branlff, Tlllasenor, Male y Juvora aad Salinas y Dolgado.
fho coadsdon left for the Oiudadda at 8 A.M. aad upon arrtviag aet a
group of robdo including one of the leaders, Oeelllo Oooa. Paoeing through tho
baildlag tho deputies stopped out oato tho patio where they eaae upon the body
of Gustavo Madero who had been killed Juot a few aiautee before. Little waa
aocompllabed at the aeetlag d t h tho rebele but the lapresdoa of horror did aot
aooa leave tho dsitore.
After tho arrest of Gustavo Madero, he had boea takea te the Ciudadela
where ho was Joined by Addfo Basso. Hondragen soeae to have decreed the deaths
of both aea, although the formality of a trial wae only carried out ia tho case of
Basso. Basso wae executed oa the pretext ef having caused tho deaths ef the
rebels Ullod at tho Pdacs on Tebruary 9 . fhe execution of Gustavo Madero was
loss forsal. Tollowing a ssvore beatlag by rebel eoldlere he was forced oate tbo
patio whore he pleaded for aerey. After the vietia, who had loag boea blind in
oao eye, waa wounded in Ue good eye, be ataggered blindly away. He waa finally
brought dowa by a hall of bullets near the statue of Moreloa, Bad ag detoralaed
that ho wae dead* tha killore proeeaded to seek the body aad even stole Ue eaaaol

.~ ., < ** r l d o Moheno, & Aetuaclon dejpeis. do. la Dj^ejajk fjiftlea. (Mexico, 1929),
pp. 10-15,

a a — e — i s * a e a B s = m ismssaaasasassmstsmai^mMm^tmmcamasmmmmmmmmm^mmmmmMmmiamwmmmmmmmmmmmmm
 76
eye, which was passed around froa hand to haad.
Baerta had ao part l a these executions but he wae undoubtedly aware that
they wodd take place, fhe deaths of these aoa were demanded by the rebels aad
Buerta f d t that It was politieally wise to allow thea to occur. Be had ao aaod
for revenge ae ho wae already triuaphaat, and in any ease Basso was oa friendly
t e n s with the aow Preeldent. fhe treaeheroua Mondragon waa probably tho aala
iaatmaoat act oaly la ordering the Borders bat also in deaanding thea in tho
first plaoe. 4
fho roelgaatloaa of Madoro aad Pino Snares did not prove eaey to obtala,
Madero had a treaoadoua confidence in Usaslf aad had no iatoatioa of taaoly eub-
alttiag U s resignation. Piao Snares was seaewhet aore uncertain but he wae
willing to follow tho load of Madero. Soon after the arrest of tho oablaet o f f i -
cials they wore roloasod, partly tee to the arglag of Beary laao Wilsoa aad partly
to eonvinee Madero of the honesty of Buerta'a intentions.
fhe follodag aornlng a aeetlag of tho Qbeaber of Deputlee was called for
10 A.M. for ths purpose of dlooneslng tha sit aatloa. Since a quorua waa aot
obtained, the deputies had a private meeting iastoad of tho o f f i e i d eeeeloa that
bad boea pleased. Oaorido Moheno suggested that slaee the old governaent was l a
effect deetroyed, they ehodd go ahead aad verify the electloa of a provialonal
presideat. f U s suggestion was aot approved oiaee the aajortty of tho deputieo
were e t i l l la sympathy with the Madero adalalatratlon. fo approve the eleotloa
of a aow proaidoat would bo aerely to give their apprevd t o the coup. Siaoe ao
dedalon eodd be reached, the aeabors of the Chamber decided te o d l aaother

'faraeone, Nader*, pp. 095-600; Bell, She. Polltlod Shame of_ Naxlco.
pp. 304-306; Boos, Traaolaoa £. *adoro. PP. 318713.

S d l , Xaff. CzaillBBL felt. *£ Node* pp. 298-294.

 77
seosloa for 4 P.M. la hopes that there would be a quorum aad soae clarification
ef the dtuatloa. 5
fhat saaa aoralag of february 19 Bodolfo Beyee called oa Telix Bias aad
expressed fears that ths oheieo of Buerta for provisional president wae aot a
good eae. Bias replied tbat his feare were groundless as Huerta did aot have
eaough support to aaiatala control done, eepeeidly elnee ho had droady d l o c -
ated tho Madoriot groups. A short tlas later Bias aoved froa the Ciudadela te
the Mldetry of Goberaaelon oa Odle Buearell la order te bo able to cooperate
with Baerta acre dosely. Reyes, after ho left Telix Diaz, went to the Batload
Palaoe la Bear oh of Buerta and found hla la ths prosenee of U s private eeeretary,
Aurollo B, Cauda, Buerta, who eeeaed somewhat tba worse for celebrating,
informed Beyee that everythlag bad boea arraaged for Madero'e resigsatloa. A few
Blnutea later Beyoa aot ths OUleaa Miaister, Anselmo Hevia Biqudae, who wae
playing an aetive part la tha drama by attempting to eeve ths l i f e of Madero.
hevia Biqudae iaforaed Beyoa that d l wae arraaged for the departure of Madero
aad Piao Snares for Tera Orus. Buerta, r e d l d a g that Ue posit ion was getting
etroager, tried to aake soae last aiauto oablaet ehaagoe. Za particular he dshed
to give the poet of Public I net ruction to U e friend and phyeiciaa, Dr. Urrutla,
fhe changes were aot aade and the Paot of the Ciudadela stood. 9
Barly tbat aorning a eomdeeionor from Buerta, Goneral Juvsnelo Rubles,
deaaaded the resignations ef the prisoners. Sinoe a threat wae noeeoeary to
induce thea to ooao to t e n s , he told Madero that their lives would be guaranteed
i f they resigns! but that othordee they had no such assurances. Madero bargained
for better terms aad Roblee dthdrew. fhe prion aero dieeueeed the situation
between themselves and f l n d l y deoided on the terae they wodd request. They

5 '
Do. Ooap. Uno. Buejtfa, pp. 96-97.
Seres, De Ml Tlda. Tol. II. pp. 67-89.
 78

agreed ea the following: that tho conotitutloatl systea wae to be respootod Ik the
statee; the existing governors were to retala their poets; frlende of Madero wore
aot to bo aoleeted for political reasoas; Madero, Piao Snares, General Aagelee aad
Gustavo (whose death was still unknown to thea) were to bo allowed to travel to
Tera Orus ia eomplete eoeurity aad eabark for a foroiga port, aad that tho reslg-
aatleas would be hdd until the ox-offiolale had eabarked and then would bo
presented to the Oongreea.
Pedro laseurala had beau edleted as his representative by Buerta aad late
la tho aoralng he paid a vlait to tho prisoners and earded word of their torae to
Buerta, Shortly after aooa he returned d t h Brnosto Madero aad Mini at or Bovla
Rlqudae aad indicated that Buerta bad accepted the teras. By 1 P.M. the Jolat
reslgaatloa waa drafted aad signed, Zt read:
Oitlsoa Secretaries of the Honorable Obaaber of Deputies: ia daw
of tho events which have developed slaoe yesterday la the Batioa
aad for tho greater tranquility ef It, wo aake formal reslgaatloa
of our peate of Preeldent aad Tioc-Preeldeat, reepeetlvely, to
wUeh wo were elected. — Wo afflra the neoeosary. Medoo, , m
Tebruary 19, 1913 — Traaolaeo Z. Madero — Jose Maria Pino Snares.
fhe attitude of the Aaedoaa Aabaesador during thie whole period waa
unueud for one la such a post. There le ao doubt that ho wae aware that a coup
wae to take plaoe oa Tebruary 18. Be had received aotee froa Buerta ae early aa
the evening of Tebruary 16 hinting that aoaothlag wae afoot. Oa Tebruary 17 ho
reoeived a aeesage tbat told Ua to "expect soae action that d l l reaove Madero
froa power at aay moment . . , ."* On that same day he told the Cuban Minister
"it d l l all bo over tomorrow, Mr. Minister."10 Robert B. Murray iadloatea that
Wllaon seat news of tho eueoess of the coup to the State Departaeat ia Washington

7
Boss, Tranclaco £. Madero. pp. 315.
8
lsU'* P* 31 «.
9
Torolau Bdatlane. 1913, p. 718.
Marques Sterling, Loj. Ultlaca Piao. p. 488.
 _ —

two hours before i t was completed.11 Despite a l l ef the evidence to tho contrary,
Wilsoa later s d d that hs "did act for a aoaent euppoee that a violeat ooup d* otat
18
would occur . • . •" la addition, his constant preasure oa Madero to resign,
Ue incident urging that tho rest of tbo diploaatie corps accede to U s dshes,
and Ue biased reports to Washington eonoerdng the Mexlcaa p o l l t l o d eituatioa
Interfered oonalderable with the effectlveaeoe ef tho Madero regiae.
After the f a l l of Madero the attitude of the American Aabaoaador ehaaged
and he beeaae hositaat to take aay aotioa wUeh aight interfere with the sover-
eignty of Medoo. This was particularly the ease whoa he wae aaked to save the
l i f e of Madero. Slaeo tUage were going l a ths direotion that ho dohod, ho felt
ao aoed te take part. Oa Tebruary 19 Wileoa visited Buerta and asked for
aosumnees of publio order. Buerta asked Wilsoa what he ehodd do d t h madero
aad sdd that ho dida't know whether to have hla oosaitted to a lunatic asylaa
or seat late e d l e . Wilsoa, probably flndlag either aolutioa plcaslag, told U a
to do what wae boot for his country.13 Over the aext few daye numerous persons
eams to WUeen petitioning Um to Intervene aad cave tha lives of the prlsonero.
Wilson's answers were either non-ooadttd or vaguely reassuring. Actually he
took l i t t l e aotioa to savs Madero aad Piao Saarea aad merely went through tho
mot loss whoa he wae oalled upon la euch a way ae to aake refuod difficult.
Certainly Buerta wae aware that the disappearance of the foraer o f f l e l d s wodd
aot greatly upset Wileon. The Indifferent tone of Wllaon's dispatches lsd to a
slight reprlaand by tha Taft governaent.

While Wileon was letting evente take their natural oourso, other diplomats
were askiag fraatie efforts to savs the foraer President. Manuel Marques Sterling

xebert B. Murray, "Buerta aad the two Wileon," Harner'a Weekly. Tel. 63
(April 22, 1916), pp. 434-435.
Wilsoa, Dldoaatle Bp^acdej., pp. 274-275.
13
Tor elan Relatione. 1913, p. 724,
 .-Tl

80
of Oaba was particularly active ae were the Ohlleaa aad Japaaeae sinisters,
Wilsoa's aajor efforts were already directed toward obtaldag reoognitien for tho
aow goveraaoat.
At 4 P.M. oa Tebruary 19 the Ghenber of Deputlee set for i t s sseoad ses-
sion ef the lay. Agala a quorum wae laoklag but they deoided to go ahead d t h
their busiasss anyway. Burly la the evening tho t d l digdfied Pedro Laaourala
appeared before the asseably. Be subdttsd tbo rssignatloas of Madero aad Piao
Suares but there was oppoeltioa from a auaber of liberal deputlee. Zt was not
ant 11 persona deee to tho Madero faally urged thea to aooopt tbo reelgnatloaa
tbat a majority wae prepared to do eo. finally at 10:16 the reelgnatloaa were
approved by votes of 123 - 4 aad 1 9 9 - 8 for Madero and Piao Soares respectively,
Madero ia the aoaatiae bad boooae worried aad seat Tasques fagle te try aad delay
the pressntatlea of the redgnatleno uatil Madero was oa the boat at Tera Cms.
the assssager was too lata by a few dnuteo. Soae flfteea dautes after the vote,
LMOuraia was dedared Zaterla Proddent. Be then dossd ths sossiea aad opeaod
a aov oae with hiasalf ae Preoldeat. Bio first offieial aot wae te appoiat Buerta
aa Miaister of Oobernaeloa aad benoe next la liae for the presidency. Shortly
after 11:00 P.M. Lasouraia resigned after a presidency ef ooao fifty aiaates.
Huerta autoaatiodly assumed the office of Preeldent.

fhe departure of Madero for Tera Orus waa set for 10 P.M. oa Tebruary 19,
aad Manuel Marques It or 11 ag was with the ex-Preoldeat whoa word wae reoeived that
the trip had been cancelled, fho Oubaa Minlator thea aettlod Uaself to epend tho
alght rtth~ths prleoasrs aa eeeurlty against violence, fho follodag aordag
found Madero feellag aoaewhat optldetlc but Pino Snares fading certain that they
wodd be killed. Shortly after the aiddlo of tho aoralng Marques Sterling left

sees. Brandaco {.. Madero. pp. 331-334.

15
Zbld.. pp. 817-818; Bell, fhe Political Shame ef MexJLSfc pp. 306-307.
 81
prod sing to do e l l he could for thea.
fhe train to Tera Orus bad boon oaaoelled oa grenade that aa attempted
rescue was likely aad asasagoa froa Oooeral Jose Befuglo Tolaeee, the d l l t a r y
ooaaaader at the port eity, gave weight te thie otateaoat. Telasoe said that he
wodd oontlnue to regard Madero aa the legitlaato prasldeat until tho dtuatloa
was l e g d i s s d by ths Senate, fhe actual reason for the delay was probably uncer-
tainty about what action to take. Madero was felt to be a genuine danger to the
regiae i f allowed to go free. Meanwhile aumeroua pdvate lnttvidnals aad members
of tho diploaatie corps wore visiting Buerta and other pereoas of weight ia the
aow goveraaeat oa the behalf of aadore.
Oa rabreery 30 tho laaugaratlea ef General Buerta as tho new Preeldent
went off emoothly aad tho rebds led by Bias were plaoed uader the oontrd of ths
federal goveraaeat. Hoary Laao Wilsoa ooamud oated t U s iaft)raatloa to Ua
government aad urged that ths Udted Statee aaval veseela, which had boea eeat
earlier l a the crisis, bo retalsed off the ports ef Modeo as the situation was
aot yet oompletdy stable. Bo ladieatod, however, that ha felt peace would aow
rolga in Medoo. 17
Paeeual Orosoo bad takea refuge la the Udted States after U s defeat at
the hands of Buerta aad wae ddighted to boar ef the f d l of tho Madero goveraaeat,
Buerta wae happy to accept his support, and whoa he arrived ia Mexloo SOBS tiae
later, Orosoo waa aade a brigadier-general in tha federal a n y . SlBilar treataent
by Madero would probably have assured U s loydty to the earlier goveraaeat.18
Oa that earns day Rodolfo Beyee left the Oiudadela aad vl cited Buerta at
the Batlonal Palaoe. Be brought word froa Diaz aad Mondragon that they f e l t tho

aoee, franalaeo Z.. Madero., p. 319.

17
ZSXXlA JtltiaVBIt 1013. pp. 724-725.
18
Trederiek Starr, Mexloo aad tha United Statee (Ohicago, 1914), p . 344.
 88

aow President aad they shodd agree oa certain p d l d e s . Ia reply, Buerta lot i t
bo known that he was l a tho driver* a ssat aad did aot aaod their help. f U s was
19
the begiadag of Beyes* alsgivinga d t h regard to tho future.
That evening Beary Lane Wilsoa aoseabled tho diplomatic eerpe to dieeaoe
rooegaltloa of the Buerta goveraaeat, Buerta had iavited thea to a rooeptioa oa
the following day aad Wileoa felt that sons policy should bo agreed upon before
that tine, Geaeral agreeaent was reaehod that tho aow goveraaeat obeuld bo roeog-
n l s d , and Wilsoa seat a dreolar to d l consuls add sing thea they should cooper-
ate d t h the aow goveraaeat olnee It would soon bo recognised by all powers. Ac
a l l of the d d s t e r s had boea without orders, Wileoa was taking a good deal apea
20
hlasdf.
Oa the following day tho diplomats attended a function given by tho aow
President at the Rational Palaoe. Wilaoa spoke oa behalf ef the diploaatie corps
aad gave a apeech of feraellty aad good wishaa wdch ooadtted thea t e very
little. Buerta replied d t h thanks aad prealoed to baaa his government oa equal-
i t y aad Justice. 2 1
Shortly after the and of the rooeptlen, aad s t i l l early l a the afternoon,
tho Council of Minlstere act d t h the Preeldent to dlsousa tho geaeral eituatioa
of the aatloa. At tho begianlag of tho aeeelon Bo la Barra brought up tho subject
of the prlsonere aad acted that the constitutional ferae aunt be observed la
dealing d t h thea, Buerta responded that the imprlooaaont was only a do facto
arrangeaeat due to the eituatioa but that adequate legal grouado did odot for
holding thea. fhe shooting of Oenerd Bais was held to bo aa adequate charge. It
waa agreed that auoh aa aeeueatloa ehodd be prepared, and Seeretariee Garcia
19
Alesslo Boblee, g i l t or* a. folitloe do. la. Bovoluolon. pp. 66-67.
30
forolea BajJatloan. 1913, pp. 736-737.
Mexico. Ssoretarla do Bolaeioaos Sxtoderee, Beletla Oflelal do. la.
Socrotarla do Bolaeioaos Bxterieree. Tol. 36, 1918-1913, pp. 107-108.
 68
Oranaioe aad Boyos wore advised to study the problea. After this they meat oa to
ether buaineee aad did aot retura te tba subject ef tho prisoaers.88
By Tebruary 88 Buerta bad already begua the rapid proaotloa of ailitary
aea which was to characterize Us regiae. By that date Generals Blanquet aad
Joaquin Baaa had baea promoted aad two other favorites, Agaetla Brotoa aad Bar1 que
Oepeda, had boon named OUef ef Police aad Governor of the federal Dietrlet
23
respectively.
President Buerta issued a aaalfasto to the people ef Mexico oa Tebruary 88
wMoh gave some Unt of the type of rule which was to ooao. After eelllag for the
aid of a l l Madonna ho eontlaood:
Z trust that a l l Madeaas d l l aid as la tMs patriotic work wUeh
alas at saviag our very rationality, which aay be jeopardised, aad
of reetorlag to the oountry the traaeullllty which i t ao aaeh meeds
for the developaent of its reeouroeo, and I aloe hope that the
aetaods of ooaolliatloa which the Oevsraasnt la initiating will
euffioo for tho sad which Z propose to myselfi bat if, uafortuaately,
bad dtlsens, blinded by paseiea, iaoiat oa prdoagiag the etrife
or eppeelag ebetadee te the Government by violeat a sane, Z shall
aot hesitate aa iastaat ia adept lag tha aeaaures of rigor tbat aay
be aeoeaaary for ths rapiareetorat ion of publio poaeo. fho welfare
ef our country dsasnds It.**
That aaae lay Miaister ef Toreiga Relatione Traaolseo de la Barra pre-
ceded Baerta*e prograa to the Chaaber ef Deputies. Zt wae a high Bounding speech
aad touched upoa aost of the prebleae facing the nation, la particular the
Preeldent was concerned with peace, the agrariaa problea and education. At the
conclusion of tha addreae tha deputlee gave a vara response. Zf Buerta oodd
25
carry out the prograa he propoeed, the future of Medoo would be bright.
A second aeetlag of the Oouaell of Mlaistore took plaoe tbat afteraoon and
the budneos which waa taken up haa remained eoaething of a ayetery. Tarleus

Tera Betaaol, La Roveludea Medcana. pp. 396-896,

83
few. Ipjjt tlaej., Tebruary 88, 1918, p. 8:3.
^ B d l , Ibe_ Polltlod SbajB fil fealeo., pp. 316-317.
95
Do. Ooao duo Buerta. pp. 819*883.

«3
p — — c — ^ B a m w g g . 1 • i • • t i n J. w,.iii»g«i»—ew»wwpwwMwp>—•MwawwiM»«n—wiMB—».»Mwa»w»^B^»^^M^^^^^M

84
wrltsrs have ladleatod a belief tbat tba oablaet agreed te tha execution of Madero
aad Piao Soares dariag the eeesloa, but this haa boea etrongly deded by aeabere
ef the oablaet. fhe beet discussion ef t U e subject le found ia Jorge Tera
Bstaiol'a La Bovoluclon Mexicaaa.** Tera Bsteiol demonatrates tbat thoee who have
aoeused the nlnlstere ef approdng the exeoutlons have had l i t t l e te base their
ebarges upon beeidee rumor. Be meet a eaeh charge with letters from pereons
involved aad sseos to have proven U s case, f d s writer at least i s Inclined to
believe that ths oabiaot as a whole waa ignorant ef what was about to take place.
They wore addssd tbat tho prisoners ware to bo transferred te tho penitentiary of
the federal District\ aad wUlo soae ef tho dalotere wore s t i l l present, Baerta
Iaforaed aa a n y offloer, Oelead Luie Bdleeteroe, tbat he wae to take oherge ef
tho prison aad would bo hold respoadble for tho continued good health of tho
prieenera.
fhe prisonere retired about tea o'clock tbat alght aad bad boea la bed
for about twenty dautos when Major franeleeo Cardenas, who d t h Lieutenant Bafael
Pialenta bad boea ehoeea to tranefer the prieonore, entered the rooa. fhe pris-
onere, informed that they were being transferred to the pedteatiary, quickly got
dreeaed. Madero eabraood General Angeles who was staying beUad, aad Piao Soares,
obviously such disturbed, aerely waved Ue band ae he loft the rooa. Madero was
pushed toward a closed oar whleh he altered d t h Oardenae. Piao Soares entered a
second oar d t h Lieutenant Pialenta. Bach oar d s o contained a guard aad chauf-
feur, fho oare aoved at a elow paee towerd the penitentiary, and when they aoarod
the gate, Madero prepared to get out of the oar. Cardenas spoke d t h soaeono who
oaaa out of the bdlding while Madero waited, fhe ears then continued along tho
north side of the prleon. After turning a earner the ears stepped near the oaet
w d l ef the pedteatiary aad the prisoners were ordered out. Oardenae ehot Madero
M
Tera Isteuoi, La. Revalue! oa Med cane, pp. 396-311.
 85
la the head with a pistol wUle Pideata diapsssd ef Pino Suares ia a aldlar
aanner. fhe bodies of the two aea wore thea riddled d t h b d l e t s . * 7
At eleven-thirty that dght Minleter do ia Barra was Jolted awake by the
ringing of the telephone, fhe caller said tbat hs was aa alio of Buerta*s aad
that the Praaideat dehed te eee Ua right away. Dsjya Barra was suspicious aad
asked for Generd Blanquet who oonfiraed tho authentlelty of ths call. At tbat
aoaeat Gar da Oranadoa, a near neighbor, arrived at U s bouse ahodng eigas of
haviag dressed haetlly. He too bad boea asked to soae te the Pdaoe without
delay. Orosslag ths patio they noticed an uausudly large auaber ef e f f i d d e for
that late hour. Ae they got out of the elevator la the Batlonal Palaoe, they oaw
Buerta eoaing toward thea la a atate of great excitenant. Although he wore U s
large spectacles aad a hat pdled well dowa over hie face, it was aotloeable tbat
he was very pale, "I have the graveat sews t e oosaualento to you," he eald as hs
led thea into U s private offieo. After elooing ths door, be oontinued, "Madera
aad Piao Suares have boea Ulled." There waa a short slloaot and then tho minis-
ters began to aak quest leas. Bo aaswered that ths deaths oeeurrad dariag a
ekirdeh between the guards who were conducting the prisoners to tho pedtentlary
aad ooao persona trying to free tbea.
MoadragoB, who was d s o present, odd tbat there alght be f a t d conse-
quences for tho governaent unlees i t eodd prove tbat evente had takea place ae
Huerta had stated. "What proofs do you need?" Huerta asked, "Z will eee that you
get thea." Da l a Barra euggeatod tbat soaoone completely outside of pelitloe
should be put ia charge of aa Investigation. He reooaaeded Jose Tasques Tagle,
the Preeldent of the Supreme Council of Military Justice and a brother of the
former Mid star of Juetioe under Madero. fhe suggestion was accepted dthough
l i t t l e ever eaae of the Investigation. Huerta, thumping tho table d t h his f i s t ,
ease

Bess, franc Is eo £.. Madero. pp, 336-339; Xing, TCBUOJI Over. Made*,
P. 117.
wmmmmmmm;mamEaKB8*msBs&mBtmmwmBmm*mm*mmmmmmam*iuMummmmm^

86
muttered te Umsdf la a volee retaining i t e ebnreoterlstie drum-like boat.
Squinting bahld U e thick glaosss he oontlnudly r e l i t a small black olgaretto.
Bis agitation was genuine dthough the exact psychology bohiad it i s uncertain.
A few dautos later De la Barra and Oarola Graaados departed leadag Beyee
aad Noadragoa with the President, Ae thsy Irove hoae they discussed the eituatioa
and the possibility ef rssigdng their oablaet pealt lone, they finally deoided,
however, that such action would be considered def l d t e proof tbat Buerta bad
participated in the crime. Thie would be aa lajuatlee to a aaa who eight very
39
wdl be laaooent aad the aotioa sight load to a renewal of d d l war.
Burly the f d l o d a g aoraiag Buerta iesued a atateaeat announcing the
deathe ef ths foraer President aad Tiee-Preeldest, fhe account given waa the
o f f i e i d one of attack by foroea attempting te rescue Madero aad the leee of ths
prisonero* Uvea i a the eroee-fire. Zt conduced:
fho Governaent proalsas that soelety shall be folly satisfied as
to tho faete la tUo case, fhe oosnaudero ef tha escort are aow
uader arreat and tho faote above recorded have beau ascertained
so as to doer op thie unhappy event.* 0
Tew people were willing to believe the o f f i e i d version of tho deaths of
tho foraer offieid a. One of the gullible group was Henry Laao Wileon, or at
least U s offieid reports indicated that he believed the account, fhe Udted
Statee Governaent, however, was l s s s d l l l a g to aoospt the etory aad newspapers
froa d l over the Aaorioae and Burope carried stories whieh Indicated ekeptioiea.
Xhe. fines of London and tbo Paris Tomos both aazerted that Medoo wae rded by
murderere. According to TJje, Tlmaa:

28
O'Sbeughaessy, lolia^jLt Pagfj., pp. 184-187; Tera Setaael, La Bovoluclon
Mexlaana. p. 296.
29
0*8haughneesy, Iatlmate Pases, pp. 187-188.
Bell, The. Polltlod Shams of Mede*, P. 318.

J
mmmmsmmsmsamssismaaagmexmmmmmmsemmmmmmmmmmmmmmw'mtmm^
87

Udeee aad until the aov goveraaeat oaa prove to ths U l t ths aot
very plaualble story which, they have publlehed, foreign obssrvors
will read a ef ths opinion that tho *reaoval* ef the two Maderoa
aad of Suares csles is but a fresh proof that tho lunate foroelty
of Mod oaa pollticlana aad dlitary adventurera reaalas uataaeA.
Aa tdk of intervention beoaae oooaoa, the Brooklyn Bade said:
. . . intervention aeroly for the aake of pudahlng oae eaall aet
of Madoana for murdering maother ssall set would be a etroteUng
of our prlvilegee ao Modeo' e blggeot neighbor . . . .
Beslsting erlea for intervention the Bow Terk Bvednc Boot etated that ths whole
Mexican aatloa "muet aot be confounded d t h tho military adventurers who may
31
temporarily got their dutch caicj oa her throat." Buerta bad expected trouble
te follow the deaths of Madero aad Piao Suares but be did aot oxpoet ae auoh
trouble aa occurred. Aaoag those who doubted the etory waa a bespeetaded echolar
acroas tho northern border who was soon to ohange hla resideaoe to tho WUte Bouse,
fhe attitude toward Buerta would Changs throughout the world, but Woodrow Wilaoa
wodd not forget the Border of Madero aad he would have a great deal to eay about
the subject.
fhe detalle of these aurdere are quite dear, but tha reeponslblllty for
thea le auoh loee ao. It la lapossibls to say just who planned the sardere aad
who gave tho ordare, fhe beet that oaa bo doae le to ded d t h probabilitioo.
fhe aetud arraageaento for the transfer of the prisoners were aada by General
Blanquet, aad according to the account allegedly given by Oardenae, Us lnstruo-
tlene weat beyond a slaple traaefer. fhe orders were approved by Geaeral
Mondragon, the aow Minleter of War, aad Oardeaas bad tha lapressloa that Buerta
and the oablaet approved.
There can bo ao doubt that Huerta know what was to take plaoe on the dght
ef Tebruary 38. Zt la udlkely that the Borders were planned by Ua or particu-
larly desired by Ua, Ho felt that a free Madero would be a danger to the

"xBTjeal PjddojL, Tol. 64, Bo. 4 (April, 1913), pp. 276-277.

• a a — a a — I I •mi i i n i i i i i i i i in is3BaaBB=axaammmsmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmaammmmm*mMmmwmmwimaxiBmMS3i
 88

goveraaeat aad that a murdered Madero dght dse lead to eoaplleatlona. fhe
Tellolsts wore eager for the death of Madero, aad Huerta probably gave la as he
eodd eee ao other dear oourse. Blanquet was a Buerta aaa aad wodd thus do aa
tho Preeldent dshed. The ody Telidst ia the direct line of eosaand, aad tho
edy oae oertddy linked d t h tha aurdera, wae Geaeral Mondragon. Znasaueh aa
the Tdiolsts wars the group ocst anxious to dispose ef Madero, it waa probably
Mondragon who planned the aurder of the pr looser a. Certeidy ao other porooa
aaoag those involved was better qualified ttaaa the Oatiliaariaa General Mondragon.
Only be aad Huerta wore Intriguers by saturo, aad tUs plot does aot aooa te bear
the ataap of Baerta* a psraendity. Bodolfo Boyos fools that Baerta wae at laaat
iavolved, aad plaeee ths blase addst Baerta, Mondragoa, aad Blanquet. Oaerlde
Moheno, however, laya the g d l t dlreotly at tho door of Mondragoa. Za aay caee,
Huerta aast bo considered gdlty at leaet of ladty d t h regard to the security
aeasurca protecting Madero, aad uader the eirouastaaeec that ia Itself wae a fora
of conspiracy.

Oaerido Moheno, MJL Actuaolon deeoncs do. J*. Deoona Tradca. pp. 139-151;
Boyos, M Itt Tide. Tol. II, pp. 163-164.
 CBAPTBB T
fBB rZBSf BUBBII8T OABZBBf

fho preddeacy ef Tlotodaao Buerta oaa be divided naturally late three

pedods. fho first period laats froa ths Inauguration of tho aov preeldent until
the brooking up of the fi rot oabiaot whieh took place dor lag tho dddle of the
aoath of June 1913; the seooad period esteude froa June aatll tho dissolution of
tho 36th Oongreee la October} aad the find period ooatlauos aatll the f a l l ef
tho Buerta government la July 1914.
Whoa Buerta took tho raise of govoraoeat ia rabraary 1913, the attitudes
of the various oatlylag eoopoaoats of tho aatloa were uncertain. Several greupe
wore ia rebellion at the tiae aad the state government a were each capable of
rooletaaco to tho new national authority.
fhe reoogdtioa of the new goveraoont by tho various governors of tho
states began ehortly after a aeassgo was sent to thea on rebruary 32. Oa rebruary
23 the goveraoont of Puebla cabled lta acceptance ef Generd Buerta aad la the
follodng two daye a auober ef otbere followed.
Goveraor Alberto Tuentee D. of Aguaeoallentee eurrendered to Generd
Garcia Hidalgo after fortlfyiag hiaaolf l a the goveraor* a palace. Oontrol of tho
governaent wae takea by Geaeral Hidalgo aad tho goveraor oecaped a few daye later.
Buerta threatened to uee aay aeaeuroa necessary to eoaplete pacification of the
aatloa aad said that It eight boooae neoessary to suspend guaraatsee, that ia.
Invoke martial law. 8

De Opao vino Buerta. pp. 236-287.

a
Bojr Jerk flaoe. March 1, 1913, pp. 1:3 and 4:4.
89
sammmmmmmtammB3mssssssaa=sB^BMmtassasammmKMmmmmmmmmm^
y II
90
Oa Mar oh 8 Bioardc Oarola Graaados arrived la 81 Paao, Texaa, far peace
tdks scheduled for the purpose of galalag tho adherenoe of Oroseo, Jooe laee
Salassr and othere, Aleo present wars Bailie Taeques Gomes aad David do la
Tueato, oae of U s supporters. A flad agreeaoat wae quickly reaehod with a
prod ee to flad a aolutioa to the agrarian problea aad flaandd eoaal dent leas
for the rebels, fhe laclueioa of Alberto Garcia Oraaadoe, David de la Tuente and
Gar as Aldape la the oaeiast helped to brtag about the surrender of the rebele.
Ody throe areas of the aatloa wore uawilllag to aoospt the Buerta govern*
aent. Sonera uader Goveraor Mayterena sad Oeahdla uader Goveraor Oarraasa
reaalaod Independent of the aov oeatrd government mad finally vent late open
rebdlioa. Gradually these rebdlleas beoaae acre serious as ths Baerta govern-
ment was weakened by outaide pressures aad internal etrife. Baillaao Zapata la
the atate of Morelos was willing to discuss surrender to the aow go'areas at for
Zapata feared Buerta acre thaa aay otbor aaa la Mexloo. fhe demands of Zapata for
the govaraoreUp of Mordoe aad federal make for his effioero were aot aet, how-
ever, ead he eoon was la open rebdlioa agaia. Buerta seat the able but soaowhat
brutal Geaeral Juvenolo Boblee agalaat Ua, Although the state government
remained la subalosloa to Buerta, the wralth-Uke Zapata readasd aapeeified.*
fho sour ess of streagth psssessod by tbo sew government were Impressive,
fhe army officers were fully behind Buerta who was a aaa after their owa heerto.
fhe mrw^ was 60,000 streag and fadlltlea were available to raize i t to 800,000.
Buerta had at Us disposd all federal revenuee wUeh wore at a peak at that tiae.
Be had the support ef a l l atatee except Sonera aad Oeahdla, and the aatloa* a
credit eodd be counted upon to bring a loan of 800,000,000 pesos froa foroiga
sources. If necessary, paper aeaoy could be la sued In sufficient quantity to
IfJL XlXJt ttXtl* Mareh 4, 1913, p. 1:4; pje Coao vino Buerta. p. 837.
SaL X8XX. TJLBfJL. aarch 8, 1913, p. 2:8.
 91
support tho army for two years, fhe upper dosses sad clergy were solidly beUad
Buerta, end moat ef the aiddle d e c s , te tba extent te whieh i t edated, was also
sympathetic. Aaoag the Xadiaao ody the Zapatietaa were actively hoot l i e . fhe
lower daeo ae a whole waated peace ia order to obtain ae auoh well-paid work aad
prosperity as poealble. Warfare eodd briag aothlag to anyone. The Aoerloaa
Aabaeeador waa oertaidy a f r i e d of Baerta, aad the large Amor loan buelaeos
internets eodd be expected to back aay peaoefd aad ooaeervative government.
Moot foreign goveraaeat a believed Buerta to be the ody eouree of stability and
the eaa hope for peace la tho aatloa,
fho laaediate rospenoa of the faft government to the asv Msdoaa adaldo-
tratloa wae favorable. Oa february 31 PUlaader Xaox, tho Aaerleaa Secretary of
State, gave a favorable reply te Wilsoa* e aessages eoncernlng the aov regiae aad
Indicated that ealy aattleaent of outstanding disputes d t h Medoo delayed reeog-
dtlen. Wilaoa replied that ho felt ho oould obtda the desired alas dthout
resort lag to refusal of fall recognition, aad U s asssagoe consistently urged the
American Goveraaeat to take t U s iaportaat atop. Oa rebruary 86 the Aosodated
Press released a atory tbat the British Goveraaoat wodd aot reeogdse ths Msdoaa
Goveraaeat oat 11 a poraaaoat president was deoted. Wileoa urged tbat the Udted
States aot fellow such a path, fho Buerta government agreed to cattle d l out-
etaadlng differences except geaeral claias for damages grodag out ef the revolu-
tion. Zf these dalas bad boon settled, the faft government might have given
formal recognition to the Buerta goveraaeat up to aa late aa March 4. 8 Since no
final agreements wore reaehod d t h Medoo, the recognition queetloa wae aet
settled by the faft government, but wae left to the deeieiea of Preeldent Woodrow
Wilsoa who took office la March 1913,

8
Tranclsco Bdaee, fjfet WJglo. gratjfc AbeuJ. Noxlpo, Preeldent Wllaon*a
RoroailbUUy (Bow Tork, 1916), p. 367.
6
Wilson, Didoaatlc Bdaodee. pp. 296-297.
mtmtmmmtwaextgaaeetsiasrssBnmwemmmmmmmmmammmmmmwmmenmmt^

93
Minlstar of Toreiga Relatione de la Barra qui only established good rela-
tione with tha foroiga diploaatie corps. His relatleas with Wileoa were good aad
reparatleas were offered to all foroiga eabassieo saaogod dariag tho previous
fighting. Bo was still worried about Baited Statee iatervoatlea, however, aad
a few lays after he teak offlee hs aet a secret sosslea of the Seaato aad dle-
cmosed the Aaorioaa sUps whieh reaslaed oatslde the harbor of Tore Orus. Is sdd
the dtoatloa was very lolioate and wodd bo oo aa loag aa tha government was aot
rsoognlsed. At t U s point Bdlaarlo Dtsdagues, aa laprudeat but roapeetablo
aeaator, said tbat snob reeogdtloa wae lapeosiblo for a goveraaoat whoee loadere
were atalaed with the blood ef Madero aad Piao Suares.7 Although tUs otateaoat
did aot prove fatal te Dealngues, it aade Us ooatiauod good health at least
dletiaotly eaeertele.
After a period ef uncertainty aad delay the Britieh Govoraoeat reoogalsod
ths Buerta regias oa Msreh 31. This was the signal for otbor aajor satioas, aad
Trance, Auatda-Bungary aad Spda fdlewed d t h reeogaltloa la April. Goraaay
rsoogdssd the sew regiao la May aad over the followlag ooaths aost of the aatlene
of the world fdlowed the ease path, fho A.B.C. powere ware the only imported
aatloas to follow the load ef Washlagtea by dthbeldiag reeogdtloa.*
Whoa Weodrow Wileoa beoaae preddoat, ha followed a source ef aoa-rooog-
dtloa which gradually beoaae acre aad aero a policy of active oppoeltioa. fhe
iaplleatloao for Medoo wore very serious and far-reaeUag. Wilaoa* e relatloae
d t h tho Buerta goveraaeat d l l be specifically dealt d t h la later cbaptcre.
Shortly after Buerta was lsaugurated aa the aow preeldent, ho begaa a
serious prograa of iatlaldating the opposition aad replaeiag Madero supporters
d t h Ue owa aea la aany iaportant geveraasat posts, Governore Abraham Gonsales
7
Aleseie Boblee. BJeJoda. folJUoe do. la Bejpjaelfi, p. 97.
8
J. Trod Rlppy, fjaj. UjAlll U s l i l Sam axXlxB. <>ov Tork, 1926), p. 334.

SESaSSSaECaBaaKaaaBoa^
 98

of CUhuahua, Bafael Oepeda of Boa Ldo Potoel, Aatede Bldalgo of flaxoala aad
Alberto locates D. of Ageaooolleates were Jailed before the aad of Tebruary. The
firot, ia what waa to be a long series of violeat dsatho, took plaoo whoa Gonsales
was killed by belag dragged froa a traia aad thrown beneath i t while ho was beiag
aoved froa oae Jail to another, fhe or las was deabtlooo osaaittod by Euertlsts
bat upon whoso laitiative la aot dear. Baerta hiaself would hardly have ordered
such useleoe violence, as i t ealy served to daaage ths reputation ef his govern-
ment. Bowevor, Gonzales had boea a fira Naders supporter aad Us death eerved ao
a sharp wardag to ethers of slallar loaaUgo,
Za tho alddle ef Msreh Buerta called reprosoatatlvos ef the press together
aad askod for their oooperatioa. Bo said the ebjeetivee of U s goveraaoat wore
to reestablish poaoe, rsorganlse tho aray aad oroate a treasury equal to the noede
of the aatloa. Be asked tho aowopaporo to aid hia ia hla prograa. "Z weald see
d t h pleasure tho prooa occupying Itself with tho study of tho advaatagoa ef the
continuance of aatedal aad public werko ef the capital, of the oatahlleaaoat of
public eoheolfl . . . ." Be urged that pelitloe be forgottea for the aoaoat aad
efforts bo aade to tmuquillse tho situation ef the aatloa. fhe press rospeaded
d t h editorlalo of tho typo deelrod. 81 Zmaaraiml aad H Pale both urged a
retreat froa polities, fho latter paper used the phrase of Porflrio Bias "loss
pelitloe aad aero adaUlstratioa."9
Bat all Jeuraallete were as Iodic, however, aad by May, Zaldro rebele,
who fled Modeo aa a result ef defending aa anti-Bmertiet editor, deelared that
10
about twenty othere had aloe baea foreed to floe. aeaawUle, tho Buerta prograa
of castiag governors oontinuea. After the governors wore reaoved, their peoitloaa
were daest dvaya filled by dlitery aoa who thereby tied the statee and

St. xaaf. ZcBP. fittfXxt* PP» 2S3-S34.

10
Bow. Jcj^ Tlaejb May 16, 1913, p. 4:6.
 84

thaasolvos ovsa aora oloooly to Buerta. Bvoatoally there wore oaly eevea oiviliaal
governore loft ia a t o t d of tUrty-ene froa tho various otatea aad torritorioa.
Oae particularly dlffieult problea adoted la Morelos. fho interla goveraor,
Bedto A. frajoaar, defendod the sovoraigaty ef tho atate and spoke epealy agaiaat
tho preooaoo of Generd Juvonde Bcbles. fho ocoasiea for Uo reaarke wae the
opening of the local ohaaber for lta noraal sessiea ia April. Ae a reedt of this
opposition, Bcbles arrested tho governor aad tho deputies a d aaaagsd to erueh the
redataaoe. Although the newspapers hailed tUa as a aove to ellalnate anarchy
ia tho aatloa, the geaeral feeling waa oae of deeatiefactios aad fear at tho
severe aethoda takea by the government.18
Buerta* s pereond habit a dariag the period ef his proaldeaey wore tbo
diopair of U s frieado. He boure wore extreaoly irrogalar aad those who oxpoeted
Ua te keep a eebeddo wore eoea dioappoiatod. Be seems ta have enjoyed dolag
tho unexpected aad took groat delight la outwittlag those whoa ho eoaolderod
lBtolllgOBt. Porhape Buerta* a loag yeare aa a eoaparative aobedy had aade i t
eeeentlal to Ua that ho prove his intelligence act oaly to others but to hiaaolf
aa well, fhe Baerta personality was peculiar oa the whole d t h fluotuatleae
between otole indifference and groat pdlteaoss aad ohara. Generd Buerta was
usually hiding his true fcollage rogardloss of wUeh exterior waa evident. Ho
true active for dolag oo dgbt bo aaythiag, or aotUng.
Tietorlaao sooas to have boon oae of Modeo'a greatest talkora. Be was
able to ooadaoe hie listenere of almoat anything provided he could bo alone d t h
thea. One aoaber of a Buerta oaUaot told the Preeldent, "fhe beet political work
that you oan do la to talk with your enemies. They d l l be aada Huertiete la an
hour."1*

- ^ ^i!?UfrtL5- (wloot
* » w*M»MM iB. fetfe*, 1667-1989 (Stanford Uaivor-
elty, 1931), p. 880,
«~ J ? ? * »» n o l " l d o'. aUaiBXlf, aft i t IffJOllSlSa labalfiaaa (Nexloo, 1958),
pp. 190-191,
18
Memoriae do Baerta. pp. 40.
 88
fho President generally aet U s oabiaot aldetore aad tho publie at Uo
hoae oa the Oallo de Liverpool oatil around 10 e'deek each aordag, aad thea he
weald leave for aa autoacbila ride wUeh oaded at tho Batleaal Palace. Tree 11
until 8 e* cloak he was freeuently at the Palaoe after which ha weald rotora hoae
to oloop. Bo asoally retoraed te tho Palaoe at • P.M. whore he wodd reada for
a few hours, fho night ouatoaarlly found U a aeetlag d t h his frieado either at
Ua hoae or at SOBS aearby cafe. Traeueatly Baerta would v i d t ooao oabiaot
d d s t e r of rogulor habit a la the dddle of tho alght oeraly to dl souse oa eaia-
portant quoetlen with tho badly frlgatoAod offieial. Tde looeely oeaotraotod
schedule was subject to change at tho leaet laollaatlen of the Preoidaat, aad as
tiae passed aad tha aatloaal eituatioa beoaae woree, Buerta* s aetloaa beoaae ovoa
acre uupredietable. Be began te spead aero aad acre tiae ia hla oar and aover
vlalted tho Palaoe. Thie however weald aot bo tho ease aatll a year ef Baertlet
government had boea oxperleaood by tho load of the Autoes.
Huerta, although d l l l a g te ass brute fores if accessary, seoae to have
dseouraged i t . Bo felt that tho fow examples froa tho first days of U s adalde-
tratloa wore waraiag eaough. He waa aero likely to foroe opponents late e d l e
thaa to have thea killed aad very fow doatha oaa bo attributed to Uo dlreet
laitiative, although ho oortalaly ooaloaod activltiee by his supportere which wore
both brutal aad unnecessary.
By the dddle of March it waa obvioue that ooao groups witUa tha aatloa
wore aot going to subdt to tha aow goveraaeat without roslstaaeo. Ia aa effort
to eaoouroge eurroader Buerta urged the ooagroes to pass aa aaneety b i l l wUeh
beoaae offieial after auoh dispute oa Msreh 19. fhe aaaoaty allowed those ia
rebellion fifteen daye la which to surrender. row rebels soea to have takea

14
Moheno, MJ, Aotuaelea Pelltloa. p. 106; »fT"itl Aft Bnarta. pp. 40-41.
18
&AOJfcitt Oflglal. Aft Bclaoloaaa Bxterlcrae. Tol. 35, pp. 239-40.
 96
advantage of tho U l l , aad Sonera aad Oeahaila reaelaed ia revolt. Zt was oa t U s
saae day that rumors wore spread throughout tho dty tbat the Palaoe guard was
plottlag to elldaate Huerta. Actually, there was probably l i t t l e laager, for
Buerta had tha support of tho ailitary olaas.
fho relations between Buerta aad rolls Dlas boosao aora strained ao tlao
passed. Attempts were aade by both BOB to Ude aay difforoaoos, but Bias had
l i t t l e lapeot on tho governaent except through tho oabiaot aad ho beeaae soaowhat
bitter, dthough tUe aay have beta largely a peso, Diaz aay aotually have felt
relieved as power drifted free Ue grasp, fhsro was a largs adalxture of irreao-
lutioa la the aakeup of Dlas aad subcensdously he amy have realised that he
could aover oontrol sen of tho Huertlet type. Pride aad Uo promisee aade Ua
eoatlaually strive for power but he say have boea aora ooafortable aa a brideaadd
thaa ae a bride. Za any oaaa rumoro of a split between the two loadere wore
exeitiag the dty by March 39 aad Buerta oallod a spoeid aeetlag of the roportoro
of the capital te emphasise that hs aad rolls Dlas wore s t i l l dose frieado. Dlas
17
was happy to oenfira the stateasat.
fhe reletioae between Buerta aad U s first cabinet wore oertain to be
difficult. Huerta had loag boea aeenstomed to dlltmry dlseipllae, Ee had boea
trained to fellow ordere dthoat question, aad he aow wiehed to give ordera aad
be obeyed la a ailitary aanner. Buerta la offoot did aet waat a oablaet but a
generd etaff. Siaos tha cabinet eonelstod of lalepondeate aad Dlas supporters,
hs could expoot ao auoh obedleaoe aad l i t t l e pereoaal loyalty. When, ae one ef
Ua flret off I d a ! acte, Buerta aaaed tho dioeolute Bar1 que Oepeda ae Governor of
the Tederd Diotrlot, Garcia Granadoa, the Minleter of Gobernaelea, did aot
resist. But barely a week after the new oabiaot began ite dutlee, Tcriblo
16
IffJL 1S&. filfftt March 20, 1918, p. 3:3.
1?
Alla., March 31, 1913, p. 4:6.
 97
Booulvol Obregoa reoeived a verbd order to replace the thea freaourer Generd
d t h Bugede Paroles, liaoo Paredos was aet a aaa of good reputation aad the
e d s t l a g freasuror Geaeral woe able aad hoaest, tho Ninieter of Hacienda lgaered
the order. On Maroh 3 the Nldater reoeived a written order to the soae offoet
and dadded to vlait Buerta. Buerta explained that Paredos was aa able aad
experienced aaa who had held a flnaaoial post with tho Division of tho Berth aad
that he had boea proaiaed the post for whieh he had boea reeoaaeaded. Buerta
ooatlauod to apply pressure dsdag the iatarviow aad Ssqdvel Obregoa roturaed te
Ua off loo lateadiag t o resign. As soon aa thie waa brought to the atteatiea of
other oabiaot officers, they determined to reelga ia a body. Buerta, whoa
iaforaed ef their dodsioa, retracted U s order for a change la persoaael aad i t
was aot aatll after Boquivel Obregoa left the oablaet that Paredos reoeived U o
proaiaed poeition. 1 8 fUe wae the f i r s t of a aeriea of elaehee between Baerta
aad U s oabiaot wUeh led ultimately to the f a l l of the latter.
Za tha msantlao Buerta was aetiag ia oooperatioa with a group of personal
followers who aotually functioned aa a oablaet. These induced hie asphev Geaeral
Joaquin Msas| U s personal physician, Dr. Urrutia; Burl que Cepedaj aad Buerta* a
personal secretary, Aurelio D. Canale. Barly ia the year Preeldent Buerta had
askod U o friend Brand see Beeudero, a dlstlagulshed deputy, te choose a otroag
oaUaot slate for Uo oo tbat he eodd gradually briag the candidates into the
administration. Those chosen were the four "quadrilateral" deputies: Msheno,
Lesaao, Olagulbel and Garcia Baraajo. Bsoudero woe oleo expected to Joia aay aow
oabiaot foraod. These aen aaoag thoasdvss could doainate the Chaabor of Deputies
d t h their eloquenoe aad they were eeeaeleaally eoasdtsd by Huerta froa tho
19
bsglBnlag ef U e government.

IB
... *orlblo Boquivel Obregoa, Ml Ljbjg op, Servjcje. de. Hideo. (Modeo, 1934),
pp. 103-106.
19
Ibid., pp. 101-103; Beyee, Do Nl Tide. Tol. ZZ, pp. 87-88.
 98

As a result of the Parades affair tho oabiaot aeabsra uader tho leedersUp
ef Tera Betaaol deoided tbat the goveraaeat aost be operated according to a plaa
agreed upon by the Preeldent aad the oabiaot, fo this oad they rooolvod that they
should be oonsdtod eoncernlng o i l polltlod appoiataeats and auat bs Inforaed of
the geaeral relatione of the executive d t h the oongrees aad with the rebds,
Buerta resisted t U s proposd and the oablaet ualty dissolved uader pressors.
Divided, tho oabiaot eodd aot etand against Buerta and he oontinued to i d erfere,
partiodarly la the area of Ooberaadoa wUoh oontrolled the relatione ef the
*Ba*s

eentral goveraaeat d t h tha various state goveraaeate.

fhe Ministry of War waa partloularly open to Huerta* s influenoe slaeo
Mbadragon was disorganised aad unable to oontrol Uo aldstry. Baerta was able te
do alaoot aa ho wished d t h tho ailitary dthough Noadragoa was aover very favor-
able towarde the Preeldent. Tletorlano had ao desire to doetroy the rebels
quickly for he aoelod tbea as aa excuse for resainlng la offloe aatll he had sub-
dued felidet lnfluoneo aad had eecured Uo poeition.
Toward the and ef March Buerta was eerleuely oabarrasssd by tho aetidtles
of oae of Ue doss eupportera. Bnrlque Oepeda, who wae aot ody Huerta'a friend
but Uo nephew aa wall, was aa exceedingly unstable and vicious personality. On
the dght ef Msreh 86 he beoaae iatodaated with aloohol aad madhuaaa aad woat ia
search of Gabriel Hernandez, a young of floor of Nader 1st leanlnga. Horaaades waa
a goveraaeat prisoner, aad after eeeklng Ua uneueeeosfully at the penitentiary,
Oepeda found hla at the Belea dlatrlct Jail. Oepeda aet ooao resistance, but slaos
he was goveraor of tho federal Dlatrlct, be woo sooa able to lay U s hands on
Beraaades, fhe prleoner wae quickly shot to death aad Us body was burned, fhe
Midster of Ooberaadoa, Oarola Granadoa, had been Iaforaed of what was taking
plaoo aad ruahsd to the Jail, but he arrived too late, Oepeda wae arreeted and
turned over to the Attorney Generd for trial. Although he was freed opooiously

Tore Bstaaol, La. Bovolucloa Ned oaaa. pp. 323-334.

— — — — — — — ^ m i i II
 _ .

oa grounds of iaaadty, Us rdsase was probably doc aora to Us owa laflueaoe

thaa Buerta* s. A fow wooka later the Ullar wae found abet to death by a ayster-
leuo bullet, Buerta probably had hia ellalnated aa a factor troubloeoao to tho
regiae.
On Apdl 1 Buerta opeaed a aaw ssssloa of tbo 86th Congreee d t h tho
raqdrod etate of the udoa message, fho message itself was read by the eeeretary
of the Chancer. Tollodag tUe loag and rather uncxeltlng reoltatloa Buerta,
dressed ia foraal black with a presidential sash, gave a short speoeh la wUeh as
Boatteaed the efforts ef various oablaet aldstors to edvo the aatieaal probloos.
Be particularly noted the attempts to expand tho school systea aad a projoot to
divide the Midetry of foaeato late two parts, thus bringing into edetenoe a
separata Ministry ef Agrledture wUeh would be devoted to the agrariaa problea.
Buerta obviously had learaed of the aeed for a good agrariaa prograa if future
revolutions were to bo stifled. Be was a conservative but bo was also a realist.
lead refora was essential te aay group wUoh hoped to retala eontrd. After the
effidal asassgs was reed, Baerta gave a rousing speoeh wUeh oallod for udty.
I apeak to tha seaators and deputies. We are, ay brothers, ia ths
preaeaoo of husaalty aad — wo may say — ia tha preeenoo of God.
1, the loot of tho sons of ay people, eolesaly dedara that Z aa
a liberal, but Z aay that Z aa deo extraordlnadly religlouo, and
Z resort to this, Gsatleaoa, because 1 believe that tha aaae ef God
la a powerful eloaed to give ue fdth and to give ue strenth, not
ody aoral but phyoioal.
After praising the Nodosa people oad foretelling a great future for then,
Buerta aeked for eelf-saeriflee to bring poaoe aad prosperity to the aatloa. Be
ended Ue speech:
• • . but 1 guarantee to the national repreeentation . . . tbat the
Bxeeutivo, seoonded by the powers which constitute tho national
goveraaeat, d l l know, eoet what it aay, bow to briag poaoe even if
i t costs the life of he who speaks to you,91

MM. SSMSL XlBO. fBxZfiu* PP» 331-385. (author*a tranalatlon)

I
 100
Aa usual Buerta* a spoken worde wore offeetlve ead tho eongrees rooolvod hie ace-
sage d t h d i d oathuolasa and ehouto ef "Tiva Huerta."
Oa April 81 Huerta spoko before the ariateeratie Jockey Club of the capi-
t a l . Bo called upon the prodnent asabere of the elab for aid ia padfylag the
eoaatry. Za psrtleular he aeatieaed the aoed for the pacif ioatioa of Morales. Be
odd that ho otood ia fear before the Importance ef U e taek aa President. "Z,
geatlsaea, have aover boea afraid, for though God aade ae ugly* he aade as a aaa
d l through. But aow Z aa afraid, booause grave responalbilltiss weigh upon as."
He conduced by aaylag that tha governaent wae continually aoeneed ef interference
ia state sovereignty but that such aetlea wae dwaya takea either becauae i t wae
88
aellolted by tho goveraora or because ef abedute aooesslty,
fhe Progressive Ooastitutlosallet Party ef Mederlet sympathisers hdd a
plurality la ths Chaabor of Deputlee. fho loadere ef tUo party wore Igaaolo
Berrege, Jose I. Beyaoso, Jesus Urueta aad Juaa Saaohes Aseona. Za addltloa there
were liberal a d independent bloee under Carles fro jo y Lerdo do fojada, Haauel
Oaetdacc Tuoatss aad othere. On the aore ooasorvatlve side wore the Oatholle
Party d t h a large aiaorlty in ths Chaabor and the oo-oallod Independent Party
uader tbo oontrol of the "quadrilateral." fhe Oatholle Party was led by a group
ef aet partledarly outstanding deputlee ladudlng Maauel de la Bat, Traaeleee
Blguero aad Joaa Gellado y Piaoatd. Baturally the latter groopo supported Baerta
vUle tha Progrssslves and their alllee wore ia eppesltlea. fhe Seaato wae aade
up of Porfiriet aad Oientlfioo eleasats to a largo degree aad Buerta eodd expect
as
l i t t l e trouble froa the upper Chamber.
Baerta depended upoa the "quadrilateral" to kasp the Chaabor froa oppoeiag
Ue Beasures. The "quadrilateral" chess to support Buerta booause they felt that

^aaf. BaXAaXlv TjEfttt, April 83, 1913, p. 1:5.

W
Bugoas M. Braderaaa, "A Study ef Polltlod Pardee aad Polities ia
Medoo slaos 1890" (Unpublished deoteral dieoertatloa, Udvoreity ef Illlnole.
1938), pp. 97-98.
1
 101
Telix Dlas wodd atteapt to eat up a Porfirlaa typo of regiae. Buerta wae te thea
aa unknown quantity. Porhape they felt that ha could be eaally ooatrolled olaee
hs was aet a woll-kuowa polltlod figure aad had few expedenoed polltlelaae
oloeely aaeodated d t h hla. If eo, they were alstakoa for tho aeabere ef the
•quadrilateral" had l i t t l e part la ldtlatlag legislation or controlling tho
methods ussd by ths governaent,** Buerta was willing to use the four prodncnt
eratore but be would aot be used by than. A break between tbea eaae very dose
to occurring whoa Buerta changed hie dud aad did not appoiat oae of thaa te tho
first oablaet opening.
All did aot go sBOOtUy for Buerta la ths Chamber of Deputies evea d t h
the support of Losaao, Moheno, Oarola Bareajo aad Olagulbal, Oa Nay 16 farad
charges were aade against Baerta for ueurpatlea, eoaeplraey aad aaaaasiaation,
fhe charges wore aade at the iaolstoaoo of Borlberto Barron who waa thea safely
boyoad reach.25 Zaddeata auoh as tUs showed tbat given ths oppertudty congres-
sional opposition to the President sight bo violeat.
One of the meat eacrgetle aeabere ef the Buerta cabinet wae Jorge Tore
Bstaaol, the Mlaiotsr of Public laatruotioa. Public eduoatloa in Mexloo waa la a
rather aorry state and a large aoale prograa wae needed to really bring Medoo
late the aodera world. Tore Betaaol begaa by destroying polltlod patronage ia
Us depertaeat and woat oa to study the illiteracy problea. A ehort tiae later
Tera Batanel proeoatod to the eoagreee a large aedo prograa for the reduction of
Illiteracy, fhe Mldeter*a prograa oondeted of a division of the country into
thirty-elx zonae according to illiteracy. These soaee were subdivided late some
600 dlatrlct a dth a projoeted tea schools per distdot. Thus the aatloa would
have a totd of 6000 eleaeutary sebcels. Slaeo there waa a shortage of teaehere,
34
Moheno, BJL Aetna clan Poll t lea, pp. 18-88.
^Xew Terk flaea. May 16, 1913, p, 4:5.
 103
each dlstriot wae to have aa educator who wodd instruct the teeehero la Us dis-
trict oad a acraal school was to be met up la the largoat eity ef eaeh soae to
iaatruet toaehere la the aothods of rudlaentary odacatiea aad preddo well-tralaed
toaehere for tho future.
The prograa ef atudloo would bo simple, Reading, writing aad arithmetic
would be taught the first year aad local geography, satioaal hlatory, d v i l aad
praetioal arts wodd ocas the follodag year, A conference with the Nidotsr ef
Hadenda had brought hie enthusiastic support dth regard to funds, aad whoa tho
prograa waa praaontod to congress it Increased the budget for the projoot boyoad
the requested s i s ailllon dollars. Bathuslasa spread throughout the educated
elass, sany cltissas offered to serve free of charge, aad auaoroae property hold-
ore offered land for oehoele. Groupo of uneducated Indiana offered to eonotruet
thdr looal schools without wages if the necessary supplies were given thea. 86
Unfortunately the prograa aover redly got under way. fho Huertlst
government had difficult lee la getting ths loans i t needed due te pressure froa
the Unltsd States, aad tho turmoil of d d l war made school construction diffi-
cult. Zn April Buerta reported that there were 181 elementary schools lm the
aatloa d t h about 10,000 students, including 1,500 adults. By Septeaber tho aoa-
ber of schools had oaly increased to 800 aad the number of etui ante bad not
Increased to aay appreciable extent, fhe great plaa of Tera Betaaol aover had a
chance for fulfillment aad the aatloa was no better off then before. 27
fhe flaaaoial situation of the Med eaa Government wae serloue whoa Buerta
became the new President. At that tias there were 33 million peeoe la the treae-
ury but there waa a bonded indobtedneoo of 480 ailllon peeos. One-year Nodosa
notes wore anturlng for tea ailllon peeos oa Juno 10 as well as aotee backed by
36
Tera Betaaol, Le. Bejoladoe, Mfdeeja,, pp. 321-322; Jorge Tera Betaaol,
V*lI*&iBlto±S!lM}ai}*lulM.il*B Angeles, 1920), pp. 47-49.
"calleott, Llbera£ioa. J*. Mexico., p. 836.
 103
the Banco Baclonal sad the Banco Central for ten ailllon pesos oa August 31.
fhsro were obligatioas te the Batlonal Ballwaye amounting to 88 million, ef which
tea d l l i o a fall due oa June 1, fhe natural recourse would have boea to ask ths
beakers te renew but a eradicate beaded by Speyer and Go., which held 80 aillloa
of that falling due, refused to renew without ample eoeurity. fhe ether 23 d l -
lien were held by aa international syndloats which began aegatletloae d t h the
d a of gdalag oontrol of the unpledged 86*J of Mszloan ouotoae ao security. 28
Uader the drcuaetanees It waa absolutely accent ial to the Huerta govern-
aent that it receive finanold d d la the fora of large loans if i t was to curry
out aay largs aoale refora progreas. fhe Udted Statee Goveraaoat thue hoped to
foroe ths oollapss of tbo Buerta regiae by disoouraglag loaas to Modeo. laxly
la March the Miaister of Had aada, Bsqdvel Obregoa, askod ths eoagreee for
authority te float two loaas, one for 100 d l l i o a poaoe abroad and one for 80
aillloa at home.* Bsqulvel Obregoa waa aa able d d o t e r aad hoped te take long
range atepe to put tho aatloa oa i t s fiaanold feet. Oae aeasure be hoped to
adopt was to put d l bank bill leouee under etrtot government oontrol by limiting
i t to ageaelcs ef the Baaoo Central, fhe stsp was not takea before be loft office
la July. 8 0
The Mideter of Baeiende had great difflodty with Buerta who wlehed to
run the treasury according to U e own lnellnatloae. Charges ef varioue eorte
sore amde agalnat tha Mideter aad hurdlee ware put la his path, porhape-U an
attempt to break Us resistance. Dieoord iaereased whoa negotiations d t h foreign
banking firms were doaod, aad a definite proposd was brought before eoagreee.
Qaoddo Moheno, who bad frequently been in eonfllet d t h leqalvel Obregon over

^ d l , She. Pelltled. A u g , pp. 836-337.

" t a t I2X& Xliii, March 3, 1913, p. 8:3.
amTl

Bsqulvel Obregoa, MJL Ljbcx i t Berjlde. do. Mjjxljgo., pp. 108-109.

 104
flaaaelal questions, aade ooaalalouo charges agalaat U a . fheee wore the reedt
of Uo falling to oonalder the offers of oae "Mercurle" a opceolater who proved,
after testiaoay by Gen»ral Noadragoa, to be unreliable, Baerta allowed tho tur-
moil to ran Its eouree dthough he oertaldy did aot doubt the probity of Boquivel
Obregoa. By tho ead of May, however, the disturbance had passsd aad tho Mideter
of Haelenda had obtalaed a loaa of six aillloa pounds with two options for four-
teen Billion pounds oa teres wUeh wore oonoldorod favorable, fhe loan was froa
aa inter net load syndicate which else aade a loaa of large alss to tba Batlonal
Railway a. Speyer and Company were brought into the agreement so that they wore
ao longer preeslng the government for payment. A loaa of aay sort was a distinct
triumph for Buerta slaos he had proven tbat Madeo did aot depend entirely on the
Udted States and oould flad frleads abroad who were d l l l a g to aet independently
of the power te the north.

Another problea facing the Med oaa Governaent was the shortage of gold la
tbo oountry due to the tendency of the wealthy to ship tbat prseleue octal to
other eouatriee for aafo keeplag. Thie practice had boea taking plaoe slaos the
f d l of the Dlas governaent. On May 1 aa atteapt wae aade to discourage the
procedure by placing a 10% tax oa the export of gold. When Boquivel Obregoa
proeoatod the aeasuro in eoagress, he wos attaoked by a aoaber ef ths "quadrilat-
eral" who ineieted that Buerta* s approvd was aseooeery. Actudly, this waa Just
another example of Buerta* a haraoslag tactics which were iateaded to break the
Miaister*s Independent s p i r i t . 3 2

Aa equally Important projoot to Bsquivd Obregoa was the agrariaa refora

prograa. Be had long favored such a project aad bad ovea written a book en the
eubject. Ia tho eyee of the Mldstsr of Hacienda the great difficulty la Medoo

31
tera Sstanol, La Bovoluelon Medcana. pp. 382-326.
38
Bequlvol Obregoa, ft. Lj&er. on. fitZTlde. SB, omaefilt PP. 143-145.
 106
wae that those who had lead aad eodd aot work i t , oould aot s e l l i t , for the lead
was weighted dowa with aortgagos aad those who wished te buy load had no aeaey.
He proposed tbat the etate beecae an lnteraedlary by iesulag beads wUoh would be
used in payasnt for land to be divided aaoag tho poor on reasonable torae. A b i l l
te t U e effect was subdtted to tha Chaabor ef Deputlee but never beoaae lav.
Supsrfldally Buerta favored the b i l l , but he probably wae privately eppoeed to i t
because i t would sake Bsqulvel Obregoa too popdar with tho lower elaesss, aad
S3
Buerta waated ao r i v d e .
fhe first break la tho cabinet eaae d t h the reslgaatlea of Oarola
Oraaadoe, the Minister of Gobernadon. Be had boea carefully watched by Buerta
who frequently interfered in the affaire of that Nlalatry. Oaroia Granadoa appar-
ently lacked tbo strength to stsad against Huerta aad at tho saae tiae wae unwill-
ing te be a figurehead. Tarious Buerta supporters, end In particular Ocerldo
Koheno, had loag boea aaklng tha Ministsr the object ef abuse, and ia April a
dispute arose between the Ministers of War aad Gcbernaeiea regarding the disposi-
tion ef rural police (ruralee). Buerta elded d t h Mondragon la the dispute and
aaaed Joaqula Pita, a aaa of very arbitrary tendencies, te the poet of Iaepeotor
of Police. Oarola Granadoa did not feel that bo eodd approve ouch aa appelataeat
34
and reelgned. Buerta was aot yet ready to break the Pact ef tho Oiudadela by
aadag one ef U e owa aea to the eapty oabiaot poet aad aa agreeaoat was reaehod
d t h Dies to ths offeet that tho poeitiea wodd reaela eapty. Huerta carried out
ite funetloae Uasslf.
fhe Mldetry la wUeh Buerta took the aoet direct lateroet waa the Minis-
try of War. Moadregoa waa a very poor adaialotrator and quickly lost control of
ailitary affairs. Huerta*e handling of the army at this tiae la Instructive with
^Bsqdvol Obregoa, Ml I*oor fa. Sordclo do. Mjdeoj, pp. 110-122.
'Vera Betaaol, La. Bavoluclon Mcdeana, p. 343; Boyos, De. £* JJjfe,

I
Tol. II, pp. 193-194.
— — — — — — — — — — — — — —
 106
regard to U e overall political gode aad aothods. BO was ladsh with proaotieae
and decorations, even to tho extent of lastitutlag a aow ailitary decoration for
all thoee who had eoon combat aerdce. He preaoted off leera who were loyal te
Dies la the hope ef wiadag their loyalty for hlaeolf. At the saas tias the si so
of the army waa greatly increased. Ia Tebruary the total goveraaoat foreee con-
sisted ef come 60,000 men. By September 1913 there were 183 generale, 1,081
Jefee, 6,637 offloera ead 84,986 aea. In addition there wore, under the ordere
of the Seorotarlat of Goberaacloa, 16,000 ruralee, 4,000 urbaa police aad 16,800
other aea uader orders. By April of 1914 Buerta add tbat ths aatloa needed a
national army of 850,000 aea plus 18,400 ruralee and 31,000 aUltlaaen. fo
provide offloera 388 aspirants ware given coaaiosloao aad efforte were oade to
36
Increase the teape of cadet t r d d a g ,
Oa July 18, 1913, a aow eoaoeriptlon regulation woat late affect which
required eaeh etate to provide at leaet five ooa per thousand populatloa for a
86
period ef throe years active service. It was bseodng dlffieult to find aoa
for d l l t a r y service because the purpooely bungled combat eituatioa was leading
to heavy casualties. Huerta ueudly dthdrew tho really able offieere froa combat
aad replaced thea d t h inooapeteato. Soaowhat later a levy systea wae put late
effect whereby aay sale eltisoa who appeared ia a public place at aa inopportune
tine Bight be eel sod. Bnndrede were eelssd after the bullfights every weak.
fheee unfortunates would be hastily clothed and put on a train for the battle soae
without traldng aad wodd soon perieh uader tho command of offloore unfit to
oommaad. Buerta hoped that the ailitary emergency eodd be prolonged until there
wae ao longer aay danger of competition from Dlas or tho aeabere ef tho 36th
Congreen.
3B
0dloott, liberalism. U Medee., pp. 230-231; Mexico. Secret aria do ouerra
r Marina, BejltRi d j l BJeroiJc. y. Narjaa., Tol. 16 (Mexico, 1913), pp. 169-164.
36
Bedeta del BJerolto y Marina. Tol. 16, pp. 157-159.
 107
fho tendency to grant promotions frsely was typloal of Buerta* a approach
to politico. Be hoped to bs abls to grant requests to porsoas of a l l elaesss la
a purely personal way. Be felt that la thla aaanor he would be able to build a
etrong Huertiet party which wodd be loyal to ao political Ideals but oaly to the
President personally. Buerta had gained the loyalty ef Ue offloera aad aoa by
a eoablaatiea of favors aad harshness. He felt that It would bo poodblo to gala
the loyalty of a aatloa ia the asae sanaer. Huertiet rale would have a groat deal
ia coamon with the Porflrian pan o pale (bread or tho club) but It wodd bring
benefits to d l elassee laotead of oaly the upper elaeaeo. Zand refora aad educa-
tion would be Huertiet gifts to the lower olaeoeo for which thsy would pay d t h
loyalty.
Za Buerta* s attempt to cause a loag ailitary caapaiga Modragoa was aa
uaoonedoue ally, fhe laooapoteat Minietor aot only aade alatakoe but waa also a
convenient scapegoat. Slaos Noadragoa wae a Dlas supporter. U s loaa of reputa-
tion eodd oaly help Buerta. fhe President had aa uninterrupted opportunity to
fora a Huertiet army. Mondragon had had it aade dear to hla that interference
would be unviee and hence he did not conceit d t h the other cabinet aeabere for
purposes of roeletlag Huerta.87
While Huerta replaced effective offieere d t h less oapablo oaes, the
oabiaat urged haety aotioa to destroy the rebele, and gradually the preee took up
the cry. On Nay 4 Huarta announoed tbat aa off endue wodd aooa begin aad tbat
tho rebels would be doetroyed la a aoath. fhe robds were etronger at the end of
that period thaa they had been before ad oa June 4 Matamoroa fell to thea. fho
fir at oabiaot was by thsa dose to collapse.

37
Tera Betaaol, La Bevolndon Mexloana. pp. 328-389.
38
It* LUX. TiBfJU May 6, 1913, p . 1:3; Tera Betanol, La, Bovoluclcn M e d -
oaaa. p. 338,
mmmmtmmmsmtmsgagmsap^mtmwmmmmmrmBmmwmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm^

108
As weeks passed tho pressure for a change ia ths ailitary situation
beoaae overwhelalng and Buerta ueed t U a pressure for Ue own ends. Telix Bias
was oallod to a spoeid oonferenoe d t h Buerta aad the President urged that ho
be dlowsd to appoiat a aow Mialeter of Oeberaadea aa there wae a great aoed for
ooaeoao te f i l l that position. At tho aaae tiae he urged tbat acadngoa be
forced to retire ae a scans of iaprovlng tho ailitary dtuatloa. f U e wodd ocan
tha breaking of the Pact of the Oiudadela and would leave Buerta d t h no obliga-
tion toward Bias, The Preeldent stressed that aea l o y d to hla must be aaaed te
the eapty oabiaot posts, aa oaly ia t d e way eodd tho nation be pacified. Dlas,
who for soae tias bad probably given up eerioue hopee ef beeoalag president,
39
agreed to the foraal cancellation of the Paet on June 13. rolls Dlas was s t i l l
friendly towerd Buerta or at least believed la U s ability for oa June 19 he
visited Hoary Lane Wileon aad aald that ha regretted tbat Huerta had aot boea
recognized oad that he hoped d l groups wodd now support U o , 4 0
Shortly after boiag aaked to resign, Mondragoa was Inforaed tbat hs was to
leave the oountry. Tollowing a banquet given in honor of Buerta aad Mondragoa,
Baerta iaforaed Ue foraer Minleter that Ue preeence was required la Burepo. A
trala wodd bo waiting oa ths foUowlag day to take U a to Tera Orus. Mondragon* s
protests wore overruled and he loft oa June 33. A telograa dated June 86 requeetd
Goneral Telaeeo of Tera Orus to have Noadragoa shot i f ho ahoved a dispositloa to
aake trouble ia that eity. Be might have eome to grief in eay eaae if It bad aot
boea for tho preeonoo of tho Britieh Minister, Mr. Stronge, on the train d t h
hia. Buerta had more dislike and contempt for Mondragon than for any ether

39
Torn Betaaol, La. Bovolnclon bxX4jsm. PP. 338-329.
40
Henry Lane Wileon te the Depart aent of State, June 29, 1913, Tile 800.
l e i } , The. Political Shame, pp. 367-368; Bsqulvel Obregoa, Ml Labor en
Servlplp. do. Mode*, p. 90; Jhe. Mfdoan. HejotU, Juaa 23, 1913, p. 1:7.
 109
aoaber of his first oablaet aad wae prepared to ded aero harahly with Ua thaa
d t h other political oppeaeato of prodnenoo.
I Baerta* a flret choice for the Midstry of Oobernaeloa had boea Jose Maria
Losaao, a asabor of the "quadrilateral" and a aotod Bias hater. Bias had rsjeeted
this oholoo at ths insistence of Bodolfo Boyos, and Buerta was foreed to ehooee
eoaeone leea well-known. On Joao 18 the redgaatlon of Noadragoa wae related te
the Council of Mialatera aad Buerta told thea be wodd suggest new alnietere the
follodag day. Oa the next day Baerta iaforaed thea tbat he had ehoaea Geaeral
Aureliaao Blanquet for tba Midetry of War aad Dr. Aurellano Urrutla for the
Nlalatry of ooberseelea. fhe latter was not ody Buerta* s personal phyelelaa but
was U s e a stroag supporter of Huerta politically. Be was a aaa of few eeruples
aad Ua methods were characterized by bratdity. Buerta quiekly left the Council
ef Mldetero after Baking hie announcement, for he oxpoeted oppoeltion, ospedoUy
te tho latter aoalnation. Be wae aot d a taken for Tera BataSol felt that tho
entrance of Urrutla to tho Council of Miniature would aeaa the beginning ef
strictly Huertiet influence. Bo urged that the delators etaad together in oppo-
eltion to tho appolataent but failed to gdn the eupport of soae ef the ether
ministers. Ae a rasdt of t U s failure Tera Betaaol iaforaed Do la Barra that ho
intended to offer Us resignation. Ho did eo ia a eteray cocao d t h Huerta aad
wae replaced by Manuel Garza Aldape who had originally been slated for the ae yet
unorganised Mldatry of Agricdture.* 2
Buerta had aow effectively killed oppoeltioa within the Council of Minis-
ters and over tho next few aonthe the remaining aeabere of the first cabinet
reelgned. All cabinet members and state governors would now have to be Huertiata
and a policy of delaying the aet lend electlone eodd bo put Into effect.

^ o y e a . Do. &. Tide., Tol. II, pp. 192-194; Tera Bstaaol, La. Bevolucloa
Mexloana. pp. 838-829.
 110
fhe fow months of Huertiet rule had eoea a rapid decline ia felleiet
popularity. Ac far ae popular epidea had boon concerned, Zllaa had boea expected
to gda tho presidency with Ds la Barra as his running aate. As expeotod he
bogaa te orgadss a party ia february and during March aany felleiet clubs grow
up. Za April Bias aade hia prograa publle. Be urged ths creation of a Departaoat
af Agriculture, doelrod pacification of the nation, pledged Justice, flaaaolal
hoaeoty aad aora eduoatloaal faollltleo, aad, la addltloa, proaiaed to preoerve
free and effective suffrage.43
Buerta, utilizing ths decrease ia felleiet popularity, wae able te con-
vince Dlas and De la Barra te dtbdrav their candidacy oa April 84, after eleo-
tleae had boea delayed by the Obaaber of Deputlee. froa the end of April the
popularity of the brllllaat aad theatrical fells Dies dediaod until by ths oad ef
May friends of Dlas adaitted tbat there was ao longer auoh chance that Tells oould
bo eloeted preeldent.
fhe que ot Ion of an election date went unsettled for come time. At flret
Huerta wanted aa early election ae he held oontrol of the aacblasry, but whoa tUs
was blocked by the Obaaber of Deputlee, he waa ladlaed to let the problea root.
fho Benovador group in the Chaabor hoped to delay deetloaa In order to keep both
Dies aad Buerta froa being elected to a full tera la off loo. It wae primarily
acnovador strength wUeh kept aa election date froa being eet for July. However,
pressure gradually bogaa to mount aad a spsolal aeetlag waa oallod which wae
attended by Buerta, the oablaet, the Preeldent of the Supreme Court, rolls Dies,
aad rapreoeatatlvee of all polltlod partioe in eongroee. Buerta probably hoped
that tho varloue groups wodd be unable to come to aa agreeaoat, la which eaee he
wodd remain la the presidency by default. Ia hla owa dad tho eleetione were set

^Hraderaaa, "A Study of Polltlod Partioe and Polities in Mexico,"

pp. 118-113.
•ow Tork Tinea. June 1, 1913, p. 18:5.

J
 Ill
for ths first Meaday after the eooond Tuesday followlag the Day ef Judgment.
However, after a loag discus don the various groups finally agreed opea the date
4*
of Ootobor 86 for ths olsotioas and a s p o d d election law was Issusd oa May 81.
After tho late was aet there was a groat laereaae la party activity, fhe
Telieitte oontinued to hold aoetlags but, slaos Bias had resigned hie eaadldaey,
eathueiaaa waa looking, Oa July 17 Buerta sueoeeded ia gaidag Dlas*o aeosptanoe
of aa appointaent aa Aahaeoador to Japan, f d a however did not end Tell d o t
aotlvity a d varloua groups ooatlauod to aoet aad discuss potentid dee-preslden-
t i d eaadldateo. Aaoag those suggested were foriblo Bsqulvel Obregoa, Jose Zalo
Boqueaa, preeldent ef the party, a d Trenoloeo 8. Carbajal, Magistrate of the
Supreae Court. Oa Septeaber 4 Jooe Lds Boqueaa wae edeoted to be Bias's ruadag
aate a d excitement resumed when rolls was relieved froa U s datiss aad allowed
to retura to Modeo later that aoath. Buerta apparently felt that Dlas was ao
longer a danger aad that at leaet tha outward fores of a free elsetien wore
neocaeery. 46
Until after the deetlen date was set activity by non-Telldet partioe
was iadgdfloaat. fhe Popular evolutionary Party aade a dight atteapt te
reorganize by asking aeabere to oontaet the executive board, fhe Anti-reelection-
let Party beeaae iaaetlvo after Tranciaco Taaquez Gomez waa fored late exile oa
a charge of dedriag to revolt, fhe Catholic Party merely waited aad obaervod
47
the situation la preparation for Baking a stand.
fhe last reaaining aoabero of Buerta's first oabiaot rapidly left their
pooitleas follodag tho reslgaatloa of Tera Bstaaol. After the Mialeter of Publle
Bduoatloa reeignei, they bad ao strength or unity and Huerta eodd foroe thea to

Bradersaa, "A Study of Political Partioe and Politics la Mexleo,"

pp. 113-114,
^ I b l d . . pp. 116-116.
4?
Zbid., pp. 113-114.
realga at Mo pleasure. Oa June 81 Do la Barra aade It known that ho dshed to
resign la order te take ever Uo dutlee as pveraor ef the stats of Mesieo. Bo
left hie peat ea June 86, aad in J d y accepted a poaitlea ae Aabaasador to Traaoe
aa a aeaas sf siloaelag psajfsteat attempts to promote bis oaadldacy for tho
presidency. De la Barra waa probably goadaely unambitious aad dahed only te de
what he oodd for the country. Be woo aot ody one of tho aoet admirable of
Nod eaa politidana but probably Medoo1 a aoet politieally d o e peroonollty as
well. 4 8
Babies Gil resigned la tho dddle of July ead oa July 86 he waa followed
by Bequlvd Obregoa. At first BsqulveX Obregoa retired to private affaire, but
after aa art i d s appeared which was unfavorable te Ua, ho beeaae nervous aad
visited Buerta. Bo reoeived l i t t l e reaeeuraace, and when e noted deputy wao
found d l l e d la mysterious elroumetaaoee, he deoided to go lute e d l e . Bsqulvel
Obregoa visited the thea Miaister of Juetioe, Oerostleta, whoa he knew te bo aa
honorable aaa aad received a letter ellodag U a to leave the oountry dthout
interference. Ooroetiete vlehed to aak Oneride Moheno for help but Bsqulvel
Obregoa, who did aot trust Moheno, convinced Ua tint it would be undee. Late
ia Boveaber 1918 Boquivel Obregoa reached a ship at Tera Orus where he waited
aaxioudy for departure. Be had heard or laaglnod rumors tbat ho would be ooised
but waa allowed te leave ia safety. 4 *

Bodolfo Beyee wae invited to resign oa J d y 36, but be managed to roelat

until Septeaber 11 la hope of helping Tells Bias. Ds la Tuente wae also dropped
from the oablaet shortly after tho roeigaatloa of Bsqulvel Obregoa. Za most easee
word to resign would ooao dthout wardng la the dddle of the dght and frequent-
ly whoa the Miaister f d t himself oa the best ef terae d t h the Preeldent. Thie

48
saXaflll. QllSlSk at Bolaclonos Bxtorloroa. Tol. 36, p. 92 aad Tol. 37,
pp. 18-19.
49
Bsqulvel Obragon, Mi. Labor on. Serviele de Modes, pp. 166-170.
 118
le probably another example of Buerta'o deolre to prove hla power a d evidence
of Ua rather aaeaore eenoo of huaor.
The outlook for Buerta waa very good by oiaVuno 1918, Be had doetroyed
the popularity of Telix Dlas sad ths Telielst cabinet waa oa the way out. He
eodd now turn to the problea of the robds d t h a genuine desire to destroy
then. Two footers, however, aade this Impossible. Preeldent Woodrow Wilson bad
persisted ia Us attitude ef opposition to Buerta, a d the pressors tbat was
applied by the Ualtsd States aade it diffiedt for the Medeaa Goveraaeat te
reach a otehle flaaaold poeition. The earlier loans bad merely aettlod the
Iaaediato probloos of ths goveraaeat, but the eontladag olvll warfare waa rapidly
eatiag up reeervee. Za addltloa, the rebels bad bad several months la wUeh to
oonaolldato their positions, aad thsy bad now become fairly etrong. The rather
free flow of supplies aerooe the United Statee border kept tbea ae well supplied
as the federal foreos, and as Aaerleaa pressures increased, the federal supply
problea wodd boooae even mere serious.

Va
 CHAPTBB TZ

fBB DBTBLOPMflfT OT ABTI-BUBRTI8T TOB0B8

At ths time Madero wae overthrowa ths p e e d b i l i t l e a for a geaeral accept-

ance of Buerta* a government by the local foreos within the aatloa soeaed good,
Noet of the etate govornore cabled their subaisdea t e the aov government bat a
few groups remained undecided u n t i l the death of Madero drove thea Into open
revolt. Huerta had aot boea wrong when he f e l t that Madero'a death d g h t be a
greater danger t o the new governaent thaa U e freedoa would be.

Oae of thoae who did aot aoeept tho new regime waa Tenuetlaao Oarraase,
goveraor of Coahuila. The actual attitude ef Oarraase toward Madera reaalas
uadear. There were rumors that ho U a s s l f was preparing t e revolt agalaet the
Maderlat governaent, a poeitiea which has boon takea by numerous writ ere. fhe
oppoelte eide of tho queetloa has also boea supported by aotod U e t o r i a a e , and i t
eaeas impoeeible to prove that he had actually takea atepe toward rebellion
dthough he probably wae considering ouch aotioa. Garransa, l i k e Huerta, oeeae
to have boea activated solely by personal aabltioa.

Carranze*s grsateet as aet waa U a appearance. He wae t a l l , broad-

shoddored, d t h a large head and f l e d n g wUte board. Hie habitual expression
of seriousness oonbinod d t h U s appearance gave the laproesloa of a B l b l l c d
patriarch, a man of principle and d a d o s . Unfortunately the appearanoo belied a
alad of aedlocre quality which wao eoablaed with great ambition aad rather f l e x -
ible ethical ataadsrds. fhe aedltetlve expreaaion upon d o a e exadnation d g h t
be found to eoneed aa inactive d a d . Carraaza aade a fine rallying point, but
ia hlaeolf, e o d d bo l i t t l e danger to the Buerta government. Ae an Individual

114
 116
there i s l i t t l e doubt that Buerta oould outthiak aad outgeneral U o .
Teaustlaao Garre asm was bora la Coahdla la 1869. Be ooaploted Uo
elOBSBtary studies at S d t l l l o aad woat on to study at tho Batiead Preparatory
School la Modeo Olty. After being forced to drop his studies because of aa eye
d l a e a t , be settled down to faraiag and oattla r d s i a g , Oarransa bogaa hia poll*
t i e d eareer la 1887 by beeoalag aunloipal preeldent of Guatro Olenogas aad
gradually progressed through the varloua state offices. Za 1909 he accepted tho
candidacy for atate goveraor and reoeived Nadoro' a aupport agalast the o f f i e i d
candidate of the Dies regies. Although ho f d l e d , ho e t i l l remained faithful to
tho Dlas government. Hla closest p o l l t l o d adherence wae to Beraardo Boyaa, aad
whoa Reyes split d t h Dlas, Oarraase shifted U s support to Madero. He beoaae a
dose follower of Nadoro during tha latter's successful revolt end eaeont to tho
presidency aad was aada governor of Coahdla at that tiae. Although Oarraase
expresaed dissatlsfaotioa with Nadoro oa a nuaber of oeoadens, he offered aid to
the Proaidoat during the tregie ton days.
When Buerta announoed the overthrow of Madero, Oarransa* s lamadlato
reaotion wae to rofuee recognition to the new government; but when ho found that
the legal foraalitiee had been oomplied d t h , ho changed U e alnd aad deoided to
enter aogotiatlone d t h Buerta. He aent a telograa addresssd to tha "Praeideat
of tho Republic." Za thue addreeoing Buerta ho gave hla at least laforaal recog-
nition. However, the deaths of Madero aad Pino Suares led to a complete ehengo
in Ua attitude a few daye later.
By february 36 Car ranee waa making opea aovoaent e toward rebellion ead
wae proparlag to defend himself egainst ths federal troope who wodd be seat to
ovorooae U a . He rapidly gathered foroee to resiet federal troop aoveacnte aad

Vaass A. Magnor, Men, of Mexloo (Milwaukee, 1943), pp. 490-491; foreign

Relations. 1913, pp. 726-728. •"•—
/'
 116
out off tho railways so that the governaent troops eodd not arrive qulokly, Za
the meantime, various email groups dthln ths stats rose ia eupport of ths
goveraor.
Burly la March Buerta cent a curt telegram to Oarraase askiag why he had
taken 60,000 peeoe froa the banks of tho state. Oarransa, now opoaly defiant,
replied, "I have takea no money from ths backs as you refer; aad If I had done
eo, i t le not to you that I should render aeeouat." Oarraase had aow reoeived
word of rebel reeletanee In the otste of Soaora. Bio ssall foroee under General
Pablo Gonzales eodd aot hdd their owa agalnat the federal forcea; aad after
extract lag aoae 1,640,000 peeos froo publle aad private eonoerae and being
defeated near Monclova by federal forces, Oarraase fled te Soaora,8
Za Soaora tho leadersUp was loss detsrdnsd than In Coahuila, but the
publlo support of reeletanee wae aora generd. Governor Maytereaa had iadleated
U e williagnees to aoospt Huertiet rale, follodag wUeh tho legislature forced
Ua out of offloo, fhe leaders la the lonora leglslaturs were Roberto Posquiero
and Adolfo do la Buerta. for aoae tiae the Soaora junta waited for events to
show whether resistance was general, fhoy Iadleated that i f i t oould be ascer-
tained that tho other statss were subdttlag, they wodd at leaet not resist la
a d l i t e r y manner, fhoy did, however, want d l government f-rcee reaoved froa
the etate. When they f l n d l y deoided on an open break, Peequlere beoaae provi-
sional governor aad a rancher, Alvaro Obregoa, became d l i t e r y ooaaaader. fhe
latter wae to bseome the outetandlng military figure aaoag the rebele.
The ailitary opposition to Huerta gradually developed late a three-pronged
affair. Alvaro Obregoa beeaae the leader i n tho west d t h headquarters ia Soaora.
Obregoa quickly proved hlosslf an able generd who won hie battlee by solentlfle
planning. Be surrounded hlaeolf d t h capable lieutenants, among whoa were

aaanor, Men. ©£ Modeo,, pp. 491-494.

I - 1
 117
Plutaroo lllaa Odlee, Beajaaln H1U, Sdvador Alvarado and Trancleee Serraao.
By ouaaer Obregoa d t h tho d d of the Taqai Zaliane had driven tha federd fereea
froa all of Soaora except tho port of Ouayaas aad bad begun te novo south late
Slaalea.
fhe oentrd areas vers commanded by the tigerish bandit Tranoieco Tllla
(Doroteo Araago) who operated froa Chihuahua. Tllla had loag boea a Nadoro
supporter end had narrowly escaped execution at the hands of Buerta. Be new
gathered aa army ef baadite and oowboye end won e aeriea of rapid dctorioe which
quickly gaiaed eoatrol of the aorth-oeatral area for ths rebel foroee. His troops
ooadttod dapredatlone aad erlaee whieh wore noteworthy even la a tiae of olvll
war when atrooitioe wore ooaaoa. At the tias Tllla was d l l l a g to put hioself
under the noalad leadersUp of Oarranza, but he later beeaae hie rival whoa he
redised that Oarraase was ody slightly better qualified for the presidency thaa
hlaeolf, Uader tho oareful laatruotioa of well-oduoated ouppertore, Tllla gradu-
ally began te look acre like a geaeral aad leee like a bandit.
fhe aorth-eaat was uader the eoatrol of Pablo Gonzales who always
remained Oarranza* s favert to. Ooasales waa inoapable of dadag victor ice; heaos,
he dome aaoag tho rebel loadere wae inoapable of rivaling Oarransa.
With tho foreed abseace of Goveraor Maytoreaa there was ao legal leader-
ehip la Soaora. Oa March 36 Oarranza aad aoae of Uo foil over a Issusd the Plaa
do Guadalupe which de dared that Buerta* s authority was apurloua aad announoed
that it would ho oppoaed with foroe. Oarraase conferred upon hiasalf the title
of Tlret Chief of tho Constitutionalist forces, aad this poeition wae regularized
whoa Sonera* z legislature accepted hie leadersUp. Oarranza act up Us government
at Begdoe on the United States border, fhe tera Constltutlonallst gradudly eaae
to apply te d l of the aorthorn foroee. fhe deei gnat Ion was fortunate for it aade
a etrong appeal te tha new President of the United Statee.
 118
While the Csastltutioadist loaders proslalaed idede of freedoa aad
deoocraey, the aajority ef their troops were eager for loot aad oared l i t t l e for
anytUag else. Oarransa aad Tilla aada l i t t l e atteapt te dleoourage lootlag and
the "liberated" peoploe soon found i t difficult to deteot eay dlffereaoo between
tho Constitutionalist and federd foreee. Oaly Obregoa, a rare figure la Mexloea
ailitary annala, waa indifferent to titles aad appeared te be truly eonoemed
3
d t h doBoeracy and aoroy toward tba down-trodden aaesss.
Oarransa, however, waa the Tiret Chief ead his geaeral inability aa a
eoaoaador threatened the Bovsaeat, Be was quickly surrounded by self-eeeklag
youag aaa who would applaud Us long aoadogoes. Aay atteapt to show independence
or to correct the Tiret CUef wae takea ae a personal insult• Obregoa was
accepted baoauee victory wae iepsssiUs dthout hia. The r e d rival ef Oarraaza
was Tllla who, dthough a leader of brilllanea, lacked the education aad under-
standing te be seriously considered for the prealeeaey. Tllla proved aa deetruo-
tlvo es a tornado aad ao capricious.
fhe shallow nature of Carransa's underotanding of democracy oaa be
gathered froa tha following inddent. Badlton fyfe Interviewed Oarraaza aad
racelvd the following answers to hie qaeetloae:
'Have you aay definite plaaa for lead refora and other raforasT'
I Inquired.
Ee thought a moment. Then be replied: 'fhe first necessity
le the fair a d free election of a Preeldent. fhe • lection which
le propeeed now will bo a fares, la tho dleturbed state of cur
country it i s isposslblo to hold a proper eleotien. Large numbers
of voters will not know aaythiag about i t . We Conetitutlondlete
rafuoe to reoognise aay President who may bo returned at the fraadu-
loat aleetion. We shdl execute anybody who Aooa reoognise Ua,*
*I beg your pardon,' I said, 'Wodd you kindly repeat your
laet statement?«
I thought I muat have misunderstood It,

Henry B. Parkeo, A HHfiU. o£fcxllfifl.(Bottoa, i960), pp. 339-340.

4
aaU*« PP. 340-341,

L a — a — a — i . vi • < • i g a a a a s a a — a — i
 'We shall,' tho Generd said calmly aad ae i f Baking a
perfectly a c t u a l reaark, * execute any oae who roeegaloes a
President uaeonotltutioaally elected aad directly s or ladlreetly
guilty of partloipatloa ia tho aurder ef Naders.*
Zatelleetuale who objected to the Buerta regiae were caught ia tho alddlo.
Oerraasa aad Tllla wars both unsatisfactory. Soae, such aa Luie Oebrere, Joined
Oarraase while othera Joined Tilla. Othere hoped to ollalnato both aea or held
theaeolvoo aloof, fhoso who joined Tilla probably f e l t that be could be eon-
trolled, while Oerraasa was too auoh the ogotlet to allow anyone to influenoe hla.
Oortda aea such as Oenerd Tollpe Angeles were able to at leaet oof tea the iapaet
ef the aora savage bandit leader.
fhe Oeaotltutloaalista were qulokly successful lu the northern states.
Bspedally was t U s true oa the woot eoaat where the amuggllng ef arae froa tbo
United Statee wae eaay aad the troope were bettor armed thaa the ether Constitu-
tionalist foreee. Although tho Oonetitutieadlote held a largo amount of terri-
tory, they aotually eontrollod only a eaall part of the Mexican populatioa for tbo
otatoa they held were sparsely populated.
fho Constitutionalists were aot the e d y group in oppoeltioa to ths
Buortlst goveraaeat. Bailiaao Zapata, after a brief period of uncertainty, eaae
out ia open rebellloa. Be renounced U e lqrelty to Oroseo and reieeued the Plaa
de Ayala oapbasising ths agrariaa prograa. Dieoontented eleaento froa other
soutbera areas Joined U e cause, fhe goveraaeat pushed aotivo aeaeurea agaiaet
hia aad aaaaged to keep the Zapatietaa under oontrol. They were never a eerlous
aeaaee to Huerta dthough their nulsaaoe value ehodd aot be underoaphaelsed.
Other otatoa aaw ahort-llved rebelllone also, fho Caapsobe goveraor.
Cacti 11 o Brito, refused recognition ead roee in arae agaiaet the federal govern-
Boat. Tederal treope qui ody drove hla Into exile and Geaeral Maauel Bivera

5
Tyfo. Xhe BeeJ. Mode*, p. 17.
6
Calloott, Llberallea in Mexico, pp. 237-838.

I I
 180
beoaae dlitery goveraor. Snail soda uprlslags oontinued throughout the ocoatry,
but like the Zapata ooveaent, they were aot a ear leas threat to Buerta.7
Until the oad ef June 1913 Baerta had been unwilling to pay aay great
atteatioa to the robds. fhe Oonstltatlooallsts used tUe tiae te great advantage
aad saaaged te gala oontrol ef the aorthorn states aad eoasolldato their posi-
tions. After that tiae a coaparative staleaato developed, d t h the Conetitution-
dlata aaklag dov gdns as outside foreos aade themedves felt.
fhe Constitutlondlsts were eesentldly dependent upea foroiga aid la the
fora ef weapoae and euppliee and were dee depea&eat upon foroiga eppositiea to
Baerta. Zf Baerta had been able to obtain money aad weapons la large quantities
aad had bad the f d l privileges of a reeogaised governaent, he eodd have aade
ehort work of the Conetitutlondiete. Aa the dtuatloa oslstod, tho Ooactltutioa-
alioto oaly aade largo gdns after a foroiga lavaaloa had destroyed aay hope that
Buerta dght have bad ef oalatalaiag Uasdf, Bar aay understanding of tho Huerta
reglee aa uaderataading of Woodrow Wilsoa and tba Msdoaa policy of the Udted
States is essential.
When Woodrow Wileon became Preeldent ef the United States oa Narcn\4,
1918, the Buerta governaent bad aot yet boea offldally roeogdssd; but there wae
l i t t l e doubt la the alads of aost observers that recognition wodd aooa be fertb-
eodag. fhe raoegdtiea policy of the United Statee bad bssa based for aaay
yeare oa do. facte control of ths aatloa la question. Wilson, however, had eoae-
what different ideae about reeogdtioa polleles a d It woo soon obvious that he
wodd be Ue owa Secretary of State, William Jennings Bryan wee the offieial
holder of the pooitloa but ho woe little prepared to baadle It offeotivoly and Us
kaowledge of procedure la the Dspartasat of State wae dight. Both Wilsoa aad
Bryaa had a diatrust of tho time-honored diploaatie aethode and dahed to baadle
foroiga relatioaa ia eooord dth their owa ideele rather thea la accord d t h

T
Melendes, Bletor^a do la Bevoludea Medeana. Tel. Z, p. 161.
 131
tho sordid r e d l t l e e . As a consequence tho Msdcaa policy of ths United States
wodd be baaed on few facts, for the aoraal sources of lnforaatlon wore suspsot.
Certain belief a rogardiag Modeo were already sot in the dad ef Wileoa,
and ho had l i t t l e ladlsation to change thea. Nadoro had, la the view of Wllaon,
been aa Idealist d t h the goal ef helping hie down-trodden people, fhat U s
aothods alght have been loss thaa t o t d l y effective eodd not change this. Bo
bad boea overthrown by a eaall sslf-seeUag group which had ae desire to help the
people. Madero waa completely good; this latter group aust bo entirely bad.
Slaeo Buerta* s government bad allowed the death of Nadoro, it was gallty ef aurder
aad to reoogaisf such a goveraaeat would be to reward such actions. A certain
degree ef personal Identification with Madero woo probably iavolved olnee the
two president*, Wilsoa and Madero, had auoh ia coaaon. Gradually Wilsoa bogaa to
fool that Buerta as aa individual was responsible for the death of Nadoro.
Another eelidly held belief of Wilaoa waa that the foroiga colony in
Mexleo was aade up ef eepltdlsts who were concerned only d t h cheating the Nod*
oaa people and lining their owa pocket a. fhe dollar diploaeey ef the recently
peat era waa rapreeeatod by all foreignere In Medoo aad a l l foroiga governments
operated oa this principle. Sines t U s was true, reporte by tho Aasrloaa colony
la Medoo City were ao aora reliable than were those of Henry Lane Wilsoa.
fhe keynote of Wilson* s new policy was struck when ho read a statement oa
Latin America to U s oabiaot oa Msreh 11.
Ws oaa have ao sympathy d t h those who eeek to sslss ths power
of government to advance their owa porsoad intareets or oaUtloa.
Wo are the friends of peeoe, b d wo know tbat there eaa be ao
lasting or stable poaoe in such clrcumstanoes. Ac friends, therefore,
we shall prefer those who aet In tho Interest of peace and honor,
who proteot private righte, aad respset the restrainte of eoaetltu-
tloaal provioloa. Mutual respeet eeeme to ua the indispensable
foundation of friendship bstween states, as between individuals.

8
foreign. Relations, 1913, p. 7,
 183
MeaawUlo reporte were being seat by Aabaeeador Wilsoa to the Stats
Dspartaeat arglag recognition and eaphasislag that tho new regiae wae etable ead
aoespted by aost of ths aatloa. fho Aabaaeador had thrown U s support behind
Buerta and he did a l l tbat ha eodd to influence the various sootioao of Modeo
in favor of Huerta. Preeldent Wllaon waa l i t t l e iadiaod to follow tho addee of
the Aabaaeador and he probably read hla reporte ody rarely. Bepeatod warnings
were aent to Henry Lane Wllaon that he aust do notUng whloh wodd iaply acre
thaa do. facto rooogdtioa.
At first President Wilson felt that be bad tha oupport of tha other
foroiga powers. A few days aftsr ths usw President took offloo Irwin Laughlln,
tho American Charge d«Affaire, la London, sent word that tho Britieh Government
bad ao Intention of recognising Buerta. f d s aevs had boon communicated to Um
foradly by the Britieh foreign Office. About throe weeks Utor Laughlln received
word that tho Britieh Goveraaoat wae about te extend recognition to tho Huerta
governaent. Sir Oedl Spring-Rico, tba British Aabaaeador in Washington, waa
ordered te iafora tho State Department tbat Great Brltaia bad changed her Bind.
The reaeon wae not far to seek for Wileon aad Bryan: Lord Cowdrey, tho owner of
huge eoneeoeione in Mexloo, had uaed hie influence for recognition a d been
successful. Britain was giving way to a British "Standard Oil." fhera la l i t t l e
doubt tbat Lord Oowdray did use his influence in favor of the Huertiet regiae.
Buerta probably rewarded hla for his sfforts d t h lenient treatment but It lo
extreae ly unlikely that Oowdray'e influenoe was la aay way decisive even though
the Britieh navy wae aov oil burning and Nexloan oil was badly needed, fhe
British Governaent felt that reoogdtlon wae tho logical step and took i t . 9
Other aajer nations qulokly followed the lead of Great Britain and Wilson
bogaa long range efforts to have recognition retracted, fho Spanish Governaent

e
Burton J . Bendrick, fhe Life aad Lettere of baiter B. Page, Tol. 1,
(Garden Olty, Bow Tork, 1933), pp. 180-163.
remarked that i t would be diff i c d t to withdraw rscogaition and resorted to delay.
fhe Baoeiaa Goveraaeat iadleated that Nsxiee wae aa Aacrlcaa problea aad suggested
annexation as a solution. Germany aad Austria Iadleated ladlfferoaos aad Italy
aad Trance oontinued to follow the path of Greet Britain.
fho broad llaee of Wilsedea policy were clear: ao recognition for a
regiae which did aet ooao lato office by deaoeratle aoaae aad d t h tho eupport of
tho people. Bow thie would be adequately deterdnod roaalaed unclear aad Jaat
what atops wodd be taken egdnst a regiae ouch as Huerta'e was uncertain. How
eodd Buerta be forced to reelgn eo that the new policy oould bo proved workable?
fho flret etepo ia the duel between "the unspeakable Buerta" aad "the Puritan of
the Berth" were unfolding.
Huerta wae dolag what ho oould to gala Aaerioaa support. Za general Ua
policy toward tho Ualted Statee waa friendly aad he provided support aad protec-
tion for Aaerioaa latereete aad eltisene whenever possible, la March ho broke
proeedeat and, accompanied by De la Barra, vielted Benry Lane Wileon at the Aaeri-
oaa embassy. Ho told Wilson that he had ratified aa agreement to adjudicate d l
dlffereaeoe between the two govornaeate, especially thoss arielag froa the
Ohaaisal dispute aad elalas arising froa tho revolution. He thanked Wileon for
U e aid during the eocene trades aad eald that he hoped for the aost friendly
of relations.

Since President Wilson did not treat tho Aaerioaa Aabaaeador, ho f e l t the
aoed of aa experlonoed reporter in Mexleo. fhe President turned to an expedient
he wodd use frequently In the future. Be decided to eend a epeolal agent to
Mexico for purposes of transaittiag rsllable Information. Oa April 19 ho wrote to
Wllllaa Bayard Bale, an ex-clergymen, jeuraallet aad future agent of the Geraaa

10
Rippy, The United Statee and. Mexico., pp. 334-335.
Torolan Eolations. 1918, p . 781; Iff* Tor* Tjaej., March 18, 1913, p . 3:6.
 184
Goveraaeat. Bale wae a haadscas chop, t a l l , dark, subtle a d latelleetual d t h
sataalo eyebrows which set over hie aoee. Be wae eoaplstely igaoraat of Nsxiee
and knew l i t t l e Spanieh (aa ignorance appareatly requlrd for a Wileonlaa ageat
to Modeo). He did, however, know Woodrow Wileon aad wodd toll Ua what he
dshed to hear, Wileoa wrote:
I think that the dtuation of affaire ia Central and South Aaeriea
le very such aero dlffieult te got tho threado ef thaa ths eituation
ia Odlforda, aad with the full acquiescence of Mr. Bryan I aa
wrltiag to ask if you would bo d l l l a g to uadertako a tour of tho
Central aad South Aaerioaa statee, esteaslbly oa your own hook, in
order that officially aad through the eyoe of an independent 1 3
observer wo eight find out just what i s going on dowa there.
fhe first aeves la the direction of aa actual policy toward Mexleo were
taken in early Nay. Oae of the railroad leaders of the United Statee, Jullue
Krutteehdtt, preeldent of tho Southern Pacific which had a Nesleaa breach, seat
Woodrow Wilsoa an able statement of Med eaa condition o prepared by Judge D.J., Raff
of Xsasas Olty. fhls etateasnt was understood to aoet the approval of other "big
Interests." The Raff plaa suggested that the United Statee agree te recognise
Huerta oa condition tbat he call an early eloetloa la ths statee hs controlled.
The Constitutionalista wore to call a aiallar eloetloa and hostilities were to be
suspended prodded the eleetione were fairly hold. Both groupe would support the
newly elected president. Oaly la this way could tho great losese la property and
lives be brought to aa end. Zf the Udted Statee did aot help Nortec la this way,
18
ether nations would gala great Influence there.
A few daye later Judge Raff vielted Wileon and reiterated U e plaa.
Wllaon wae favorably iaprssssd and bogaa preparation of a etateaent to be sent to
Husrta through Henry Lane Wllaon. However, Huerta began to apply aoae preeaure of

18
Bay Stannard Baker, We£drejt WUtttH, iife. aad. Let tore. Tol. 4 (Garden
Olty, Bow Tork, 1931), pp. 843-844; George S. Tiereck, ftrf fluff the Per as of Bate
(Bow Tork, 1930), p. 63.
13
Baker, ojjjpjt, Tol. 4, pp. 245-247.
 188
his owa. On May 7 he roeaooted that Hoary Laao Wilsoa visit hia. Baerta quee-
tiened Wilooa about tho reaooas for the loag delay la roeogdtlen of Uo govera-
aeat. Wilooa replied that be wae dolag all that ha eoald to briag about reeog-
aitloa aad suggested that proapt sottloaoat of d l dlsputss dght briag tho
dodred resdt. Baerta thea asked i f he alght speak te Wilooa ae a friead of
Noxioo. aaerta woat oa to osplaia that U s goveraaeat waa legally established
ead that considering i t s dlffioalt oitoatioa i t woo dolag aa effective Job. If
the Mexleaa goveraaeat should fall te adntaln eoatrol, tho responsibility for
the fdluro woold f d l oa Washington. Za view of tho oitoatioa he f d t i t woold
bo uadlgaified for Uo goveraaeat to oondude agreeaente oa the euoatloao ia
dispute. After this aeetlag Buerta aad Da la Barra publloly stated tbat there*
after their relations with Wilsoa would bo ooafiaed te routine matters, aad, ia
effect, Wilooa woold bo reduced te a eiaple Charge d*Affaires. Shortly thoroaftor
Bo la Barra adaitted that tho Nedoaa Oeveraeeat eodd act liait ite contact d t h
aa Aabaseador dthout haadlag hia Us passport.14
Woodrow Wilooa frequently oonddersd rocalliag Aabassador Wilooa, but ho
oould soo BO effective way to do ee. Another Aabaasalcr eodd aot be coat dthout
estoadiag reeogaltlea ead the Presided did aot rtsa to bo dthout offlrtel
roprossatatioa la Noxioo Olty. aaerta* s atteapt to put pressure so the Udted
Statee Goverameat merely aade Proaidoat Wilsoa deterolaod aot to recognise the
Merteaa region uader aay elreuaotaaooo. How eodd he be sore that President
Huerta would keep tho conditions agreed upon? Wileoa wae etill fishing for a
aathod whereby ho alght use moral intervention to help the suppressed "80** of
the Nertean people.
fho queetloa of reeogdtloa eaae to a head la a oaUaot aeetlag oa hay 88.
A auaber of the eeabers of the oablaet wore la favor ef reeogdtloa, but Wilsoa

Wilsoa, Plulomatlo Bjdeodej., pp. 301-308; Tjerejgn. Relatione. 1913,

pp. 799-801.
 186
aad Bryaa d t h tho adp of Secretary of Agriodture David Kouotea Baaeged to
their epldeaa felt, the daoloiea by Wilooa te eeepletely set aside roeegdtlea
aroaood Mr. Krutteohdtt aad the t i l latoroets, aad they aooa preseated another
propood wdoh lgaored tho question of reeogaltlea aad sorely ouggoeted that tho
Udted Statee Govoraaeat uee i t s iafluoaoo to briag about early eloetieae aad
aedlate betwooa Bocrta aad the Oonstltutlsaallate.15
Wilsoa was favorably lopreeeed by tho aow sugfostloa aad after a eeafer-
eaoe d t h Seeretary Beyaa aad Secretory of War Medley Garrison the Preelleat
coat Aabaosader Wileoa defiaito laatructlena empbedslag the detract felt by tho
Udted States eevoraaoat.
, . . it io soaviaoed that withU abxlee itself there i s a
foasaaaatal lack of oeafideaoe ia the good faith of those la
eoatrol at Mexloe Olty aad ia their iatoatioa te oafegaerd
cenztltuticaal righto aad aethoda of aotioa.
Centladng it oaldt
If tho preeeat prevloieaal goveraaoat of Nsxiee will give tbo
Sever aasnt of the Udted States satisfaetery aaeuraaeoe that
aa early alootlom wiU bo bold, tree froa eoerelen or restraint,
that Baerta will obeervo Uo orlgiaal prodoe cat aet bo a
eaadldate at the eloetloa aad that aa absolute acaoety will
fellow, tbo Goverazeat of tba Udted States will bo glad to
exerdoe lto good effleee to secure a gendae araletioe aad aa
aeodeeeonee of all parties ia tba prograa. Zt woold bo glad,
also, to bo iastroaoatal ia bringing about aay eert of oeafereaoo
aaoag tho leadera of tho severalpartioe lo Mexloe that Bight
prodoe poaeo aad eeeeoacdatloa.1*
Slaos early Msreh a largo ssalo aowopapsr neaps Ign bad boea uader way ia
tbo Uaited States to blackea tho repuUtioa ef Beary Laao Wilsoa. There was

"Baker, JBLVateV v ol. 4, pp. 868-888; Arthur S. Link, XUfja.: The. ft*
Ereojaji (Priaeetoa, 1988), p. 358. -
1
*Baker, £Uafl» 7ol. 4, p. 884; TUs eoBBudoatlea, ao well as aaocreus
others, reflooto two alseoaeeptleas held by Wilsoa. Baerta had aot apeeifleolly
proaiaed tbat bo weald aot bo a eaadldate for eloetloa. By law a previeloaal
president eodd act succeed hiasalf bat aaerta eoald have reeigaod for a period
aad than boon locally elected, Wilaoa waa also uader tho lapressiea that tho
Pact of tbo Oludedela had oallod for aa eloetloa to bs bald aooa. fhe acted
word used was mredaa wUeh aeons aost aad earrioe ae iaplioatloa of the Iaaediato
or dooe la point of tiae.
 . 187

eertaialy aatoriol for such a oaapaiga aad tho Bow Tork WcjJi aoed tUo aaterlal
to advantage. Zaaeaueb ae Woodrow Wilooa already eeasldored tbo aaa uardiable,
bo was qulokly perooadod that eaeh reporte were tree. Za early Joae tbo reporte
ef Wilooa* o porooaal repreeeatatlve, Williaa Bayard Bale, bogaa te pour la aad
they were strong aodldao ladeed. Wilaoa* a oaapaiga biographor kaow exactly what
tho Prealdent would like to boar aad sooas to have bad bio reports nearly reedy
for tranorteelca by tho tiae he arrived ia the Mexican capital, for example, be
wrote sa Jdy 9:
Geaeral Baerta . . . is aa ape-like eld aoa, of elaest pore Iedlaa
blood. Be say olaoot bo odd to aubelet sa alcohol. Drunk or oaly
hdf-druak (bs Is aover otbor), he aover loeee a eertala ehrewdaess.
Be baa been llfe-loag a Midler, aad oae ef tbo boot ia Mexloe, aad
ha knows ao oethode bat these of foroe. Zt lo aov believed by soae
who ooao late eoatact with hia that Buerta ia flading tbo prealdenoy
a bard aad unecngenlal took . . . . Bat bs i t a bard fighter, glories
la the exordee of power, aad Z sot ao signs tbat bo will abandea
Us office, exeept, ao lo poodblo, to take tho field for a few aoataa.
so ao te reader Uasdf eligible to take the presideacy agaia uader
the prataaoo of sleotlee. 1 T ^ ^
Sooa after Bala*a first roporto wore rooolvod, reporte froa Beary Laao
Wilsoa bogaa to eeaplala of tho arosoaos ef the aaa. Bale'e doeioa wae supposed
to bo confidential bat, if oo, bo ttok everyone late Ue eonfldonoe. Beary Laao
Wileoa at first aooopted hia as a aagaslao eerrotpoaatat and suggoeted people for
hia to Interview. Bale appareatly vielted aoae of thea, Wilooa sooa learaed that
Halo wae speaking against hla la private. The fact that Bale reproeeated tbo
Aaerioaa Prooideat oaiekly undermined tho preetige of the Aabaooador. the Aaeri-
oaa Aabassadsr eaae ia for his share of erltloloa at the heads of Halt, aad when
word reached basUagtta tbat Beary Leas Wilsoa was actually going to dine d t h
the moaetroue Buerta, tho Prooideat decided to recall Us Aabaosador at the first
opportunity.18

Link, XUfOjb p. 364.

Wilaoa, BJTTTBtlfl Bmlaadoa. pp. 808-308; SeeaAe. Dmommanta. 66th
Oongroeo, 3d Seeslen, Bo. 888, Tol. 8 (WaoUagtta, 1918-1980), pp. 8390-3391.
 188
Bale aeon developed a plaa of hie owa which he suggested to Woodrow
WUsoa. l o advised that Wilaoa demand the didaatiea of Baerta, a free olootioa
aad a aow Medeaa Government. Bale odd the Prooideat should axplaia U s aotioao
to the Buropoan governments and gala their eeoporatloa. Be wae ooadaood that
aaerta woold yield peacefully if threatened with force. 19
Bale wee aot tbo ody personal repreeentatlve of the Wilsoa adaldetratlon
to visit Mexico at tbat tias. Appareatly Secretary ef State Bryan did aot
entirely trust Wllllaa Bayard Bala, for ehortly after tho latter left for Modoc,
Bryaa askod aa eboeure frload of Uo, Bogiaald P. Dd Telle, to vioit Mexloo.
Bel Tdlo flret vielted the Oenetltatieaal foreos, which ho eoaplotoly olajudged,
aad thea proceeded te Mexloo Olty whore ho joined Bale ead Beary Laao Wilsoa.
Bd folio, a aaa ef Merteaa doeeoat, rapidly eaae late conflict with both Bale
aad Wilooa oad before leag both of these aea were sending complaints to WaeUng-
toa oonoordng Uo preseaoo. Bala ia partlcdar waa upaet by the mow arrival for
i t was sooa obvious that Bel Telle* a reports would oonfllct with Uo owa. Beary
Laao Wilsoa was cold la his reeeptlea of tho oaa bat warmed eoeewbet whoa he foaad
that Del Tdle's aadyols of the situation was sidlar to Wilooa'a owa view. Del
Telle'a reports oa the aotlvitioo of WUota wore favorable aad he wee also eyapa-
tbotle toward Buerta. However, Hoary Laao Wllaon eeaplelatd that Del Telle* a
reports to the newspapers wore lndlocreet aad that ho did notdng to dieooorege
roaoro that ho weald replace Wilooa ao aabaaaador. Prooideat Wileon had ao desire
te heer reporte favorable to Baerta, aad Bryaa, being of slallar lacllaatlea,
20
recalled Sal Tdlo. Bale bowevor was allowed to roaala at Us peat.

19
Llak, JlUifih, pp. 354-356.
80
Wileon. Diplomatic Bdmpjee., jpp. 807-308; Link, Jlieej. p. 866; Senate
EtHTBfllt. octh CoagreeeTU Issoiea, Be. 886, Tol. 3, p. SBWCx^blllp B. Lowryf
•the Mexloea Pelley ef Woodrow Wilsoa" (Uhpubllsbed doctoral dleeertatlen, Tale,
1949), p. 60; B.L. WUooa to Dopartaoat of State, Jdy 8 aad 18, 1918, Tile 800.

B azBBSa
 189
Xa the meantime the Aatrleaa Aabaaeador wee haviag te stsp lightly oo ae
to give ao Uat of tho reotgdtita wUeh bo persoaeily desired te extend. Oa
July 4 the Aaerioaa oeloay ia Mexloo City ueeelly had a eclebretlea to which the
Mtrteaa President, the oablaet aad tbo diploaatie corps wore invited. WUsoa wee
laetrueted set tt take part la the edobratlon aad after atteapts to have tbo
character of tho oooasloa changed, Wilson loft te spend the lay to aa Aaerioaa
aUp off Tera Orus. fho abeoaee of the Aaerioaa Aabassadsr provided ea opper-
tudty for tho other dipltaato to exchange their ideas freely, aad they dsdded
to urge their goverameate to proas WaaUagtoa for reeogdtloa. baahlagtoa wae
firet Inforaed of the dodslea by Aabassador WUsoa aad sooa a report froa Bale
arrived placing the blaao for tbo oitoatioa oa leery Laao WUsoa'a sheddsrs.*1
aaerta* a goveraaeat bad aaaaged to gather ooao popular support, aad the
oeatiaued oppodtioa ef the Udted Statee Government made Baerta sooa a patriot
sefeadlsg bis aatloa froa tho great pewsr tt the aerth. Huerta qrtekly oaw the
advantages ef each a pete aad to a ecrtela extent aay have fslt perfectly at heas
la i t . Zf ho oodd continue to defy tho WasUogtoa government, hs alght bsooas a
aatioad here aad ths ahorteodago of Uo goveraaeat would be Ignored. Tot there
was a ooatrery indlaatien ia Buerta too. Bo know that a stable regiae oodd
mover be built dthout the favor of tbo baited Statee ooveraasat or, at the very
least, its ladiffsroaoo. Za addltloa Buerta wae geaaiaely frleadly toward the
Halted States sad admired Aaerioaa efficiency. Be hoped te eead eaa ef Ue ooao
to the Udted Statee for aa eduoatloa a d desired te visit tbat aatloa Uasdf.
Buerta waa willing to do aaythiag dthln his power tt show the Baited Statee
Government tbat he wae frtoadly. Bo personal favor or otatlderatlea requested by
a representative of the Udted Statee Government wodd be refused.*8

Wilsoa, Mplomette felfedea., pp. 309-310.

22
Bdlth 0*Shaughaessy. 4 Plplojai<j. life. U. fedee. (Bow Tork, 1916),
pp. 130, 148, 896-897.
i
 By July the steady pressure of the Udted States Goveraaeat had bogaa to
dieaate Msrteaa publle oplalon. fhe people ef Medoo bad aa aaplo fund of
roseataoat stored op agalast tho United Statee aad it aow bogaa to aake itself
felt, fhe rolatloae bttwtta the Ualtod States aad Japaa were straised at that
Btatat doc to a Oallforrte law forbidding Japasest rationale to owa or lease lead.
fhe Japanese f d t tUs was aa laeelt aad otat a heated protoot t t WaaUagtea.*8
Japaa waa eager to exploit tho i l l fooling la Nortec egdaat the Baited Statee,
aad ruBora of a Japaaose-Mexioaa dliaaee were eiredated. Such ruaore were bated
oa very l i t t l e evidenee but it lo aet udlkely that toastUmg dght have boea
brewing at leaet oo far as Jopsaoos-Mtrtoaa discusaloaa were concerned. Many
letters wore aent to tho State Stpartaeat eoneoralag Jopaaooo aotlvitioo oad aoet
of thea reported wild rumor oaly. Oae letter addreesed to Senator Jobs D. Works
la Boveaber ef 1918 reported a piece of oddeace tbat i s at least suggestive, fhe
letter reported aa latiaate aad proloaged discussion between Manuel Tlogeo, a
supporter ef Telix Diaz, aad a Japaaaoo Identified as Major T. Urate of tho
Japanese any who wae peeing as a Dr. Nlyata, M.D., d t h off leea la Los Aagdoo,
fUe latter ia particularly aot ewer thy for the earns modeo operandi was used by
Japaaeoe ageata prior to World War ZZ whoa oae ef the soda oeaters of Japaateo
espionage was a medical dlalo ia Lee Aagelee operated by a aoaber of the Japaaaoo
a w *
aray.
fhe Japaneae attaspted to d a Buerta' e favor by sending a large ohlpaoBt
ef arae to his government. When Do la Barra took ths long-delayed trip to Japan
which bad oarlior boon undertakoa, but net eoaplotod, by Ouotevo Madero aad Telix
Dies, he was aot by cheering thoueaada and waa peraonally rooolvod by the Sapor or.
Oa July 11 a large aedo anti-American demcnatratioa wae etarted la Mexleo Olty
^Barbara W. taebaaa, Jbe. Zimmerman felejraa. (Bow Tork, 1968), pp. 40-41.
34
George L. MeKooby tt Senator John D. Werka, Boveaber 83, 1913,
Tile 894,8013/70,
 181
aad waa shacked by the police. Beary Laao Wllota Iaforaed Waohlagtoa of tbo high
feellag la Mexloo aad latlaatod that aa evea larger daataotratlea was likely to
toko place when a aow Japanese Minister arrived. Although tbo Buerta goveraaeat
waa ostensibly d l l l a g tt suppress such aovoatats, i t is likely tbat i t actually
eaoeuragod tbea through the preee. Beary Lane Wilooa, writing wUlo a crowd of
800 people aarohed outside eheutlag "Death to the Orlageee," dated that ho did
aat doubt that the deaomstratlens were ftottrtd by Buertlst ooblaot alaietort.
Oa Joly IS a largt deaoastratloa tttk plaoo la Msxlee Olty oad although tharo was
ae vloloaoe, otat Aaorloaas started a aovoaent to ask the Oeraaa Baporor for
protoetiea oa the grouads that their ova govoraaeat would offer aoae, that late
eseas to have Barked tho Ugh point of antl-Aaeriean ftdlag far tbat aaas lay
Bdword H. fhoapsoa wrote froa OUohoa Ztoa, Tuoataa, rogsrdiag tbroato af wioleaot
ia that area.*6
Woodrow Wllaon was unwerried by tho Japaatot problea but the Baited Statee
ailitary was aot. Secretary of tho Bevy Jotephas Dadols eeaplalaod tbat Aaerioaa
Adrtrals "sat up aights thiaking hew Japaa wae plaaalag te aake war oa Aasrioa
aad oted e aareh on uo. • • ."
WhUo Buerta waa reoolviag eras froo Japaa, there waa alao ooao oppesltisa
to Wilson's policy la the United States Seaato. Za July Beau tor Albert B. fall
who favored tho Ooastitutlonallsts, latrodueed a reoolatioa to repeal the eras
embargo oa the grounds that it pro aotod disorder. By devious oooas tho Ooaetite-
tleaalists wore receiving eras despite tbo eaberge, but fall hoped to eee thea
receive dlreot aid. Wileoa askod Senator Baeoa, Chairaaa of tho Tordgn Relatione

^ . L . WUaoa to the Departaent of State, July 13, 1913, file 800.

U
tblM\.l Bdward E. Thompson to H.L. Wilooa, July 13, 1918, rile 600.
87
fuehaaa, fhj. Ziamormaa Tdaaram. pp. 41-44.
 138
Ooadttae, to pigeon-bole T d l ' e reeolutioa. At tho seat tiae Wilaoa privately
ordered d l eestoas officials to tighten up oa arao shlpaoata which eight go to
Huerta.*8
Henry Lane WUaoa, although frtoadly toward Buerta persoadly aad willing
t t hdp hla ia aay way at eodd, bogaa to flad U o position diff I c d t . Baerta
had aot oarrted out Uo threat to reduce Uo reletleao d t h WUaoa to routine
aettcre, but ho did restrict U s etteatlvasoso to the Aabatsadtr eoaaltoraely,
aad Subtsoretary ef foreign Bolatloae Carlos Pereyra was very diff i c d t to looato
whoa Wilaoa oallod ea d a . * Oa Joly 11 WUeoa wrote:
fho traaeactlea ef busiaess of aay klad by t U s Babaosy with t U s
Goveraaoat hat sew boooae praotioelly lapoosiblo, as at atteatioa
io pdd to roprostatatitas eoaeerrtag prttootloa ef either property
or l i f e , evea whoa ropeattdly aaae. Amerleaae have beta told by
tabtrdiaatt offltlals that thsy have Instruct lone t t dacridaats,
delay, aad lgaoro a l l Aaerioaa aattero. A praetled boycott It
btlag directed by this Sever scent, agaiaet aet oaly our e f f l r t d
ropreooatatlvoe, but d o t ladirtdeal Aaarloaaa all over the
Bopubllo who reeuire preteetlea or who have sattsrs peadlag with
ths oovoraasat.*0
WUsoa waa probably laying i t on e bit heavily for be later testified tbat
Baerta*s dispoeltion with referents t t protecting foreigners aad their property
wot "excellent" aad "oven better thaa that ef the Dlas government."*1 Wilooa
probably hoped to Jar ths United Statee Ooverameat late reeogdtloa by hie
reporte. Tot, there la ao doubt that Wilata was haviag difficulties with Baorta,
oo Buerta did aot redly ooaoiltr hla a frltad. WUsta waa hia friend by "carta"
wet tha way Buerta expressed i t . fho Anbasaador had fir at favored Telix Dlas and
only later ooao t t support Baerta. Such a aaa would act receive eonelderatlon
after ho bad outllvd U s usefulness.

^bowry, "fhe mexloea Policy of Woodrow WUeon," p. 53.

29
B.L. WUeon to secretary of State, July 7, 1918, Tile 800.
30
foreign Balotloaa. 1913, p. 810.
31
SejoUi Documents. 66th Congress, 3d Session, Bo. 366, Tol. 8, p. 3863.
wmmmnmmmwmwmwxBemgeaeemmwmmmmwmmmmwmwmmwmmwmmwmmmm^

188
the general attitude ef Beary Laao Wllota, ia addition te the reporte of
Wllllaa Bayard Bala, wao suffitloat to briag about ths recall of the Aabaoaador.
Woodrow Wilooa had baea teaaidtriag tUt ttep for ooao tias end finally found tbo
solution ho was oeeklag. Belsen O'Sbaughaesey, tha Aaerioaa Charge d'Affaires,
waa rtttoasadtd et a aaa of hoataty aad abUity; Woodrow Wilooa dortdod to leave
affairs la U s haade aad rtoallod tbo Aabesssdor. Za t U s way reotgrttioa would
aot be esteaded aad yet there weald reaaia aa o f f i d d ropreoeatatlve ef the
WasUagtta goveraaeat la the Nexioea oapital aad buolaeoe oould be traasaetod.
fhe Aabaaeador reodved word to ooao to Whahlngton for ooneoltation regardiag
Msdoaa affairs oad loft Mexico Olty la the dddle of Joly. A fow daye after Uo
arrival ho aet Prooideat WUooa aad found hla affable but lgaoraat of the Mexloaa
dtaatioa. " . . . i t wao quite evident that he bad aot availed Uasdf of the
iaforaatioa accessible to Ua at the Dtpartasat tf State."8* fhe asaassaler
t

resaiaed ia a eoaswhat uncertain poeitiea until the latter part ef August whoa
aa eabarraeood Sooretary Bryaa requeetod Uo reslgaatloa.
Oa Jdy 17 Belsoa 0* Shaughasoay oabled to Waehlngton that ho bad "takea
charge ef the Babaesy." Oa ths whole tho change waa a fortuaate one. Where
Wilooa had boea a friend ef Buerta* e oaly through acoesslty, 0'Sbaughnessy truly
liked aad reepeeted Buerta aad waa a true friead ef Nsrtos. O'Shaughnessy wao a
Bosaa Oatholle aad heaoe had ooao natural myopathy with Mexloaa ooltoro aad baok-
grouad. At the eaae tiae he wee completely oorreet in Ue diploaatie deallnga
d t h Buerta. Gradoally tho Batumi respect between the two aea grew into friend-
ship. O'Shaugbaeesy fooad Baorta txoeedingly easy to deal dth oa every point
except reelgaatlea. Whoa they act Buerta wodd embrace O'Sbaughaesey aad o d l
Ua "Belsoa" or "hijo" (eea) aad lead hia te a drink, the attraetlve, iatoreetlag
aad dever Nra. O'Shaugbaeesy frequently reodved oordlel attention end flattery
"vusoa, DjpJLeoaJie. BJpisodej^ p. 313.
«•
184
froa tha often chardag Med can Preeldeat.*8 With aay other Aaerioaa adddotra-
tioa the Buerta government wodd have quickly eettled a l l differences.
The relatione between Woodrow Wilson and Tletorlano Buerta wars aow due
to enter upon a asw phase. Wilson wodd sake various efforts to fores Buerta
froa power, Buerta, oa tho other bead, wtdd uss every available aetbod te
strengthen U s ttatrtl. Through Jdy of 1918 ths tfftrtt tf tht Aaerioaa Prooi-
deat bad adaed U a l i t t l e .

George M. Stephens en, John, Lima af HlBBfrgt* (Mnneepolie, 1985),

pp. 320-386.
 m i l .lu'imu-iami!

CaAPfBSTZI
BDBBfA'8 OORTLZCf8 WITH fHB CHAMBXR OT DBPUTZBS

By the alddle of J d y 1918, Buerta* s f i r s t oablaet had resigned with the

exception of Rodolfo Beyee. A aow period of tho Huertiet regiae wae begiadag.

Baorta bad reason t t f t d that ht eoald aow proceed with U o poreond plaas d t h -

out aay greet amount of loasstlc opposition. Thie assoaptloa soon proved t t bt

la error for a aov aourot ef redstaaoe to the adalalatratloa areas, fhe Ohaaber

of Dspatlss had behaved la a soaevhet docile aaanor during the f i r s t aoaths of

Buertiet rule, but after a aow t t t s i t a out opened la Septeaber, tho Boaovador

bloo ia the Ohaober beoaae etubborn aad e r l t i e a l . fhe "quadrilateral" wao uaable

to aalatala oontrol especldly after i t s numbers began to accept oablaet posts.

fho oppoeltion te Buerta grew ao he atteaptsd to frighten outspoken deputies late

sUoaee. finally Baerta felt foreed to take dlreot aotioa agalnat the Chaabor,

which ho did ia October d t h the s o - e d l e d "second coup d'etat."

Meanwhile, troubles rtthla the cabinet continued. Huerta looked for

instant obedience froa h i s a l d s t o r s and when i t was aot fortheoaing, bt aada

changes i n personnel. Ac a result, o l d s t e r s wore belag aoainated aad reolgdng

d t h auoh rapidity that i t Is almost lmpooolblo te feUew the obangea. There l o

ae doubt tbat the aiaisters were l i t e r a l l y unable t t boooae oriented to a post

before they were r d l e v e d . A stay of two aonths l a a oablaet poet was unuaud,

aad Maauel Garsa Aldaps hdd sr perforaed ths functions of four different oablaet

poete within three aonths. Buerta aot o d y frequently asked for U s oldsters*

resignations but d s o shifted thea froa poeition to position.

186
'
 fhe ssooad period of Huertiet geoeraaont also saw oa laerceoe la the
amount of party activity. With the late for olootioa Itfiaitdy set the various
polltital partioe eautleudy aad thea opedy prepared oaaiilatoo for sealaatlea.
Oa the whole the Buerta goveraaeat wae able to optratt dthout a groat
dad of oppoeltioa for aoet of tho period between Jdy aad Ootobor, partially duo
tt the feet tbat eongroee did act oonvtat oatil old-Septeaber. Soae idea tf tht
aaturt tf Huertiet role, ao It dght have developed, oaa be gained froa a study
of this short period, aaerta* a ttreageot d l l o s were the army aad the Oatholle
Oharoh. Ac has boea acted earlier, proaotieae and rewardo were given freely.
At the oaaa tiae the excessive ammber ef high raakiag offieere prevented aay of
thea froa galalag great iaportaaoe. Bo offloer had commend of a large enough
body of troops to aake a reputetloa for Uasdf. Za addltloa, eorruptloa waa
found ia other dapartaaats of the geveraaeat. Sapplloo were aeld to private
individuals ead ths government purohatsd Inferior aatarlala at exorbitant prloco.
the Nldstsr of War aad ths Prtddeat's otat Jorge oad Tietorlaao wore eeld,
peesibly erroasoasly, to be raoeiviag heavy ooaalaelono.
fho Oatholle Obureh would probably act have choeen Baerta ao Ite chaaploa
but, slaeo he bad appeared, i t wae wllliag to cooperate with hia, Baorta*s
rdlglous beliefs wort oertaldy set d l that ths Oharoh wodd have desired. Be
probably bad rather unoertdn ooavietioae regarding aa after life Used with a
oertaia instinctive desire to worship. He d d however vdoe the Church ee a
soold Iastitutioa. As a eoassrvatlvc ho favored aeoaedt lattoalltlts aad oodd
oaa the advaatagoo of religion as a supporter of oooh difference e. Buerta felt
that the Church wodd bo a fIra oupport for Uo regime end that he thodd do what
he oould te protoot i t . At tht saat tiae ht was quite wllliag to protect aad aid
Protectant aleeloaarlea whoa ho felt were haraless ia any teas.*

^Selloott, Llborallaa la Mjxlpo., pp. 333-334.

Vshaughnessy, latiaato. Pejyj, pp. 880-881.
 187
the Oharoh offered Buerta ite iafluoace aad good wlU. Tour days after
the death of Madero a oeloaa BUSS ef thanksgiving wao celebrated ot the church
of Soltdad ia Oaxaoe; ead there were later ohargso that the elergy loot aoney t t
Baerta. Oat activity of tho tltrgy wos particularly helpful to the aow Prooi-
deat. Throughout tho struggle with tho Osastitutltaalists tht elergy proeoatod
the rebele ae bandits aad objeete tf fear. 4 At the oeas tias the Oatholle Party
toolbars la tho Ohaober of Deputies wore alldly pro-Buerte aad whoa aaerta finally
aoved agalnat tho Ohaaber he did act aolest tht members ef that party.

the striouo probleao feeing the Merteaa aatloa wore largely relegated t t
the forgottea. fhe agrartaa problea, after belag discussed, wao loft to flad i t s
owa oolutioa wUle the Presidoat otaeoatrated oa galaiag abssluto eoatrd ef the
aatloa. Paeifieatiea woe again thrust late tht background whoa the Chaabor t f
Deputlee bogaa to oauso trouble. Whoa Presidoat aaerta opeatd the Septeaber
oassiea tf the ttagrtts, there was l i t t l e ht eodd poiat to la tho way of develep-
aeat ef roooureeo or puUio laprovtasatt.
Bet a l l tf tht tpptoitita to Buerta wee tf a legally eoaotltutod eert.
Oa July 13 tttrttea peroene wore arreeted for plotting to U l l Baerta, Blaaquot
ead rolls Bias. These arrested said that they wore supporters ef Zapata. At
about the aaat tias Blanquet narrowly dsssd assassination at the heads of a
polioe officer.
the supporters of tho Baerta govtrnaoat reapoaded to deleneo d t h vio-
lence. Buaerouo opponents ef the goveraaeat "dissppearod" a d ooao of thea wore
persoao ef prodnonoe. Just what part Buerta U a s d f bad l a theoo eeeurreaceo io

8
John L. Meeham, OjsjKfia ami Beats, i l oallA Aaaxlpa, (Chapel HUl, 1934),
p. 461.
Luis Cabrera, La. OjpjxJ& Ballrtaaa on. l&lfifi. (Tera Orus, 1916), pp. 7-8.
6
fax aSZfc XlBU. J d y 14, 1913, p. 1:4; Percy P. Martin, "Tho Crisis l a
Medoo,• The fortalchtlv Bedew, Tol. 100 (Ootobor, 1913), pp. 676-678.

,
— • - ~ ~ * - * ~ - ~ - * — — • " — " - - - — • » — • — - • — - — — ~ — ' — — — — — — — ~ — • — — — ' — - • •• •
mmmmw*mwnmmwKaemztmtnmmmtmwmmmmmmmimammmmmBmwmf*mtrn>tmmmBnmmrwmm^ •

188
aot easy to dtttrrtaa. Za otat eatos ht oast have bate at leaat pertly respoa-
elble, aad ooao of tho aurdert aay have baea at bis ordero. Oaorlde Moheae, whs
joined the Buerta oabiaot during thio period, refused to believe that Baerta had
a head ia aost of the slaylags .that tttk place, aeheao, wae ia later years had
ao roaoea to defend Baerta, tayo that Baerta was esscatldly ladifftreat aad
inert. Aocordiag to Moheno, Buerta was uaable to aot until ho fooad cot lea abss-
lutsly aeeoeeary; oad hence, others took advantage ef hia t e ooortt crimes for
personal motives. Buerta wao thus, la U s view, act a oldster figure aa ho has
baea painted, but rather a aaa soaowhat tut tf place l a tht presidency ead uaable
to eoatrol Ue own followere. fo ooao exteat tUa analysis is uadoubtedly
correct. We have already eaoa la Buerta a tendency to delay decisive act lea ao
loag at pooeible. Msbtae d a s readied oesss la which Bsorta wae aerelfel toward
those whoa ht suspected. Whoa Da la lueate was disoisoed froa tho oablaet wader
suapitiea ef Intriguing agalast the government, he wee dlowed to go iota exile
with a dlpleaatlt post, Ssoeatlelly Baerta was aabltieue for power aad eeeaa tt
have deslrsd te hara ae few people ao asosooary wbUe achieving Ue g o d e . Both
the good ead the bad ia Buertist rale steamed ody partldly froa the Prtddeat.
there were foroee within the geveramomt werUag both for oad agalast his goala
wUeh were esseatlally ladiffereat te hia ae aa ladirtdual.
The flrat ropleetatatt for rosigdag oablaet alaisters wen Dr. Aorelleao
Urrutla ia the poet of ocberaaeloa, Geaeral Aurelieao Bloaquot l a tho Mldatry of
War, aad Naausl Garsa Aldaps U ths Nidstry of Pablle Iaetructloa. Many persoas
f d t that Dr. Urrutla wodd oaks aa exoslleat aidstsr for hie lmtelligemoe aad
abUity were boyoad doubt, Urrutla quickly proved to be a dlsappolntaant for he
wao iadiaod toward great ssverity aad be wao not at a l l hoolteat to gala U o
cade by hrutd aeano. Buaereue peraeae loot their livee at the bands ef U s
Vohsno, Nl Aatuaden Political pp. 87-40.
 189
ageats, who were generally aeabers of the polios foroe ef Medoo Olty. Aaoag
thtao whtse deaths were attributed te Urrutla were deputlee Bdauade Paotella,
Serapio Bendoa, Adolfo Gurrioa a d Bar 1 que Garcia de la Oedema.7 Urrutla did act
beeitate to etate tbat Ue flret dlogiaaoo wee to Buerta. Be eoon wae dedarlag
before the Oouartl of M inlet ere that for hla justice, liberty, the people, aad
evea the aatloa wore frlvolitioe tbat ht bad replaced with devttloa te Buerta.
Zn U s dally latervleve d t h the press he returned repeatedly to the ocas theme:
"Baerta Is the great Statesman, the indispensable aaa, tho President that Mexleo
aoede; therefore he aaat reaala lndofldtdy in the preeideatid chair; there lo
ao thought of elections; aay atteapt dong that lias is uapatrlotie." Unfor-
tunately for Urrutla he waa oboeen by tho Oatholle Party ae a pooeible preel-
dent I d candidate. This was a Uss of death p o l i t l e d l y , for Buerta, ever
suspicious of rivals, no longer trusted hia sad ho lost favor and, d t l s a t t l y ,
his oablatt position.' Bis last lays la tha oabiaot vera made unooufor table by
the fear that Buerta dght do unto hla aa he, Massif, had done oate others.
Blaaquot wae perhaps the aost trusted supporter ef Buerta. Be was the
ody aaa who remained cloee to tho Preeldent froo hie inauguration uatil the f d l
of his governaent. Tot Blaaquot wao not redly aa iatlaate of the Prod Seat. Be
wos l o y d , able aad troeted, but there eeeme to have been l i t t l e r e d frlendohip
between the Midstsr of War and the Preeldent. Udlke otbor dose supporters of
Buerta he deslrsd l i t t l e for daeelf.
Naauel Garsa Aldape had originally been a friend of Rodolfe Reyes but
when he joined Buerta* e cabinet be changed Ue dleglanoe. Garsa Aldape wae aa
intriguer of great ability and be managed to reaala la the background at d l
m

Ndendes, HJfiorJa do. la. Bovoluclon Iferteana, Tol I, pp. 169-160.

Tera Bstaaol, La. Beveluclen fltBiPTBfi PP. 331-333.
9
Noheno, NJL Aeluaelia. PellUea, pp. 80-64.

a a — a — M B — • • ii 11 n a a c a a a a — a n — » a a — B — a i » B g » » ^ — — — t a a a a ^ a m a a ^ a l s „ , -,,, ,-r;
I
tines, fho d t l s a t s god ef this d d s t s r was ths proddeaey; he hoped to gala
the leaderehip of the oablaet aad wait for Buerta* o rotlreaont. On July 37 ht
gaiaed tUa pooitloa whoa ho rtplaood subsecretary Carlos Pereyra la the Nialstry
of foroiga Relatione. Ho was quickly reaoved froa that petitita aad ta August 11
hs took over the Secretariat tf foaeato. Although Garsa Aldape eodd aet regaia
the Nlalatry of foroiga Relatione, bo did aake that pooitloa dlfficdt for
others, 10 Tor aany mcathe he wee very lafluontld with Buerta, but the President
apparently was able to see hie actives dearly for he aover allowed U a to regaia
the coveted Nidstry of foroiga Relet loaa.
When Garsa Aldape aoved to ths Nialstry of foseato oa August 11, tho aovo
wae one of a group ef changes In the cabinet whieh took plaoo at tbat tiae, Jess
Maria lozano, the acted orator, beoaae tho flret member of the "quadrilateral" to
joia the oablaet. Leseno replaced Geraa Aldape ao Mialeter of Publle Iaatruet lea,
a poet that Garza Aldape had held dang d t h U s dutlee ia tho U d e t r y of
foroiga Bolatieas, At tha aaae tiae the atttd author aad intelleotud fodcrieo
Goaboa became Mideter ef foroiga Bdatlona. Gaaboa appoare to have boea ooa-
pletoly lgaoraat of the true nature of Buerta* s government. Shortly after he
Joined the cabinet he waa projooted l d o the spotlight ia tha diplomatic battle
between Woodrow Wilsoa and Buerta. After ooao forty daye la the cabinet be wae
replaced. Goaboa had boea la Braesolo whoa aaaed te Joia tht Nidstry aad he wee
probably quite d l l l a g to resign when he found himself Involved ia an openly
undeaoeratle regiae.
A fourth aow addltloa to tho oabiaot wos Bnrtquo Geroetlete who wao aaaed
to the Nialstry of Hacienda en August 14. Oorostleta waa a aea of high ldeds,
good reputation end obvious ability. During the two aonths that ha wae Mideter
ef Bartends tho Mexican f Inane I d situation showed signs of groat Improvement.

"abheao. Mi. y&&u. &2l&lS*» pp. 70-74.

 141
for dlghtly over a oonth the Msdoaa oabiaot reaalaad intact. By the
dddle of Septeaber Huerta1 s suspiolon of He, Urrutla reaehod such heights tbat
the Nldater wae foreed te reaiga. Leopoldo Hobollor, recently eppeiated ao
Subsoerotary of Torelgn Relet leas, repleotd Urrutla oa Sopteaber 18 dthough he
wao s t i l l offieially e Subooeretary. Oa t d e same date David It la fueate, the
Mlaiater of Ooaaudeatloaa waa replead by Joss Merle Losaao. Lesaao'e poet la
the Nldotry of Publle Instruction was token by a sseoad aoaber ef the "quadri-
lateral," Bsaeslo Oarola Baranje. MeeawUle, the laet aoaber of tho orlgiaal
oabiaot, Bedolfe Beyee, had reelgaed oa Septeaber 13 aad waa repleoed by Adolfo
do la Lsaa, a aaa of soaewhat soiled reputation. Beyeo wao asked to toko a post
la e d l e . A threat waa implied by Garsa Aldape who aade the requeet end for a
few daye Boyos wrtted fearfully while two well-eraed frieads proteotod U o . Bt
finally feud rafuge la the hoae of a Spaniard aad left mexleo oa Zj\ Bavarre oa
rebruary 14, 1914."
Lessno had for ooao ties desired e politioal post aad bad aot boon aatlo-
fied d t h ths Nidstry of Publle Instruct lea. Whoa ho wae transferred to the
Nlaletry of Coaaudcations he waa givea tht task t f otiag his Influenoe to produce
a pro-government majority la the Obaaber. f U e teak proved to be boyoad hla.
Losaao de dared tbat all oidotrios were politioal la saturo aad tbat d l a i d s -
la
tore should use any aoaao available to perpetuate Buertlat rule,
By the lest days of Septeaber the projected eleetione of tho Preoidaat,
Tiee-Proddent, oad congress were ody a acnth away. Tart out p o l l t l o d pertlee
were eptlalstlodly ehooeiag oaadidatee. fho Oatholle Party waa eoneiderlmg the
aoaiaatioa of rederloo Geaboa, aad Huerta, who waa probably oertaia by that tiae
that his oldster of Tereiga Relatione would not fit into the Huertiet eoheae ef

ll
Beyoo, Do. Hi. Tide. Tol. II, pp. 329-830 aad 853-354.
18
Tora Bstaaol, La Bcvpluclvl Mjxjpaja., p. 331; Moheno, MlAeJuaejii
 143
things, ouggeoted that Gaaboa roolga so aa t t actopt the acdoatlta. Goaboa did
ao oa Septeaber 84 aad turned affaire ever te aubsotrettry Aatorto le la Peae
Beyee. Oa Septeaber 80 a third aoaber ef tht "quadrilateral," Oaorldo Nohoao,
was askod to toko the Nialstry, abbeae was ssatwhat rductant. Ho wao est
oatirdy happy d t h Buerta* s absolution oad hs personally f d t better qualified
for the NlBistry of Goberaadea. Ia addltloa, the Chamber ef Deputlee offered oa
opportudty for Nehoat tt display hio oeneidereble t d t a t t at aa orator. Tiaally
ht aooeptod after auoh urging by Garsa Aldape. Actudly tUo addltloa te the
oabiaot was ao^great gda for tba administration for Nohoao* e reputation at a
aaa of dissolute habits aad hit ley polltlod othleo hart the rtputatlta of tho
governaeat.14,
Oa Ootobor 8 after a loag aooting tf tbt Oeuadl ef Midetors, Baerta
asked the asabers ef the Council t t Join hia ftr dinner at the Cafe Colon, tht
oabiaot at tbat tiae consisted of Moheno, Subeeeretery of foreign Relations;
Bobollar, Subseeretary of Goberaaeloa; Do la Laaa, Subeeeretery of Juetioe; Oerora
Baraajo, Subseeretary of Publle Instruction; Garza Aldape, Subeeeretery ef
Tonsnto; Losaao, Sooretary of Oosannleatieno aad Publle Worke; Ooroetieta, Secre-
tary of Baeieada; aad Blaaquot, Secretary ef War. Huerta bad dready deeided to
have Ooroetieta and Do la laaa exchange alalstrlee, but after the a e d bo dedded
to reeums tht gaas of ausled chairs eo a larger s e d e , Oa the follodag day
Garza ddape ead ReboUer exchanged a l d e t r l e e , ae did Do la Laaa and Ooroetieta.
Subseeretariss Oaroia Baraajo aad Moheno were raieed to full oablaet raak.
These changes had varioue roaoone and effeeto. The plaelng of Do la Laaa
l a the Midstry of Baeieada wae dl saatroue for the f lnaneld eituation of the

l8
Mohemo, Ml Aatuaolen Politico, pp. 27-37.
a el eon O'Shaughneeay to WUlioa Jennings Bryaa, Boveaber 1, 1913, fhe
Wllilea Jeanlago Bryaa Papers.
18
Moheno, Mi. Aotuaeloa felinee., PP. 40-42.
 148

goveraaoat. Da la Laaa*e reputation wae unsavory aad ao a rasdt of hio atalaa-

tlta the hepea ftr a lean froo Pari a baaUag f lras were diaeed. fhe dlotruet of
Do la Laaa*t probity wet reflected ia a suggeotioa by freoeb Mialeter Lofelvro
that a aixed NexioaB ead foroiga oooalasloa Joia the Nldstsr la oversselag fuadc.
Ooreetlete wet thorougUy hsaest aad aot completely la haracay with Buerta. He
had probably aade i t difficult for Buerta to obtain feeds as freely as be rtobod,
ot the Prooideat aoved Ua froa tbat aUlotry. 1 6
Garsa Aldape was aow Mldetsr of Gobernaeion which gave hia ooatrd ef the
police, tho diffleoltleo between Butrta aad the Chaabor of Deputies were reaohlag
a diaas aad the foraer wished e fIra aad aasorapuloas haad gddlag ths polloo
foroe. At the ooao tiae Oaertdo Nohoao waa auttaetlodly tht Tlce-Prosldent for
all lateata aad purposes, tho proaotloa of Nohoao to tba Nlalatry of Toreiga
Balatioaa aade i t pooslblo for the foorth aoaber of the "queerileteral," Traaeleeo
do Olagalbel, to joia the adaldotratlea aa Subeeeretary of that aialstry. Mtboat
wae plaoed la aa exceodiagly uneeafertable position. Bo wae aeeoad oaly to aaerta
with whoa bo wao aot la fall agreeaoat. Garsa Aldape coveted tho pooitloa held
by Nohoao aad did everything la Uo power to arouse Huerta' a suspldoas ef Ua
Mialeter of Torrtga Reletloa. Slaeo Baerta wao aaturally suspicloue ef aayoae in
tho poeition for sooeesrtoa to tho prooldoaey, he aeon beeaae dlotraotfbl of
Nohoao. Oa Boveaber 1 all aide tries were dosed for a festival oxoopt tbat of
foroiga Belatloae wUoh reaalaed opea la the aoralng la order to baadle eaergea-
oios. Garsa Aldape was adelaf treed that a atssagt tf laportoaoe had boea rooolvod
froa the Baited Statee Governaent and answered by Nohoao without oonsultlag
Baerta. Oerss Aldape saw a chance te discredit Moheno oad Inforaed Buerta of what
be bad hoard. At eleven o*doek that alght a worried Nohoao wae oallod to tho
Palaoe whore ho was accused. Buerta waa ody eondnood of hio isaooeaee when a

16
Moheno, Ml Aejuefilii fdjjiflfc. pp. 40-43.
 144
letter tigiod by Belsoa 0*8haugbaeoey was procured statiag that there had boon, no
aeesege.17 Zntrigaoo of tUt saturo gradudly led to tbo discrediting of Garza
Aldape. Baorta wae far tot shrewd to allow Garza Aldape t t regaia the poet he
aoot desired. By great otubboraaooo aoheno retained the Ministry of Torelgn
Reletiona oatil Tebruary 1914. fhtee who ftllowod hla ia that poeition wort to
bo as aaooafortable ae he.
After tho date ftr ale ot lone had been sot to Ootobor 86, tho various
politioal partioe gradually began to laoretct the amount of their activity, fhe
Catholic Party hold a general atteably oa July 18 aad eleoted aow offieere. A
aatieaal convention wao planned aad, whoa it optaod sa August 4, dslogates froa
all over tho aatloa wore pressat. Per throe days arguaeata continued ever tht
aaalag tf candidates. A group led by Deputy Twneiseo Blgooro oaggosted tbat they
aet aake acaiaatleas. fhe younger eltatatt la the party led by Herrera Laze
doolred to atoiaato oaadilatee oa the grooado tbat they aaat aalataia their pro-
graa aad aot subalt to Buerta. Blguero asaagod to carry the lay but oaly toape-
rarily. Ia Septeaber tht Central Otaalttee ef the Oatholle Party announced the
acalaatlon of Pedorleo Goaboa for President end Bagede Racoon for Tiee-Preddeat.
fhe Aatl-reoleetioalet Party began ite aotlvitioo ooaewhat earlier, aad
oa Augaot 18 the party aet and aortaatod Trend oeo Tee que s Geacs aad Lais Cabrera.
fho party prepared for aa aetlve oaapaiga. but when Butrta tarried off Uo coup
against tha Chaabor of Deputlee oa Oeteber 11, the oaadilatee qulokly resigned aad
tha party deoided te abstain froa the nomination of aow candidates.18
the fellcletc were rather inactive after rolls Dies acoepted tho pott tf
Aabaoeader to Japaa oa Jdy 17. The for as of aoalnatiea ware carried through but
there wae little hope that Dlas oould be a eerioue eandilate until ho wae relieved
17
Moheno, ]& Aotuarton Polltloa. pp. 70-74.
Sraderaaa, "A Study of Polltlod Partioe and Politico In Mexleo,"
pp. 114-115.
 146
tf hit eoadssiea oa Septeaber 34 aad allowed to rotora hoae,
fho Popular evolutionary Party developed e aow loaoe oa life end after
several oaaagee tht neat Llbtral Party was adopted. After btiag urged te aaaouaco
their eendldetee by Baerta, tho llberale aoalaatod Naaud Cdoro ead Jeoao floroe
Magen oa Ootobor 1. Aa active oaapaiga wet waged by tho Liberal Party ta the
basis of a allHy leftist platfora oad of direet oppoeltioa to the Oathtllo Party.
Tarlouo atteapts were aada by the partioe to get together oo eo to eoeuro hsaost
elections, but they failed to oeapese their dlffereaeeo.**
By July ef 1918 the Buerta government wee again in financial difflodtles,
fhe option takea by the Baaque do Peris tt Pays Bas oa the reeelalng 14,000,000
pounde of ths 30,000,000 pound loaa authorised by the mart eaa Oengrans had aot
boea oxereloed, Zt eeeaed unlikely that It wodd bo oxer oi sod aad d t h pressure
by tho Baited Btatss Government Bouatiag, a loaa froa other ftrdga sources would
bo dlfflcdt to obtain, tbo unoertain financial oitoatioa of tbo Mesieaa Govera-
aoat led to e felling off of the exchange rate vol ch beeaae aora rapid ae ties
passed, fhe lOJt duty oa geld experts had act greatly improved tho eituation. Oa
August 26 a decree waa published prtUbltlag tht exptrt ef gold oad Oliver, even
tUe faUed to keep eufficient amount a of tho prod one totals ia tireulatloa eo
paper aoasy drove colas out ef uee. Za aa effort to inoreeeo the available foado
import dutlee were iaeraacod aa well ee taxea oa crude oU, tobacco and aleehol
bet tht prodoe reselaed unresolved.*0
Baorta* o aext aove waa to turn to the backing lnatitutlone of Medoo.
Mialeter Oor oat iota invited e number of bankers to oeot Ua la conference oa
August 89 ead explained hla neede. fho banker a agreed to lend ths governaent

19
Braderoaa, "A Study of Pell t i e d Partioe ead Politico ia Modeo,"
pp. 116-118; alt (tondflatura Liberal Odoro-Bleraa gagae, (Noxioo, 1913)
*ealter T. MeOrteb, Xhj. Ppjdjp. TjjkXneos. sL Mawlfift, <*ow Tork, 1981),
pp. 206-307t the Med can Herald. Ootobor 8, 1913, p. lie.
 146
18,000,000 petes subjset to approval by foreign capitalists who eontrollod seat
tf the beaks. A eoaelderahle delay wae eeuesd by the proosuros pot sa tattt
capitalists by their goveraotate who ottperetod d t h Woodrow WUsoa la U s atteapt
to starve the Mexloaa Goveraaeat late oubdooloa. fho eentraete wort finally
algaed oa Septeaber 80. the rate of iatereot was to bo 7* aad wae te be repaid
by January 1, 1914. 21
Oa Septeaber 16, 1918, Buerta addreaeed ths ttagress oa flnaaeld Betters
aad ahtwtd a ttrtaia degree of optiolsa dot t t tht lacraated Ineoae of tho govera-
aeat through higher teste. Bit outlook would boooae eonsiderably loss optlolotle
ever the aext few montho. WitUn a month bo wae foreed to borrow a mlUioa pesos
froo the Church by applying preesure. Oa Oeteber 1 he leaved a decree forbidding
the leaoaatlaatloa ef gold aad eUver coins. After tht alddls of tbat aoath tht
prograa of flnanold etervatloa by the WUsoa goveraaeat waa lateaeifled and the
Med oaa flnanold situation beoaae peralyslag. 8 *
While the flnanold oriels grow woroe, tho population of Mexloo Olty
lived la aa ataoaphere very reaialooeat of a Roman holiday. Buerta eaoouraged
t U t by tpeaiag a series of gaabliag houses for all tlaases tf people, fheee were
dletlngulehod by the oize of the oldaua wager ptrdtttd. fhe army might lack
ite pay but graft aad gambling went their carry were. At the eaae tiae tho bull
fighte were never without a great oad eathuelaetio crowd, fhe oouroo ef the aoaey
for adalaalta waa a mystery la a olty where idleaeoo a d eapty atoaaoha were
33
oommon.
Pereond violoaoo was soaowhat more oommon under the Huarta regime thaa
under the other Mexloaa goveraaeats before aad after, fhsro haa boea a tendency
31
McOdeb, fhe. Public. Uaseeee. pf NertjR, p. 206; Bdgar Turlington, Modeo
and. gar. Tcrjigp, Creditors (Bow Tork, 1930), pp. 363-864.
33
MeOdob, The. Public. Tlnanoeo of Morton, pp. 306-807.
38
Bell, T J a . f c J ^ l c e i a i e i o l n i X l S f t , P. 374.
 147
to bleat Baerta personally for t U s phoatasaoa, aad there Is a oertaia amount tf
Justice la i t . UatU August of 1913 the number ef proaiaent aea who l t t t their
11 vet oadsr Butrta wet eaall. Daring August, however, two fdrly wdl kaewa
deputies were U l l e d .
Adelfo 8. Ourrtea, a atroag Maderlot aad a deputy tf ths Btaovador bloo.
began atteaptlag te etlr up dleeontent la the area of Tehauntepee ia early Aogost.
the Mideter of Gobernadoa, Dr. Urrutla, had boea keeping ea eye oa the situation
ftr ssas tias aad after Qorrioa seat a tolegraa oa Auguet IS proteotlag geveraaoat
eetita agalast soae of those suspeeted ef plotting, Urrutla ordered hie arreot.
Bopeated ooaauaieatloas betwsoa Urrutla and l e o d aatbtritlet scsaaltd la act
pertleularly veiled language that Ourriea be killed. On August 17 the prisoaor
wae Ulled, osteaslbly wUls trying to escape, fho whole aarderooe affair wet
arraaged by Urrutla, aad eshuoatloa tf ths body about a year later proved tbat
tht aaa had beta bsatta t t death rather thaa having btsa shot while trying to
escape, fho p l l t tf Urrutla i t beyond all doubt but the part, if any, tbat
Huerta ployed lo uncertain. Urrutla1 a bratdity waa sufficient that hs need aot
have bad Buerta'e approval.**
Deputy Scrapie Bendon was a doss f r i e d of his follow Tuoateeaa, Pino
Suares, aad after the letter'a death he spoke out opody agalast the Buerta
regiae, Bopeated spoeohto ia tht Chamber of Deputies made Beadon a dletiaot there
la the eide of the Buerta asmlalstretloa. Buerta finally summoned Boadoa and
offered hla various oonslderatloas i f the Deputy would separate hlaeolf froo tht
Renevador groups and oease bio anti-governmental a e t i d t l e e . Rendon ladlgaantly
refused to be bribed and froa that tiae on there were rumors that be wodd be
kUled if ho did aot seek exUo. After a aeetlag of the OouncU ef Mldetors
Urrutla aad Buerta agreed that extreae Boasures aust be taken agalnat the

fif. Cjap. dno gnjrja. pp. 312-321.

 148
troublesoas Deputy. Oa Augaot 83 leaden wao arreoted by tht Police aad executed
dthout f e r s a l l t l s s . 8 5
Bxoeutieas of t U s sort wers suf fldeat te cause ether Deputlee both te
fear oppeoiag the goverBBont and aiae te feel tbat aomething had to bo done. A
few weeks later another execution wtdd briag aa epea split between tho Chaabor
aad the Bxecutlve. Bat other eleaente wort eteeattel for such a split to take
place.
fhe Reaovador deputlee la the Chaabor early eaae ts aa sgroeaoat aaoag
tbeasdves that they would bio or any attoapte by tho Baorta governaent to paee
legialatloa. this agreeaeat waa algaed by ooao of thea and at the eaae tiae
eeeret agreoasats were aade with Oarraaza whereby the Beaovadors prcalaod to help
deetroy Buerta. Such agreeaoats eaae dasgartutly doss to treasoa end whoa Baerta
decided to deetroy the Obeober of Deputlee, es i t wos tbea constituted, ht bad
real grounds for taking the step. Whoa the possibility of Aaerioaa intervention
became frightening la late July, tht Beaovadore combined d t h other groups lm a
s t - c d l t d Junta Udfieadora Baoload wUeh opened negotiations with Oarraase and
other rebel groups hoping to f i d agrseaenta for a presidential eaadldate. 86
Such hopoo were doomed for neither Buerta aor Carraasa would bo content to ooe
another ee OUof executive.

fho Sooretary of Oobernaelon treated the Junta aa a ho at l i e aad conepir-

a t o r i d group, Oa August 1 the Junta preeented i t e prograa of paolfleatlon aad
unity to Huerta. Huerta told ths aeabere to postpone their plane ae he wae about
to elialnato the robds and negotiations wodd ody girt thea prestige. The
Oatholle Party, which had joined the Junta, aoparated froa i t when thsy found the

26 ,
Melendos, Bjstarja de la Bovolueloa Mpjlpene,, Tol. I , pp. 196-197;
Maaolsidor, Lp. Bovclnclon Mexicaaa. pp. 197-198.
f S a l a v i e l d , Ml Tide Bovolucloaarla. pp. 173-176; Tera Batanol, La
»9T9lB949B "TTiiTa*! P* 331.
 149
President hostile. Dr. Urrutla, aoanubile, said tbat be had proof tbat tho Junta
waa subversive and throatenod tho Isadora d t h prison — end worse. When the
Renovadors oontinued their oppoeltion to Huerta the oaapaiga of terror was
vt
iaereaeed.
The speoeh d t h which Huerta opened a new session ef tht eongrete oa
Septeaber 16 was not partlonlarly noteworthy. He aentlonod auaorouo ainor Betters
such ae the tranafer of the ruralee to the oontrol of the Ministry of War oa
August 16. Bis summary of the national dtuatloa waa aa optimletic aa ueud and
be ogala aaked for the aid of oongress In tbs pacification of the oountry. Deputy
Jorge Delorae y Oaapoo replied te Buerta oa behdf ef the oongress e d prodeod
ite support. Unfortunately tbo follodag three wooka wodd bring no increaao in
oengreoeloaal oooperatioa and would load to a violeat aove by the Presidoat.
Zaeedlately after the opening of the new eessloa e conflict dcvdoped
between Buerta aad the Chaabor, Baorta aoalnated Deputy Sdaerdo Tamaris ae U s
new Minleter of Publle Instruction a d Taaarts waa swore i a on Septeaber 18.
Tsaertz waa a aoaber ef the Catholic Party aad a aotod figure la the Chaabor.
According to law a aoaber of the Obaaber oodd not accept a cabinet post dthout
flret receiving the peralaalon of tho Chamber, Whoa Tamaris accepted tho oabiaot
pooitloa, ho stepped en the already tender tooa of the liberal loadere of the
Cheaber. Slaeo Taaarls wae a Oatholle, there waa fear that the odueationd oyeteo
would f d l uader Catholic control, the Obaaber qdekly beoaae split oa the leeue
d t h the Catholics ia ths ainorlty being outvoted. The eo-odled Indepsndento of
the Moheno variety abetalaed froa voting a d were accused of being f d i o llberde.
The Deputies refused to dlow Taaarls to accept the post by a fair margin. Huerta
sent Mideter Tederieo Gaaboa to addrosa tho Chaabor ia an atteapt to convince
them to reverse their decleion. The Deputies stood firm aad Tamaris rather

87 *
Tera Bataiol, h\ Bovoluelon Mart anna, pp. 331-833; Braderaaa, "A Study
ef Polltlod Parties aad Pelitloe la Modeo," pp. 118-119.
 160
reluctantly reoigaed froa U o aow pooitloa. 38 Buerta waa greatly irritated but
decided to let the laddant peat. Huerta was very deprosssd at t U s tiae for oa
Septeaber 18 oae ef U s sons had bssn seriously injursd In aa autoaobllo aocldeat
aad i t was doubtful whether he would recover. Be wee eoon out of danger aad
recovered but the pereond worries aay have teaded to aake Buerta oare difflodt
to dod d t h p o l l t l o d l y . " Huerta finally aeoepted the Chaabor* a decision end
aaaed Oarola Bare jo aa Minister of Publ io Instruction. Bio aodaatloa wae
approved by the Obaaber. The reedt of the Issue bed boea to alienate large
eeetioas ef the publle who eaae to eo Balder tho Chaabor a body of "rtndbage"
lacking in d g d t y . & Biarlo sddt
La Patria woepe, tho blood of her ooao ia coles peurlag forth,
fielda aad fame are going up l a a destructive boaf ire, brigands
ere despoiling uo ef our legit isate belonglaga, . . . all oa aoeouat
aad for the satisfaction ef half a dosea dndbags in the obaaber,
ef ao oaay prefoooload libellers oa the rostrua aad a group of
Intriguing aad ambitious ladivissals la the eeeUl body,80
la the loot daye of Septeaber a dispute eroee betweoB the Chamber of
Deputies aad the judicial breach of tho government eonoernlng the eeeuoatlon ef
forcer Secretary ef Baeieada Limantour d t h offieial crimes, fhe Obaaber wished
to aet as a grand Jury la trying ths eaae wUle ths district Judge ordered thea
to suspend activities, the Supreme Court f l n d l y ssttlsd the matter la favor of
tho dlotrlet Judge aad tho oaoe waa sooa dropped. Huerta for a tiae considered
eetloa agalast tht Obaaber oa charges ef usurping Judicial functions but deoided
the ineldeat would aot warrant auoh action. In addltloa ho felt uncertain of hio
ground for oven Ouerldo Moheno had voted to continue oppoeltion to the courte and,
hence, Huerta wodd face e Chaabor united agalnat U a .
Ope}

Tera Satanol, La Ravclnclen Nerteeae., pp. 337-338; Ihe Mertoaa. Hordd.

Septeaber 20, 1913, p. 1:6.
29
Belsoa 0,8haugbasssy to the Dapsrtaent of State, Septeaber 20, 1913,
f i l e 800; Jhe. NesjLeaa. HerjelA, Septeaber 19, 1913, p. 1:1.
30
The Mexican Herald. Septeaber 34, 1913, p. 3:3.
 161
A t d r d tveat wUeh caused bad fooling between the Chaabor aad Buerta took
place la ths stats ef Ooeretere. Oppoeltion to tho oeatrd goveraaeat there led
te the lBprteoBBSat of the etate deputlee aa well ea the foreed resignation of ths
» t 81
goveraor of Oaeretaro who wao replaced by General Joeonia OUearro. Teellag
between Huerta and the Chamber had now reached aa exploolve polat aad o d y a
dight jar would be needed to bring violent aet lea.
Oa Septeaber 30 the Beaovador bloo propoeed a b i l l to delay the preeldea-
tlrt eleetione. It was their contention that ths period ef preperatloa had boea
too ehort. fho Oatholio Party had oaly had a oaadldate for oat wttk. the
Renovader group wae unable to gain the two tdrds aajority aeooesary for Immediate
aotioa dthough they did have a elaple aajority. *
Oa Septeaber 38 Senator Ball tar it Doalagaos of OUopes had aa aocusatioa
of Buerta read before tho Seaato. fho Seaato rejected U e ebargts agaiaet tba
Presidoat oa the grenade that It wae aot eospstent to aet la sach Batters. Zt
was reooamendod that Doalngues aake hie ohergso before the Obaaber of Deputlee.
Doalagaos, however, aade Ue ohargoe public, two weeks later Doalngues leveled e
second blast at the Preeldent wUoh aleo beoaso publle kaowltlgo oad led to eon-
el durable exelteaent.
Za hla flret dlaeouroe the Soaator froa CUapao accuead Huerta of murder-
ing Nadoro, usurping power aad bringing rain upon the aatloa ia Ue deteralaatlon
to aaintaia control. Dr. Doalngues eald that Buerta wae leading tho aatloa late
33
oonfllot d t h tho United States and aoet be expelled froa tho presidency.
fho seeod dloeourss was worded oven acre otrongly: Buerta wae preeoated
ae beiag ea ths verge of lnsaalty due to feellnge of g d l t .

31_ - *
vera Botanol, La. Rovoluelon Ned oaaa. pp. 338-839.
83
Zed Mexican HerdJL, Ootobor 1, 1913, p. 1:6.
^Jesue Martlaes Rojae, La DUjllQllB 9J. efiJL Osaaras fedoralaa (Mexloo,
» » ) t PP. i*-17.
mBmmmmmmBtmmm^aexmaaasaaamBaemiBmmnmmmmmmemamwtK^afmmmmmmwmmmmmmmmmmLmmim^^ IU.JL.,II.,
168
fee ghost tf hit protector tad friend, betrayed eat aeeao-
elaatod, the ghoet ef Madera, at tlaea doao aad at tlaeo aeeompaded
by that ef Piao Suares appears constantly before the eyoe ef Tietorlaao
Buerta • . • •
When the obsession i s persistent, Don Tietorlaao Buerta beeomoe
irritated, and to eoel U s alad, aad socketed nerves, be cells upea
U e aeat cruel aad fereoiouo laatlaote a d then ordere U e frlende:
to execute, assassinate and burn . . . .
Dtolngues said that tbo Senators must stand together la aa effort to oust
the Presidoat. Be eaid tbat he hiasalf alght wdl be murdered but that tho cause
wodd triuaph. Be urged tbat hla speeches be publlehed aad widely dlsssaiaated.
Two daya later Doaisgues was picked up by tho pel lee at Ue realdoaoo la
the Betel del Jerdla. Be wee arrested about aidalght of Oeteber 7 aad takea to
tho eeaotary at Ooyoacaa where he wae ehot by Colonel Alberto Onlroa aad thaa by
Gabriel Huerta. fhe third asabor ef the group. Gllberto Marques, say or aay aot
have fired. 3 6
The dieeppearaaee of Doalngues eaueod a great eeneatlon, partlcdarly In
the Chaabor of Deputlee. A aotioa waa processed that the Chaabor reaala ia
permanent eeaalon until an explanation wae forthcoalng froa the executive breach
of the governaent. fhls aot ion wae defeated; but after heated debate i t waa
dedded to preee tbo executive for detelle of the once, and at the eeae tiae to
noalnato a eoaalssloa te invest! gets tbs situation,
(l) fhat a ooaalaelon foraod ef three Deputies be appointed for
tho purpose of aching all neoessary lnvestlgatiese to flad out
where Senator Bell carlo Bealagues l e , aad that It be empowered d t h
d l tho faeilitieo watch i t do ens aeoessary for tho aatter l a haad.
(3) That the Senate be invited te appoint a ooodeeioa for tht
same object, (3) fhe ooadeelea of the Ceaara d l l prepooe what
aay bs necessary ia view of the rasdt ef the lnveetigatlon.
(4) That t U e aotioa be ooaaunleatod to tbo executive se that be
eay Impart whatever aid aay be accessary ts the ooadaaioa or
eomdssleas, ao the eaoa aay bs, asking known to hla tbat tbo
national repreeentatlon pleoeo the livee of tho Deputies oad Sena-
tore under the protect lea of eaid Sxeeutlve who baa at hla disposi-
tion the neeeaeary eleaente to enforoe the laaudty vMoh tho

Martinez RcJaa, La. Dlooluclon do. lee. Oemaraa Tederdes. pp. 17-26.
(author1 e traadatlon)
B
Melendei, Historic do le Rovoluolon Morteana. Tol. I, p. 122.
MM

168
Constitution author!ssd tt those functionaries. (8) fhat the
Bxooutlvt be inforaed that ia ease the disappearanoe of another
Deputy or Soaettr occur the aatlond ropreeentatloa v U l bo _ e
obliged to eelebratt ite oooolea where it aay find guarantees.
Butrta felt tbat tht Chaabor of Deputies had become a eerlous ebetaole to
aay oonetruetivo work wdeh ho alght plaa and tbat aU Us personal projects
wodd bs blocked. Be waa seconded l a thla feellag by Garza Aldape, who bad a
very atroag dodre to set tht Chaabtr dissolved. Aeeordlng to Oaerldo Nohoao,
Garsa Aldaps bad intsroets in a nuaber of lor go ooatraota which ht f t l t certain
the Chamber wodd rafuee te aocopt. Garsa Aldape eeeae to have favored tho
laprlooaoent of a l l aombere of the Obaaber .*'
Mideter of foreign Relatione Mobeae bad ae idea that the dleadutlou of
the Obaaber of Deputlee was being eoatOBplatcd. Oa October 9 be wae odled te a
Oouneil of Midetore et Huarta* a heat. Bs arrived around 10 P.M. and Garza
Aldape Inforaed hia tbat the Chamber waa to be dissolved for oppoeltioa to tha
aoalsatloa of Tamaris. Moheno opposed the aotioa aad sold that i t was oaly
aeoossary for the governaent to obtain a aajority ia the Obaaber aa wae ths
ouetoa in other nations. Garsa Aldape eaid Losaao bad been trying for eoao tiae
to do eo aad had failed. Moheno urged tbat they wait a bit longer ead held out
uatil tbo meeting broke up at 3 A.M.
Oa the following aoralng the meet lag was reeuosd at 10 A.N. anrlqao
Ooroetieta iaaiated tbat no motion be takea agaiaet the Chaabtr a d whoa Ua
dignified pleaa were refussd, he offered U s resignation. Buerta aeoepted with
ao great roluotenee. Moheno, s t i l l fighting egdnot dissolution, urged that the
esaot dtuatloa bo explained to ths Chaabor aad aoae sort of agroeaeat obtained.
Moheno hoped to be given tho teak of addressing the Obaaber, but when Buerta

Martinez Bojas, La Plsqluo|on dp. lap. Ojaprai Tjderalsa., pp. 38-39.

(author* s translation)
37
Moheno, Ml Aetna elon Palltloa. pp. 48-78.
mmmaammstvmBmmfBBgaBmmaa^aB»mmmmBemmmaammmmwmm»mmi^^

164
agreed te tht suggestioa Garsa Aldape was ohosoa to faeo tht Obaaber. Buerta aay
s t l U have hoped to avoid the dleoolutlon, but if ee, be ruined hie hopes by U s
38
choice of tpskesBBB.
Ac tht rtgular sesdoa of the Chaabor of Deputlee prepared to open at
4 P.M. oa Ootobor 10, tho Deputlee found the bdlding surrounded by soldiers aad
polios, who had d s o crowded Into the building end filled the gdlery. Whoa tht
Dsputltt bad taken their pieces, Maauel Garsa Aldape rose to eddross tbea.
Baorta*o reply te tht resolution of the Deputlee threatening to bold sessions
elsewhere wae d s o reed by the Mini Bt or. Huerta iaplied that be eodd aot conei-
der the resolution es aaythiag but aa unwarranted aggreeelen and tranagreeeloa sa
the rights ef tho executive aad Jodie I d branches of tho goveraaeat. fhe Deputlee
hold fIra, aad eoldlere immediately began arreotlng thoeo Deputlee who were In
oppoeltioa to the gsveraaeat, A total of 110 Deputlee iaoluding Jorge Tera
Bstaaol aad Bodolfo Beyeo were arreeted aad takea to Jail la cart aad oa etratt
oare. fhe crowd out eide the bdlding cheered the Deputioe but wee quickly
39
dispersed.
A short tiae later Buerta Iesued e decree dlttolrtng the Chaabor, He
said his actlono were duo to aa attempt by the Chamber to interfere d t h the
prerogativee of the executive end judicial brauehoe of the governaent. fheee
arreeted were of the oppoeltion, wdle the Oathtllo Party Deputlee were allowed
to go free. Whoa tho Senate learaed what wae taUag plaoo they eeat Manuel Colore
te see Huerta who aaked to eee ether eeaatora. A eomdeoioa aooa presented itself
to hia aad Buerta aaked thsa to withdraw e reeolution ef disapproval of U e
aetions, fho staatore reported back to the aeabere ef that obaaber and i t wet
^Moheno, Mi ffltujrtra. Politico, pp. 43-47.
39
IBM Jerk, l i c x l , Ootobor 11, 1913, p, 1:6; Qui HtAlMR BaralqT Ootobor
11, 1913, p. 1:6 and 8:6.
mammmtaamxmwmmsaemTmKmmmmmmmammmm^mKammmmwtfetmnmm^ ni

168
leddsd to raoord tho happenings in the aiautos aad thsa adjourn dthout stttlsg
a late to reconvene. Buerta wae left d t h no legislature a d an obvious dicta-
torship.
On tho evedng of October 10 there wao a great deal of epeedatlon and
concern about tho Deputlee who had boon jelled, fhe diploaatie corps fslt the
seed of taking BOBS aotioa to save the livee ef those who alght be ia laager.
lolson 0*Shaoghaessy and Bernardo do Oolegaa of Spala deoided tbat thsy aost sssk
out Buerta sad receive assurances regarding the safety tf those uader arrtot.
Uaabls to looato the Proaidoat, who, ao waa frequently ths eaes, bad siapiy
cropped out ef dght, they odled on Oaerldo moheno at 11 P.M. Moheno was d s s
•oaswhat oonoeraed about tho prlaonere aad tha tbrae aea vielted tho ponitontiory
together, fhe aaaes of the prieonero were taken by the dl pi ©mate aad a t o t d ef
84 were found to be pre cent, for ooao tiae there was a rumor that tho other 36
asa had boea executed but they either were already free or eoea wodd be. Nohoao
assured the dlpleeats tbat ao bara wodd ooao to tho Deputlee but tbat they must
d l stand trtal for various offenses of which they wore accused; aad although he
had ao power to give guarsatsss, he seeas ts have boea oorreot, Tht Deputies
wore gradually rdeassd over tbs following weeks. Husrta did aot seed or desire
the livee of tho prieonero. Zt wae sufflelsnt tbat they bs aedo herrtess.**
Buerta* a attitude toward the dlesolutioa of the Ohaober can bo eoon froa
the follodag dsereee issued on the next day:
Med oaaa:
One ef the greateot aaerlfleee tbat I have been obliged
to aake io the losuenoe of tbo decree which baa aa ite purpose
tho dlesslutiea of the Legislative Power, which I dweys have
treated d t h the greatest respect.
M
t a I t 2 & t t X 4 1 . Oeteber 12, 1913, p. 1:6.
41
Tera Bstaaol, La Beveluolen MfltMaTi P* 3*2; aehsno, Nl Aetna el on
Mltlfift. PP. 49-60; 0*8beughasssy, A Dldemat*a WJUR, pp. 6-7.
 166
cArralguaeat t f the Oengreee.j
Whoa I reoeived a ceaamaieetiea froa the Obaaber ef Deputlee
threatertag tht Bxeoutive aad invading tho constitut ional faculties
of the other Powers, 1 otat the Nldsttr ef Ooberaadoa te aek that
that body reoonelder Ite roeolatieaa. All wae la vaia. the rttervet
of prudence cad order beiag esbautted, Z waa ftrotd t t doolie upea
the diattlutlea of tho Legielativo Power ia order that tho voting
publle, satiated d t h the eagaith of a loag elvil war, aay seed t t
tht aatltatl rtprtssatatlve body dtloans wbttt only teal, wheat
t d y ideal, le the reooaetrnetloa of the fatherland upea a oolld
fouadatloa of publle peeoe. 4 "
fhe intoatloae of Buerta boooae dear ia the following decree:
Tletorlano Buerta, Conatltutload Preeldent ed lntorio of
tho Udted Med can Statee, to its inhabitant a aaktt kaowa tbat the
Obaaber tf Dtputitt aad Staatoro of the Twenty-Sixth Legldature
haviag baea diaaolved aad iababilitated froa oxerc la lag their
functions, ead oatil ths people elect new aagietratee who ohall
toko ever the ltgislatlve powere, ead la the b d l e f that tha Govern-
acat should count oa e l l the necessary f a e d t l o e t t fact tht eitua-
tioa aad to rtettabllth the censtltutiond order tf things 1B tha
ahertttt pooeible tiao, ao io i t s purpose, olneo Ootobor 36 haa
boea oot as a date for dootloae for Deputlee aad Seaetora, has
seen f i t to decree that —
ARTIGLB 1. fho Judicid power of tho Tederation ebdl
continue in i t e foaotloaa wltUa tho l l r t t s set by the Constitution
of tho Republic aad the decree of the Bxeoutive of Ootobor 10 of
t U s aoath aad ouch othoro eo ohall be iesued by U a , '
ARTIGLB 8. the Bxeeutlve Power of the Union ttastrvtt the
powers conferred upon hia by the Constitution aad assumes furtber-
aoro tht Depertaoata of Ooberncclen, Hacienda, aad War only for
the tiae abttluttly aoeeeeery for the reeatabllehment of the legie-
lativo power, l a the aoeatlae tho Bxeoutive takoe upon U a e d f the
powere granted the leg! d a t i v e power by the Con etl tut ion la tho
aforeatatleatd Bepartaoata aad d U aake uee ef thea by leaning
decrees which shall be ebeerved generally aad wUeh ho aay deem
expedient for the publle welfare.
ARTICLB 3 . fhe Bxeeutlve of tho Union wUl reader aa
account to the legielativo power of the uee wU eh he aakoo of tho
powere whieh he aosuaos by oseas of this decree es sooa ae t U e lo
la function.
Wherefore,I order that thla bo printed, publlehed end given
duo fdfUlBoat, 4 *
Buerta was now an abeoluto dictator, but ha wao too ehrewd te find tho
poeition congenid. He wiebed to maintain at leaet the trapplaga of eonetitu-
tlonel r d e . Ho looked forward to the olootioa ef a aow eongraoe on Oeteber 26,

^foreign. Rolotlona. 1913, pp. 840-841.

^Zbid.., p. 839.

••BBanasaBasaaaHBaBaBBaBB
 167
but there was oae other problea to be solved before he oodd root easy. Oa that
esae date a aov President wae to bo elooted e d Buerta wee aot eligible. He had
rtready begun to sake plaaa t t aset that problea,

fhe Chaabtr tf Dtputlts had been solidly Nadsrlst aad Its opposition to
Buerta had boea gradually grodng more vood. By deallag secretly d t h the
rebels the Benovadtr Dtputitt had proven disloyal to the governaent of which they
were o part. Za addltloa tho behavior of the Dtputitt had boon such ao to deetroy
d l respect for thea in the minds ef many, Seselene of ths Chamber bad aooa
frequent wrangling and name-col ling. Considering the activltiee of tho Beaovador
bloc, Buerta oaa aet bt entirely blaaed ftr tht diaeolution. Although ea aet of
loubtfd legality, it waa eeeeatid If ht wet to aoeoaplish anything constructive
while at the head of the administration.
So far ea the Ualted Statee was eonoeraad, Baorta ao longer worried for
It seemed obvious tbat he oould never achieve recognition while WUooa wee Presi-
dent. After a ported of ear loos atttapts t t oust Buerta, Wileoa had finally
deeldsd to follow a hende-off policy, the diaeolution of the Chaabor wae too
Bueh for the President of tho United Statee, however, and he eoon resumed hie
policy of active interference.
 aacBBWBKieraBgnei

CHAPTRR TZZZ

WZLSOB ABB HOBRTA

After the r e o d l of Aabossedtr Hoary Laao WUsoa, t h e forrtga p o l i c y of

Woodrow Wilsoa beoaae a greater f a o t o r i a Mexican a f f a i r e , fhe P r o d d e d ef the

Ualted Statee dsteraiaed to take aotioa wUeh wodd alter tbo Msrteaa dtuatloa,
at tht saat tiat tht ttubbsra resourcefulness of Tletorlano Buerta beoaae gradu-
ally acre evident.
When Hoary Zaae WUaoa wao reodled te WasUngtoa, aa often forgottea
laddtat tttk piece ia tbat d t y . Oa July 17 the few. Tork flaws carried a loag
statement by Batterto de la Garsa, J r . , who bad base seat t t WasUngtoa ao a
prospective eabaeeador by Baerta. Ds la Garza was aover reoeived by President
Wilsoa; and after waitiag ia vela for ths reoogrttlon which wodd establish hia
as the o f f i e i d tabassador, he dadoed to retura to Mexico. Zn his statsasat
Do la Garsa put the blaas for auoh of Medoo*a voce squarely oa the shoulders tf
Woodrow WUsoa. Hie attaek oa Wilooa was a bleat sf violent eager. According
to De la Garsa, Bryaa and John Basaott Moore, Counselor of the State Department,
hod ahewn that they were favorable to reeogaltlea, d t h tho latter actually urging
ouch aotioa. fhe etatoaeat waa probably correct, ae Moore waa to prove tho most
level-headed Individual ia tht State Dopartaeat ia the ooaing months. De la Garsa
concluded Uo attack with the foUodngt "there Is ody one aan who stands
botwoea the whole country of the Ualted States aad ths whole oountry of Modeo and
that aaa Is Presidoat Wileoa."1 fhls attack waa the flret evidenoe that the

*Bow Tork Times. July 17, 1918, p. 1:6.

168
 169
Norteans aa a group syapatUsad with Buerta aad aot with Wileoa. la the following
Bonths Medoan opinion, exeept aaoag the rebele, wee to grow acre critical ef
Wileoa* s polity.
Ac Butrta ttrtagthoaed hie hold oa tht Medoan aatloa by replacing U e
flret cabinet, Wilson grew impatient. BS was being pressed froa aaay quarters
either t t uss force lm eome meaner to change the eituatioa la Mexico or to recog-
nize the Buerta regiae aa i t orteted. fhe loag period of uncertainty wae causing
diatraoe to aaay. Civil war woo coating aaay Mexloaa, end aot a ftw foreign,
livee. Typical Mexican opialoa wae expreatod by BJ_ Pole:
fho feet i s , as wo have said oa various oceasleae, that Proaidoat
WUeon bee the eaae l a f l r d t i o o as Senor Nadoro; like the latter
he oeasldors hlaeolf predeotlaed to implant democracy la Aacrloa;
la U s theoretical viaieae, he dramas of tho governmeat of the
aajority aad the herah voice of e ailitary dictator goto oa hie
aervoa at ttrtaia crude esprettitae would got oa tht aervot ef a
blende d a a who roads tho Bible oa auadeyo, who proeldoe ever the
meetings of a eoelety for the prevention of cruelty t t unlade aad
writes ssatiasatd novels for a allk-ead-water aagazlme.8
toward the end ef J d y Wilson deddtd t t eend another t p t e l d rtprtssntativt to
Medoo. Thie agent wae to carry a dear aad eonelse otateaeat of Wileoa* e vleve
aad deaande. Wllaon flret prepared U e instruct lone aad thea sought a aaa to
carry out the doeioa. 8
Secretory Bryaa was consulted ooneordng tbo choice of a peraon to deliver
tht Presidents message te Buerta. Bryaa suggested e frlead of hie, John Liad.
Liad wee e pecdiar choice for the deeion ae he had l i t t l e kaowledge of diplomacy,
did aot apeak Spanish, aad wae not particularly vail informed ea Mexloea affaire.
The t a l l , genet Swede wee anti-Catholic and U e eilence oae proverbial. A few
monthe later i t wae eaid of Lind that he had gaiaed enough knowledge ef the
Spanieh language to rsaala silent in i t . Ae governor of Nlnnesota Lind had provoa

3
Quoted la Jhe. Mexican. Herald. July 23, 1913, p. 3:3.
3
Baker, bjjjon, Tol. 4, pp. 364-267.
 wmmmmmmmwmmexesx^meaemmawBBmtamtmmmmmmwmmmmmmammim^ ..... =

160
hoaeet aad able, but boyoad tbat be bad ae eudlfloatioao for the job, nor did he
oeed aay t t bt chossn by Secretary cf State Bryan who waa Intent oa rewarding
dtssrvisg r.'aocrats.
Oa J d y 28 Liad was odled to Washington "for oonsdtetlon on aa iapor-
tant aattor" aad aet Wilaoa at tho WUte Bouse. Oa August 4 L i d rsoelved U e
credent i d s as Wilsoa* e representative a d preparad to leave for Mexleo. Wileoa* a
plan waa oontalaed in a letter ef introduction and lnatructloaa:
fo Whoa It May Concern:
thie d l l introduce the Honorable John Lind, who goes to
Modeo at ay request ead aa ay porseaal representative, to aet as
advisor to ths Aaerioaa Babassy la tho Olty tf Medoo. I bespeak
for hla the saas consideration that wodd, ia other eireuaetaaoce,
bo accorded a ragularly eoorodlted repraaentatlve ef ths Govera-
aeat ef the Ualted Statee.
Iaatruet ions (Modeo)
Press very earasstly upon tht attention of those who art
new exerdsiag authority or deldlsg Influenoe ia Mexico the f o l -
lowing considerations aad advice:
fhe Government of the Ualted Statee deee aet feel at
liberty aay longer to otand iaaotively by while i t heeoaes daily
aora sad acre evident that ae r e d progroos Is brtag aade towards
tho establlsbaeat of a government at the Olty of Mexico whieh the
country d l l obey ead reaped.
fhe Government of tho United Statee doee not etand ia the
aaae eaee d t h tho other great Government e of the world in respeet
of what io happening or what la likely te happen In Medoo. We
offer our good offleee, not ody because of our genuine dteire to
ploy the part of a friend, but d s o beoauss we are oxpoeted by the
powers of the world to act as Mexloo's aeereet friend.
We rteh to net In thoet olrouoataaeee la the spirit of the
aoet earnest aad dlaiatereeted frlende d p . It lo our purpose ia
whatever we do or propoee in thie perplexing aad distressing
situation aot ody to pay the aost scrupulous regard to the
sovereignty aad independence of Nsxiee — that we take as a matter
of oouroo to which we are bound by every obligation ef right and
honor — but d s o to give every possible evidenee that we aet la
the interest of Mexloo done, aad not ia the Interest of aay per eon
or body of per eons who aay have pereoaal or property elaiae in
Modeo which they may feel tbat they have the right to preee. We
ere eteUag to counsel Medoo for her own good and in the let erect
of her owe poaoe, aad not for aay ether purpoee whatever, fhe
Governacat ef ths United States wodd dee a itself discredited i f it
bad any eolfieh or ulterior purpose In transaotloao where the poaeo,
bapplneea and prosperity sf a whole people are involved. It is
aotiag as its friendship for Mexloo, aot ae aay oelflah interact,
dletatoe.

fa——a—»•!•• ill11ill mn*immam»ammammmmmmmmmmtammamaawmmmmmiammsamamBamsaaataami

 msBBtsmmassmmmxssmMgatemmtmwmmmwimmmmmwmKiwKWHwmmmm^

the preeent eituatioa la Noxioo i t incompatible with the

fulfillaeat tf lateraatitad obllgationa oa the part tf Medoo,
with tho d v U i s e d dtveltpaeat ef Noxioo herself, ead d t h the
aaiateaaaeo t f tolerable ptlltleal~aad aeoatalo eoadltloaa la
Central Aaerloa. It l o upon ao eoaaon ooeaoioa, therefore, that
tht United Statee offers her counsel aad aaelstaace. All Aaerloa
cries out for a eettleaent.
A oatlsfaottry settlement sttat to ue t e be conditioned oa —
(e) Aa iaaediato cessation of fighting throughout Medoo,
a deflaito armistice soleady tattrtd late aad eerupulouoly obeerved;
(b) Security givea for aa early and tfm election in which
a l l wUl agree to take part;
(©) the consent of General Huerta t o bind hlaself not to bo
a oaadidato for eloetloa ae Presidoat of tho Bepublie at tUe
olootioa; aad
(d) fhe agreeaoat of d l partioe to abide by the r e a d t s ef
the dactloa and oooporeto in the coat loyal way la organising and
support lag the now s c a l d atretloa.
fhe Government ef tho United Statee w i l l be glad to play
aay part ia t U s eettleaent or la i t s carrying cut which i t oaa
play honorably aad eoaaleteatly d t h laternatload right, Zt plsdgee
iteelf to reoogdse sad la every way possible ead proper to assist
the adrtaletmtion chosen aad sst up ia Medco i a tho way aad oa the
conditions suggested.
Taking d l tho odstlag conditions late consideration, the
Goveraaeat ef the Udted Statee eaa conceive of ao rcaaoaa euffldoat
to justify those who art aaw atteapt lag t t ahape tha policy or txtr-
t l t t tho authority of Modtt ia doolialag the off loot ef frleadeUp
thue offered. Oaa Mosloo give tht civilised world a satisfactory
reason for rejecting our good offloest Zf Mexloo oaa suggest aay
better way l a whieh to show our f r i e d chip, oerve the people ef Mexloo,
aad aoet our international obligations, we are aora thaa d l l i n g to
oonsidor the suggeotlon. 4
Oa August 4 John Lind loft for Modeo City a d d a flurry of aewspaper
ooBBoat. WUsoa had aot bothered to notify anyone ia authority la Mexloo of tho
Liad alasioa aad tho first aowo reached Mexloo through the praos. Huerta wet
oaught by eurprieo aad rtepondtd ia an aggroeelve Banner.
Z have tht honor to infora you tbat if Mr. John Lind, who, acoordlag
to tht Information in the posseodon of the Mexloaa Government, d l l
soon arrive l a thie capital as aa envoy of Hio Sxeolleney the Presi-
dent ef the United States, doee aot properly eeteblleh U s o f f i e i d
character, or i f be Is aot tht bearer tf tbs recognition of tUa
Government by yours, hie sojeurm in thie Bepublie d l l not be plenalng. S

'link, yjlienj Tol. II, pp. 867-368.

B
Z2riixa ItiJdA&At, 1913, p . 819.
mmmmmmwmmmtBszsraamTmwmwmmmmmmmBmmmmmmmmmwrmvmmmmmam^ • • HS==S
163

Hie unoff i c i d retorts wort wore ptlattd:

Z d l l reelet with arae any atteapt by tho Udted States to later-
fort i a tha affaire of Mexloo . . . . The Halt ef patience hat
been reached over the policy ef aoa-rooogdtien tads by tht United
Statee. Z lntead to abeolutdy Ignore Lind* s presence udess he
beers off i e l d credent i d s ee Aabaaeador,°
When Buerta wao prooeed for a publle etateaent regarding pooeible mediation, he
replied:
Z have odd publicly, aad Mlaiotsr Urrutla has eaid the saat, that
Z d l l aooept neither aedlatioa nor latsrvsntlen of aay Uad ia our
latorael struggles, fhls Is deaaaded by our national digdty aad the
deocrua of this governaent, Z have d s o declared that oa ao account
will Z aooept eoaproaloao with the revolution, aad s t i l l I t t t i f a
hint of such Involves a flagrant violatloa of our ssvorelgaty.7
Publle opinion ia Noxioo Olty wet otrongly in favor ef Buerta*o otaad ead
for e ehort tiae he waa a natloaal hero. Persons of the prefeeeienal eleeaee
aarohed through the olty la support tf Butrta aad lot tore of approvd poured la
froa a l l over the aatloa. Tor the aoaoat at leaet, Baerta bad boea etroagthoaed
by WUeon* e attitude.
Sooretary Bryaa expected resistance to the Lind d s s l t n , aad hence, he
urged the other governaeate to aak Buerta to give Lind e careful aad friendly
hearing. Sir Bdword Grey telegraphed to Medoo City as requested. Traaoe,
Germany and Baooia wore lees interestsd but ooapllsd ia aa unenthusiastle aaanor,
fheee eommealoetloaa aay have had aoae effect, and i t is posslbls that they aade
Llud'e reeeptiea aero pleasant. It l e acre likely that Buerta r e d l y had ao
intention of taking draetle aotioa, 8
Lind traveled toward Tera Cruz addst ruaors and newspaper dlapatohee,
aad f i a d l y landed at that d t y on Auguot 9. After a coaforoaoo d t h Alairel
Tletoher oad Willie* Bayard Hde, Lind, his d f e , and Bale proceeded te Medoo

6
Llnk, Wllaon. Tol. II, pp. 368-369.
7
tSf. Mod can Herald, August 6, 1913, p, 1:6.
8
Baker, WUeon, Tol. IT, pp. 368-369; To reign Relatione. 1913, p . 829.
mmm^mammmamemnsesBmteaBammmtKmwmmmmmatmmmammmmmmrm^mmmmwmmimmmKm^
168
.. *
Olty dthout difficulty. Liad was ewers tbat U s position was delicate aad ht
spent tht ftUedng two days ia getting acquainted d t h the diploaatie eorpe end
q
the foroiga colony, Hs was surrounded d t h intrigue throughout Ua v i e i t , Liad
was approached by aaay persona of varieae nationdltlee who urged reeogaltlea of
Huerta, Oaa of the aoet pereuaalve waa Trend a Stronge, the Britieh Nldator who
wodd aooa leave Mexico.
On August 13 Lind wae received by Gcaboa, and on the following day ht
again vielted the Minleter of foreign Relatione, t d e tiae aecoapaded by
0*Shaugbneaey, te deliver Ue aeeeage as instructed. Between August 18 and 16
there were oeverd asetinge between L i d cad Gaaboa. Lind lapressed Gcaboa favor-
ably and did Ua boot to forea rodi sat ion of tho ssrloueness ot the eituatioa ea
Baerta* a alaister, Gaaboa, whoa 0*Shaugbattty deeoribed ae ploasaat but difficult
to dad d t h o f f l d d l y , replied to the effect that Mexloo oodd beet be elded by
recognition of tho Buerta governaent. Gradually tbo~dlseueolOBO ground to an
Impose as neither side was wUling to alter Its viewe. Gaaboa suggoeted tbat he
himself go to WasUngtoa ia aa atteapt to d t e r Wileoa* o etend oa the eubjoot,
but Lind declined tho suggestion as merely a sehese to gala t i a e . 1 0
Buerta, f l n d l y agreeing to eee Lind, wae etrongly toasted to reply
aharply to Lind* e proposels, but Redolfe Boyoe convinced hie that a aodtratt reply
wodd be d e e r , then the Lind interview took place, Buerta epent aost of tho tiae
dioeusdag the strength of his amy, scans of expanding i t , and the fact tbat he
espeotod rapid pacification of tbo oountry. Ho also Hscusssd U s plane for
refora after the pacification had boea achieved, which in l t s d f was a pointed
reply to WUeon' e requests for U s reeiguation, Buerta expresaed hopes that

9
Stephenson, John Lind. pp. 216-316.
10
lxaa«« PP» 216-219; Beleon 0» Shaughneeay to tbo Depart aent ef State,
August 12, 1913, Tile 800.
 164
Lind's stay would be extended and that ht wodd toon be eoadtsloaed as aa
aabaaeador.
Oa August 16 Tedortco Gaaboa aade aa o f f l d d reply to Lind*e propoede.
Gaaboa* o reply dioeussod the varioue pointe In tho Wileon proposd oad rejected
eaeh as either lsrpossibls or an example of Interference. Boplying to Wileon* e
"Zf Medoo eaa suggsst any hotter way ia which to show our frieniehip, serve the
people of Mexico, and aoet our International obiigatlone, . . •* Geaboe replied,
"oat, tbat our Aabeeeader be rooolvod la Weehington; two, tbat the United Statee
aend ua a new aabaeaador dthout previoua oonditione."
Liad oontiauod to press for oonelderatlon of Preeldent Wileon* a demend
end thrtattatd that WUeon alght reaove ths baa ta parohatt tf araa by tht Otattl-
tutloaallsts. Tiadly on August 22 and 86 he promised tbat tho State Departaaat
wodd epprove e large loan to Buerta If he would agree to hold free elootloaa aad
give assurancee that ho hlaeolf wodd not bo a cadldate. thie suggestion waa a
ssrloue aietake for it appeared that the Wileon government wee trying to bribe
Preeldent Baerta t e roelgn l a order to oave l t e d f further eabarrataaont,
Gaaboa* o reply wao blleterlng and actually brought e oeeeetioa of WUoodoa inter-
ference for a period of ever a aoath. On Auguet 87 Gaaboa* e acte wao reoeived by
John Lind.

If ovea once wo wore to admit the oouaoele aad advice (lot ue e d l

thsa thus) ef the Ualted Statee of Aaerloa, aot o d y would wo, ae
I toy above, forego our aoverelgaty, but we would aa well toepvedee
ftr oa ladefldte future our l o t t l a i t t as a sovereign entity ead e l l
the future electiono for Preeldent would bo submitted te the veto of
aay President of the Ualted States • • • •
Geaboe proceeded to take note of the feet that the Medcaa Constitution would aot
d l o v Buerta t o be elooted and that the only person who had even suggested tbat

Stepheneon, JoJ^Lindj p. 219; Boyoe, De Ml Tide. Tol. ZI, pp. 207-209.

12
ZfilBlXL Rotations. 1913, pp. 823-627.
 166
Baorta eight ssok olootioa wae Woodrow WUooa, Ooaooralag the predttd leeat
Gaaboa eaid, "Whoa tho digdty of tho aatloa la at ttakt, Z bditvt tbat there
ere att loaaa enough te Induce theoo charged by tho law to aaiatda it t t poralt
It te bo leeaened."13
fho Medoan press d s o noted the help that Wilsoa had given te Huerta ae
a possible candidate, BJ. Pais, stated:
the oaadidature ef General Baerta bee boea launched by ao loos a
pereoa thaa Woodrow Wilooa who haa preclelaod it te the four wiads
ia the crowded halla tf eeagreat at Waahingten, la tha prtseatt of
tho dlpleaatie repreeeatatlvee of f erdga powers, glvlag it IBBOBSS
advertlooasat. Aad Mr. WUsoa bee doao acre. Bt hat retooataded
the Baerta candidacy ia Medce, oo that if Generd Buerta did really
purposs t t oaavao for i t aaoag the fervidly aatloaalistle aassse ef
our eoaatry, he oodd aot deolre e acre effortlve baeUag thaa tht
antagoniea of aa Aaorteaa praaideat.
la. Dior i t otaaeated d d l a r l y aad added:
General Butrta displayed froa tht first aeaeat the audit loo
ehareeterlzlBg hia, qualities aet very apeetolle, it io true, but
ssssntially atatooaadlko, aot very evaagdlcal porhape but thor-
oughly effieaoleue for the governoeat of e oouatry halladaotod by
dOBOeratlc ohlosrae aad ahakea te ite ocater by raapant daaagoguery
aad enareby. *•
John Liad felt that hie duti oo wore at an end and returned to Tore Cms
whore be wae content to wait for further levelopoento. Bo was to reaala there,
except for ehort periods when ht returned to Modeo City ead whoa ho vielted
Wilooa, until April of 1914. Dariag tbat period be wee vielted by Oerraasa sup-
portero who had l i t t l e trouble in gaining hla support, Bt aoved about freely
although he wee vetehed by huertiet agente who wore probably plaoed about hla for
proteotlon froo fenatled natloadlete aa well aa for purpoaee of gathering
Inforaetloa. Hie eoataot with O'Shaughnessy aad Coned Wllliaa W. Oanada of Tera
Orus was close but ht did aot find either aan ia egreeasnt with hia. Oaaala waa
pro-Buerta and 0*Shaughnsssy was a Oathtllo as well. As e rssdt tho feellnge

Torolac Relatione. 1918, pp. 832-836.

k
Quoted la the Med eaa Hordd. August 30, 1913, p. 4:6.
•BBEBBBcaBaaaBas^aBsaBBanBanBaaaBaHMMaMaanaBaBaBi
 166
between 0* snaughaeosy a d Lind eodd never bt aora thaa a tool aatud respect. 1 8
fhe stubborn rsfusd of Baorta to concede anything te Wilson led to a
change la Wilson's taetlce. Oa August 27 he woat before tho Congress d t h en
address concerning Modeo. Wilson reviewed tht trente tf tht Lind alasioa and
then ennoanced that under the elreuaetaaeoo tho Udted States eodd oaly withdraw
i t s efforts and aaeuee a neutral attitude wUle rival foreee fought for Mexloo.
Since e i d l war waa oertaia to grow aero violeat Wileoa said:
We shodd earnestly urge d l Aeorlssas to leave Nedeo at oaoo,
aad shodd assist thea t t gat away la every way pooeible — aot
booause wo would aean to tlaekta i a the laeet our efforts to
eaftgoard their Uvea and their lnterteta, but booause it io
laptratlvt that they ehodd take ao unnooessary risks when It Is
phyeiedly poodblo for thea to leave tho eoaatry.
Wileoa woat on to dtolart that no arae would be ehlpped t t any part of Noxieo.
He concluded:
the attady proasuro ef atral force will before aaay lays break tho
barriers of pride ead prejudice dowa, aad we ohall triumph ae Noxieo* a
frieado sooner thaa we oould triuaph ae her oaealet . . . . * •
the Americans who were foreed to leave Mexleo et thie tiae aooa felt tho
twiege of deepair for ths preparations aade for their departure by ths Ualted
States Goveraaeat were ellght. Many of thea were Involved In eerloua finaadal
diff i c d t lee ia their atteapta to leave Naxloaa ooll. Huerta, who wae geaerelly
ooaoldorate of the foreign colony, wee diotreoeed by the dtuatloa. Ht said that
asa who had contributed te Noxieo*e prospsrity should not travel In steerage.
The Medoan Proaldent offered first-class acooaaodatione for all who wiebed to
leave Nesieo end hla offer waa aecopted by aaay. The request that d l Americano
leave Noxioo had probably boon meant as a method of ceasing eabarraasaeat for
Huerta, but i t proved otherwise. Oa Septeaber 7 the Departasnt of State at

Stepheneon, John Lind. pp. 223-233,

1<
Tcrolan Relations. 1913, 820-828.
 • ' I f 'I — — — — — — — ^ — — — — — — — * • — M — ^ W — — — — — —

167
Washiagton urged all consds te otop the rush ef Aaorloans leaving Medoo.*r
Buerta was delighted with ths new attitude of President Wileon for he wae
oertaia tbat hs wodd bo able to elidaato ths rsbsls in a fsw aonths if they
felled to get arae froa the United Statea. The "watobfd waiting" policy of
Woodrow Wileon reeoived favorable response froa aaay quarters e d ody the Consti-
tutionalists complained.
Wileon* e attitude toward Huerta had changed considerably in the aonths
since Huerta* s Inauguration* He no longer eonoldered d a Just an ignorant bar-
bar lea but had bogaa to redise that the Mart eaa Preeldent was a worthy opponent.
On August 34 hs wrote in a personal letter:
Our friend Buerta is a diverting brute! . . . Ho is always so
perfeotly la character: eo falee, eo d y , so roll of bravado
(the bravado of ignorance, eUofly), aad yet so courageous, too,
and deteralned, — such a aixturs of weak aad strong, of rldloulous
aad respectable. One aoaoat you loag for hla blood, out ef acre
juetioe for what ht has It as, aad tht next you find yourself enter-
taldng a sneoklag admiration for U s aerve. He d l l aot let go
t i l l bs polls the whole house down d t h Uo. He levee oaly thoee
who odd so U o to do what hs wants to do. Ho haa odd lead for
thoee who teU hla tbo truth. He Is seldoa sober aad dwayo iepoo-18
slble, and yet what aa indoaltablo fighter he is for Uo owa hand*,
Probably the biggest eloasnt la Wilson*s now attitude oteamtd from the
fact that in reality the Lind alsslon did not seen to have been a failure.
Gaaboa* e laet note had pointed out that Huarta eodd not be re-elected aad Wllaon
f t l t content to let tho aatter rest until October. Huerta, hoping to keep tbs
situation ae it was, eeat oae Manuel do Zanacona to Washington for sooret tdke,
0* Shaughnsssy felt that Huerta was soger to cose "to aa understanding with our
Governaent," Actudly very l i t t l e cams ef the Zanacona mlealon and it waa proba-
bly juet en atteapt by the Mexican Prsaldent to gain tiae. In the aoantlao
Wllaon had decided to recognise the President who would be elected on Ootobor 26.

17
BeU, TJa. Politioal Shame pf_ Medoo. p. 364.
18
Llnk, XilfOA, Tol. II, p. 860.
B — g — — — a i l . 1 II ,1 I HWTnWBWBBaWg«W«WMBWWWMW8«aWW»MriWW€WWIWW»tWWaw*tWIWIBW.JMI—I»^ L1LI III I = = = = =
168
10
Huerta ooatlauod to preaiee free eleetione.* w
Wllaon aad Bryan were auoh heartened by the candidacy of -Tedorleo Gaaboa.
fhoy f d t ao ptrtoad objeotlea to ths Midst or of fartlga Relations and were
oertaia that eloetloa day would see hie ao the aow President. It was announced
that If Gaaboa were elooted, the Ualted Statee Government would promptly reeog-
niss U s rtglas. TUs solutioa would aot have boon possible, oven If Buerta had
dlowed i t , for the rebels would never have rooognisod a Oatholle regiae aad
d v i l war wodd have oontinued. Wilson had baea ignoring tho Oonttltutloaaliots
but f l n d l y folt the need to oonsult thea after they wore brought to hie attention
again by Wllliaa Bayard Hde la late Septeaber. fho Praeideat quickly Instituted
negot let lone but they broke down completely by Ootobor followlag Oarraase* s
announoeaent that he had ao intention of joining la plaas for sa eloetloa aad
Iateaded to conquer a l l of Mexico.*^
fho problea caused by Ua announcement qulokly faded intt obscurity when
a serieo ef svents changed tho whole eoapledon of tho eituation. On Oeteber 8
the Conetltutionellete took Torreon, a key eity l a the federal defenses, aad the
people of the capital beoaae oxdtod aad frightened. Aotually, there wee l i t t l e
to fear for tho federal foreee wore soon to gain ths upper bead throughout the
north. Two daye later Buerta dissolved the Chaabor of Deputlee aad d l the
earlier plans ef the United Statee had to be revioed.
Oa October 12 tht United Statee Government aent a strongly worded aeteage
to the Nsdeaa Governaent:
Tho Preeldent Is shocked at the lavlees cathode employed by General
Buerta aad ae a sincere friend of Nedeo le deeply dletreeeed et the
eituatioa whieh has arisen. Be finds it impossible to regard other-
d o e thaa as aa aet of bed faith towards the United States General
Buerta* o course in dissolving the Coagreae and arresting deputlee.
19
Link, WJULipn., Tol, II, pp 868-3631 Islson 0* Shaugbneasy to tho Depart-
aent of State, Septeaber 1, 1913, Tile 800,

Link, WJljpn., Tol. ZZ, pp. 863-366.

— — — — • ! • • • . — — — — — — — M M I M M . ^ — — — . — . — . ^ — — . — 1 1 M i l l III I I — — •

189
Zt i t act o d y a violation of constitutional gnarantoee but it
deatroya d l possibility of a froa aad fair elect lo a. fhe
Presidoat bdisvoo that aa olootioa bold et this tias aad aader
eoadltioas aa they aow ertat wodd have aona of tho oaaetloaa d t h
wUoh tha law surrouado the bdlot aad that l t a r e t d t t therefore
oould aot bt regarded as repreeemtlng the d l l ef the people, fho
President would aot fool jaotifiod i a accepting tht r e s d t o tf
such aa olootioa or la reeogrtdng a Prooideat ao eboaen.31
fhe Bosoage froa Wileoa led te a greet dad of oxeltoaent la Mosloo City
ao It was ruaored tbat Huerta wodd reply by breaking off diploaatie relatione
with the United Statee. 0*Shaughneeoy worked aetivdy to eooth tho fedlags of
Moheno aad Husrta aad to asks euro tbat their reply would be aodorate, Mohtao
issued e statsaoat to the preaa that 0* Shaughneeoy had baea eutlrdy eeurteoue
aad waa aot responsible for the lntoaporate language ^ the Aaerioaa note, the
Nadoaa Oovernmemt wao la a etate ef high osoltoaent and oabiaot meet Inge were
frequoat. the r t s d t of all the t t a t l t a wet very slight es Buerte f i o d l y replied
ia a restrained tons. 9 8
Oa the lay foUowlag the second Huertiet ooup tho aow British Miaister,
Sir Lionel Cardea, presented U s credent i d o to the Buerta governaent. thla
coincidence waa very unfortunate for Woodrow Wilooa ooneldered it aa atteapt to
thwart tho Ualted States* pelley by rseaphaalslag British reeogdtloa Just when
Buerte had ooadttsd a provoeatlve act. fhe Mialeter had bsoa appointed two
aoathe pravieuely but bad Just rsplaosd Trends Strange who waa la i l l health.
Zt wao unfortunate that the new British Minleter was Cardan for ho waa actorioudy
aati-Aaerleaa, oad ia earlier disputes, wdlo Cardan waa eerviag la the West
Zadlsa, hia raoall had twiee boea ouggootod by the Ualted States, fhe Britieh had
replied by knighting hla. Oa Oeteber 31 Cardea t d d the press tbat Groat Brltaia
had ao iatoatioh of witbdrawlag ite recognition of Buerte, The Britieh Governaent

8l
Link, WiJjpA, Tol. I I , p. 366.
28
0*Shaughneeoy, A Diplomat*e Wife, pp. 14-23.
 170
taw no reason for such a etop aad wee determined to wait until after the next
election before Baking aay change i a policy,* 8
Oa the aordag of Ootobor 11 Oeerido Moheno set the diploaatie corps aad
explained tbat the dioeelutloa ef the Chamber bad boea inevitable: tht Deputies
had beta obstructing norsal buaineee funetloat oad interfering In the affairs of
other branches of ths goveraasat. Bleetloao would be held cs planned, Moheno
assured thee, 8 *
Woodrow Wileon wae now oonvlnesd tbat aetive aeaaures wodd nave te be
taken to oust Huerta, He felt tbat he needed the support of other nations for
U s policy a d he wae wllliag to foroe ouoh eoeporatioa if aeoosssry. Wileoa eeat
word to tho anJ or foroiga governaent e oa Ootobor 84 aeUng thea te dthbcld
recognition froa ths new Mod eaa Governaent, followlag the doetioao of Oeteber
86, until they bad been Informed of the attitude of the Ualted Statee. 36
Oa Ootobor 23 Buerta reoeived the diploaatie cerpe aad attoapted to sooth
their fears about tho future. Be repeated that ha wae aot a eaadldate for the
presidency end tbat such e thing wodd be lspossibls according to the constipa-
tion, three daye later the much dlooussed eloetloa took place aaidat a general
apathy on tho pert of the populatioa. When the voting wae over, it was announoed
that tht eloetloa wae void because the aajority of votes had been cast for ineli-
gible oadidatee, Huerta aad Blaaquot. Since the eleetione were Invalid, the
prorteiond prasidsnoy wodd reaain in ths bands ef Huerta until aaotber eloetloa
eodd be held.
Meanwhile, Wileon waa taking energetic eteps to bring other nations in
lino d t h hie foreign policy. Throughout the laet daye of October he worked oa

^Llnk, Wileon. Tol. II, p. 366; Baker, Wllaon. Tol. IT, pp. 261-278;
Sal Mfdjjan. HejoOjl, Ootobor 23, 1913, p. 1:7.
^ h e Mexican Herald. October 13, 1913, p. 1(5.

^Llnk, Wilson, Tol. II, p. 367.

 171
tht draft tf a natt t t bt aent to foroiga powers., fhlo note would eesentldly
accuse the other natioaa, aad particularly Great Britain, of d l o d n g their
polidoe to bo Influenced by purely aatorial interests. Wilssa was oertain that
the Britieh policy wee under the control of Lord Oowdray aad hla oil latereata.
Naoeagee froa John Liad aad froa 0* Sbeughaeeey strongly supported thie view eo
they oomplalaed t f the latrlguoo ef Sir Lioael Cardea. Liad dated tbat Oowdray
and Sir Lionel were oporatlag haad l a glove, ead that Careen bad boea eeat to
direet the Butrta goveraaeat. 0* Sbaugbnoosy complained tbat Cardea was iavolved
la "Naehlavelllaa latrlguea." There i s l i t t l e doubt that Cardea wae dolag a l l
that he oodd te support the Huerta governaent, but the British Goveraaeat aa
a whole took a acre neutral dew. Britieh policy wae sorely realist lo. Greet
Britain needed Mexloaa oU for Its fleet and wae d l l i n g to book tho aaa who
proaleed order ead otability, Ia the oyoo of the British Ooveraaeat that aaa was
Tietorlaao Buerta. fhe reallsa ef the Britieh Governaent greatly bothered Wdter
Hlnes Pago, the Aaerieaa Aabassador la London, who said:
Tdk to hla eaa Bagllshaaaj about character aa a heals of governaent
or about a aorel basis of government lm may outlyiag eoaatry, be* 11
tUnk you daft. Bah*. What aattor who govorne or hew he governs or
where be got U e authority or how, ee long ae he keeps order. Be
won't eee anytUng tiae.28
By the ead ef Ootobor Wilson wee ready to eend Ue note to tht Britlth
Governaent. On Ootobor 28 the general out lias of hio propooed acte had been
givea to tat proes. fhe newspapers atattd that Wilton was "soothing d t h Indig-
nation" beoaueo of British policy, fhe actual note waa never eent to Groat
Brltaia for WUeon gave it to the Stete Dopartaent Counsslor, John Baesott Moore,
d t h Instructions to eld a paragraph invoking the Monroe Doctrine. Moore wee
horrified when he saw ths proposed aeesage, and on October 88 he gave Wileon a

M
Link, WJLlepi, Tol. II, pp. 367-374| Baker, Wilson. Tol. IT, p. 396;
Hendrlck, -he. LjU. un£ Letter. p£ belter BJnej. Page., Tol. I , p. 189.
 178
severe lessee la diplomatic actbode. Bo tepheslstd that tho Mtarto Dootrlne waa
ia at way Iavolved aad that foroiga pewert oould rtcognlso Latla Aaerioaa statss
ao they dshed dthout atUag the peraleelon of tht Udted Statee. Ac for
ecoueiag tho British of iapreper octlvee, Aaerioaa foroiga policy wee act rtthtet
weak polata i t s t l f , ead ouoh ehargee ehodd only be aade with the attt t d l d
evidence to support thea. 8 7
fho London goveraaoat was surprised aad disturbed to learn that Preeidoat
Wileoa wao aero thaa slightly aanoyed by the British Mexloaa pel ley. Whoa
reporte of U t attitude roochod London, tht gtverscent there aade Iaaediato
atteapto to bed the breech, the Britieh Aabaaeador, Sir OttU Sprlag-Blot, waa
ailing aad Sir Williae f y r r d l , private eeeretary of Sir Bdward Grey, waa quickly
cent to WasUngtoa to take ever tht fuaetltat of the Aabaeeador. At the ooao tiae
otatUiattry reporte bogaa te Issue froa London. By the t i a t tyrrtll reeohed the
Aaarleen oepital, the eituation wao loprovod. Oa Sbveabor 18 Colonel House bad
a long t d k d t h Sir WUliaa ead explained te hio tho outlines of WUsoaiaa
policy. Aa Iatorvlow with Secretary Bryaa took place later aad odlod for e l l of
Sir Willlaa* o ohara aad aaaso of huaor.
fho Secretary haraagced Sir WUliaa oa tho vlckelaeee ef tbo Britieh
Baplrt, partloolerly l a Bgypt aad ladle ead l a Mexico, the Britith
t i l aan, Nr. Bryaa declared, wore aetUag but the "payaastero" ef
the Britieh Oablaet.
•Ton art wrong,* replied tba Baglisbaan, oat taw that tbo
taly thing to do oa aa otoatita of thla Uad waa to refect to take
the Secretary eerlouely, 'Lord Cawdrey hata*t ataey eacugh. through
loag oxporloaoo with eerruptloa tho Oablaet baa grown oo greedy that
Ctwdrey hasn*t the ataey aooottary to reeeb their prloe.*
•Ah,' said Nr. Bryaa, trluBphaatly, acttptiag Sir WUliaa*t
baatortog aaewtrt ot Bade i a d l aerieusneeo. •Then yea edalt tho
obargt,*
the diseusslsa ecatlaned ia tads vela for seas tiat aad conduced with Tyrrell
saying, "Too have stripped ae aaked, Nr. Secretary, bat Z oa unashamed."*5

Link, WJleee,, Tol. I I , pp. 373-374.

*Headrlek, Ifrldt±UAi*U3Il.!L&li3LUje±lMl. Tol. Z, pp. 302-
808.
 173
On Boveaber 13 Sir William vial tod tho President at the WUte House ead
tht two aea got doag well together. Sir William tried to obtain a poreenal
explaaatioa ef Wileoa*e polioy whieh alght bo oarried t t laglaad, WUota replied,
• I aa going to teach the South Aaerioaa republics to eloot good meat" Whoa
Tyrrell said that la Bagland l i t t l e difference oodd bo eoea botwoea Huerta,
Oerraasa, aad Tllla, WUaoa replied that Oerraasa was tho best sf the three aad
oo
Tllla aot ao bad ao he had baea pointed.
fhe f t t i i a g tf rtttataeat wUeh had been harbored by Preeldent WUooa wao
BOW largely dioptUod ead oaly the details tf oooperatioa rs a d nod to bo worked
oat. Sir ldwerd Grey e t i l l felt ao eatipathy towerd Butrta, but the frieadeUp
of the United Statee wodd bo essential if a geaeral war were te break out la
Burope aad the Medoan President would have to be sacrificed oa the d t e r of
aoeottity. Grey, however, dohsd to aake sort tbat pretoetioa for Britioh inter-
eote wodd be forthoodag after Huerta* a f a l l . He began askiag Ambassador Page
what would happen after Butrta* s f a l l but eodd get no d e f l d t e aeouraacee. Bo
eoBBltaeato were aade but Anglo-Aaorl eaa frlendohip wao renewed, and Brltaia
qdetly put preesure en Sir Lionel Cardea in order to put an and to hio pro-
Kuertlet utterances.

On Boveaber 1 Woodrow Wilaoa initiated another period of crisis i a Medoo

by sending a note to 0*Shaughnessy, aad later to ths other powers, which woo lo a
oenoe aa dtlaatua. It etated that Wileoa hodtated to take extreae acaaoroa
agalnat the Buerte goveraasat siaoo it eodd load to bloodshed and ocey difficul-
ties. If Husrta was eager to escape with hie dlgdty and feollnge Intact, thie
oodd be arranged. If not, he wodd be out off froa aU outside eld and foreed

"fiedrlek, fje Life, end. Lottere ©£ Wejjex HI nee Page., Tol. I, pp. 304-
205.
^Link, WUeon. Tol. II, pp. 376-377.

3aaa»gaBgtaBBaBawM«aM«yaaaaM5aBngtia«MMaBMBaMMWMWMBMi»i.iiiiiiM in r~
 174
to subdt. At the eaae tias aora Aaorlean aaval power wee sent to tht Mertcea
coast. 31
0*8haughnoosy wee et the Batload Pdaoe untU 1 A.M. Boveaber 8 ia an
atteapt to convince Buerta that he could not stand agaiaet the United Statee.
Noet of the early nogot let lone wore carried out with Buerta* s private sooretary
to whoa the dtlactam waa haadsd tn Bovtaber 3. 0* Shanghnttey preferred to ovoid
dealing d t h Oaorldo Moheno whoa ho eoaslderod vaia aad obauvldstlo. At f irot
there were signs that Huerta alght yield aad John Lind loft for Mexico Olty to
handle tha final negotlatiene. Unfortunately, there wae a leak to the prees that
aa dtlaatua had been cent to Huerta ead tha atory reoeived auoh publicity.
Huerta immediately etlffoned Us attitude. Lind arrived in Mexico City on Bovea-
ber 7 and prepared to eee tho Proa 1 dent. After auoh ossreUng Belsoa O'Sbeugh-
neiay found Huerta et "Si Oltho" whore ht was greeted d t h oa affootitaatt
oabraoo, invited to have e drink, and lad late a eoaplotoly hardeas conversation
devoid of buelneos end mention of Nr. L i d . * 2
Oa Boveaber 8 Huerta aent a olredar note to ths foreign powers wUeh
reaffirmed the constitutionality of Ua government and atatod that he wae deter-
mined to etay ia power until tho aatloa waa padf led. NoeawhUt, Liad wao aoJdng
all efforto to meet Buerte, but the Modcaa Preeldent had oharaotorlotleolly dis-
appeared. 0* Shaughnessy had been inetruoted to threaten the breaking of diploaa-
tie relation ualess Buerta yielded. Oa Boveaber 12 ea appointment waa finally
aade d t h the President. 0*8beughneeey and Lind presented thomsolvee et the
Palaoe but Huerta did not appear. Oae of Huerta'a dalatere told 0*8haughataty
that Huerta flew into a rege at the very aaat ion of Lind. Zn aay eaae, Lind

81
Link, Wilton., Tol. II, p . 380.
32
0»Shaughneeoy, A Diplomat'* Wife, pp. 32-42; Beleoa 0* Shaughnessy to
Sooretary Bryan, Boveaber 1, 1918, The Bryaa Papere.
i n . i 11 i .^i iii\s^Ksasswts^mmiKKimmmTmmmma^ammtwmmmnemmoetrwmw!»mmnmmmfmvmmamarauj —
175
beeaae disgustsd d t h tho whole affair aad returned to Tera Cms. He fully
expected tbat 0'Shaughnessy would bo ordered to follow h l i ia a fow daye, S3
Woodrow Wilsoa, expecting reeletanoo, had aent a letter to all aajor
powers requeeting that they support hla by asking Huerta to resign. The diploaa-
t i e corps of the Mexican c a p i t d , led by Sir Lionel Car den, vielted Buerte aad
indioated that their governmente were la support of Wileon* e request that he
reolffu* the aaia polat In dispute at that Boaent wet the convedng of tho Mexl-
oaa Cengroee en Boveaber 18. the eongroee woo to bo sade up ef aea oleetod
during the Ootobor 86 bdlotlag, aad WUeon did not recognize tbat eloetloa ao
valid. Ac Boveaber 16 drew dooor ead the teaeloa oontinued to rlae, Buerte
abruptly pottpontd tht oongreooional seselen for a few days. When ths ssasloa
finally began, the congress oeafiratd i t s own election while doolartng thoee for
tho preeldeacy and vice-preeldency void,

fhe sole result ef tht ttrleo of near ultiaatuae delivered la early Wovea-
ber wae the resignation of Garsa Aldape froa tho cabinet. He had boea afraid to
hand Wilson* s nee cage to Huerta, end for good reason, for when be f l n d l y did oo,
U e reeignation wee requested. Buerte accepted tho resignation in a friendly
aanner and ended tht oonvereatlon by telling Garsa Aldape tbat tho Bauaaao wee
sailing oa Moaday and that he had better leave town ths aext aornlag l a order aot
to aloo i t . The ox-alnlettr replied tbat ho eodd aot leave eo oooa as U s faally
bed no troako to pack for the trip. Huerta aesursd U o that he need not worry: a
fow hours later Garsa Aldaps rooolvod nuaeroue trunks and his wife rooolvod en
expensive handbag containing 20,000 franca. Huerta* s alnletere frequently found
thtaatlvtt hustled out of the country but there were usually componentlone.*4

M
0*Sbeughueaey, A Diulcmat'a Wlfa. pp. 42-60; Link, Wilson. Tol. II,
p. 381; Stepheneon, £oJbn. Lind. pp. 244-246.
0*Shaughneeoy, A Diulcmat'a Wife, pp. 64-69.
 176
By Boveaber 19 the oriole bad dlalalehed to the polat tbat the O'Sbaugh-
nsssys atteaded a reception given by the Huertas et Ohapultopeo. Buerta wae
attentive aad gracious expressing friendship for the United Statee. Offlddly,
however, the ttrala persisted and 0* Shaughneeoy waa abaent froa the opedng of
otngrees.** fhe diploaatie eorpo wae feet beooaing aeeustoaed te Boaentery erlaee
which paoeed la a aattor of hours whoa Buerta simply ignored thea. It wae becom-
ing ebvioue that ody d l i t e r y intervention oould ellaiaate Huarta froa tht
Nodosa aesae. He seemed to be grortng stronger aad U s ailitary foreee wore
gradually galdng the upper haad agalast ths rebels.

Woodrow Wilson was aow engaged ia a different approach to tho problea ef

reaoving tho Medeen Preeldent. Although Buerta oodd aot bo convinced that bt
thodd cooperate, perhaps tht Constitutionalists eodd be, toward tht tad tf
Ootobor WUliaa Bayard Bale was seat to the Nosloaa border, aad on Boveaber 10 bt
vat Instructed te proceed te Bogolee in order to reach aa agroeasat d t h Carraasa
who wee thea orgadzing a prorteional goveraaeat. Wilsoa was prepared te l i f t tho
eras embargo in retura for protection for forelgaera and aeeuranots of a eonetl-
tutionel regiae when tho rebels were sueeessfd. At first Hale wee auoh iapreosel
d t h Carraasa, but whoa ho tried to aegotlate with hia he soon changed Uo aiad.
Rale found Oarransa just ao stubborn as Husrte and perhaps even core Infuriating.
Oarransa stated that he wodd very auoh like to receive American araa but tbat ho
did not d o h aay interference; he in of feet warned the United Statee not to
aeddle la Mexloaa affairs. Wilson* a hopoo were completely eruebod. He eeeaed aot
to r e d l s s that any group wUeh d l i e d l t o d f with tho United Statee would be
dooaed ae far as Mortcan publle opinion was concerned. On Boveaber 17 Bale
recused nt got lotions In a fraatie atteapt to reach ooao sort of agreeaent which
wodd dlow tho United Statee to eedlato. Oarransa would settle for aothlng but

M
0'Shaughnessy, A Diplomat's Wife, pp. 60-66.
 177
ceaplttt ailitary vietory aad told Halt that ht d g U eontinue aegotletieno in
writ lag through tht Sooretary ef Tordga Affaire fer the Const itutlondlot govern-
ment. Hde returned to Arizona and told reportere:
Ton know, the world io full of a l l Undo of people. Soae of thea
are aot oaly lapooslblo, but highly ioprebablo. Pleaae underotead
tbat I aa aot spooking of tho gentleaen aerooe the border who ore
with ouch addrable skill preventing their f r l e d o free helping
thea.**
By Boveaber 30 Wileoa reall sad that ho oould only retura to Ue polioy of
•watchful waitiag." Ha bad aot retreated froa U e earlier stand, but be oould
find ao way la wUeh to aake hia polioy effective. Oa Bovoabsr 34 ha loaned e
elredar note which inforaed foreign powers that hla polioy wae uaehangod aad let
I t be known that oppoeltioa to Buerta would eontinue. Tor ths next few wteke
Wilson wae content to do nothing; but he oooa saw that Buerta, rather thaa siaply
fading away whoa loft alone, ooatlauod to grow stronger. By ald-Dscember the
Constitutionalist offensive had ground te a halt d l along tho front and dthout
outslds d d the rebolo would gradually looe ground. Oa Deeeeber 18 Buerta* e
troope even retook forreon, tho oapture of wUeh had algaallssd ths greatest vie-
tory of the Oonotltutiondlet foreee. Wileon woo aow caught in tho web of U e
own policy. He had sworn to set the dlainatlon ef Buerta, end yet, tbat lndivi-
dud ahowed defldto eigne ef asking Uo poeition poraanont and eeoure.* 7
Wilaoa bogaa to eoadder now stsps to put further pressure oa the Mexloaa
Preeldent. Dortag tho Ofartataao boll daye of 1913, Joha Liad conferred d t h Wilsoa
aboard the U.S.3. Cjiejter. off Gulfport, Mississippi. Lind continued to urge the
raising of the eras sabargo In order to eld tbs Ocnatitutionallata, Wilton wao
alaoat ooavineod that thla wee the oaly Beano et Uo disposal short of actual
Intervention. S t i l l ho heeltatod, continuing to look for another way to ellalnato
Huerta.

S6
Llnk, IllspA, Tol, II, pp. 383-384.
87
Zbid., pp. 386-886.
| t M M g M B I ^ g » » M a M W W » » g a - I W i M W M M W B M W M M W I i M a » - » « l . | I J ^ . l l J » I M W M I « » l » . I M i l l l l l l l » L I ll» •IIMiawaeglggg-—==========

178
throughout t d e period reporte of the Intrigues of Sir Lionel Oardoa had
continued to pour into the State Depertaoat. Liad aad 0* Shaughnessy raieed ouch
euzpieioa ia WaaUagtea that tht London government deoided to r e e d l Cardea. Sir
Lload waa ordered to retura to Bnglend for consultation la ald-Deeeabar but did
aot leave Mexloe Olty until January. Ho was givea a rousing seed-off by the
Britith edony wUeh was strongly pro-Huerta and hoped in thie way to dtaoaetrato
i t s disapproval of Wilson* s polioy.
By the end of January Wilaoa waa ready to take deeldve stepo aad oa
January 27, 1914, be opened negotlatione d t h Carraasa* s ageat l a Waehlngton,
Luie Cabrera. Wllaon* a demands bad beoome lass severe la the fees of Constitu-
tloaallet indifference. Cabrera wae told tbat tho United Statee feared tbat ths
Oarreasa goveraceat wodd be yrr redloal if viotorieus end tho Conetltutlonallet
ageat gave aoeurenoea that the rebele wodd not retort to unooaatltutional aeane
la eolvlng Modeaa probleae. Thla aatiefled WUooa and ht agreed to reloo the
ores sabargo. Be aow put Ua whole Influenoe behind tho Constltutloaallate aad
ao longer demeadod tbat they ooao to egreoaente with Noxieo Olty. On January 29
be asked Great Brltaia te urge Huerta to rosiga aad sent a circular acta to the
other powere otatlng that he Intended to l i f t reetrletlone on tho oUpecat of
eras to Medoo. Tho embargo waa actually lifted on Tebruary 3 . The Conetitutlon-
d i e t e wore delighted with thie turn ef evente and declared that tho e i v i l war
was es good ao over. Huerta, ee usual, showed ao greet emotion and merely said
that he did not think that i t wodd make auoh difference ia the eituatioa. 8 8
Wilsoa had now takea every etep tbat he oodd ehort of aetud intervention
by ailitary means. Torolgn opldon, and Aasrloan opinion aa well, conaidered tho
letter oeaeure to be ooapletely unwarranted aad seriously doubted tbat i t would
be taken, Wilson hiasalf was vary reluctant to take steps of a ailitary nature
8
Llnk, XUooju Tol. II, pp. 388-391.
 179
ead felt tbat it would not be aeoeaaary. He greatly underestimated tht strength
of tho Huerte regiae aad felt that ardag the robds would quickly briag aa oad
to the situation. Ht was aistskon, and a few aonths lattr would flad hlattlf
ftretd to inttrveno la order to ateoaplieh that wUeh he eodd do by no other
Boaaa,
 e

OHAPfBR IX

TBB MDBTH8 BBTOBB IHfBRTBHTIOB

With ths f a l l t f tht Medoaa congress In early October 1913, the loot
ehenoe that Buerte o e d d obtain the recognition of tho United Statee waa gone.
Torolgn Minister Moheno tried t o deaoastrate that such dissolutlone were coaaon
and accepted l a Burope but U e reaeoning wae very weak, the perallelo which ho
drew were to nations with ths eebinet fora of government, each ae that e f Great
Brltaia, aad tho Medoan Goveraaeat wao sst up quite differently, fhe Mexloaa
Constitution did not provide for tho d l e o l e o d of the eongroee by the Bxeoutive
end ouch aotioa oould oaly bt unetnttltutitnal, regardleae of the degree ef prov-
ocation, i f Huerta* a actions were to be defended, they sect be defended tn
grounds of aatioad neeeeelty, 1

Although foroiga powere oa the whole took a die view of tho dissolution
of the Chamber of Deputlee, there l e l i t t l e to Indicate that Huerta lost popular-
i t y la Med.eo beesuss of the aotioa. fhe Mexican peeple bed not been aecuatoaed
t o regard the Chamber of Deputlee ao e body of groat Importance due t o tho loag
period of Dies dictatorship. Za addltloa, the behavior of the Deputlee bad not
been ouoh e s t o bring thea great veneration and reepsot. Ac e group they had
been undlgdfled and lacking in aelf-oontrol. The Mexican preee on tha whole waa
ayapathetie to Huerta. the pro-Huerta JJL Iaparold approved the dieeolutlcn end
considered the foraer Doputiee to be a "aob" uelng i t e tiae to eonooet "dangerous

1
Tera Bstanol, La Bevolnclon Mexlcana. p . 347.

180
smmBmmBxcssaarsaisxBresBmwsBnmmwmmmmamKmmemmmmmmmmmmmmtmBmttmmm^ ==========
_ 181
a d unworthy plana." fho acre Independent g*, Pj£p. said:
What aurprlses uo io aot that the houses were diesolved; but tbat
they were tolsretsd so loag. f d t tolerance l e praiseworthy
boeauec it reveela ths great eoatrol Geaeral Buerte haa over hiasolf,
whieh i s e guarantee in aa incomparable dictator . . . .3
fhe main oueetloa which bothered tho Mexican papulation wao the poaolble
fete of the Depot l e t . there were exaggerated feera tbat they dght d l be oxe-
o

outed. Actudly they were turned over to the elvU authorltiee for trtal oa
varloua ohargoe wU eh were brought egdnot thee. On Oeteber 17 Judge Addberto
forree of the Tederd Dietrict relaaaed ten of the loprieonod Deputlee on grounde
that there wae lnoufflelent evidence to bold thea. forrae declared that tat other
74 auet fees t r i d for various offenoee faUing in the category ef rebellion,
oodition and laedta to iaportant publle functionaries, 8 Over the aext few aontha
the roaalalng Deputies were slowly released.
Tletorlano Buerta felt hiaaelf relieved of the aseotslty to aot with
caution so as aot to offend the delleato aenaibllltlee of Mr, Wilooa, Huerta had
loag given up hope of Wiltoniaa recognition and deoided to disregard Wileoa* a
opinions. His only roaaldng chance lay ia the poooiblllty of complete ailitary
victory. Be felt that Wilson wodd eventually be forced to reoognise hla if the
rebele were deetroy ed and pacification waa eonplttcd.
Oa Ootobor 86 the long-proaissd elections were hold as scheduled. Shortly
before tho eloetloa wae to take plaoe. President Huerta publldy stated tbat ho
and Blanquet were not eligible for election. When ths election date arrived,
there was fsverlsh activity on the part of the various Mexican part lea, Telix
Dtaz had returned t o Tera Cruz In order to be on Mexican soil when the elections
took place and thue bo eligible for eloetloa. He eoon beoaae paaioky, however,
a d eought refuge la the Amor loan eonadate. Oa the day after the elections be
2 -
Smt Mexican HejjlA, Ootobor 16, 1913, p. 4:3.
3
Ibid.. October 16, 1913, p. 1:1.
a—aasaaBa—mm n n B a a s a a a a M B M » M M B a a M W . a M « i M a w w B W W M M n i M M i « M B r .1111 i i ——,
fmwmmwmmmmmmwnmmmtssmtmmmtmmmmmmmmmmmmwmmmmmmfmm»^^

188
hurriedly boarded the battleship Louisiana and thea departed for Havana. He waa
probably ia l i t t l e danger, but Ue fear of Huerta had grown sines that individual
had to neatly aaaeuvored hla out of power.
On tho day ef the doetlono there wae l i t t l e enthuolaea on the part ef
the voter a. Thoee who favored Huerta taw l i t t l t reatta to vote since he wao not
en eligible oecdldate. Thoee who wore oppoood probably f d t tbat the eleetione
wodd be rigged la aay ease, fbey were correct in tht ietttr assumption, for
deeplte the feet that Buerta aad Blaaquot were act offieial candidates, they
received a aajority of the votee. Tarioue interoating etorloe are told about that
eleetiea day. Heallton Tyft telle of ea acquaintance who went into a polling
plaoe te oaat e vote for Telix Bias.
*Wa are sorry |* said the of f i e l d s la charge politely;
'this Is aot one of Tdlx Dfas*s plaooo, you eaanot vets for
hla here.*
•Where eaa I flad oast*
*Wo are sorry: we cannot t d l you.'
•Tor wheo oaa I vote here?* 4
* Tor Huerta end Blaaquot.*
John Lind told of vlaltlng a pell ia Tera Crus where they found a Huerta official
cdleetiag bellote in e cigar box. 6
After the deetion the returns were very dew in eodng In and for good
reaoen, Belsoa 0* Shaughnessy ceoauaieated to WaoUngton the text of eoae eloetloa
lnatruetione which were dlegadly eeat out by Buerte to the verloue etate offi-
eiale, there eeeae l i t t l e doubt that tho instructions were genuine and they giro
e good picture of Buertleo in action:
Private last root iono froa the Tedoral Governaent to Oenerd
Jeaquia Maee caiej. Military Goveraor of the State of Puebla, to
tho ead that ho aay t n n s d t the aaae to the Jefee Politlcoo of the
State.

S y f e , Ijbe Real KsxjUft. PP. 08-69.

6
Stephenaon, John, L^nd,. p. 341.
 183
let. If any Municipal Preeldent bee entered late agreement
with aay of the d l l teat polltlod partioe, hie reoovd froa offloo
obdl be dieertttly nought* aad ia tht oaoo i t ohould act be pooeible,
oeutitut efforto shell bo aade to aecuro complete solidarity between
aald presidents and the Jefes Politloos.
Sd. It is espeoidly recommended tbat the persoae In ebarge
of tho polio shodd be eoaplotoly aad abaolutely reliable, eo that
they aay foUow ths inatructions given to thsa.
3d. If there shodd be sufficient ties for It, strict orders
should bs given that poUo for rural oetates ehodd aot be established
l a tho ssat sf ths aealrtpellty or town, but ta the estetss theaselvoe
t f tht electoral division, t d e for the purpooe ef avoiding tbo atten-
dance of those who are to take ebarge of the polio, the prlnolpal
object bdag to prevent the eleotioae in two-thirds, plus oat, of the
polio eoaetltutiag the dietriet. Therefore, tht greatest number of
polls shdl be * * * to aoet the previsioas of tht lav, and eoaoeal
tht above-nentlonad odsslon, e eoaplete l i s t shodd be published
giving tbo nanee of the poreone who ere to have charge ef the polio
la aeoordaaoo with article 13 of tho doctoral law of Nay 31, 1912, i t
being underotood that ody the eppolataoate eorroaponding to the third
pert or leoe shdl bo sent to tho oeotione, aaoag vM oh are to be
included tho pells in the urban wards.
4th. In d l tho polio whieh way operate, blank tickets s h d l
be aade use of l a order tbat the absolute aajority of the votes say
be. cost la favor of Oral. Buerta for Preeldent, ead Oral. Blanquet
for Tieo President.
6th. In spite of the feet tbat artlole 31 previdoe that the
returna ehodd be at once end dlraetly tent to the Ohaober ef Deputlee,
the chairaaa of the polio ohall be laotrueted tbat the returns be seat
to the Politioal Prefecture, wUeh returaa shell be quickly oxealaed
by tbs Jefo Politico, end i f the oaoo are found to bo la accordance
d t h the inetruetloae givea therein, he shdl retura thea to tht chair-
aaa, laforaing thea that they aust ssad thea dreetly to the Ohaabsr of
Deputlee. If upea waking the esadnatlon. It ehodd appear that the
tUrd part of the polls have not aeted right, they obdl fail to send
the nuaber of returae tbat nay be neoeesary, to tbo end that the
Chaabor of Deputies aay receive ody oat-third or leee of tho total,
dth. Polltlod partioe aad eltiseas shall be givea full
froedoo la the pells wUeh say operate, d l o d a g thea to sake d l
kinds of protests, provided they rtftr t t vottt in favor of any of
the eandidatea appearing before tht people; but care shall bo taken
that auoh protecte do not ritor to the votoa sectioned in paragraph 4
of thoee inatruotiona.
7th. If upon exadalng the rsturns the Jefee Politloos shodd
find that ths votes do aot agree d t h the instructions, before sending
then they should fix thea up to the end that the note of traaaaiosloa,
the dnatea ef the eloetloa, etc., ehodd agree d t h the lnetruetlcne
• . • • o
Although the results of the eleetione were slow in codng in, the natura
of tho outeoue waa aoon obvioua. It waa e t i l l uncertain juet what aetion would

Torolgn Relatione. 1913, pp. 863-864.

NKsaBagsssaaasssssssaBBSBsa
 164
be taken by Buerta regarding the preeidsnoy. Baaors had boea ooaaca ftr ttat
tiat tbat ht iateaded to stsp down end leave hie dose eupporter Bloaquot In tho
preeidoncy, Although Huerta was lnoligiUe for election, Blaaquot wao aot. He
bad aot boea aa offieial eaadldate for that off lee but bad received tht aajority
of votee for tho vlee-prealdeacy end it wee f e l t that ha alght replace Buerte oa
that bade. Blanquet, however, did aot deaire the poet, aad If ho had, be weald
aot have boea trueted by Huerta,
Blanquet waa unambitious pel i t Iodly ead steas te have been ooapletoly
satisfied with Buerta* e leadership. Bven Bubio Bavarrets, who wao aa hoaoet
patriot of tha highest type, wet ttlldly behind Baorta aad wae to reaala ao,
Bavarrete undoubtedly e t i l l thought of Huerta ee the leader of the Diviaion of tho
Berth aad rtfuaed to believe that ho had been Invdved in the Ciudadela iatrlgaoo.
Bavarrete wae not tho only honest soldier who f d t t U o way. Tor aaay of thea
Buerta always reaalnod the arey candidate ae distinguished froa the latrlguiag
politicians of the Tolls Dies type. 7
Huerta* s aext aove wodd not be token until tho new eongroee bad begun
i t s oesslon. fhe ody eertalaty was that Husrta would aot give up the r e d i t l e s
of power. In the meantime Preeldent WUeon made oner get io efforto to keep the
eengreee froo Beating by proteotlag ite i l l e g d i t y . Huerta did delay ths opening
of tho eongroee froa Boveaber 16 until Boveaber 20 but beyond tbat Wilton*e
tfferts wore fruitless. Any doubts that alght have remained were removed when
the congress declared the elections for tho presidency null oa Deoeaber 9 aad
declered that Huerta would retain his poet untU new eleetione oodd take place
on July 6, 1914.8

7
Mejpxtaj_ do Huerta., p. 60.
8
BpJel£n. Qfjejal do. Rdaelcnee Bxtorlorae. Tol. 37, pp. 184-186; The.
Mexican. HejH&fi* Daeeaber 10, 1913, p. 1:6.

i iii 1.1 !'• n i n i s g a a a a a B a a a a a » a » a a a a w a M a a » 8 g a B a a a M B « - M B a « » a B a ^ n r .... i T=

 186
fhe aov oongreoslonal eoealon wao opened oa Boveaber 20 d t h a speoeh by
Buerte. the Preeldent arrived shortly after 6 P.M. aad ae hs walked dowa tho
eiele toward tht roetrum Deputy Blesforo Barragan af Jdiaco rooa end shouted:
"Long live ths maintainor of our national integrity." Long and tnthutlattle
applauee foUowed until the Preeldent took hie eeet oa the roetrum with Generd
Blanquet and Bduordo Taaarls, Presidoat of the Chamber. Buerta remained ooatod
while reading U e addreee. i t wao euatoaary to have the addreao read by aoaeono
eloe aad Buerte* e voice weakened noticeably by the end ef the long apeech. fhe
Prooideat oald that there wao l i t t l e reaeon for giving a coapleto analysis ef the
national situation, ae he bad done so ia September and would be called upon for
a o i d l e r etatoaeat in April, Inatead, ht spent hie tiae la aa effort to justify
tho dlotolutloa of tht tld Chaabtr. Bt held that It was aot he but the Chaabor
which had broken the law by attempting to usurp the powere of tho other breaches
ef governaent. fhe key to Ur-spesehwes a quotation froa Bonaparte, "Oae does
net violate the lev when one saves tht nation." Buerte*s addreee wae greeted
d t h soae enthuolaoa end President of tho Chaabor Taaarls anewerad tho addreoo
with pledgee of eupport end cooperation.
Sinoe recognition by Preeldent Wileon eeeaed very udlkely end internal
opposition was alaost completely gone, Husrta now decided to turn U s Interacte
In an earnest aaanor towerd elldnating tht rebele, Oa Ootobor 24 ho bad Issued
a decree raielng the etanding aray froa 100,000 to 160,000. Daring the flret
week in DeocBber ths Husrta government agreed to a contraet for ths purchase ef
60,000 Mauser earblnoo and 10,000,000 rounde of aaaudti on from an Austro-
Hungsrlaa f i r e . On December 17 a now plan for the organization of the federd
aray went Into effect, the aray was divided into els oorpe of two divisions each.
fhe inoreaoed nuaber of oorpe wao intended to neks the ailitary foreos more

Boletin Oflolal do Relaelonee Bxtorioroa. Tol. 37, pp. 6-10; fho Mad can
Herald, Hoveaber 21, 1913, p. 1:6.
' i i '
 acgegggcCTi I v inn mmmmmmmmw^mmmmmamwemmmmmmmm^mmmmtBtrneeaanrmmsi^sBBSsssss

186
flodble. All of the federal troopo were oxpoeted to go into action egdnot tho
aorthorn robds while the paoifleatlon of the other porta of the country wodd
be left to state troopa. Although the levy systea was la affect, tbs Mexieaa
aray waa obvloualy becoming acre powerful.10
After the diploaatie fireworke of early Boveaber tho root ef that aonth
paeeed with l i t t l e in the way of Wlleonlan lnterferenoe in Medoan off aire.
Throughout December the federal foroee grew in etrength and prepared for a big
pueh egalnet tho rebel a. Life in Medoo City wao eoaparatlvdy uneventful. A
nuaber of eoelal eveats took plaoe during the aonth and Buerta appeared at aost
of thea with an optialstle s d l e and pleasant comment or two. Tho 0*Shcughnessys,
who had boea sa the verge of returning to the United Statee, were agala prepariag
to represent tbat oountry in Mexleo Olty for an extended t i a e . Bolson 0'Shaugh-
nessy favored Huerta but be aanaged to keep hie enthueiaea under oontrol and
perfora Ue diploaatie dutitt without frletioa. A typled exchange took place
on Deoeaber 19. Oa that date the Charge vielted Buerta to urge the raloaao of
three Americans. Buerta aaked 0*Shaughnessy to take e drive with him and aaked
bow be eodd oorve the Aaerieaa Charge*
. . . I replied tbat there wore three Aaortoaae who, to my
oertain kaowledge, were not g d l t y of tbo accusations aada agalnat
thea and I thought i t wodd be a juet aot i f ho wodd have tbea
liberated. I ooaplalned of the diletory taotica of oertain aeabere
of his goveraaeat, and stated tbat I wae convinced that those Aaerl-
oana were hdd, not becauae they were g d l t y but beoauos they wore
Americana, aad that I oodd only eee pereeoutlon in i t . Goneral
Huerta said tbat so long as he retained Provldonal President no
American eltissn ehodd bo discriminated againet by aay of ths
author It lee, and on oar returning to Ghapdtepec Restaurant, called
one of hie eoeret agente aad gate ordere that theet three American
citizens should be delivered to ao e t the Bebeeey.
During this ride 1 endeavored to avoid political quest lone
as auoh as possible but he aaked ae why the Aasrloen Governssnt was
so opposed to hia, and I said that the Aaerioaa Government would be
juet as auoh oppossd to any one who had eoae to the presldentid

Cdero, Ua. Decerto. do. Polillpa gejieena., pp. 146-147; fho. Mexican.
gereAA, Ootobor 27, 1913, p, 1:2; Deoeaber 2, 1913, p . 1:8; Deoeaber 18, 1913,
p. i»2.
a—aw II. \ n stBsssatessaasmmwmmmaKmmmmmtmmwmmnmmnwmmiwmimwmmmmmmimm =====
187
chair by the saas BOOBS as he had; that i t was aot a porsond aattor
but one of principle. Be tbea said: But the Ualted Statee Governaent
dose aot ucderotaad what Medoo i o , namely that i t la aot ready for
any government save a dietatorship, I thea told hia I oould aot die-
euoo the ettltude of ay governasnt . . . . "
Mrs. 0*Shaughnessy was even acre strongly attracted to the "eld Indian"
than wae her haoband and In lettere to her Bother the expressed frequent exaeper-
atloa at Wilson* e polioy. As Ctrl stems approached there wae ao leeaedng of
Bilitary activity dthough l i f e in Mexico Olty took on a gala ataoophero. Chrlet-
aaa preeenta for the O'Shaughneoeya vera charaeterietio of their eendera. Among
thea were a bottle of cognac ineerlbed "Beloon froa Tletorlano," aad a bottle of
grape-juloe ef elmilar also labeled "Bdaen froo W.cilllaas J.condngoa
B.cryenj."* 8
Buerta changed hla reeldenee late in Deoeaber to a new hoae located in >
San Cocao wUoh wae aa unoatentatloue ae had been the old hoae. Although hie
frlende were making money from various governmental dodo, there wae l i t t l e to
ahow that Buerta hlaeolf waa dolag eo. Oa Jaaoary 1 the Huertae gave a reception
for the diplomatic oorpe et Chapultepee with great pomp aad ceremony. At tea
Huerta gave a epeeoh of wdcoao to the diplornate and aald that Medoo waa not the
equal of tho groat powers like Sngland, Spain, Trance ead Germany and aaked for
their patience and aid. Ooncpleuouely aboont froa the Hot of "great powere" wae
the United Statee. 1 8
The Buerta cabinet had been otablo for aoae wooka. After the departure of
Garsa Aldaps in dd-Bovoabor the Ministry of Goborneelon had boea left in tho
hande of Subeeeretery Igaacle Aleoeer. De la Laaa, the Minister of Hacienda and
now tho aoet influential aaa in the cabinet, had left for Trance in hopes of

Bolson O'Shaughnesiy to the Secretary of State, December 24, 1913.

Tile 800.
^•Shaufhneeey, A Diplomat's gife., pp. 92-uo.
13
LfciA.. PP. 117-122.
IF
brtagiag about a foreign loan. Throughout the aonth of January ths cabinet
remmlaed ae i t waa at the beginning of the year. MeanwUle, two foraer esblast
membere were atiH in priaon. Twenty-elx of tht inprlzoned Deputlee had baea
freed on January 1, and another twenty-three on January 6. Tera Botanol and
Rodolfo Reyee ware e t i l l prieonara ae ware eleven othora. By the oad of Tebruary
the ramaidng prieonero had boea released. 1 *
By the end of December the flnaneid eituation in Mexloe had grown suf-
ficiently bad that Buerta wee forced to decree e bank holiday oa December 23
which wodd remain in effect until the end of tho month. On January 14 the bank
holiday wae extended until the end of March. Two daye earlier Huerta had doerood
that service on the national debt wodd be suspended fer elx aonths. Bo stated
that tho drala oa national resources caused by the reboUion wae reepeaolblo for
the aove. 16
Whoa Mialtttr of Hacienda de la Laaa heard of tht suspension of service
en the national debt, tat iaaedlatoly rtrad hie resignation. Bs had been attempt-
ing to sseure a foreign loan ia Paris and had not been oonedted by Huerta about
the lateet finanrtal aove. Huerta refueed to aooept the reolgnatioa and after a
period of uncertainty Do la Lama retained Ue poet aad returned to Mexleo.
When the Udted Statea Government ralaod tho eabargo on arae in early
Tebruary, Huerta appeared unworrled dthough ho gave ordero to other aeabere of
the governaent to aake no comment. Opinion throughout Medoo waa very much
eppoecd to the move, fooling that i t wodd only lead to large aedo bloodshed,
11 Pais stated:

ZRff. Mexican Herald., January 6, 1914, p. 2:2.

U l i . , Deeoabor 23, 1913, p. 1:6; January 14, 1914, p. 1:7; January 15,
1914, p. 1:3.
16
HIA., January 19, 1914, p. 1:8.
—qP-TT"1 I • "H H t, •|I11III)I»IIIMMMMMMM.1W»——^.i.—^ill^MI.11 .11 I ' ll'.l I I1 = = = = = =

189
fhe haasaltarladsB of Prealdeat Wilson dieappoarad la order
to open the way to aeroantUlaa. A Taakoe worthy of the aaae, be
took Into account the feet tbat in l i f e , everything io reduced to
'dollara aad cento1 . . . .
Thie etep of Wileon, io the flret etep of the Taakeee towardo
tbo frontier.
BJL Zmnardd was even less aoderate in ite eomaents d t h a headline which
road:
By Meaae cf e Decree Which Annuls fho Prohibitive Disposition
Begarding the Passage of Arms and Ammunition Into Modeo, fho Maa
of the White Houss Beeoaea the7 Protector ef the Bordee of Tllla,
Zapata and Genovevo de la O.I
The ody evidenee that Huerta gave of being dleturbed by the raioing of the
oabargo wae the lesuaaee of a decree oa Pebruary 5 lnereceing tbo standing aray
to 200,000 aen. BotUng was said of the sabargo la Huerta* a decree but the con-
nection Is too dooe to have boon ooinoidentd. 18
Buerta had aow decided tbat Onorldo Moheno had outlived Ue usefulness to
the government. Be wee no longer a powerful polltlod figure olnos the Chaabor of
Deputlee aa now eonetituted wae strongly pro-Buerta. There wae ao need of a
Moheno to keep oontrol of Congress. Huerta had two now proepoete for cabinet
poete aad felt that ho eodd reaova Moheno froa Ue post to asks oae opealng a d
aake the loag delayed division of the Ministry of Toaento to provide the ssooad
poet, Tho two BOB now favored by Huerta were Joee Lopes PertlUo y Bojae and
Bduardo Tamaris, who had_earlier bad hla addition to tho cabinet blocked by the
old Chamber of Deputlee, Joee Maria Losaao waa a friend of Moheno aad ho con-
vinced Huerta that Moheno ahodd be retained, porhape on groundo that he wodd bo
dangeroue in tho other camp. On Pebruary 17 the long expected change in oablaet
structure took place when Huerta decreed tbat the Miniatry of Toaento ehodd be
dvided into two now a i d a t r l e s . A Ministry of Agrlodture and Colonisation was

17
Sb£ ISOloan, IxItU. Tebruary 8, 1914. p. 4:3.
18
IM£.. Tebruary 5, 1914, p. 1:2.
— — • M i l l •| — J — ~ T — — — • M M M M M M — — — — ^ — — — — — ^ — - - B B — g —

190
created aad the reaaidng funetlone were retained in a Ministry of Induetry end
Coaaeree. Ia order to retain Moheno in ths cabinet and yet give hli l i t t l s power
the divielen wae aade unequdly. Tho great aajority of tho funetlone of tho old
Nidstry of Toaento went into the Ministry of Agriculture and Moheno wae appointed
Minleter of Induetry end Conner oa, 19
Large sede oabiaot ehangeo took plaoe ea Tebruary 18. Joee Lopes
Portille y Rojas replaced Moheno ae Mideter of Torolgn Relatione. Moheno, as
Indicated above, beeaae Minister of Industry e d Coaasroo, wUle Bduardo Taaarls
was named to tho Midatry of Agriculture, Leopoldo RebeUer, the former Minleter
of Tomento, wae aaked to resign* Dr. Igaaclo Aloooer wae ralaed to full cabinet
rank aa Mideter ef Oobernaeion froa hie position ae Subeeeretery. Meanwhile
another aoaber of the no longer needed "quadrilateral," Traaolaoo do Olaguibd,
waa reaigning U e poet aa Suhaeeratary of Torolgn Relatione. Other aeabere of
the oabiaot e t i l l holding their previous posts wore Ooroetieta, Justice; Oarola
Baranjo, Public Instruction; Loaano, Coaaunloatione; Blanquet, War; aad Do la
Laaa, Hacienda.30
About thie tiae an incident took plaoe wUeh brought auoh syBpathy te
Huerta froa the dtlseno of ether aatione, both r o d dent in Mexloe aad oat aide.
The undlaolpllned Tread aoo Tllla on Tebruary 17 kUled a Britieh subject by the
naae ef WUliaa Benton near Juares, Chihuahua. Reporte oa Beaton* a character
Indicate that ho waa a not particularly pleasant individual, end Tllla stated that
the aaa had threatened to aurder U a . Ia aay case Benton was killed while visit-
ing Tilla and criticism in ths Britieh prees became severe. Attempts were made to
obtain the body but Tilla consistently refused to turn i t over to British author-
ities. The British Governaent odled upon the Wllaon governaent for aid elnce the
19
Moheno, Mi. Actuaolon Polities, pp. 114-120.
*eaf. oaalflan. SaoUt Tebruary 19, 1914, p. 1:1.

' dii.i inrmtwinriw i riiii'iiiiiniiiiiniii 11 rm i • iHmmaammamBmimmwmmmmmumaKmmmmMamBamiiiii n in—tt .—

mmmmBsmmmmwmmtamnj.AMM.ummmmmmmwmwmmmmmmmmmmm^ '." "... ==

191
Ooaetltutioaalists wore boiag supported by that goveraaeat. Tenustlano Carraasa
qulokly joined the oxebenge of eoaaunloatloae d t h tho coapldnt tbat d l meaeageo
ohould bo direet ed through hla sines ho waa the coaanading Oenerd end he would
de nothing eo long ae aeesagoe were addressed dlreetly to Tllla. He d e e coe-
pleined tbat the tJdted Statee ohould not bo involved in tha situatloa aad atatod
that ho would ody discuss the affair with the Britieh. 8 1
The Udted Statee waa in a d i f f l o d t poeition elnce the inclination of
Great Britain to proteot ite eubjeota was well-known. Tor a tiae it eeoaed that
the United Statee dght break with ths Constitutional!ete. Gradually the affair
blew over but Tilla* e true natura had boon revealed rather dearly. Ia Mexloo
Olty the fooling waa very strongly in favor of Buerta. The provisional Preeldent
wae noted for U e efforto to protect foreigaere and the eontrast between thie
attitude and that ef the Constltutlondiots wee evident. On the evening of
Mar oh 1 Buerta went to Bach* a restaurant for dinner end wee epontanecudy
applauded both aa he entered end ee hs loft by tho other dinore, most of whoa were
aeabere of the foreign colony. There eodd be no doubt that thie wae eonneoted
with tht Bsntta incident. 8 2
Huerta did not rely entirely on dstakee by tbo Conotitutiondists in his
efforts to gala popularity abroad. On March 4 he aot with foroiga newepaper
correspondents froa a l l over the world. The journaliate had been invited to vlelt
Mexloo et Medoan expense soae weeks earlier aad aaay had accepted. Huerta wae
in a Jovial aood when he wae interviewed by thea aad weleoaed thea heartily. He
tdked of hie plaas for pacification of tho oountry and eaid tbat he wiebed then
to teU tbs truth about Medoo to the people of their oountrles. Ho odd they
wodd be allowed to travd f r e d y about the oountry and aake their obaervatione
21
Stopheneon, John, Und., pp. 267-2562 Torelan Relations. 1914, pp. 842-
866.
22
The Mexloea Herdd. Heron 2, 1914, p . 1:4.
—BBBM.1,11 . J.JI ' , , BBa=Bt=BaaKBlg»BWWI II 111 I M L g g W l ^ — a W M T W E W W — — . • • . • K l . l M m i H I I-1U •!
193
23
oad reports dthout interference. Huerta, however, wao aot always oo well-
dlspoeed toward the Mexican preee. Tarioue papere wore suepended for abort peri-
od! of tiae under the Huerta regiae. Considering tho ouotoBcrily abualve nature
ef Nsxioan jour nail oa hio record was aot too bad. A great deal of erltieiea of
Ue governaent was allowed and ody violent attaeka were likely to bring roprl-
ado.
'The financial eituation of the Medoan Governaent gradually went down h i l l
over e period of moathe. The exdhango rato d o d l n d aoath by aonth. Zn Tebruary
t

1913 tho poeo waa worth 48.73 centa in United Statee currency. By Deoeaber of
tbat year It bad fallen to 30.01 eente. Huerta fought desperately to keep the
aatloa on aa even kod flnaadaUy but he wao helpleoe. He returned to the
aatloa* e baaka for help repeatedly. On Boveaber 6, 1913, Buerta deoraed that
bank notee of tho Banco Baoiond and tho Banco do Londreo ee well aa those of the
stete banke wodd bo irredoeaeble In coin for one year but that the notee of the
foraer two banko would remain legal tender end reserves were to remain intact.
The cove wae made aoeessary by aouatlng proeoure aad repeated rune on tho banko.
Aa coin went out of clrcdatlon there was a ahortage of eaall change and on
Boveaber 19 Huerta authorised the banko to iesue bank note a for one end two
peeoe. 2 6
Oa Deoeaber 4 tho Mialeter of Hacienda went to Parle la hope of obtaining
flnancid eld. Increases in taxation were insufficient to otea the tide end in
January i t beeaae necessary to suspend service on the nut l e a d debt. By early
January the demand for notes of the Baaeo Bacionel end Banco do Londres became oo
great tbat Huerta iesued a deeree making notes of the state banke legal tender.
^fhe Medoan Herald. March 5, 1914, p. 1:7.
24
Sdrtn W. leaner or, Inflation and. Bcvolqtlon: Mexico* f Bxporlonco ef
1912-1917 (Princeton, 1940), pp. 12-15.
26
fhe Mexican Berdd. Hoveaher 6, 1918, p. 1:1; Boveaber 20, 1913, p . 1:6.
p e — ^ ^ ^ — | i. i i — — — p ^ — I ^ - M — • — • •' *«

193
At the eaae tiae he ordered the creation of a spools! fund for the guaranttt of
payaont oa a l l such aotoo. Ae the situatloa grew acre ssrloao and foreign loana
were not forthcoalng, Buerta turned again and again to tho banko for loaas wUoh
la turn foreed thea into lnereaelngly weaker poeitione.
Ao the year 1914 wore on, Buerta* • tendency toward unpredictability beoaae
mora pronounced. Be visited his new home oa the Oallo Alfonso Berrera less fre-
quently end began to spend more time aoving froa place to place. Be continued to
de aoet of Uo work very late at dght. Buerte found a retreat oa tht outtUrts
of Mexico Olty at Popotla, a email three rooa buildiag whieh beoaae tho center of
t d e a of wild luxury end vice. AetuaUy the plaoe wao daplieity ltaelf • Oae
rooa held a large obtap table and eoas ceat-eeettd ehairs. In another rooa was a
e a d l iron bed and waehstand. fho third rooa wae a sort of kitchen where aa old
servant prepared the simple Indian asals of enchiladas, tortillas, taadea, etc.,
wUeh wore Buerta*e ueual fare. Bathtr than tht center of wUd debauchery i t was
actudly a source of poaoe and quiet for tho agitated Preeldent. Ho was occasion-
ally vielted by eablnet d d o t e r o even here, dthough ho wae core likely to
97
oonadt d t h a private cabinet la the fora of cupo of brandy.
Ae Huarta gradually beoaae aora rootless he began to conduct alaoot eU
of U s business froa an autoaobllo and It wae coaaon to see Ua enroute froa one
location to aaotber trailtd by cabinet mini et ere and general a who had been unable
to eee U a at the loot stopping plaoe. fhe dght of hie stopping for a "eoplta"
at tho "Cafe Colon" or "Bl Globo" waa net unusual. Thie very wUllngaeee to
alx d t h people of d l elaosss brought hia a certain eaount of popularity, Sven
those who dl diked hla were d l l i n g to adalt that he did not lack courage. Rooa
S a l t e r T. NcCdeb, Present and. Pajl Banking In. Mexloo (How Tork, 1920),
pp. 213-214.
27
"0*Shaughneeoy, Intlnate Peace, pp. 369-260,
gg
IMA., pp. 269-271.
 194
King t e l l e of an lneident observed by her laughter, fhe girl was taking tea in
a dowatewa cafe whoa e half-dozen aen paeaed la the street shouting "Death to
Huerta*." fhe Preeldent who wae preeent "got up, and wdked t t tht door — alone.
•Here le Huerta,' be told. *Who wants him?'"*9 It was also said that ho wao
ahaved regularly by a barber whoao brother he bad had executed aad who had sworn
to take his revenge. 80 Despite U s stele qualities end Ue courage tho otraln of
continual preeeuro against hie regime was t e l l l a g on Huerta. f t tht tad ht wodd
bo capable of ehrewd judgment but there lo ao doubt that he wao loelng the ability
to hide U e agitation ooapletely. Buerta wae not the same iron-willad colder la
July 1914 ae ho had boon in Tebruary tf tht previoue year. He wae a tired old
aaa who badly aeoded e root. In early 1914, however, the end wee e t i l l some
monthe off, aad dthough Buerta wae beeoalng erratic, he eontrollod tho greater
part of Mexico end e t i l l presented e etole faeo to the world.

When Woodrow WUooa began to put preosure on tho Britioh Government for
support of hie policy, Buerta was not particularly worried, but when Cordon woo
reodlod to Bnglend, tht writing wee dear for Huerta to read. He needed the
support of foreign nation a if ho waa te etay in power. By early 1914 there wore
beginning to bo eigne that trouble eodd develop in Burope. fhe Geraana were not
slow in attempting to exploit the new ooolnoos between Britain and Huerta. With
the ralelag of tho arae embargo Huerta was desperate end Germany oaw an oportng.
Admiral von Hintze, one of the Raissr's aoet able intrignore aad at that tiae
Aabassador to Mexico, epproeehod Huerta with an offer of ailitary eld against the
rebele. In return he wanted aaenranooe that Huerta wodd out off o i l ehlpaents
to Great Britain in case of war in Burope. Huerta could not refuse and in a few
days large numbers of rifles and extensive munitions wore being loaded on tho

^ l i n g , to roast Over Njrtco., p. 141.

SO
0*Shaughneeey, Intimate Paxes, p. 271.

|
— — — — • . . . . . . . - - — - ~ — — . _ _ — — . ^ _ — — ~ _ _ — — — . — — . — . . , . , , . . - „ , ,
•aeBeetB3eg===a=c=g=gg=gg ,n.BMAm»mssimenmsmmm^mmmejmiu*tmvmmimviimnmtnemnmmmmmm^n*ti. mil i .-i
196
21
Tplranea. Bavaria and Xronprlnzesssn Cecil le destined for Tera Crus. An inter-
oating difference of opinion eaong tbs German lntrlguera oaa be aeon in tbat
Trans von Papen and Captain Boy-Bd, who were engaged in eeplonags activltiee fer
the Geraan Governaent, felt tbat Huerta wao the ody etrong aaa for Modeo. The
fastidious Admiral von Hintss was inclined to f e d tbat he was a drunken ruf-
fian. * fhe activltiee of tht Otraea Government are of particular Importance for
net only did they lead to intervention by the United Statee but they were alao
continued on a personal baala with Huerta, boyoad Ue preeidoncy.
Throughout March the ailitary eituatioa ia Mexico remained cssenttally
tho soae, Huerta wae andoua to coapleto the pacification of the nation before
tho raloing of ths osbargo by the Baited States eodd take offset. When bs found
that ho was losing ground, he resorted to U e usual solution and on Mar eh 16
82
doerood that the Mexican aray wodd be raieed to 260,000 aea, Tho effect ef
dlltarlaatloa was aot felt Just by those who were sslsed fer ailitary service.
Huerta had gradually instituted a good ded of d l i t e r y discipline in civil l i f e
ao well. A large nuaber of ochoolo of higher leardng throughout Modeo were
pleoed on a ssal-dlitary footing d t h the stdonte required to wear u d f o n e a d
study ailitary science. There had been demonatratlone of reeletanee by the etu-
de nte for cone montho and tha intone Ifled ailitarlzation led to a demoaatratloa
by come 300 young men In the capital ea March 28. Tha demonstration waa quickly
broken up by the police but i t waa evident that the publle waa not entirely happy
34
with Huerta'o aethode even though they did look forward to pacification.
Despite ths nuaerouo troubloa that plagued Huerta throughout Tebruary and
March 1914, the aewe waa not d l bad. The flnancld eituation, although at i l l

Tfuchman, She. Zlsaoraan Telegram,, pp. 46-47.

yew Tork Tlaea. Tebruary 8, 1916, p. 1:6.
M
a l l Mpjlpan. HereJl, March 16, 1914, p. 1:1.

!*• imiigawg—amBBaBMBBaaMaaaiinmiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiwi. m n — a — — — • J B I I . I . I I I I H H I
tmmmma—aasa.,i..,iui i isxmmmmmmmmmmmtammmmmmmimwKmmmammmmmmmmmafmwmmiintmimi^sTmBA, =====

196
very unstable aad requiring peace for aay permanent recovery, did improve
slightly. Huerta managed to obtain a domestic loan of some 60,000,000 poaoe
whieh enabled hda to announce on Mareh 30 that Modeo wodd recuse oervioe oa the
national debt. 86 Tht news was greeted d t h enthualaao by tho pro-Huerta elements
in the population and foreign oolony. The tenaoioua old Indian alght at i l l eave
hiaaolf. Actually tho loan probably did not signify any groat improvement in tho
netlond situation. The bankera of Mexleo vera In ouoh ssrloua trouble tbat they
eodd only help Huerta by veakedng thsasolvoa a d , banco, tho banking structure
of Mexico,
It wae aot only Huerta who was getting desperate, however; Woodrow Wilson
was d s o finding tba status quo insupportable. Gradually the ohorue of erltiolsa
of d o policy grow louder. Before the raloing of the eras sabargo the aoet that
be eodd bo aeeueed of waa eartng a aolutioa in Modeo dlffieult. Bow that araa
were actudly being sent to Modeo with Wilson** approvd there were Unto that
Boae of the livee loot alght have boon saved but for Ua. When ths angliahaan
Benton waa Ulled, nuaeroua writers brought up the point that the b d l e t whieh
Ulled hla dght yrj wdl have boea aent d t h Wileonlan approval. Bven the
influential journdiat Tldey Peter Dunne had oomethlng to say on the eubjoot:
*Tee Sir,' said Mr. Dooloy, *I'a sthrong f'r our Medoan
policy,*
•What i s i t t ' asked Mr. Honneesy.
*I don't know,* odd Mr. Dooloy. 'In a gia*ral way i t is
to watch aa' to wait — watch t i l l SOBS frlnd lv ours ksts k i l t ,
and a sharp reprimand to our d l y like, "Well, I dedere," or
"Tut tut," an t d n wait t i l l it happens again.'3«
Wilson found that Ua policy of waiting would not aolve anything In Mexleo aad
began to look around for an excuse to take core direct motion.
Meanwhile, l i f e in Mexleo City went lta way dthout a great ded to indi-
cate that a civil war waa In progroae. The aoclal evente were as glittering as

3S
!k* Hfrto»« HonM, March 31, 1914, p. 1:6.
36
Ibid., March 31, 1914, p. 4:5.
 197
usual ead Preeldent Huerta attended Us full there of thea. In the alddlt of
March Huerta waa diverted froa public affairs for a short tias by the engogeaent
of Ue eon Tletorlano to the daughter of a proaiaent generd. On the 18th there
wae a party at Ohepultspeo la honor of tba occasion. Ths affair was attended by
aeabere of the upper o o d d levels of the olty as well es govsrnoent and diplo-
aatie peraonnel. Mr a. 0* Shaughnessy noted tho contract whieh wae frequently
found between Med can men of affaire and their rtves. In partlouler ehe found
two of Huerta*o eletors and Mrs. Blaaquot amusing. All were slaply dressed aad
severs looUng with a tendency toward Indian featurea. Blanquet and Huerta on
tho ether band were perfectly at hoae in ths rather elevated ooapany. Mra.
Huerta, too, had long been aeeuetoaed to the gracoe of hlgh-eoeioty, Huerta was
In Ugh spirits and U s spsech a t tho tee was a great sueeeoe. He told tho
engaged couple not to count on hia or hie position but to create podtloaa for
themsdves. "Ton know how I began," he said d t h a grin, "and look et ae aowl"
After adding that struggle was the oossnoo of l i f e , be oonduded, "1 have btta a
model, but a aediooro one*"*7

Toward the end of March Huerta eatlaated that approximately two yeare
would be needed to ooaplete pacification and he probably f e l t hie servleee would
be required for tbat long. The task Itself wae erueUng for Huerta wao required
to aake alaoet d l of tho dad alone involved in governing the country. The
oabiaot d t h wUoh Huerta had now surrounded hiaedf wao a far cry froa that d t h
wUoh ho had etarted hla preeidoncy. The earlier did store had been rebellioue
but able. Bow thsy wore weak aad dependent on hia. Huerta himself once eaid,
"Ho one regrete i t core than I; for now, unfortunately, d l my friande are
thieves*."88

37
0'Shaughnessy, A Diplomat's Wife, pp. 225-227.
88
1 R U . , p. 241.
m»mmmmmmB&mmmaTBB=*mmmmKt&m3mtmm&mammmwamm&mB**mmmmcmmva*mmmmmaeor^ =

198
On April 1, 1914, Huerta opeaed a new session of congress d t h the tredi-
tiond opseoh. Hslson 0* Shaughnessy was abssnt due to the strained relatione
between the two netiona. The President began the address t o tho oongress with a
loag discussion of tho national situation and the work of eaeh branch of govern-
aent. Although there waa not aueh in the way of progroaa that ho oould relate,
ho did diaouea numerouo impreealve Bounding projeeta which were In the planning
atage. After delivering the official addreeo froa a aeatod pooitloa, Buerta roao
to eoadude Uo epeeeh in the usual rousing aaanor. Zn a voice which wae vibrant
d t h emotion he eaid:
Before 1 leave thie h d l , 1 must engrave upon your hearte tUe my
purposs whieh, oa aaotber o i d l e r ooeasloa, Z have eoaaudcated to
the national asssably la tho mset explicit manner; the poaoe of the
republic. Zf, In order to aeoare i t , tho eeerifioe of you ead of
as becomes ladiopeneable, know, once for a l l , tbat you and I ohall
known ceioj how to eaerlfiee ouradvea. Thla la ay purposs, or what
is the eaae thing, ay profeoelon of poll t i e d fdth.*9
Hie words were greeted d t h d i d applause. Huerta dght be tired aad hla podtlon
lnereaelngly uncertain due to tbo attitude of tba Udted Statee, but his voice
had aot lost the angle which could etir an audience with eiaplielty and elncority.
The eituation in Mexleo waa feat approaching a crisis. Huerta bad held
the Governaent of Mexleo i n the p d a of U s hand for over a year and wae now
politically etrongor than be had boon at any earlier time. Without American
interference he wodd have elldnated Uo oppoeltioa d t b l i t t l e difflodty. Bvea
d t h eueh interference he had alaoat brought tho rebellion to a doae. The rebele
were advancing again, but i f the arae from Germany eodd be put Into use the tide
oould probably bo turned. Woodrow Wllaon eodd no longer readn immobile. He
would have to take direct action or eee Ue polioy f a i l . The foraer d tar native
he found very unpleaaant, but the latter was unthinkable,

^TJbl Mexican. HsraM* April 2, 1914, p. 1:7.

 199
fhe Oonetitutlondlot forces bad gradually regained the offonaive of tor
tho lifting of the arae embargo by the Halted Statee. fhoy dowly gained aomen-
tua and by dd-Aprll the eituatioa had become very eerioua indeed. All ef the
state of Sonera, except the port of Guayaas, had fallen to Obregoa, and Sladoa
bad boea daoat deared of Huertiet troopa. Paacho Tilla and hia Diviaion of the
Berth were d e o having success and held CUhuahua. They were advancing lato the
etate of Durango. In early AprU they again captured tho eity of Torreon whioh
aorked their furthest previous advance. By the sad of April the Arrieta brotbora
had gained oontrol of the atate of Durango for the Conotltutlenallat forcea end
PanfUo Batore had conquered Zneetooea except for tho ecpitd olty. fhe etatee
of femcollpas, Buevo Leon, and CoahuUa were In the hande ef the rather ineffi-
cient Pablo Gonsales although tht federal troopo s t i l l held aaay of the lapertaat
towae l a thoee etatee. The cltiee along tho United States border were largely
la the hands of the Oonetltutlondlete and as a resdt Oarranza had rather free
aeooeo to euppliee aad audtioaa. Scattered throughout the territory in federal
oontrol were auaeroue bandt of robelo under loadere of the Zapata typo, who,
dthough they wore ao aorloue threat to the doalnanoe of the Huerta regiae, were
exceedingly trouble aoae elnce they frequently out eupply and comaadeetioaa linee
of the federal foreee. Since Buerta* s troops were largely obtained by tba levy
method, he bad a aorloue problea of desertion, Aa the ailitary situation grow
woree tMs probleo wodd grow acre ssrloua. Unless large quantities of supplies
eeuld be obtained by the governaent foreee, they would eoon bo in grave trouble,
Huerta, however, wae aot particularly worried about the problea for he knew that
euppliee were on the way froa Oeraany and felt that the tide eodd be quickly
turned, for d o troopa wore better dlaelpllned than thooe of the rebd loadere
even if many of thea were raw recruit a. The baalc outlines of a nationd aray

Gharlea 0. Cumberland, "Huerta y Oarranza ante la Oecupaelon do Vera-

cruz," Hlatorla Mexicaaa. Tol. 6, no. 4 (Apr 11-June, 1957), pp. 534-535.
, _ _
 800

wort still there, aad dthough the offieere alght be Jealous of eeoh other, the
chain of ooaaand was at least definitely deteralaed and generally undtrtttod,
Doepito their jealousies the offieere would aot eplit eotiroly end fight aaoag
thtBodves at dght happen rttUn tht Constitutionalist aoveasnt at any tias.
Udees soaetUag uaforeseea were to happen Huerta etill felt that ho eodd eoatrol
Mexloo dth l i t t l e difflodty — he etill f d t that paeifIoatioa wae Inevitable.
 t—"

Bmxmtssatmammn

OBAPTBR X
TBRA CRUZ ABD TBB A.B.C. MBDIATIOB

Aq the aoath of AprU 1914 bogaa to unfold, the tempo of eveate booaav
faotor. On April 6 John Lind aad U e daughter boarded the Marflower to return to
tho Ualted Statee. Ble aleelon had boea a dodded f d l u r o and hie echoaaa to
unoeet Huerta had bocoBO frightening even to Bryan end Wilaoa. In March he had
recoBBOndod a plaa whereby ho would aecoopeny e aaall group of Aaerioaa troopo
froa Tore Orus to Noxieo City ead take over the capital la a surprise cove.
Buerte oodd thue be arreeted aad hold for proper authorltleo. fhe plea had been
worked out in doteU end it wee obvioue that Lind had loot U e oaotioad otabil-
ity. It wao eonoidorod beet to recall U a before he provoked oa incident.*
WUeon oontinued to express his opldoa that a change wae necessary i n
Noxioo dthout quite knowing whore to take hold of the probloo. In April he told
e reporter:
*Ny ideal lo aa orderly aad righteous goveraaeat la Mexleo;
but ay paooloa io for tho oubaerged eighty-five per eeat of tho
people of that Bepublie, who are aow otruggllng toward liberty • • • •*
•I challenge you,* he said, *to eito ae aa Instance l a a l l
the Uatory of tho world where liberty wao banded dowa froa above*.
Liberty alveya ia attained by the foroee working below, underneath,
by the great aoveaeat of the people, fhat, leavened by the eoneo of
wrong aad oppreaaioa ead injuotioe, by the feraeat of human right a
to be attelned, brings freedom.'
Ho went on to ehow that doaande for order in Modeo wore usuelly aada by thoee
fevoriag the upper-deeeoe who wiehod to ae lutein the otatuo quo. Ho oontinued:

1
Stephenoon, Jjthn. Lind. pp. 258-261.

201
*mteKm*mama>emwmts3mma&mmm*mmmmBmmm*immmm^ammerwmBewmmmBmc*mmm*^ i »i a
202
I hold tUs to be a wonderful opportunity to prove to the world that
the United States of America la not only human but huaene; that we
are actuated by ae other actives than ths betterasnt of the oonditlone
of our unfortunate neighbor, and by the oineere deelre to advance the
eeuee of human liberty."
On April 9 Woodrow Wileon reeeivd hie long dee ire d excuae fer taUag
direct aotlon againet Huerta. At tbat time the port of Templeo waa oa the edge
ef a' combat soae. The payaaater and crew ef a whdeboat of the American wereUp
the U.8.S. Poluhln landed behind the linee of tho besieged federal troops. The
Americano were landing for the parpooe of purchasing gasoline, and as they landed
one Colonel Ramon Hinajoea arrested then. The area waa under mertld law at tho
time and the Americana had not requests-' >erdeoion to land. They were led
through tha atreete of Taapleo and the* are quickly roleaaed when the eituation
was redised by Hlnajesa*s superiors, he lood federd commander, General
Morelos Zaragosa, was greatly disturbed by the situation and quickly aent his
apologies to tho Aaerlcaa Addrd Mayo. Adalrai Mayo, however, wea aot to be
padfied by a aero apology. Ee replied:
. . . I Bust require tbat you aead as, by sultabls aeabere of your
etaff, forad dieavowd of end apology for tho aet, together with
your eesuraaee that the officer reaponelble for it d l l receive
eevera punlehment, Alao that you publldy holet tho Aaertean flag
la a proalaent poeition on chore aad eduto it with twenty-one
gone, which eduto will be duly returned by tUe ship.
The aeeeage d t o ttt a deadline of 6 P.N. on April 10 for a reply. 3
In noraal cirooaetances the affair would have been quledy forgotten, but
d t h tho President of the Udted States looking for a grievance it beeaae a eer-
ious dtuatloa. Ho felt that if ho oodd aove quickly he eodd elldnate Huerta
by alaply dividing hio attention and d l o d n g the Constitutionalists to eontinue
their advance. Wileon quickly wired Us support of Admlrd Kayo's dtiaatua and

*8amuel 0. Blythe, "Modeo: The Record of a Oonvereatlon d t h Preeldent

Wllaon," Saturday Bvedna Poet. Tol. 186 (May 28, 1914), pp. 3-4.
3
Torelan Relatione. 1914, pp. 448-449.
 303
said that serious consequences would fellow If Buerta did not do ao requeoted.
Buerte bad already proBieed to lnvoetigate tho situation and bad apologised, but
be now asked en extension on the time limit for e reply.
When 0*Sheughntssy flret approached Huerta on tho eubject of tho eduto
to tho American flag, the Mexican Preeldent wae not partledarly atubborn on the
point; but the Subeeerotery of Tordga Relatione, R.A. Batova Hda, etated that
the agreaaent to do eo wodd be derogatory to Nsxiean national honor, and Huerta* e
attitude stiffened. On tht 12th of tho aonth Huerta sent a note to the United
Statee Government expleidng that siaoo tht toourronos had taken place la a battle
sons, lnternetiond lev did not require Noxioo to eoaply with the dtaadtd ealute.
f hereupon Huerta plaoed eeneorehlp oa all neve and attended tha autoaobllo raoee
oa the following day la aa atteapt to forget and dleaieo the problem. That
evoniag Huerta vielted the aristocratic Jockey Club and Joked with the asabors la
a aanner which Indicated l i t t l e concern ebout tbs international eituation. 8 In
the meantime there wae l i t t l e activity in Waahlngton for WUeon had not yet
returned to tbat d t y and Bryan waa hedtaat to take aay decisive steps. Ho did,
however, order a group of navd veeeele to Tampico and d t h thea a force of
Marlnee.6
On April 14 Bryan cabled to 0*8haughaeesy and urged that he lmpreoe upon
Buerta the eerloueneee of the eituation and aentioned two new complaints. Due to
tho eenaorship of nova come of the comsnnleatlona between Waahlngton and Mexico
Olty had been delayed, and a aaU orderly of the United Statee Kavy had been
arreeted and held for a few alnutea in Tera Cruz. With the eituatioa aa atrained
aa it waa, any of thoee lneldente wae potentially dangerous. Husrta refueed to

*Llnk, JOltm. Tol. II, p. 896.

S
Bow Tork Times. April 14, 1914, p. 3:6.
6
TcrcjgA Bolttlonc, 1914, pp. 464-466; 0* 3haughneeay, A Diplomat'a Wife.
pp. 259-966.

smwmmmtammmmmsmmmmmmmmmmamMmmmmmwmmmamMmmwmmmmwsmmmn^ n • _-
mmwmt^mwat^mmcsxcaBBsmtatmtmammgmmwmmimmmmmmmmmmmBnmmmwmmammmmmmwmmamm^^

204
be striously concerned end Indstsd that Mr, a d Mrs. 0*Shaughnessy aeeoapany hia
to a d l i t e r y eelobretlon wUoh included drill by Buerta* e personal guard and an
optldotle spsoeh by the President, Desplts U s preoccupation with eeelal evente
Huerta had been giving the Tampieo incident aorloue thought and f l n d l y felt that
he bed the answer to the problea. He ouggeeted that the Tampieo laoldeat be
referred to tho Hague for aettleaent. The suggestion act with ao response, for
even though the Hague waa of iaportanoo to both WUsoa and Bryaa, latemetloaal
lew wae a tender eubjeet at tbat aoaoat. A reference to the treaty ef Guadalupe
7
Hidalgo dao went unheeded.
As tendon oontinued to grow, Beleon 0* Shaughnessy f l n d l y ran Huerta to
earth at noon on AprU 16 and questioned hla about ths situation. Huerta replied
that 0* Shaaghneaey shodd talk d t h the Miaister tf Ttrtiga Relet Ions. O'Shaugh-
ncesy insisted on easing both aoa aad a meeting wae arraaged for five o'doek.
At the appointed tiae 0*Shcugbneosy e d Huarta had a long talk during wUeh a
good deal of Buerte* a thinking waa aade dear. He feared that tho United States
would refuse to return U s sduts and thue insdt hla and his government. He
f l n d l y agreed to eduto the flog of tht United Statee if tht United Statee wodd
have one of lta snipe aalute the Medoan flag olaultaneoualy. Thie the WUeon
government qulokly refused. On April 17 Secretary Bryan wired U s reply:
Pleaee repreeent to Oenerd Husrta that we eon act oaly after he has
lived up to the requirement o of tht teeeslon. A slsnltaaeous aaluto
would deprive hla aotioa of ite significance. We ere dlaeppelntod
that he doee not recognize In tho arrest of our sailors a clear vio-
lation of internationd right a. Wo expect thie recognition ae aa
assurance fer tho future. Please express to Ua our gratification
that hs is ready to aoet the f d l torae ef internationd courteey,
and eay to U a that we hope that there wlU be ao further discussion
as to the exact method of aa exchange of salutss, fhat aothod la
fixed by dearly defined internationd practice. It oodd ia no
circumstances be a subject for discussion by such a tribunal as that

y
Toralau Relatione. 1914, pp. 460-461; 0'Shaughnessy, A Diplomat's Wife.
pp. 263-266.
8
£2I*ilB. Jaoaalions., 1914, pp. 463-464.
 306
of tho Rages. Gsntrd Huerta can rest assured that the full courtesies
d l l bs observed on our part and that we wUl in ao reepeot depart froa
accepted internationd practices.*
fhe Waahlngton governaent sseas te have felt that ths dispute wae nearly
over. Huerta had agreed to eoaproaioe on tho eduto quaetion and there soeaed no
doubt that ho wodd eoon surrender. Zn t U i oass they were eoaplotoly olstakta.
Tletorlano Huerta wee aot entirely oertain tbat ailitary aotioa by the Ualted
Statee would bo unfortunate for Ua. Bs waa convinced tbat tbs olvU war wodd
be brought to a qui ok oad ao tbat a udted Modeo alght feee the invader. He
also felt oertaia that Woodrow WUaoa waa iatertated primarily la eabarraaaing
hla: aad ae a result he felt that regardless of say action he eight take the
eituation wodd not bo dtered. Zf this deoend for a t d u t t to the Aaerleen flag
were complied d t h , there wodd e e r t d d y be another deaaad within a ehort tiae.
At ten o'clock on the night of April 17, the Minister of Torolgn Relations pre-
sented 0'Shaughneeoy d t h a definite aaewer to the tfftet that Preeldent Huerta
had no Intention of yidding any further than he had already done. On the follow-
ing day the waahlngton government replied d t h a virtual dtisatua:

Tou vlU therefore eay to General Huerta that udeae by alx o* clock
P.M. Sunday, April 19th, be aanountet Ua inteatlon to eoaply d t h
Adalrd Mayo* a demand, the Preeldent d l l on Monday lay the aattor
before Oongreea with a view to taking auoh act lea as say bs ntoss-
eary to enforce the respect due the nation* e flag. 1 *'
Charge 0*Shaughnessy spent soae two hours attsaptlng to trace Preeldent
Huarta and then eettled for the Minleter of Torolgn Relations, PortUlo y Bejao,
d t h whoa he atteaptod to eoae to as auoh of a eompromieo ae pooeible. Rojas
qulokly located the Preeldent who proaiaed to salute the American flog as
requested i f 0* Shaughnessy wodd sign e protocol binding tho United States te a
return eduto. 0'Sbaughnessy agreed to thie suggestion a d sent a copy of the

Porelau Relatione. 1914, p. 466.

10
ZJsU«« pp. 467-468.
draft protocol to Waahlngton. Secretary Bryaa rsplisd tbat tho Ualted Stetes
wodd of course retura tho eduto ae the oustoa warranted but would aot eign a
protocol to that effect as i t wodd destroy the offoot of the Mexican salute. *
When tho refund of the United Statee Government to agree to a protocol
wee oommunleeted to Portlllo y Bojae by Charge 0'Shaughnessy, the foraer became
very angry and deelared tbat bt oodd not advice Buerta to agree to the requeete
of the United Stetee if tbat nation only deelrod to humiliate tho Med can Govern-
ment. He coked 0*Shaughneeoy to aoet Ua at alx P.M. after be had tdksd to
the Presidoat, but 1st it be known that he felt that tha end of the Una bed been
reached. When the meeting took plaoe there waa no change in tho poeition of the
Mexican Governaent. fho following day the American Secretary of State replied
that the Preeldent intended to lay the aattor before Oongroeo that afternoon,
April 3 0 . 1 2
WUoon had boea preparing to take direct aotioa ainoe tho flret word wae
aent to hia of the Taapleo affair. Sinoe April 16 he had boon consulting loading
naval figures and aembere of tho Sonata foreign Relatione Ooadttee regarding
plana for punitive action. On April 20 be faoed a Joint eee don of the two
houoee of Congreoe to dieouee the Mexican eituation a d ask for oupport in tho use
of dlreot eetlon. In c cabinet Booting earlier that day he had not act with a
particularly enthusiastic reeponee. At 2 P.M. he began speaking to the congress
with a generd outline of the Tempioo Incident, a d the other ineonvonlences which
servants of tho Udted 8tatss had rseently euffered, aa U s flret eubjoot:
I have heard of no complaint a froa other Goveraaeat s of olallar
treatment. Subsequent explanationa and forad apologies did aot
and eodd not d t e r the popdar iapressioa, whieh it is posslbls
it had boon tht object of the Huertieta authorities to oroate, tbat
ths Government ef the Udted Statee waa being alngled out, and night

11
l9XxlAm BolftUonj, 1914, p. 469-471; 0* Shaughneesy, A Dldoaat's Wi/o_t
pp. 275-276.
^prolan Relations. 1914, pp. 472-474,
 207
be singled out with impunity, for dlghts and affronts in rotdlatloa
for l t o refund to reoognise tho pretensions of Geaeral Buerta to bo
regarded ee tho constitutional provieionel Prooideat of the Republic
of Noxieo.
After thie somewhat paranoid oerles of stateaeats he continued d t h e
euaaary of the diplomatic exchangee between the two governaento. He then moved
on to an explanation of Uo aotlvee:
General Buerte has aet Us power up in tho Olty of Mexleo, eueh ae
i t le, without right and by methods for wUoh there oaa be no juoti-
fication, Ody part of the country Is uader his oontrol. If aratd
conflict ehodd unhappily ooao as a r e s d t of U s attitude of personal
resentment towerd t U s Government, wo ohould bo fighting only General
Buerta aad thoee who adhere to U o aad give hia their eupport, aad
our object would be ody to reetora to tho people of the detracted
Bepubllo the opportunity to set up again their own lawe a d their
own government.
fhe eddrees was eonoludod:
I, therefore, ooao to aak your approval that I ohould uee
the araed foroee of the United Statee in ouch wayo and to ouch au
extent ao aay bo aeetioary to obtain froa Generd Buerta aad hla
adhereate the fulloet reeogdtloa of the righto aad dlgdty of the
Ualted Statee, even aaidat the distressing conditions now unhappily
obtaining la Medoo.
There can in what we do be no thought of aggreesloa or of
a elfi eh aggrandizement. We eeek to maintain the dlgdty and author-
i t y of the United Statee oaly booause we d e h alwaye to keep tor
great Influence udapalred for the ueee of liberty, both in the
United Statee and wherever elee It aay be employed for the benefit
of mankind.13
Congreoe approved Wilooa' a request by a vote of 337 to 37; but Wilson woe
no longer eonoerned d t h that problea for eveato were acviag rapidly toward a
diaax. Bo had epent the evening planning operetlone to toko Tore Crus. At
9 P.N. that evening word wee aent by the United Statee Coned et Tore Orus, W.W.
Canada, that the stoaaor Trtranra wodd arrive froa Geraany the following day with
200 aachlne gone and 16,000,000 oartrldgee for the Huerta governaent. The ahlp
wee echedulod to begin unloading at 10:30 tho next aoralng aad traine would be
waiting to carry the aupplioa to plaooa where they were needed. Wileon received

ZfiEelXQ. BeJj&pnjL, 1914, pp. 474-476.

 308
the information ia a alddle-of-the-night tslophone cell free Secretary Bryaa.
Secretory ef the Bevy Daniel e joined the oonvereatlon froa hie own hoae while
Joaeph Tumulty, the Preeldent* e secretary, 11 atoned in on en extenelon, Bryan
read the telograa froa the eonad to the Preeldent. Generd Macs, the Mexican
coaaander, bad atatod that he wodd not fight tho Amort oaa troope who alght land
at Tore Crus but would aorely retreat aad deetroy tbs railways bsUnd hia. It
was ssssntial that ioaedlate action be token to keep the suppliss froa f d l l a g
into Buerta'o hendo and it wao felt that ouoh action wodd not be difficult
becauae of Meae*a dodered intention. Wilaoa aaked Sooretary Dadda what ehodd
bo done. "The aunltions should not be peralttod to reach Buerta," the Secretary
replied. "I eaa rtra Admiral Ploteher te prevent it and take the Oustoas Roues.
I tUnk i t shodd bo done." Wilson agreed aad word wao osnt: "Seise the ouotoae
house. Do not poralt war suppliss to be delivered to Buerta Governaent or any
other party.""

The next day Wilson and a worried Secretary Denial a waited for news froa
Tore Crus whUe e white-faced Secretary Bryaa fidgeted nervously. At 8:30 that
oornlng Admiral Ploteher's flageUp bore down on the Tclranea d t h eigne!a rtg-
wegglng. The Tolraaaa reversed Ite engines and i t s captain agreed to follow tho
directions of the American a d d r d . At 11 o* clock about one thoueand aerlnee a d
aallore entered the Medoan port and seised oontrol of ths oustoas house dthout
oppoeltion. It appeared tbat the Mertoans wodd not reelst the Aaerioaa landing,
but eueh eoon proved untrue ae tho oedete of the Mexican Bavd Academy refused to
subdt peacefully, fhe eadcte etatlonod theaadvee in the Bavd Academy and
opened fire on the advancing Aaerloane. Irate elvUiane joined tho reeletanee
end fired froo tho tope of bdldinge end froa windowe. Tha Americana found their
aituatlon bocoaing aoaewhat preearioua, and the U.S.8. Prairie opened fire on the

fcink, IUJOJL, Tol. II, pp. 398-399; Tuohaaa, Tho Zlemormap, Telegram,
pp. 48-50.

V
 309
Bevel Aeadeay aad other points of r lelstanee. Adalrd Tleteher oooa realised
that U e poeition would be diff I c d t until he had control of the whole olty of
Tera Cruz, fhe foUortag aordag Admiral Cherlee Badger arrived off Tore Oruz
d t h five battleships and aent three thoueead troopa ashore to complete the
occupation. By noon the fighting was s s s e n t l d l y over. The t o t d cesualtiee
to 19 Amor loan dead and 71 wounded wUle Mexloaa dead aad wounded totaled
126 aad 195 respectively. 16
At 4 P.M. Consul Canada rtred tho flret news of the landing to the
Washington governaent. Thie flret report etated that 4 Aaerleane had baea kUled
and 20 wounded, fhe aowo ooao aa a dlstinet ohoek to Preeldent Wileon who had
expected the lending to take place dthout casual tiae. Hie aotlves were of ths
hlghoot, oo how eodd he expeet resistance froa tho Medoan people, WUeon
dwaye lndeted that he waa eeking war oaly oa Huerta. At no time did he grasp
tht groat ai at rust whioh tho average Medoan f d t for the Udted Statee. One
ntvtaaa eaid Wilson looked "preteraoturally o d e , alaoet parebaoaty — the death
of Aaerioaa sailors end aariass ortng to aa order of hie seestd to affect hia
like ea ailment." fhe aattor wae aot to end there. Hie Bxcelleacy Count von
Bernetorff odled et the office of Secretary Bryaa to lodge e protect agalnat tho
hdtlag of the Tirana* without prior annouaooaeat of a blockade. Bryaa quletty
consulted legal experts a d wee inforaed that tho German Governaent wee correct
i n i t e attitude. Bryaa who oeemed to ralieh en opportudty to conduct hie diplo-
macy "like e penitent at a revival aeetlag" throw hiaaolf at the feet of tho
German Aabaaeador in apology. He did not forget to odd, however, that the fault
woo Admiral Tleteher*s for having exceeded instructions, fhat unfortunate indi-
vidual waa Informed that hs must apologise to the Captain of the Tp|rfagf **

15
Tuehmen, She. Zimmerman Teloaram. pp. 50-61; Link, Wileon. Tol. II,
p. 400.
16
Torolan Relations. 1914, p. 479; Tuehaan, The Zimmerman Tolearaa.
PP. 60-61; Link, Wileon. Tol. II, p. 400. *
 210
fhe Tplraaaa wee publicly direet ed te return to Geraany; but whUo the
turaoil continued. It elipped down the eoaot to Puerto Nedeo, whore, after being
Joined by the Bavaria which carried a alallar cargo, it eoapleted ite d s s l e n .
fho loss of livee at Tera Crus oould not oven be excused ca the besis of having
17
kept aunltlons froa Buerta,
Za Modeo Olty General Butrta found U a s d f surrounded by acre snthuslas-
t l o eupport thaa he bad rtetlvtd in aaay aontho. Ae tht tltuatlon had grown aora
serious, various groupo had begun to pledge their support. On April 20 General
Blaaquot had etated that d l citizens alght bo odled upea to eld tho federal
troope In eay war which alght devdop. Retired offieere began ooaing to tht
Nlalatry t f War to offer their support to the Preeldent, end on the oaoo lay that
Blaaquot aade U e enuounceBont word oaao to Buerta froa tho Med can raUway union
that i t etood reedy to eld the government d t h 160,000 volunteers. 18

At noon on April 21 Buerta edlod a Council of Midatere at U e hoot to

discuss the Tera Crus landing. By tbat svedng he had reoalled the Mertcea
Charge froa Washington but be expreaaed tbo dtslrt that 0* 8haughnoesy eight stey
in Noxieo Olty. 0* Shaughneeoy vicited Huerta at d o hoae oa the day of the
American landing and Huerta eaid:
Tou have eelzed our port. Tou have the right to toko i t , if you
eaa, and we have tho right to try to prevent you. Su. Bxoolonola
So. Senor Proeldento Wilsoa haa deelared war, unnsooosarlly, oa e
people that o d y ask to be left done, to follow out their own
evolution In their owa way, though it aay not eoea to you a good way.
Buerta added tbat be would have given the salutee but that they were only an
w
excuss: in effect, the Udted States was "after Urn." Buerta* a publle state-
ment on the eubject was very short:

17
fuohmen, Bu. Zimmerman Telegram, p, 62,
18
3ftp. Mexican Herald, April 21, 1914, p. 1:2.
19
0«Shaughneeoy, A Diplomat's Wl/o. pp. 287-268.

smmammmmM&amaB&mBmamaBmaazmammmmmw^mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmwmmmammammm^ i 11 r —=:
•••HMHaHHH*Kaxra«a*HBMMMMnHcaMnnMaHMNMae»K«NMf^^

TO fHB RBPUBLIC
la tha port of Tore Orus we ere ouateldng d t h araa the
aatlond honor.
The offense tht Tankoe governaent le ccnmitting agalnat a
free people, eueh aa thla Republic l o , bee dwaya been, and d l l
ever be, d l l peat into history — which d l l give t t Nedeo oad
to the governaent of the United Statee the plaoe each Berite,* 0
On AprU 22 Mrs. 0'Shaughnessy wet surprised by aa early evening vlelt
froa Buerta. fhe Preeldent woo dreaeed in e grey sweeter a d aoft hat rather
thaa tht top hat wUch he frequently wore for the sake of d l g d t y . Bo aaked how
things were going for her under the difficult conditions ead was thanked for Uo
efforto to aake thlnge easy for ths 0'Shaughnessy faally. Bo answered:
'BotUng Sonora. All tbat Is done I must do myself. Bore
I remain. Tbo moment haa not come for mo to go. Bothlag but death
eodd raaove ao now.'
I felt the teara ooao hot to ay eyes, as I answered — taking
refuge in generalltloe ia that difficult aoaoat — »Death le aot ee
t e r r i d e a thing.*
He answered again, very quietly, * It lo the natural law, to
whieh we aust a l l submit. Wo ere bora late tht world according to
tha natural law* ead aust depart according to i t — that is d l . '
Huerta continued by saying that bs bad ooao to ask the 0* Shaughneoaya to
ooao to the wedding of U e eon Tletor tho following day. Witdn a fow minutes
Nr. 0*Shaughneeey arrived and the discussion turned to tbs trip which the Ameri-
can officials wodd have to make to Tera Cruz the following evening. Huerta
offered them hio persond guard for protection and eaid that ho wodd eend Uo
eon ee an added aasurenee. "I would go ayself," be sold, "but I cannot leave."
Ae he prepared to depart Huerta eaid quietly, "'I hold no rancor toward the
American people, nor toward op. Bxoolencia eJL. Senor Proaldonto Wileon,* Aad after
a alight pauae, he added, 'He haa not underetood.'"21
Preeldent Wileon felt that the Constitutionalists wodd bo at leaet
Bodorately pleessd by U s ectlone to weaken Huerta. Such did not prove to be the

'O'Sheughneeay, A Diplomat's Wife, p. 292.

Ibid., pp. 294-296.
 212
oaoo. Shortly after the Tera Cruz invadoa ruaore began to elrcdate in Mexleo
City tbat the rebels of all persuaalons wodd join Huerta la repelling the
foreign Invader. Zapata wae reported to have offered Ua aen aad d l of Ue
resources to oppoeo the Americans. The dneerity of U s offer was suspect,
29
however. Tht day after the Tera Crus landing Tenuetlano Carranse gave hla
feelings on the eubjoot in a note receivd by G.C. Carothere, the American spo-
e i d agent with the Conatitutlondlot government. After complaining that the
United Statee shodd not act agalnat Buerta boeauee ho wae ody e private citizen,
Oarranza continued:
fhe individual acta of Tietorlaao Huerta d l l never be
sufficient to Involve the Mexloaa nation in a dlsastroue war with
ths United Statee, booause there is no eolldarlty whatever between
ths so-edled Government of Tletorlano Huerta aad the Mexican nation,
for the fundaaentd reaeon that ho ia not the legit last e organ of our
national sovereignty.
But the lovaolon of our territory and the etay of your forcea
in the port of Tera Crus, violating the righto that coaetltute our
exietence aa a free and indepedent sovereign entity, aay iadeed drag
ue lato aa unequal28war, with dlgdty but whieh untU today we have
deolred to avoid.
Although the note contained a alight threat, it waa eeeentlally conciliatory.
Carraasa strongly disapproved of the Tera Crus Incident but be was reluctant to
join Baerta. Tranelsco Tllla, en tho other hand, did not eoea greatly upeet by
the incident. He told Carothere that tha United Statee and the Conetitutlond-
iete ware too good friends to go to war over an incident of so l i t t l e importance.
He added that "Aa far aa ha waa concerned we eodd keep Tera Crus and hold i t so
tight that not oven water eodd get in to Huerta."84 fhe attitude of the average
Conatltutioadizt was not quite ao moderate aa night be oopposed froa ths replies
of the Conetltutiondlst leaders. Tarioue inoidente involving American officials

^ . E . Dunn, TJg. Crimson Jeetor. pp. 197-198.

^ISUdJOLl^MSMj 1914, pp. 483-484.
^Ibld.. p. 485.

1
WllMIII»aaawaiaWB»Ba5aM.»«aiaMMBMMgMIBMMMB»—BBn^MMB—Mnii^aBB^M«MM»WW—MB—MM—l—MIMMBr nrrr i i
 313
la outlying areae Indicate that the rank and file of the federal end rebel troops
were dletlnetly anti-American end ready to move egelnet the f orclgnere at any
tiae.*250
fhe enthueiaaa d t h wUeh Med cane froa d l groupe pledged their support
to Buerta probably surprised even tho Preeldent. Woodrow Wilson had actually
atrongthened Huerta* a position d t h the overage Med can by the invasion of Tore
Orus. A few hours after that invasion the Msdoaa congreoe voted extra-
conetitutlonel powere to Huerta for purposes of repelling the invasion ead d o e
decreed en amnesty for all rebdo who wodd surrender within fifteen daye. Thus
aay rebele who wiehod to unite d t h the federal foreee dght do ao. The favor-
able response to Huerta* s call for volunteers and U s urging of solidarity waa
ao great that dthln two day a the levy aye tea waa dropped and the government waa
soon at a loss to know what to do d t h d l tho volunteers. Incendiary articles
la the press, probably inspired by the government, hdped In raising aatioad
feeling. A eoaaittee of net load defense wss ssnt to the etatee of Tore Orus e d
Puebla to speak to groups of workers and rebel leaders in addition to other
organisations. Tho information which this committee gave to the governaent in
early May wae very encouraging. Saauel Bepinoea de loo Monteroe waa the director
of the group and ht stated that moat of tht rebel leadera were willing to join
the federal troope. Juan Lechnga, a revolutionary of aoderate importance, iaaued
a atatement that he was abandoning the struggle against Huerta to join hia la
repelling the invader. Labor organisations and independent citizens offered
their aid. Oaly in the north wae the reaction uncertain. 86

We have aeon the enowera of Cerransa and Tilla to tha Tera Cruz invasion.
Other northern leaders were not so docile. Generd Alvaro Obregon offered tho

25
Cumberland, "Huerta y Oarranza," p. 538; Liak, Wllzon. Tol. II, p. 402.
26
Cumberland, "Huerta y Oarranza," pp. 539-640.
 314
federd ooeaander at Guayaee his aid if tht ftdsrds vers forood out of tbs
d t y by foreign troope. Joss Marie May tor one, the lege! governor of Sonora, did
not know what answer to aake. It seeas obvious that Woodrow Wilson aade a a l s -
tako which strengthened hie opponent. Buerta, however, was soon to sake a
aieedculatlon of Ue own whieh would work to the disadvantage of U e position.
The roaetion to Wilson* e Invasion of Tera Orus was wideepread and aost of
it was very unfavorable. The glass of London waa c r i t i o d of the eituation and
28

felt that the United Statee waa radly at war with Huerta, La, Pronea of Buenoo
Alree eonoiderad that tho only reaeon for tha taking of Tera Crus wae a deelre
to hinder Huerta and praised Oarranza*z c r i t i o d otand on tho eubjeet, German
newspapers eapbaelzed the discontent In the United Statee Senate regarding the
aove, and tha Spanieh preaa ooaaented eevereiy. South American papera tended to
feel that thla wae the flret etep in American expansion.29 Wilooa* o whole policy
of non-recognition bed been oallod into que at ion on many occasions in ths peat
few aonthe. Soae of the eoaaenta were ae f o i l owe. The British Scootator eaid:
General Huerta, ae the do. facto ruler of Mexleo, et leaet bad a
better oheaoe then aay one elee of producing order. But that wae
not enough for Mr. Wileon. With adslreble yet f a t d aotivee, be
looked for personal perfection in e load where i t doe a not oxiet,
et e l l evente In publle l i f e . By gradual atagaa he baa boon driven
Into a corner, and has at last ocas to the point of recognising
anarchy in preference to recognising General Huerta, By a very
different route froa that of a prof oeed aan of iron and blood, he
bee arrived for all praetled purposss at a purely eydcel polioy.
According to the St. Petereburg Hovove Troarat
The fact that d l luropeen, South American end Asiatic countries have
long recognised the Governaent of Huerta can be considered eo the beet
proof that Huerta has ably oondueted the governaentd affaire of Nsxloo.
Ody the United States has assumed a pecdiar position. While refusing

—87"
~* Cumberland, "Huerta y Oarranza," p. 641.
The Tlmoa (London), April 23, 1914.
29
Mildred Seymour, "Relatione of the United States a d Mexico" (Unpub-
lished aaetere thesis, University of Illlnole, 1984), pp. 24-25.
 315*
to rteogalso Husrta, i t has until now oonfinsd i t o d f to tho energetic
support of the rebels concentrated la the north with noney, aen, aad
ammunition.
Tho Berliner faaeblatt commented:
Bv'ery Ned oaa knows very well tbat the policy of the United States
In regard to Mexican affaire eioa at eetabllthing a protootorate,
aora or loaa dlsgulssd, over thdr Bepublie, beoauae i t separatee
the United States froa the partldly subjugated republics tltueted
north of Panaaa. Butrta i t aot a partloderly ettraetlvo Individual,
but i t lo nevertheless true tbat tUa "iaaord" aaa agalast whoa the
ex-profeosor of Princeton eontoaplateo tho aobillsatloa of aa aray
It oxaotly tht aan that Modeo at t U e juncture nttdt,
fhe Llea Tos, do. Orlonte etated:
Tar froa Bonding, the eituation In Mexico l e grodng acre coopllcated
and dangerouo. TUs condition of tUngs r e s d t s in e large ooeeure
froa tho attitude of the Governaent at Washington in refusing to
reoognise Butrta, v U l e Wileon syapethlsos d t h ths rsbels end even
given thea U e support. 'This is tht cause of the aoveaoat aeong tho
otudeats la Mexloo City. These youngetere have aade a grand aanifee-
tetloa againet tho Tankees before the pdaoe of tho Goveraor when
they oarrlod flage bearing the inaeription "Death to the Tankeeel"
The Irritation exhibited by the Norteans i s amply justified.
J l lamer e l d of Noxieo said:
It i s dlffieult to believe that the Tankee Governaent le authorising
ths sals of ares to the bandits of Tilla, who plUage, burn, end
aurder throughout the oountry. How can tha ralore of a cdtivated
people, uader the guldaaoe of a d l f d ead obatinate leader, euffer
theaeelveo to bo gallty of ooapllcity d t h such a band of plunderere?
It onee appeared lapoeelble that Prooideat Wileon ehodd be a aen
deetituto alike ef eoaeeienee aad a aenae of sheas. If the Aaerioan
people approve of thio aetounding aoaeure takea by their 80Prooideat,
they d l l deaerve the conteapt of d l honorable netlono.
The comments In the newspapers of the United Statee were no leeo c r i t i o d
than thoae in other parte of the world. The Boston, Herald commented:
One way out of thie oaladtoue couree reaaine — with honor.
There lo e t i l l a chance to avert war. It le to reeogdss Huerta,
end further then that to strengthen U s hand. We shodd renew the
embargo on araa to the bandlte.
It aay be tbat thla etep would cone too late, that our policy
haa ae weakened Huerta that ho can no longer restore order. But he
deserves the chance.

""We Appod to the Preeldent," She. Worth American Review. Tol. 199
(April, 1914), pp. 495-498.

L
 216
The Bow Tork Bell atatod:
bhile the Wileoa Governaent bee recognised the brutal dictator chip
of Yuan SU-Kai in the pretended Chlneoo Bepublie, it bee refueed to
reoognise the Huerta Governaent la Mexleo, accepted by d l other
Iaportant net lone, and haa p l d d y encouraged the aurderoue and
looting forces of the rebele , • • •
A letter to the Hew Tork Sun. noted:
It has bssn eaid that aost of Mexloo la againet Huerta. This i s
erroneous. If this were true, when tho rebele attack a town they
should be able to take it dthout auoh trouble, elnee the Inhabitante
of the saas wodd attack the Tederdo froa tho rear. Whenever the
rebele, or bandit a, aasadt a town, the inhabitant a Join in the
defense of tho town. Thie i s tho aost eloquent proof that Mexloo,
es e country, is in fever of President Huerta.31
The Council of Ministers wUch took plaoe on April 21 was the laet which
deeerved the name. Huerta soeaed to feel tbat If be allowed another aooting eoae
of the ministers wodd suggest Us rsslgnatlon, a d ae a r e e d t he elmply Ignorad
thea, Ouerido Moheno end Oar eta Karanjo both atatod that weeka paessd during
which they did not eee the Prooident. Throughout the negotiatione whieh were to
foUow, only De l e Icaa, the Minleter of Hacienda, was to know what was taking
place. The othere were left to doped upon the newspapers.38
On April 23 Mrs. 0'8haughnessy attended the wedding of Huerta* e eon
dthout the ooapany of her hueband who f e l t that the eituation wodd aake hia
attendance awkward. The wedding wae a rather farad affair and ae ueual Mra.
0* Shaughneaay was traated d t h great respeot by Huerta. After the eeraaony the
Preeldent said that he was required for urgent badness end left the celebrant a.
The prevloue evening diploaatio relations had been broken off by the Huerta
governaent. On AprU 24 the Charge and Ua party left Modeo City for Tera
Orus.33

""We Appeal to tho Preeldent," pp. 486-493.

33
Moheno, Mi Aetuaolon Pol(tlca. pp. 91-92.
^O'Shaughneoey, ADlploaat'a Wlfo. pp. 302-303; Tor el an Relations. 1914,
pp. 490-491.
 317
, — •

WUlt feeling aountsd throughout Mexleo end in other parts of the world,
the dtuatloa wae not entirely clear. Blots in aaay Latin American eltlee
teetlfled to the feelings of their dtlzcns regarding Ten Orus. The split
between Tille and Carrensa regarding ths Tera Orus epleode was growlag d d t r , aad
as a rasdt any united action by tht Constitutionalists was unlikely. Tbat the
United Statee wae worried about tbo posdbility ef a coapleto tpl.lt i t dtaoa-
etreted by tho feet that Wileon placed a temporary embargo on munitions to
Carraasa. Other devdopaonte wort taking place et thla eaae tiae te prevent the
eituation froa growing aora serious. Tordga goveraaente, particularly thoee of
Latin Aaerloa, were buolly attempt lag to find m solution whereby they dght offer
their eld in reaching a eettleaent. 3 4
By April 26 Woodrow Wilson wee bsgianing to look for e way out of the
Medoan eituation. Ho did not feel bt eodd dthdrew leaving Huerta triumphant
nor did he relish going forward d t h d l i t e r y measures to oust hie tonecleue foe.
It wee et this aoaoat that Ambassadors Ramon S. Haon, D. da Gaae and Bduardo
Suares Mojloa appeared at the State Dopartaent and offered on the behalf of
Argentina, Brasil and Chile to mediate in the Mexican situation. Bryan conferred
with Wilsonand the Udted Statea Governaent accepted the offer with eagerneas. 85
Sir Bdward Grey Instructed Sir Lionel Cardan to urge Buerte to accept
BCdiatloa end the Med can Preeldent did so shortly after tho Udted States had
36
given ite acceptance. Tor Huerta thie wae a aorloue mlscelculation for ho put
hlaeolf in the uncomfortable podtlon of Halting Ue movemente while the Coneti-
tutlonallete wore e t i l l free to take the offensive. While Tera Orus was in Amer-
ican hande and there wae danger of war, Huerta bad been the center of great

^Llnk, lUxftA, Tol. II, p. 405.

36
Baker, Wilcpju. Tol. IT, pp. 334-335.
36
Terj&gp, Rdatlons. 1914, p. 493.

, J
 318
popularity, but hio aoceptanoe of aediatioa soaowhat reaoved the aura of the
pupdar hero. At the ease time President WUeon wae allowed to escape froa a
very uneoafortable poeition. International, and particularly Latin American,
reaction to tbo invasion of Tera Cruz had been ao oevere ae to make i t unlikely
tbat Wileon wodd push Intervention further. While oedlatlon took place the
Udted States was dlowed to hold Modeo* s chief pert and source of ravonut and
thus weaken the Huerta regime wUle the very aoceptanoe of modi at ion greatly
Iaproved the attitude of tho other nations toward the Udted States. That Huerta
was aot merely taking aa eaey way out with oeaplete pereond eurrender in Bind
i s deaonotrated by a atateaant of hia on April 25 to tho edltore of Bj^ iBuerclal
that he would never resign.37
As tho aediatoro anticipated a geaeral sstUement of the Herteon problea,
they d e o urged Tonuatiano Carranae to aend dalegatee and dedare aa araietlee.
Carrensa, however, had no auoh intention; while mediation proceeded end Huerta*a
sources of revenue and munitions wars cut off, he Intended to puch the offenalvo
to the very gatee of Modeo City. The Constltutlonallata accepted mediation in
prlncipd but refuted en araletioe.
On April 27 Preeldent Huerta Issued orders that no more antl-Aatrlean
demonstrations were to take place and ho aleo aaked the Mexican preee to oof ton
ita tone, which bad boon wildly anti-American. Americana throughout Medoo were
having a diff i c d t tiae although Huertiet troope tried to protect thea ia aoet
caeee. 38
Meanwhile United Statee troopo under Brlgidier General Tunaton replaced
the naval forcea of Rear Addrd Tleteher in Tera Crus. The Americano were pre-
paring for an extended etay In that city end organized their control of the
facUitiee in minute detail.

37
aflft 2a*2L£aR Herald, April 28, 1914, p. 1:1.
38
IMt.. April 38, 1914, p. 1:8.
Ii
 319
On May 2 the Mediators notified both tho United States and Medco that
thoy would like to have the namea of tho repraaentatlvee of the governoente con-
cerned eo that the bases of eettleaent alght be discussed and a date set fer tho
beginning of the conference. On May 12 Wilson appointed Aoaooiate Justice of tho
Supreme Court Joeeph Backer Lamar and former Solicitor Goneral Tredoriek Wllliaa
Lehman ea eommieeionera te repreeent the United States, d t h Perclvd Dodge ae
their secretary. Huerta* a choleoe ware Lieencledo Balllo Rebaeo, author of a
noted work on internationd law; 8enator Luie Blguero, eapltallot, politician
and noted lawyer; aad Aguatln Rodriguez, dlroetor of tho School of Law at Modeo
Olty ead the dean of tbs Medoan Bar. 89 Ths plaoo for tho conference wee settled
ee liagara Tulle, Canada, and the date for He flret aeeelon aa May 18.
Although Huerta*a rdatlona d t h hla cabinet ae e whole were now alight,
he e t i l l found thea an annoyance. He kept tho alaletere in tho dark about hla
polloiee and preferred i t that way. Tho Minleter of Torolgn Relations found to
Uo oerrow that Buerte wodd not reward eabltlon In a alniotor. On May 1 e
cabinet aoeting waa to take place at 9:30 at Huerta*e home. Huerta never appeared
and, while waiting in the garden d t h hla fellowe, Mideter Port ill© y Bojae out-
lined to thea e plan of hla own. At three o*dock Huerta heard of the Minleter* e
40
aotioa end requeeted hi a reelgnatlon. Probably ody fear of appearing to
deeert e einking eUp kept the other d d a t e r a , d t h the exoeptlon of Do le Lama,
froa reelgnlng.
Woodrow Wileon had no intention of aubalttlng to genuine aodlatloa by
the A.B.C. powere. Hla plana were far aore anbitioue than a acre aettlement of
differsncee between the United Stetea aad Mexico. Ho planned to uee the Blagera
39
WUliaa J. trencewica, "The A.B.C. Mediation" (Unpubliehed B.A. thesis,
Udverslty of Illinois, 1930), pp. 36-36.
40
Andre Tridon, "The A.B.C. Plan aa Seen in Mexico City," The. Outlook.
Tol. 107 (May 30, 1914), pp. 235-236.
 390
Telle Beatings both to elidnate Huerta and to act up a governaent in Mexleo City
that he oodd keep under oontrol. In a confidential eoaaunication to the Media-
tor e he etated:
Ho settlsBoat oould have any proapeet of peraanence or of
proving acceptable to publle opldon in tbs Unltsd States or to the
practical judgment of the Governaent of the Udted Statee wUch did
aot include thoee feeturee:
Tiret, the entire elimination of Geaeral Butrta.
Seoond, the iaaediato oottlng up la Nsdeo of a slngls pro-
rteiond governaent acceptable te d l partioe end pledged to prooeed
et once to the eatabllebaent of a permanent government constituted
in etrlet accordance with the Constitution of Nedeo and comoitted
to tho proaooutlon of such reforae aa d l l reasonable assure the
dtiaate roaovd of the present oausss of dltoontent.
this government vent urea to suggest that the ossenoe of eay
hopefd eettloBont wodd of neoeaaity be e concert ef the contending
dements ef the republio and that each e concert esa bs obtained
only upon the bade of eueh reforae ao d l l satisfy tbs just d a l e s
of tho people ef Mexico to l i f e , liberty aad Independent self-
support .41
The Mediatore had demanded an araiotleo betweea the contending partioe
in Noxieo as well as a strict eras sabargo. Carraasa refueed to eend delegatee
or sign an armistice agreement. Bla advanee agalnat tbo federal foreee was
Undered by e shortage of arme and Wileon was caught attempting to violate the
embargo in order to aid Ua. The echo oner Sunshine oome into Tampieo, wUch had
reooatly fallen to the Const Hut io nail eta, "urter atreee of weather" d t h a cargo
42
of arae. The day in question wae bright and clear.
Ac tho date for the opedng of tho conference ot Wiagara Tdlo neered,
Wilson perfected U s plans. He hoped for the elielnatlon of Huerta and tho
oottlng up of a prorteiond government under A.B.C. and the Udted Statee auepicoe
end controlled by the Constltutlondists. Bothlng else would satisfy Ua and ht
kept the Udted States delegates directly under U s control. By aid-May Huerta
began to eee the handwriting on tbo wdl quite clearly. Although he continued to

Link, WJljpn., Tel. II, pp. 407-408.

42
Cline, Tju Udted States e d Mexlcc. p. 161.
 221
receive eras froa Burope, hs was gradually loalng ground a d it waa obviouo that
Woodrow Wilaoa wodd agree to ao eettleaent whieh did not provide for Buerte* a
fall. He agreed to cooperate d t h the Nedlatora la hopoe that some settlement
dght be reaehod which wodd enable the upper classes to reaala i a oontrol of
Mexleo. Ho deelared tbat he was d l l i n g to accept aay settloaeat whieh alght be
roeoBBended ovsa If i t were to o d l for Ue own wlthdrawd froo the governaent.43
When the Hiagara conference opened on May 18, 1914, nothing waa eaid about
the original oauss of as diet ion. Wileon wae dotoraiaed to Halt diacueeloa to
the eettleaent of Mexloo* e internal problOBo. Carrensa on the other haad refused
to dl<i»w the conference to discuss Mexico's Internal affaire. The Mediator a end
the Med can ddegatee were agreed upon a plaa wUeh wodd leave a conservative
provislond government in oontrol, which d t h Aaerioaa aupport wodd hold nation-
wide eleetione for a new eonatitutiond governaent. Pedro Laeeurala waa mentioned
ea e poeoiblllty for the prorteional prealdeney. Wileon, however, would mettle
fer notUng l t t o than a Conatitutionaliat triumph.44

The President of the Udted Stetes would not eceept any eolation whieh
loft conaervative foreee In oontrol or appeared to etea directly froa Buerta.
Hla atand waa aomowhat realletio, for by the middle of May a Conatitutionaliat
triuaph soeaed aesurad. While the conference at Tiagara Tells wae being crganisod
the rebels captured Tampieo aad continued to aove south agalnet weakening oppoel-
tion. Huerta, toe, recogdzod t d e , aa is svident froa hla dllingneee to reeign
if he oodd rake en arrangement whereby man of U s own eonssrvotive phlloeophy
oodd bo retained In partial control. Hia attitude had changed greatly alnce
April.
On May 21 Secretary Bryan caked the Coudesioners to discuss a renewel of
tho invitation to the Conatitutionallata aa Wilson greatly desired their

Link, WOUPA, Tol. II, p. 408,

44
IM4., p. 409; Jordan Relations. 1914, pp. 601-502.
 282
partldpatlon, Ths Mediators replied that the Conetitutionallsts had defidtely
refused to take port, and d a o stated that they had no Intention of dlacuaalng
anything except differences between the Udted Statos and Mexleo, On Nay 28 the
Mexican delegation definitely atatod tbat Huarta wodd be d l l i n g to eacrlfice
himeelf dthough they requested that tha lnforaatlon be kept eonfldentid. The
Nediatora expressed the opinion tbat a truce ia Medoo waa oeaentld i f ths
nodi at ion waa to be of any vdue.
legotiatlone dragged on throughout the reaalning daye ef May d t h no
agreeaoat either ae to the aoena of tho eettlement or aa to lta acope. Oa May 26
a letter to the Nediatora froa Rafael Zubaraa Ooapaay, Oarranza* a reproaentatlve
in the United Statee, stated:
. . . thoee forcea, acting under Ue tCarranse*S3 eoaaand,
have been able to recover froa the power ef Huerta, elnce tbo
i d tiat Ion of the andiation, the d t i e e of Monterey, Tampieo a d
S d t l l l o , d t h the adjoining territory, and the Territory of Topic.
Uder thoee oireuaataucss, tht Chief of tho Const ltutlondist
Government finds himsdf compelled to state to your excellencies,
d t h d l the rtspset aad consideration duo your high off leee, tbat he
oonddere tht said conflict shodd not be the subject of negotiations
at ths aedlation conference la the absoace 4of representatlvee of the
Pirst Chief of the Constitutionalist Aray. *
Ths Udtsd Statss Governaent used i t s influence to have the repreeenta-
tives of the Conetltutlonallata included in the conference aa it waa felt only
in t d e way eodd anything be aettlod. The Modi at ore continued to maintain that
the Conetitut loud lets eodd not be included in the confer enoea while they con-
tinued to engage in ailitary operatlone agalnat another member of the conference.
Oarransa peralsted in refusing an ardatlee, and the natter rested.
On June 3 Bryan atatod in a eoamuuicatlon to the Udted Statee Commis-
sioners:

^Porolau Relations. 1914, pp. 503-508.

^ H U . , p. 619.

mmmmmmummmmmmmmmmmwmmmmmmBmmmmmmmmmmwmmmwmwmmmmmmmm^ 11 nrr-TT
 823

Tho attitude of tho Mediatore toward tho revolutlodots

sseas to ue to indicate ae nothing alee haa their polat of view
and the radlod error of tbat polat of view. They SCSB to have
conceived their outlined plan and to have conducted their dis-
cussions dth you on ths theory that i t is tht Constitutionalists
who aust bs aade to yitld t t tht arrangsasnts agreed upon, whereas
it is obviously Buerta and the whole body of pereons who ia aay
degree support or sympathise d t h him who aust be made to yiald.
The dlseusslea doee aot aow turn upon torae of eeooaaodation
between the Udted States aad Buerte. At the very outset i t was
understood end it le aaw obvious to tbs whole world that Buerte aust
be elldnated aad d t h hia hie whole regime. Tht problea is haw
poaoe i s to be secured for Noxioo, aad tbat aesat simply this: Hew
le the triumph tf tht Constitutionalist party, which io aow dearly
triumphant, to be aeoepted and etteblithtd without further bloodshed?
Or, to put it differently, How art reprctsatativee of tbat party to
bt plaoed la eoatrol of the governaent under conditio no which eaa be
approved and aissatod to aad earneetly presssd for acceptance by the
Government of the Udted Statee! 4 '
Throughout early June tbo Hlagara Telle aoet Inge continued to toko place
dthout any definite progress. Although the Constitutionalists ssnt rsprssente-
tivee to tho eite of the conference, they were not adaitted to tht eonferenoe
table. On June 16 the United Statee Cooaiedonera returned froa a long t d k with
ths rtprtttntativts of the Constltutiondists end to their dismay they had to
report tbat Carranoa* a atad was slallar to Huerta* s.
Thsy inslsttd tbat they alght bt willing t t take up the quest ion of
surreder d t h someone outside the aedlation d t h which the Udted
States bad aothiag to do, but that oo far ao aedlation wae conoerned
they would absolutely decline to receive anything from the Mtdletort
or through the aedlation; that they wodd aot aooept ao a gift any-
tUng wUoh the Mediators oodd give thea, even though it waa what
they were othtrrtte seeking; that they wodd not take i t 'on a diver
plotter.* They dcdlatd to dlacuaa nanus or propoae naaae for pro-
visional preeldent, saying that no one wodd be oetiefeetory that was
appointed by tho Modlatore, even if it was Carraasa Uasdf, because
anything tbat eaae froa tho Modlatore wodd aot be accepted by their
party or by tht Mexican people.*8

Zt was obvious as a rasdt of the Constltutiondiet poeition tbat nothing

atadagfd eodd come cut ef the mediation. After negotiation over various
alnor poiats an ineffective docuaent waa agreed upon on June 24, 1914. All

Toreian Rdatlona. 1914, p. 523.

IxlA., p. 638.
 384
»

reference to tho Tore Orus situation wao oaltted and it etated that tho Udted
Statee would act deoand oa lndeanlty fer the Taapleo affair. The eeluto demanded
of Buerta was forgotten, aad i t simply stated that the provisional goveraaoat
which alght bo established in Mexico would bo recognized by the Udted Btetoo end
that the provisional governaent would dedare a political eaneaty ead agree te
negotiatlono concordng the loosss of forelgnere. Huerta* e reolgnatlon wee not
40
opedfieolly aontloned dthough i t was implied.
A final txchange of aotee took place between the oonfereeo after attempt-
ing to bring Oarraase into the agreement, aad the conference adjourned on July 2 .
The actual r e e d t e of the conference wore aegllglblo although the roxj feet that
i t took plaoo brought aa end to tho danger of war botwoea Mexleo and the Ualted
Statee. Other reeulta wUeh eight have eeao out of the conference did act do t o .
Bo eettleaent of laternd affaire in Mexico wet aade. Woodrow Wllaon did mot
learn that interference in Nsxiean affairs was unprofitable or tbat Oarreasa waa
undlllng to aooept iatorforoaee by the United Statee. The only r o d aeeoapllah-
aent of the aedlation wae iaeldental. WUle the aedlation proceeded, the eitua-
tioa in Noxioo had boooae eueh as to aake the continued loadereUp of Tletorlano
Buerte unlikely. The Modlatore offered Buerta a Beans of oaoape d t h honor.
froo oerly May tho situatloa had boooae Increasingly acre difficult for
Huerta. Although aa embargo oa araa wae dodered dong the Mexican border, both
Medoan factions oontinued to receive aid. Preeldent Huerta rooolvod aunltlone
through Puerto Modeo throughout the aedlation. The Constltutiondists rsetlvsd
eld through the pert of Tempico while Addral Mayo waa ordered to keep Huerta
froa Interfering. Huerta diecovered that arae wore lending et the port oad
dodered a blockade on June 6. Adalrd Nsyo oent ships to kssp tho port open and
49
Borden Relations. 1914, pp. 539, 547-549.
aa uproar followed which ended in en agreeaent to keep the port dozed. 8 0
With the gradual estrangement of the President from hit cabinet, ody
Do l e Laaa remained In doee contact d t h Ua aad i t wae be, rather then eeting
Minleter of Torolgn Belations Bsteva Rule, who directed the negotiations at
Biagera Tails. After the aoceptanoe of aediatloa the popular support which
Huerta had briefly enjoyed melted away. On May 18 foraer Minister of Goberneelon
Urrutla arrived in Tera Crus aad prepared to leave the oountry. He statsd that
if Husrta and U s group did aot soon reeign, eerloue trouble would result. The
following day there wore rumors ef aa aatl-Huorta plot la the eapltd and Huerta
took elaborate preparations for edf-defeaee. By late May the fading against
tbo government bad boooae so ssvore tbat Generd Gustavo Maaa who had retreated
froa Tera Orus without resisting the American landing waa relieved of contend,53
On May 23 Huerta had a very eloee o d l when U e autoaobile wao fired oa
by four etudeata of the Agricultural School of Mexico Olty. The etudents of the
School had earlier been foroed to attend the execution of tUrtoen eoldlere who
had revolted agaiaet tbo goveraoont. The executions had been at Huerta1 a order
aad the students were apparently angry at having boea forced to attend. Tho
vould-ba assassins were captured and iapriooned ae they were f d t to be too youag
for execution. It wae not ody the studente who were offended by this particular
incident. Mideter of Agriculture Taaarls, aa well ae nuearoue echool o f f l r i d s ,
resigned in protest. 6 3 Husrta*s cabinet wae now fast dsssrtlag hla, for on May 19
Minleter of Coaoudcations Joee Narla Losaao had resigned. At tho end of May
there waa e brief reversal of publle opinion In favor of the Preeldent, for on

60
Olino, Xge. UnitadTStataj. and. Noxieo., p. 160; Lowry, "Tho Mexican Policy
of Woodrow WUeon," pp. 132-133.
Moheno, Ml Aeluoriin. Politico., pp. 157-158.
52
lea IstflsajL 2ll»ld_, May 19, 1914, pp. 1:2 and 1:6; Nay 21, 1914, p. 1:6.
^IfciA.. June 3, 1914, p. 1:1.
 226
May 27 the Tplrfalf landed Ite oar go of eras at Puerto Mexico end Huerta* s a t t i -
tude toward the Ualted States stiffened.
On May 28 Buerte received hio first lnferaatioa on the poeition of tho
Ualted States at Uagara Telle. Be ineleted tbat before be wodd reeign the
United States aust eoamit i t s d f to SOBS fora of set decent of Medoan affaire:
I have aade but out pronlse to the Nedcen people aad tbat le tbat
I wodd eatebllth poaoe In tht Bepublie. If the Udted Stetoe will
guaranty that if I reeign thoy d l l eee to It tbat peace ia eetabllahed
I shdl eonddsr ay aissioa fulf Ultd end d l l turn over the power
to eay per eon who aay bs agreed upon.
Buerta, however, did lneiet that U e aeticno oo Preeldent be reoogdssd as l e g d
since aaay concessions wUch he had grantsd would put hie in l e g d diff l e d t i c s
if U s act lone were dodered Illegal. Huerta aoeao to have boon qdte willing to
ley aeide the burdens of U e offloo as he obviously felt tbat Ue f d l was Inevi-
table. Despite t h i i feet he oontinued U s ueual routine dthout chewing any
evidence that a ertele wae at hand. 34
The aonth of June paaaod with turpritlngly l i t t l e elga of tho eriale in
Medoan affelrs. Huerta appeared to be awaiting the mediatlone at Hlagara Telle,
end except for tho steady advance of the Oonotitutionalloto there wee no change
in the Mexican situation. With the eonduslon of tho nsgot lot ions in late June
event a began to take plaoe with rapidity. Oa June 3 the power-hungry Ooertdo
Moheno had resigned U e cabinet poat and preparad to leave Mexleo. Thla in itself
wee a sign that Buerta oould act laet auoh longer.

On April 2 Buerte bad doerood en olootioa for early July, porhape aa an

attempt to demonatrate that be had popdar support. By July there was l i t t l e
vdue In eueh en election end when the designated day arrived oa J d y 5, 1914,
there wee very l i t t l e Interact on the pert of the populace. Ody about two
percent of the voters bothered to coot a b d l o t . In addition a large part of the

^ h e Mexican Herald. Kay 29, 1914, p . 1:1.

I
 227
country wao in rebel hands. Bvea the pro-Huerte H, Iaparcld wae foreed to adait
that tho whole affair had been a eoaody.55
Oa J d y 8 Roberto Beteva Ruls, acting Minister of Torolgn Relatione,
reported to the eongroee on the reedt o of tbo Blagara Tails asgetiatione. Ho
acntioaod a telograa froa Huerta to the delegetes et the conference whieh had
beta teat toss lays before:
This dopartaeat ooBBudeatod to tht Msdoaa ddegatea that i f aa
arrengOBOnt with the robds ossurlng tht country's padflcatlon wore
entered into General Tletorlano Buerta wodd immediately therefore
decree the ra-eetaUiohaoat of d l Oonatltutional guamnteee end
wodd iafora Congreoe that, elnee tht work of padf lection bad been
fulfilled, bt rtaigned U e high lnveotlture aa Preeldent of the
Bepublie.
Beteva Bais then went on to exprees hope that tho Oonstltutlondlsts would cooper-
ate ia reotoriag poaoe. 36 The etege wee aet for Buerta' e eoturt resignation.
Two days later the first stsp in the transfer of power to a prorteiond
government took plaoo. On July 10 Treacle eo Gerbajal, a Supreae Court Juetioe
and supporter of ths Constltutiondists, was sworn in ae Minleter of Torolgn
Relations wUch put U a in e poeition to succeed when Buerta ohould reeign. In
addition, Sdoae Botello waa appointed Secretary ef Coameree a d Induetry, Arturo
Alvaradejo waa aade Secretary of Coamunlcatione, and Carlos Rlnoon Gellardo wao
eppolnted to the Minlotry of Agrlodture, All of the letter aen were Huertlsts
to one degree or another and the reason for their appointment le unclear except
aa a pooeible atteapt by Huerta to leave at leaet a few eonaorvativeo In the
government.
On July 13 foraer Subaeeratary of Torolgn Relatione Set eve Rds stated
that Huerta wodd resign in the very near future aa he had boon eonvincod that ho

56
Ifeg. Mexican. HjralJ., J d y 7, 1914, p. 1:6; Braderman, "A Study of
Polltlod Parties and Politico in Modeo," p. 125.
66
ItW. I 2 l l TJLAsA. July 9, 1914, p. 1:1.
IMA., JolT I 1 . 1914, p. 1:1.
 238

muet do eo by Da l e Lama, Blanquet aad B d s . It seems unlikely that Huerte needed

auoh convincing by that tiae, and tht announcement wae probably aade l a order to
deaonstrats either Huerta* s confidence In hlosslf or Bsteva Bds* a lapertanoo.
The evening of July 14 wos disad end rainy. At about 10 P.M. ears bsgaa
arriving et the railway atation of Guadalupe, a Mexloo Olty ouburb. Thoee auto-
aoUloo carried the relet Ives and friends of Praeideat Buerta who were leeving
the oopltd for tht eoaot. Despite the rain a fair alssd crowd gathered to sse
thea off. Aaoag thoee departing were Mrs. Huerte aad her unaarrltd children;
Colonel Lds Tuentes, tho President's eon-in-law end his d f t ; tho fartly ef
Generd Blanquet; the f e d l y of Geaeral Idberlo Tuentee; Bugoalo Paredos,
Treasurer Geaerd under Huerta; end the Agulle f e d l y who wore rdetlves of Mre,
Huerte. When ths trala pulled out It was preceded by two d l i t e r y trains aad
69

fallowed by another.0* There wos some question as to which port tho tralae wore
intending to reach but after e etop at Cordoba they proceeded to Puerto Noxieo.
The tralne arrived In Puerto Noxieo on J d y 16 where tbo travdere romeined
welting for the Preeldent end Generd Blanquet. Mre. Huerta eppeerd happy to bo
out of politico and said she had been urging her husband to reeign for aoae
time. 60
Late on the afternoon of July 15, 1914, the Mod eon Congreoe aet in Joint
aeeelon to accept the resignation of Huerte. The Booting wee oollod to order et
4:45 P.M. d t h Deputy Manuel Mercado la the chair. Secretary of the Chaabor
Oeueque began reading Huerte' a f i n d addreee wUch wee greeted d t h erica of
"71 va Huerte!" The Preeldent'a addreee waa brief and pointed.
"act. Msxlean. HjrpJl. July 13, 1914, p. 1:6.
W
Wew. IfilfellMi. J d y 15, 1914, p. 1:1.
^ I b l d . , July 17, 1914, p. 2:3.
 229
Deputlea and Senator a: Public aeeooeity, adaitted by the
Chaabor of Deputlee, by the Senate, and thw Suproae Court, called
no to the suproae Magistracy of the Bepublie. Later, when In thie
soae h d l I had the honor of addreeoing you In ooapllanee d t h the
eonetltutlond precept, I prodaed et d l ooeta to bring about peeoe.
Seventeen aonths have passed and In that brief period of tiae
I have foraod aa aray with whieh to carry out that solsan proaiss.
Tou a l l know the laoonse dlffleultlee wUoh ay Governaent has encoun-
tered owing to a scarcity of funds, aa well e s th the aadfest and
deoided protection whieh e greet power of thie continent hoe afforded
to the rebele, eo ouoh eo tbat tbea the revolution had been broken up,
seeing tbat He cdef loadere wort end continue to bt divided, tie
power la queetlon sought e pretext to intervene direetly in tho eonfliot,
and the resdt of this wos the outrage eoemlttsd at Tera Crus by the
American fleet.
Sueeeaa waa had, aa you know, in adjuatlng honorably thru our
delogatee et liagara Telia the petty Tampieo incident, but the revolu-
tion continued, with the support of whoa you d l know.
Tot after the highly patriotic work eeUeved by our delegetea
at Biagara Tdle, there ere e t i l l oome who eay tbat I , come what aay,
ssek my personal lntoreet and aot that of the Bepublie, Aad ae I
need to rebut t U e allegation with facte I tender oy foraal roaig-
nation of the Prealdenoy of tho Bepublie,
The natlond Congress auet know tbat the Bepublie, thru ite
Goveraaoat, bat labtrtd ia tntlrt good faith and d t h the f d l e e t
energy, having succeeded in dolag away d t h the party which in the
Udtod States e d l s Itself democratic aad having ehown how the right
should be defended.
To bo aoro explicit, I obdl aay that the action of tha
Government of the Republic during Ite ehort l i f e has dealt death-
blows to en unjoet power. Later oa etronger worker• will oooa, using
implemente that undoubtedly wUl end tbat power, which bee done so
much hare ead eoadtted eo aaay injurlee on thie continent.
In condualon I d l l eay that I abandon the Prealdenoy of tho
Republic, carrying d t h ae the Ugheet eua of huaaa weelth, for I
declare I have arraigned at the bar of unlvered ooneelonce the honor
of a Puritan, whoa I, ao a gentleaan, challenge to wroat froa ae that
poaaoeelon.
May God bloee you and a e . 6 1
After the conclusion of the addreee a committee wae appointed to eonaider
the matter and at 5:30 P.M. the realgnatloa was accepted by a vote of 121-17. A
few speechse were mads to the effect that Huerta wae necessary to preserve the
nation, but the response was Halted as i t was obvious that there was no choice
but tho acceptance cf the resignation. At 7:30 Tranclaoo Carbejd waa eworn in
and the Huerta era was at an end. 63

Independent. Tol. 79 (Jdy 27, 1914), p. 120.

62
Hew Tork Tines. J d y 16, 1914, p. 1:7,
 Mexloo City took the news e d d y . Most of those who greatly feared the
Constitutlonallets had probably dready left the olty or wore oxpootlng to do eo.
Tho reel gnat ion oaae ae no surprise, and thoee who preferred Huerta to the
Constltutiondists were resigned to the future. That evoniag Huerta and General
Blanquet, who remained Ue feltbful eupportor, boarded a apodal train and
departed for Puerto Medoo, Thoy arrived at that city on the evodng of July 17
after a leleurely trip. When they arrived Huerta eodd be aeon atruggllng te put
on Ua coat before getting off the train. His supporters greeted Uo eoleady
ead there wee no deoonetratioo. It waa expected that e group of some twenty
offieere wodd go into exile with him. Soae of hio aore prominent companions were
Blanquet, Gen. Paredos, Gen, Alberto Ojilroz, Col. Ternando Gil, Col. Gebrlol
Huorta, Lt. Oal. Carloo del herd. Captain Juan Urlbe, and Col. Joee Ddgado, the
ex-Preeldent'a private eeeretary, 63
Shortly after Huerta' e arrival et Puerto Mexico, Captain lohler of the
German Oruleer Dresden put Uo chip et Huerte'a disposal but Tletorlano deoided
to epend the dght on tho train. It was not until throe daye later that the
/, party finally got under way. In the meantime Huorta rooted ee though nothing had
happened and waa ocoaelondly bothered by newapapar roportoro. In one interview
he eaid:
When I eesumsd the Presidency I sold publldy tbat I wodd reetoro
peace, coot what l t d g h t . I have paid — i t bee coat ae the Preei-
deney. To reetoro peace bee boea ay whole and oole aabltion. I
hope i t le ooaing. More than tUa I have nothing to aay.
Before he left the port olty, however, he offered to return to Mexleo i f at eay
tias U s country needed U s sword.64

68
Zlel MSSJLeta ierald., J d y 17, 1914, p. 1:1; Bow. Tork. TJBOJL, J d y 18,
1914, p. 1:8.
6
W Mejrtcjn. HjiilA, July 18, 1914, p. 1:5; Hew Tork Times. J d y 18,
1914, p. 1:8.

Si
 231
At 5 o'clock on tho afternoon of J d y 20 Huorta, U o M\tm ead unmarried
daughters Blsna, Bra, end Zella boarded tho Droeden. The other aeabors of
Huerta* a f e d l y were aon-in-law Colonel Luie Tuentoo, aona Victor, J orgs oad
Roberto, two aarriod daughtere and Huerta'a three eletere. There were ao deaon-
etratioas of say ttnd ae the party prepared to leave and et approximately 7
o* dock tho Droeden aet sail for Jamaica. The party reached Ungetcn four daye
later aad left the ship to prepare for a short etay at one of the leading
hotelo. 6 6
After Huerta left Mexico, thinge remained rather eonfuoed while Cerbajel
tried to reach an agreeaent d t h Oarransa; but failing in t U s he fled to Tera
Crus on Auguzt 12. On August 20 General Oarransa aada a triumphal sntry Into the
capital. The probleat of Mexico were fer from eolvod, however, for Tranelceo
Tllla aad Bailiano Zapata wera no more willing to make poaoe with Carranae than
thoy bed been willing to aettle their differencea d t h Huerte. Mexico entered
one of lta gloomieet periods, and between Septeaber 1914 and Tebruary 1915 Mexico
City changed hands six times. The policy of Woodrow Wileon had triumphed in
eliminating Tictoriano Huerta, but there ware few who could amy that Mexico wae
better off for the change.

66
|ej£ TprJc TjLaej., J d y 24, 1914, p. 1:6; The. Mart can Herald. July 25,
1914, p. 1:2.
 OHAPTSR XI

HUBRTA IHBXILB

Tht l a s t year and a half of Huerta' o l i f e waa spent in e d l e froa Mexloo.

Hia flrat deatination waa Spdn aa U a kaowledge .of languages other then Spanieh
waa H a l t e d . Buerta aoeae to have been exbauated by hla dutiea aa Preeldent and
he looked forward to a period of reat and relaxation aa a private citizen. In
J d y 1914 the chancez of further activity of a political eort wore unfavorable
and Huerta probably had no plane for the future beyond hie trip t o Spain.

The Husrta party arrived in J a a d e a e t two P.M. on J d y 24, and an hour

later Huerte l e f t the chip to take an expensive suite in one of the leading
hotels which had been engaged for e two week period. After the abort etay in
Kingston the Huerta party boarded the British stsamer Patia and sailed to Bngland.
On Sunday, Auguet 16, the party arrived at Avonaouth and l e f t the chip to travel
to Bristol where they settled down for the night at the Clifton Hotel,
Huorta tad made Umaelf extremely popular wUle on board tho Patia and

when he l e f t ths ship hs expected to resume U e journey to Spain ths following

a
day. Hot a l l of the Huerta party had continued on t o Bngland. Huerta*s eon

Tlctor and the l e t t e r ' s brother-in-law. Colonel M.A. Hernandez, along with other

membere of the group had traveled to the United Statee and on Auguet 5 were found

by Hew. Tork TJ^ses. roportoro. in New Tork. I t had boon rumored that Huerta took
How Tork Tlziee. J d y 25, 1914, p. 3:6; The Tlmee (London), Auguet 18,
1914, p . 9:4.

^ew York Times. August 17, 1914, p. 7:1.

232
 238

huge auaa of aoaey d t h Ua when be fled the oountry and ha waa aoeneed of having
robbed the treaeury of d l l i o n o . Tietor Huerta aad Colonel Hernandez dedod the
truth of thoee chargee aad claimed that la reellty they were belly in need of
aoney and hoped to find eaploynent la Bow Tork, Buerta' a later flnanold situa-
tion tends to strongly support the view that the ohargoe wore falae for at no tiae
either during hia remaining montha of l i f e or et the time of Ue death did any
large amount of aoney becoae evident.
The Huertaa and ths Blanquets apparently deoided to etay la Bngland and
root for a couple of daye before continuing to Spain, end on Auguet 17 thoy
dipped quietly lnte London and obtained lodging at an obeeure hotel where they
rooted for two leys before venturing out iato publle view. Pew people were aware
of the foraer President'e preeence in the olty until August 19. By that tiae ho
had reelissd that d a stay would have te be extended becauae of the outbreak of
World War Z. On tho 19th Buerta aade a brief oigtt-sselng tour d t h U s faally.
Ho loaded Ue party iato two ears and askod the drivore to take thea to BueUnghaa
Palace and Trafalgar Square. Other aights were euggeatod but Huerta, who probably
waa leee lntereeted In alght-aeeing than wae U s faally, said impatiently, "Ody
Trafalgar Square and Bueklngbaa Pdace."*
Huerta' e preeence beeaae public knowledge d t h the sight-seeing tour of
August 19. Hs was asksd to make a etateaent to the prees about the Buropean War
and not trusting his conmand of Snglleh he aaked for a pen and paper. He wrote:
On the present war in Burope I shodd not speak. All that
can be odd io whet I have already acid in the book of a lady, which
ia aa followa:
'God is elwaya d t h the atrongeot — that la to say, the
strongest i s dways ia the grace of God. It le for this that one io
tho strongest.'

a
Hew Tork Times. Auguet 6, 1914, p. 9:4.
4
Ibld.. Auguet 30, 1914, p. 7:3.
 234
Huerta was asked about Nedeo, but ho aerely dosed U s lips tightly e d aade the
oiga of the cross es if oediag thea. Ho eaid la Bnglleh; "Bxcuse ao; nothing."
He oontinued to live quietly at hit hotel for tho ntxt ftv daya aaUag oooasiond
expeditlono with hio faally and that of Generd Blanquet fer shopping pnrposss and
the like. Bia party showed no eigne of wealth either in dress or s o d s of
living.6
On Auguet 24 Huorta and U e party left London by train for Brletol where
they boarded e chip for Spain. Despite hie restful week Huerta e t i l l looked
tired ead decidedly 111. After e three day Journey at eoa the party landed et
Sentandtr, Spain, and proceeded oa to Aeturlae, Tho Buerta f e d l y f i a d l y
settled et Barcelona in early Septeaber while the Blanquet a went elsewhere. 6
Huorta lived qdotly In Barcelona for the next few aonthe atteaptlng to
recover Ue hedth ead keeping en enrtouo eye on tht degenerating Medoan eitua-
tion. There i s l i t t l s doubt tbat Buerta hoped that eoae turn of evente la Mexico
wodd lead to hia reodl and he probably spent a good dad of tiae discussing his
prospeots with other exiles. By early 1916 he felt that hie prospects hod
Iaproved considerably and hs bsgsa to lay plane with other exilee for a new revo-
lution. In Deoeaber 1914 Huerte* t ettentlon was drown to purely personal af fairs
for a roeaneo had developed between U e daughter aad General Alberto Quirot, one
of Huerta* s aides who had followed hia into exile. On Deoeaber 21 the couple wae
aarriod et Buena Hueva church in Barcelona. The wedding breakfast whieh followed
7
the coreoony waa attended by 125 per eons.
Ths Genoa Qovernaont had not entirely forgotten Huerta. As i t became
neoeasary to conalder the poaalblllty of the entry of the United Statee into tho

5
Bow Tork Times. Auguet 21, 1914, p. 3:7.
6
M 1 . , Auguet 25, 1914, p. 6:3; Jhe. TJmej, (London), Auguet 26, 1914,
p. 11:4.
7
Hew Tork Tlaoe. December 23, 1914, p. 20:1.
 335
wer oa the side of the d l l o e , Huorta wao oaoo aora considered as a posslbls
source of eld. If he eodd again bo put in oontrol of Mexico, he night be uoed
to keep the Ualted States occupied in ite own hOBiophere.
Ia Tebruary 1916 a thirty-tight year old German navd officer, Captain
Trans voa Hint ell n, vielted Buerta l a Barcelona and offered to beck e ailitary
eoup ia favor of Huorta wUeh would reetoro hia to power ia Mexleo. Bintelln
was a t d l , lapoolng looking aan who opoko excellent English and knew a good deal
about both the United Statee and Mexleo. Be was oorving out of uniform ae a
flnanold add ear to the Adalrd ty General Staff, Bintelln poeseossd d l ths
traits whieh eodd be expected to aake a suocesefd intelligence egent. Although
Huerte sseos to have ooao to ao definite egraeoent d t h Rintdin, bo wos undoubt-
edly intrigued d t h the prospecte held out by tho egotistic German. Huerte now
had sufficient hops of a successful return to Modeo to convince hie tbat he
ohould aake the effort. On March 31 Huerta eaUed froa Cadis on the Spanieh Line
Company stsaner Antonio Ljjfpej. d t h hie deetination listed as Bow Tork. Hie
f e d l y did not go d t h U a but remained ia Barcelona. He wae preceded la hla
9
departure by Captain Rintdin who arrived in Hew Tork on April 3 .
Huerte had bardy left Cadis when reporte and warnlnga etarted pouring
into the Udted Statee Governaent telling of Huorta* a Intent lone to toko over
Modeo end hie expected date of arrival ia Hew Tork. Many of the lettere pro-
tested Ue landing and urged that he be arreeted. It waa warned that Huerta had
Joined Porflrio Dies, Telix Diaz and the old cientlfleos to start a now revolu-
tion. Among those who proteeted most loudly wos the confidential agent of the
Provisional Governaent of Mexico.
_

Tuehman, She. Zimmerman Telegram, pp. 66-67; John P. Jones and Pad M.
Hollister, The Gorman Secret Service \n Aaorlca. 1914-1918 (Boaton, 1918), p. 290.
9
Bow Tork TJjmes., April 1, 1915, p. 1:2; Tuehman, Thji Zimmerman Telograa.
p. 68.
I Tile 812.001 H87/12 and 13; Xnrlque Lloronte to W.J. Bryan, April 10,
1916, Tile 812.001 H87/11.
 236
Aoeording to a newpapor report Blanquet, Tederleo Geaboe, Dr. Urrutla,
Tranclaeo Oarbejd aad Bubio Bavarrete were preoeat in Bow Tork by April 11
awaiting the arrival of Huerta who wae regarded ea the possible leader of any new
aovoaent in Mexico. Huerte arrived in Bow Tork en April 12 aocoapanled by Joee
C. Delgado, U s personal eeoretary, ead Abraham Rat nor, a loag tiae buaineee
adviaer who waa dao Involved in Huerte* s intrlgueo.
While Huerta poaod for picture a, he told newsmen that he was on a purely
pleaeure trip, Blanquet, he eaid, eodd not possibly aoet hla ae reported, for te
was s t i l l la Spain. Husrta was aet by a large crowd of admiring Medeeae aad
after leaving the docke ho went to tho Hotel Aneoda ea Broadway.
On April 14 Buerte vielted e large Bow Tork cafe end woo honored by the
playing of the Mexloaa netlond anthem. Aeoordlng to Gonad Bavarro ef the
Providonel Governaent of Noxioo, Buerta told frloade tbat be wodd again aooept
the presidency of Nsxiee. 13 TUs bit of information set the pot of speculation
boiling. On ths following evening Baerta aet repressntativss of the preee end
talked about Ue plane and Mtrtco. He eaid a etrong asa wodd soon appear to
take oontrol of Modeo and pacify the aatloa. Ho did not indicate who that ran
would be. Upon being eeked about Madero* s death be reiterated that ho had had
nothing to do d t h l t and atatod that he knew who was responsible and alght eoon
make the knowledge public. Huerta odd that he hoptd t t return to Mexico ooao
day but that hs had no Intention of loading e revolution. The latter atatenent
d d l i t t l e to alienee epeedatlon that the "etrong aan" be bed in alnd waa
Tletorlano Huorta. 18

1
W IOJlt XilxA. April 11, 1916, p. 10:1; April 13, 1915, p. 1:3.
13
Tlle 812.001 H87/13.
ia
8ew. TorJt tlHlt, April 16, 1915, p. 1:3.
 237
Alaott froa tht aoatnt Buerta arrived l a Bow Tork U e every aove wae
watched by ropreeentativee of various groups who fell over each other la their
attempts to follow hla. The Carrensa aad Tllla governmento both howled for hie
arreet and deportation. Oarranza agent s shadowed Buerte eonetantly, and Britieh
aad Aaertean agente watched the Manhattan Hotel on 42nd Street and Nadiaon Avenue
where Buerta held aoae of Ua moetinge with both Goraan and Mexican plottore.
Oa May 6 the Hjw_ Tork Tlmoo stated that Huerta had decided to settle
peroaatntly la Toreet Hilla, Long I aland. Hia f e d l y wee oa lta way froa Spain
aad Tletorlano expected to leave the Aaeoda Hotel end aove to Tercet Hills upon
thdr arrival. By this tias Huerte bad dready been violtod by en eotlaated four
hundred Medoan army offiosrs, among them Oenerd Bravo, former aUitary eoanander
ef Mexloo Olty; Paecoel Orosco; General Ceus, tht aging foraer governor of Tore
Crus; Oenerd Cortes, the foraer goveraor of Tuoataa; and General Olte. A largt
nuaber of ths offieere who vielted hia were probably diosatlsfied and eager to
retura to Modeo — by revolution if necessary. Huerta* a wife and oeverd of
hio eUldron indudlng Uo eldeet aon Jorge arrived in Bow Tork on May 14.
The key to Huerte* e plans for aa invasion of Mexico eeeme to have boea
German flaaaeial aid. Med cane who would be willing to eld hie were plentiful
and troope to Join Ua once he reached Modeo were not oxpoeted to be lacUng.
Aaiiudtlon and weapona, however, wodd bo oeeontld end there doee not appear to
have been sufficient financial backing in Mexican d r d e e to carry cut the took.
Throughout Nay Huerte bad eoaferences with Bintelln and two members of the German
Bmbaaay ataff, Haval Attache Xarl Boy-Bd and MUltary Attache Tranz von Papon.
The groateet problea which the plottore faoed wae privacy elnce every_hotel oeeoed
to be watched by agenta of eno group or another.

Tucbaan, Jhj. Zlmmarasui Telegram, pp. 75-76.

15
Hew. Tcrk Tlmoo. May 6, 1915, p . 1:6.

I
 Huerta and Bintelln handled tho early negotiations which took plaoe at
various hotels such as the McAlplne, the Hollaed House aad tho Manhattan.
Blntdln'a doainooring attitude dieaated Boy-Bd and Papon who wore rather Jealoua
of their owa a U l i t i e e ae intrignore. 16 Huerte left Bow Tork for a abort fcrlp
to Waahlngton, probeUy to eoafor with off l c l d e of the Oeraen Smbaesy. When he
returned he set Bintelln end various Mexioan loadere at tbo Manhattan being
unaware that the rooa wae dred to that aea la the aext rooa dght llaten.
One of the groupe whieh wae iaterected ia Huerta wee e Czech nationallat
group led by oae Beaauel Toska who cooperated with the Britioh. The Manhattan
Botd had Gseeh saployeee end one of Toska* e asa actudly chose the rooa la wUoh
the intriguers wore to aoet, A Czech agent poelng ae ea electrician concealed a
alerophone in the drapery and ran the \Arou into tho next rooa where Toeka aad
several others vera poeted to liotea to tht proceedings. TUe pertleular hotel
was d s o watched by Garraaslstas sad Acer lean agente. Bintelln offered to supply
Huerte d t h ounltlone purchased d t h l n the Udted Statee in order that he alght
lead a revolution. A fora of dliaaee wae proposed. Buerta demanded heavy
financial support and asksd specifically whet foras of aid be wodd receive. HO
17
d e o deaandod personal guarantees in ooao be felled.
Huorta's dsaanda were sufficiently heavy that Rintdin felt he auet d r e
to Berlin for support bsforo be eodd aoet them. The superior ability of Papon
gradually eliminated Rintdin from tho picture and further negot let lone were
handled by Papon and Boy-Bd. Tht financial end wae left to Carl Btynon, the
Chief Aaaiotant of the unfortunate Dr. Albert, and to Trader loo Stallforth, e
noted Geraan banker In Mexleo who had come to How Tork to take part in the deal.
In the next wooka 8,000,000 rounda of ezunudtlon were pureheeed in St. Louie, end
Tuehman, The Zimmerman Telegram, pp. 69-70.
17
*£&•» PP. 72-75; Baanuel Toeka and Will Irdn, Scjr and. Counter spy
(Bow Tork, 1940), pp. 192-195.
 239
ordera for 3,000,000 plaoed la Bow Tork. A ana of $800,000 waa depoaited to
Huerta' e account in the Deutaehe Bonk In Havana and another $95,000 in a Mexican
account. Arrangemente were made for Telix Dtaz to load a revolt in the south to
eoindde with Huerta's orosslag the border. Papon wee oent to tho Mexican border
to distribute funds for Huorta in Brownsville, Bl Paso end 8en Antonio end to
study the terrain for aUitary purposes. Boy-Bd oontinued U e oeetlnge with
Buerta at the Ansonla Hotel and proaisad Ua 10,000 r i f l e s aad a first credit of
$10,000. 18 By tho end of May arrangemonte were eeaentlolly completed.
On June 1 Huerta held a meeting d t h U s financial agent aad proaintnt
Mexican exllee et tho Holland House. One of tho aeabere of tht group wae e
Carraasa agent and he reported that Huerta had $10,000,000 for a plot aad trtee
that in reaerve if needed. Arae would be accumulated d c a g the border end onvoya
19
would bo aent to incite desertion among tho Oarranza aad TiUa forcea.
The final terms of tho agrssasnt were probably rather vague. Oertaldy
German funde were at the dlsposd of Huorta, but la order to get large-cede aid
a oertain degree of euoeeaa bad to be doBonetratod. It le unlikely tbat Huerta
had any Intention of dedarlng war on tbo United Statee or that Germany expected
dm to do eo. Hie aero presence in Mexico wodd be enough to keep the Udted
Statee Government Involved In Medoan affaire. Any aUitary activity agalnat
Mexico by the United Statea wodd dieiniah the amount of aid available to the
d l i e a in Burope.
The United Statea Governaent waa keeping a cloee watch on all Huortist
activltiee and attempting to prepare for any move which te might make. On May 13
Assistant Attorney Generd Charlea Warren wrote to J.L. Camp, the District Attor-
ney at Saa Antonio, saying that te feared that Tilla' e troopo would flock to
18
Tuehman, lie. sft^PIflfa Telegram, pp. 78-80; Captain von Bintelln, The
Dark Invader (Hew Tork, 1933), p. 183,
19
Jonea and Holllater, Zhe. Goraan Secret Service, pp. 291-293.
 240
Huorta'e etandard If given the opportunity, and instructing Camp to make every
effort to find evidence of Huerta* s intention to violate United Statee aeutrdity
SO
and prosecute hla for the saas If hs shodd appear ia San Antonio, Camp
replied:
Shodd Huerta come to thie dlatrlct te d l l bo doaely watched,
and I d l l reaort to every neons known to tho lew to prevent hia froa
eetting on foot another revolution in Modeo, and If evidence can not
be obtained agelnet Ua auffielent to institute proaeoutlon for viola-
tion of neutrality lava of the Udted Statee, la d l probability we
eon hold U o for inventlgation for deportation.
Shodd ho enter Modeo, in ay Judgaeat Tllla* a chief general
Angeleo will combine d t h Huerta and perhapa greatly prolong the
dioturbaaceo that now exlet in that republic I believe deportation
prooeedingo the aoet effective remedy . . . . 2 l
Huerta in the meantime kept up the pretenae of intereot in remaining in
Bow Tork. On June 11 nowsaon reported that Huerta bed dodered Uaeolf not to be
in retirement and that te intended to open an office as e civil engineer. On
Priday, June 24, Huorta attended a baeebdl game, bought tlekete to e policemen*e
ball, and than hurriedly boarded a veetbound train saying he was going to Sen
22
Trendsco. The following day he etopped over in Kenaee City. He told roportoro
that te wee going to Cdifornia for the present and did not know whether ho wodd
over see Mexico again.
All the groups wUch were Intereated in Huerta*a movemente were dermed
by U s departure froo Hew Tork. On June 26 Tllla's confidential agent notified
the State Department that a number of former Huertiet generals and polltldans
were enroute to II Paso, Texee. Among them wore add to be Generde Ignado
Bravo, Hduardo Caua, Ticente Cdero, Joae Aleeelo Robloe end Bnrlque Ooroetieta.
Aaeiatant Attorney General Charlea Warren to U.S. Attorney J.L. Camp,
May 13, 1915, Tile 90755-U-2.
TJ.S. Attorney J.L. Camp to the Attorney Generd, May 21, 1915, Tile
90755-U-4.
iLzN IfilA. TJtafilt June 11, 1915; p, 10:5; Tuehman, Thf Z l B T T Tele-
greji, pp. 80-81.
 241
It wae d e o wernod that Generd Tellpo Aagelee who wao la Boetoa Bight deeert
_ 23
Tille and Join Buerta* a movement.
On tho afternoon of June 26 Collector of Ouotoae Z.L. Oobb wired to the
Sooretary of State thet Huerte bed left Xenons Olty the prertouo dght for Bl
Peso eboerd the Book I eland railroad and that he wae expeotod to arrive l a Bl
Paso at 6:30 the following aoralng. Secretary of State Lanelng raplied thet Cobb
ohould cooperate with the Bl Paoo repreeentatlveo of tho Dopartaent of Justice. 8 4
Lota tbat alght Oobb learned froa rdlway offiolde that Buerte Iateaded t t leave
tha train et Bowaon, Bow Mtdco, eooe twenty allot north of Bl Peso. Slaeo there
was ao tiae to aek tte State Dopartaent for further Instructions, Ctbb Joined
Justice Dopartaent agent Boekhaa, two deputy marahde, and Colonel George B.
Morgan d t h twenty-five eoldlere and loft for Bowman to lntoroopt Huorta. When
they arrived at tte etation they found Paaeuel Oroseo together with Huerta* a aon-
ln-lew awaiting the train. Oroseo bed arrived la aa autoaobllo tte actor of
which he kept running ae if to spirit Huerta a or oae tte border.
The OUoago train arrived at Hewnan at 6x40 and when Buerta atepped froa
the train ho waa embraced by Orosco. At that aoaoat Deputy Mar end Bdward Bryant
stepped froa beUnd a pumphouss and inforaed the two generalo that te wished thaa
to accompany him dthout Uo being foreed to eaU on tht eoldlere of Colonel
Norgaa for aid. Huerte, hie oyoo hidden by a pair of dark glassee, listened to
ths Marshal's explanation and e d d y agreed to accompany U o . "I aa aow at your
ordere, gentlemen/ te odd ea ho etepped into a waiting ear. Oroseo waa mora
reluctant but aade no resistance. 2 6
28
IfJt 19131 IlRfJ.. Jane 26, 1915, p. 5:1,
24
Collector Cobb to Secretary of State, June 26, 1915, Tile 812.001
H87/20.
25
Bjw. Tork. Tiiej., June 28, 1915, p. 1:1; Collector Cobb to Secretary ef
State, June 27, 1916, Tile 812.001 H87/18.
 242
After being picked up by tho authorltiee Buerta and Oroseo were token to
the Tedoral Bdlding et Bl Paso. Short stops were aade at tho Bl Pa'ao Oountry
Club for rofreehaente and at the hoae of Buerte' e daughter. Clifford Bockhaa
of tht Department of Juet lee received ordora to hold the prieonero. Buerta
retained e suave exterior dthough Oroseo was inclined to be excitable. The
prisonere were held et tte Tederd Building until erowde out eide tte bdlding
grew eo great that Mayor Thomaa Lea ordered that they be taken to Tort Bliae for
eoeurity reaaone. Ae the generd s left the Tederd Building they were cheered
vlgorouely by e crowd of Mexloaa rafugeoe end eympathlssrs. Before leaving
Buerta thanked Cobb oordldly for the oourteoue treat aent given him. 20.
Tte two generde wore releaeed tbat aaae evening on bond; Huerta pooted
a bend of $15,000, aad Oroseo a bond of $7,500, Tte action was ordered by Dis-
trict Attorney J.L. Coup aad approved by United States Coaaiaslonar G.A. Oliver.
Beekheo aad S.L. Pinkney repreeenting the Dopartaent of Juetioe tried to have the
bondo set Ugter but Nayor Lea who acted ae attorney for tte defendants prsvented
this. Both Huorta aad Orosco pledged thsasslvoe to appear at the hearing. After
being freed Huorta want to the home of hie daughter in tte Medoan quarter of
«,
Bl .Paso. 27
The release of Huerta and Orosco led to many rumora concerning plot a and
raide acroas tho border. Huerta lneiatod that he waa on hia way to Los Aagelee
and San Trendsco to vlait tte Pecif ic coast and the Panaaa-Pecif le exhibition.
His reason for coming to Bl Paso, aoeordlng to tho Generd, wes to visit Us
daughter and eon-la-lav. Such otatemente did l i t t l e to eaae ths uncertainty In
nearby Cludad Juarez whore an attempt to take tte olty by Huerte-baekcd rebele

26
Sen. Antcdc Bxprejj., June 28, 1915, p. 1:4; Hew. Tork Tlmea. June 27,
1915, p. 1:1; Collector Cobb to Secretary of State, June 27, 1916, Tile 812.001
H87/18 and 21.
87
asB. 121*. Iia*A» June 27, 1916, p. 1:1.

mmmmmmmmmai!amaiaassxBBsaM—taima^
 243
0

wee expected. According to rumor Buerta was to have eroosed tte Bio Grande et
Zaragose ford in Orosco* s car. The Juarez garrison was to have mutinied and
joined Huorta when Oenerd Inee Sdeaar errived froo tte violnity of Ouseen d t b
2,000 l o y d Huertiet troope. A werehouee full of amnunltion purchased by Huerta
agente waa diacovered at Bl Paao.
Before Huerta* a release froa Tort Bllee te ted been vielted by hla eon
Jorge end General Roque Gooes who had fought d t h Orosoo during tte Oroseo rebel-
lion. In aa Interview at the hoeo of Ue daughter oa the evening of J d y 27
Huerta etated that he waa not intending to lead a rebellion.
*I d l l never enter Mexleo at tte hod of an creed force,* he eaid.
'I have retired froa the field eo e soldier udeos ay country ohould
need ay servicee against a forsiga foe. Z aa anxious to return to
Modeo. Zt is my home. But I will never return until after poaoe
le oetabliehed. Thie may take five or d x yeere.* 86
July 28 waa filled d t h oorreepondeaeo between governaent egeats in Texas
and tho Toderel Government. Tletorlano Huorta waa carefully watched by agente of
tho Secret Service while varioua aeane were considered to put Ua under euetody
egaln. It waa euggeoted that Huerta alght be held for deportation but there were
no grounds for doing so as hs had entered the oountry according to rogdotiono.
In tho ebeenee of Attorney General T.W. Gregory, hie assistant Charles warren was
la charge of tte affair at Waahlngton. Ho kept in oloao touch with Preeldent
Wllaon aad aent him cop lee of d l the correapondtnee with agente on the acone.
A telograa over the naao of Attorney General Gregory inatructed United Statea
Attorney Camp that the President desired ovorj effort to be aade to keep Huerte
from entering Mexico,

a
i i 1 t Xsxk lias** June 28, 1915, p. 1:1.
29
Assistant Attorney General Charlea Warren to President Woodrow Wllaon,
June 28, 1915, Tile 90755-U-8; Spoeid Agent Becker to the Attorney Ganerd,
June 28, 1915, Tile 90755-U-8; Attorney General T.W. Gregory to U.S. Attorney
Camp, June 28, 1916, Tile 9075547-5.

ammmmmfiammammmesammaBamKmi^m^mmmmMtmmmammaammmmmmmmmmmmm^
 344
Oollector of Cuetoos Cobb reported thet Huerta'e arreet had temporarily
taken the starch out of tho rebellion. Bs also stated that e circular had
appeared on the streete in Bl Paso d t h Huerta' e picture e d e headline in
Spadeh: "The Problea of tho peace and reorgadzation of Mexico l e treated by
General Tletorlano Huorta, a dictator io neoeoeary with e a r t i d lav to again
recognize the righto of foreigner a end to eliminate tte erialnd eleaent of
revolutlodata who today aaaail the Mexican nation." Cobb went on to report:
. • • I aa aorry to report that the Mayor of Bl Paoo wae employed
aa attorney for Huerta. TUe neceeeerily will affect the attitude
of the Bl Paao authorltlee. Buelneae continent here eeeae otrongly
d t h Buerta. I atrongly bdleve be can buy Juares authorltlee
whenever ha io ready . . . . If he gets that foothold; Tille would
probably oollapoe and Ua territory end foreee turn to Buerta.
Bothing stops Buerta aow in my opidon 30exoept apeculation in hla
Bind ae to tho attitude of WasUagtta.
On tht night of June 28 Huerta was tte guest of Colonel George H. Morgan
at a dinner given in hie honor by the commander of Tort Bliaa. It wae planned
that ho wodd review the troope on tte 30th aad the following day ho intended to
attend, d t h Orosco, a dinner given by the newspapermen. Huerta* a every move waa
carefully watched but this did not prevent U B from eeeing hundreds of U s former
sympatUssrs. Whenever he appeared in public, te wao greeted with shoute of
"Tlva Huorta'." and "Tiva la Fas en Mexico*"81
On J d y 29 Collector Cobb notified tte State Department that the situation
In Bl Paso was s t i l l ear!cue. The town was full of former Huerta offieere and
supporters and the buelneae Interesto were reported to favor hla. Cobb feared
ttet tte revolution alght prooeed dthout Huorta and etated that l t waa feared
that tte Huerta group wodd puah for an Immediate hearing. Although the govern-
ment charged Huerta d t h conepiraoy to violate United Statea aeutrdity, it had
no evidenee that wodd at and up in court. Huerta* a hearing waa acheduled for

° Collector Cobb to Secretary of State, June 28, 1915, Tile 90755-U-,

TTow Tork TJLmejs, June 29, 1915, p. 6:4.
 i..iuunJ»i»mj»»w—ww—w—U^JJM.
246
J d y 1 end l t wee expected that te eight be freed i f he did aot escape before
then. Cobb d s o recommended that Huerta and Orosco be taken further froa the
22
border ao aa to quiet things in Bl Paso.
In the meantime of forte by the Attorney Generd'a office to have Huerte' a
bond rdaed ware proving frultleea. United Statee Attorney Camp of San Antodo
and Aaoietaat United Statea Attorney Crawford of Bl Paao atatod ttet tte ailitary
were cooperating in tho coverage of Huorta and that the eituation eeemod aecure.
Camp, however, filed a complaint to have Huerta aoved to San Antonio.
Meanwhile Mexican agents end authorltlee wore attempting to break up tte
revolutionary plot. Authorltlea at Chihuahua City asked for the extradition of
Huorta, but the United Statee Government refueed elnce lt ted recognized no
Mexican Government. Oarranza'e oonfldentid agent, B. Arredondo, reported that
U e agente at Brownaville ted Indicated that there waa a group of Huertiet offi-
cers intrlgdng In ttet city. Reports froa Ragle Paaa, Gdveaton, and San Antonio
d e o intlaated that a plot wee in prograee d t h Telix Dtas aaong thoee involved.
A report froa How Orloane aentionod disturbing event a in that city. Twenty-one
Mexican offieere were said to have algaed a dedaratlon to support Dtaz. Tte
/ 3A
report d e o implicated Manuel Mondragon who was than in New Tork.
On tte following day the hearing for Buerte and Oroseo wae poatponed
until J d y 12. When Huerta left tte Toderel Building in XI Paeo, he waa greeted
by enthueieetic oheere from U e supportere. An unsigned communication from the
Bl Paao area, probably froa Cobb to the Secretary of State, etated that the
groateet danger in the Mod can situation atemmed from tte veakneaa of Tllla.
32
Collector Cobb to Sooretary of State, June 29, 1915, Tile 90755-4T-.
^ J . S . Attorney Camp to Attorney Generd, June 29, 1915, Pile 90765-U-7;
Aaelatant U.S. Attorney Crawford to Attorney General, June 29, 1915, Tile
90755-U-6 and 13.
e. Arredondo to Sooretary of State Lansing, June 29, 1915, Tile 90755-
U-30; Telegram to tte Justice Department, Juno 29, 1915, Tile 90765-D-.
 246
Conditiona under Tllla ware ao poor that he waa eaid to have loot a good dad ef
U s forasr popularity. Tte communication concluded:
Conditions are ripe for Huorta. I have etudled many of tte Med can
leaders. In personal contact Huerta ehowe greater force than any ef
thoa. Ho lmprooeed me ae being dangerouely sober and reeoureoful
rather than the drunkard te has been pictured . . . .**
The frlondlineoe between Colonel Morgan of Tort Bliss and Huerta was
causing considerable comment, and on J d y 30 Secretary of bar Llndley Oarrleon
admitted having reprimanded the Tort Bllas commander for hia dinner in Huerta'a
honor and particdarly for the projected review of tte troopo by Huerta. Colonel
Morgan replied that Huerta ted been Invited to the dinner aa a private d t i s e n
and that the projeoted review wae rarely the regular monthly auater and not a
epecial event for Huerta. Huerta, anticipating difficulty for Morgan, dedined
to review the troopo on the grounds thet te eodd not atand the heat. Throughout
thie period Buerta continued to confer with Medoan offieere and to reoelve bales
of telegraao. 36
Since l e g d action againet Huerte waa impozzible for the present, the
United States Governaent began taking atepa to diecourage other plottore In tte
Bl Paao area. On July 30 Generd Salvador Merc*do, Orozco' a Chief of Staff, was
arreeted and releaaed on bond. Two other Huerta supporters were arreeted aad
raloeeed on bond thet aaae day end together with tte arreata of J d y 27 the
actiona dlacouragod numoroue Mexican leadera who hurriedly fled HI Paoo. Reporte
from northern Mexico Indicated ttet bande of armed men were prepared to spring
to Huerta'a aid. Largs numbers of rifles and machine guns discovered in the
Mexican quarter of Bl Peso did much to verify reporte of intended retelllone
egalnat the exletlng Mexican factlone.

35
Collector Cobb cto Secretary of States June 30, 1915, Tile 812.001
H87/25; cCollector Cobb to Department of 8tate3 June 30, 1915, Tile 90755-U-.
SSX. York Tinea. July 1, 1915, p. 4:3.
37.
Ibid.. J d y 1, 1915, p. 4:3.
 247
Tte high feeling in Bl Paao waa oaualng oonalderable uncertainty aaong
the governaent agents in that d t y . On J d y 1 Collector Cobb again aaked that
Huerta be reaoved froa the city and cited rumore of a daah between e deputy
aaretel and e reporter after Huerta's hearing ae evidence of tho etralred rela-
tione regarding tho Huerta eaae. On J d y 2 Attorney Generd Gregory caked Judge
Camp ef San Antonio to aake auggeatioao about the possible removal of Huerta, Ht
d s o stated that tte Secretary of War bad given ordere to the aray to keep Huerta
froa croedng tte border. A short time later tte Attorney General asked Camp to
go personally to Bl Paoo to aid Aedztant United Statee Attorney Crawford,28
Aaerlcan o f f l d d e were aot relieved by account a froo private eoureee.
On J d y 2 Hugh H. Obear, a WaoUngton, D.C., attorney, wrote to Aesistant Attoraey
Generd Warren regarding e report froa BrownevUle, Texas, that General Medina
Barron, Major Levya and otter foraer federd offieere had left for Corpus Christ!
where they were to receive audtlons recently purchased by Telix Dies in Havana.
Rumora ttet Blanquet and Mondragon were Involved were not eoothod by Blanquet*a
atatement that te had arrived In Hew Tork in late June a d ted not eoamranleated
d t h Huorta for ton months.39
The next morning aaw a dramatic change in the eituation. When the three
agent a and three eoldlere who were guarding the hoae of Pascuel Orozeo went to
tte door of the houae, they diacovered that Orosco had escaped. He ted apparently
climbed out a dndow and ee coped beUnd tte cover of come ohrubbery, Ae a reeult
of the escape of Orosco, Huorta and five otters vera rearrested on a federd
warrant issued et San Antonio. Huerta*s bond wae eet at $15,000 and he refueed to
meet i t , Husrta waa exceedingly angry and reslstsd arrest with vigor. He

""Collector Cobb to Secretary of State, J d y 1, 1915, Tile 812,001 H87/27;

Attorney Generd Gregory to U.S. Attorney Camp, J d y 2, 1915, Pilo 90755-U-16.
39
Hugh H. Obear to Aeelet&nt Attorney Generd, Jdy 2, 1915, Tile 90755-
U-20; Hew Tork Times. J d y 2, 1915, p. 4:4.
 248
telegraphed to U s agents In Hew Tork for aoney and proteotod to Chief Juetioe
WUte of tte Supreae Court eonoerdng Us treatacnt:
I have tte honor to infers you of tho following affaire:
Ttet the repreaentatlvea of the Judicial Dopartaeat of tte Govern-
aent In t U e olty, hove, dthout Just reason, aoleeted ae and ay
faally here. I ea already under arreet here under certeln ohargoe
end have furnished bond d t h tte lood authorltlee. How I have
boon rearreated.
I respsetfdly esk ea order froa your court ttet your
repreeentatlvoa here be lnetructed to t e l l aa of tte duties I oa
to perfora aad the conduct I must puraue la order that henceforth
they aay leave ae and my faally unmoleetad.
When Huerta appeared before Commlzeloner Oliver, te repeated his protects
and wten i t waa aekod that the bond bo eat at $100,000, Huerta eaked to be heard,
WUle I reepeet tha lawa of thie oountry . . . I muet protect
against the methode ttet have been used hers since I wae arreeted.
I gave the bond demanded. Then I wee guarded like a prisoner who
had not given bond.
Turning toward Deputy Marshal, Bdward Bryant, Huerta's eyea flaahed as he accuaed
hla of fmiling to roapoet tho Huerta faally:
Having held high poeition . . . i t is natural that I ehodd have
enoalea, and these are the ones who are Baking tte trouble. I
eaae here to vlelt ay daughter and then go to San Traneleeo, But
no, I aa a revolutlodtt; I aa a trouble Baker; I suet be arreeted
and ay hoae turned into a prieon. I oannot eat, cannot oloop, and
cannot t d k without aaplonage. I aa mortified and ay faally la
ateaed.
Huerta criticized Bryant for Uo exceedve vigilance. Referring to an inddent
in which Bryant had pushed Huerta' a aadl grandaon from the running board of an
automobile ae Huerta waa being taken to the Court Houee Huerta acid, "Had I not
been placed in the circumstances in which I was . . . I would have shot him."*®
Since Huerta did not poet tho required $15,000 bond, ho was taken to the
County Jail late on ths afternoon of Jdy 3. The five men jailed with Huerta
were J.B. Ratner, hie interpreter, Generd Ignacio Bravo, General Iduardo Caua,
Ganerd Jose Dolgado and Enrique Ooroetieta, All of tte prieonero were charged

40
Hew Tork Tinea. J d y 4, 1915, p. 4:1.
 249
d t h conspiracy to violate American neutrality lawe, Wten they reached tte
searching rooa at the Jell, Huerta, not waiting to be ••arched, gave hie puree to
the Provoet Marshd aad told hla to give the $30 l t contained to tte poor. He
kept U s oesodc charm and watch and aent U e other Jewelry to Us daughter.
After the formalities Husrta was placed In a narrow cell.
Shortly after Huerta waa aent to tte county Jail, Collector Cobb d r e d to
tte Secretary of State aadng that Huerta be reaoved froa Bl Paoo before aordng
aa action by tte Mexican eleaent alght lead to ssrloua trouble whieh would end
d t h Huorta appearing to be a martyr. At the aaae time Wllliaa B. Wilson, Soore-
tary of Labor, contacted tte Attorney Generd and told U a that since at tempt a
to deport Huerta wodd interfere d t h the plane of tte Dapartoent of Just lot. Us
department would etep ite procoedinge dong thoae lines and merely cooperate in
keeping Huerta froo crossing into Medoo. Tte weakneaa of tte government'e case
agalnat Huerta aaema to have led to tho origind efforto of tte ladgration
aervice.

With the hearing for the Huorta eaae aet for Jdy 12 the government felt
that Huerta could not be held beyond that date. It waa oonaiderod oertain that
Huerta would poet bond for tho required amount and that d l legal moans of detain-
ing Ua wodd be exhaueted. In the meantime Huerta epent hla days In a run-down
Jail wharo he was closeted with drunke and petty crtmlnde. He kept hie name
before the people by frequent interviewa in which ho ahoved c d a good humor.
On July 4 te said te would wait until July 12 before posting bond.
Tor why shodd I go to tte trouble of furnishing a bond ody to be
baraaaed aa I waa by tte deputlee, and to have my daughter's faally
frightened, only to be rearreated and aubjeoted to aora lndlgnltloef

aew Tork Tlaoe. Jdy 4, 1915, p. 4:2,

^Collector Cobb to Sooretary of State, July 3, 1915, TUe 812.001 H87/34;

Secretary W.B. Wllaon to Attorney General, July 3, 1915, Tile 90755-U-23.
 250
Ths Generd spent U s tias studying Bngllsh froa a Tirst Reader, Ee said:
See here what I ea doing • • • when you eoae to eee oo again for
the gfw. Tork Tlmae I will give you aa interview e l l in Snglleb,
for I have learned such today. See here I have a dictionary, and
toaorrov one of ay attorneys tee proaioed as a speller, so that
I aay eontinue ay atudleo while I em the guest of my good friend,
Mr. Blllott.
Huorta, who wae dresssd ody In baggy trousers and an undershirt, continued:
It Is e l i t t l e dose in here, so you aust excuse me If I
ea not dressed. But I have bssa ia cleoer places before, and I
aa enjoying tte novel experience of being in Jell in liberty-
loving Aaerloa on the very day you odebrate liberty and just lee
end indeptttdenoe . . . .
I oo well treated here. Senor Buck cBlllottj bringa ae
loo water and cigarettes. Tte loo water le a l i t t l e tUn; ad I
have not ted a drink for thoee one-two-three-four daye. 48
By Jdy 6 tte eituation waa baeoaing exceedingly diff i c d t for d l con-
corned, Huerta* s faaed stubbornness lsd Ua to refuse bond udess be wae dlowed
freedom of action. At the eaae time tte County J d l was no place for a prleoaer
of Huerta* s stature and Ue plight gained hla considerable sympathy. Tha atraln
of oonfineaont broke down Ua atolelea and te aade UgUy emotional coaplainte
againet the actions of tte United Statee Governaent.
I, who aever haraed an American . . . but ody gave thorn protection
at tte riek of ay own l i f t , aa being treated ee e common criminal
here ia this hole of a j a i l . If there l e any Justice in WaoUngton,
I d l l be releaeed and aeaured ttet I d l l not be wateted by Tilla
agente and Deputy Merabda; othordee I readn here.44
Tho Udted Statea Government waa frantically ssedng a way out of the
eituation. On J d y 6 tte Attorney General ordered United Statea Maretel J.H.
Roger a to leave Auetln and proceed to Bl Paso. Ho wao ordered to confer with
Attorney Camp and United States Oommissioaer Oliver about the duties of hlaself
and U s men. Obviously i t was feared that Huarta would teve to be released. At
the aaae time Caap questioned the Attorney General about tho poealblllty of the

aBH IfilX llHSR» Joly 6, 1916, p. 6:2; Aaalatant Attorney General Warren
Cto Woodrow Wilaons July 5, 1915, TUa 90755-U-24.

aew Tork Ttaea. July 7, 1915, p. 6:3.

 251
ailitary providing a guard for the border so e s to catch Huorta la tho aot of
eroeoing. Tte tenee eituation led to a euggeotloa thet Huerta alght vdve hie
hearing and be bound over to the Grand Jury. He wodd tten be turned over, d t h
U s eonoent, to tte nil Itery authorltlee at Tort Bllae. Such action wodd have
advantagea for d l concerned. Proa Huerta'a etandpolnt lt auet teve boea obvioua
that udeeo te could be legally proven innocent, he wodd not be dlowed to
eaoape eurveUlanoe, and from tho government'e etandpolnt Huerta wodd be removed
to a place where he had no popdar support and placed In oondltione fitting hie
former poeition.
While the question of Huerta'e detention faced the government, reporte
continued to pour in ooncardng moveaente of a d l i t a r y nature by variouo rebel
groupe in Modeo and in tho Udted Statee. On J d y 7 the Attorney General rtrad
Attorney Camp that tte ailitary wodd be willing to provide quartere and sub-
sistence for Huerta and soae deputy aerate!e i f custody would readn with tte
aarztele and tho ailitary would not have to aosuae responsibility. Camp sooa
replied that an agreeaoat ted been reacted for the transfsr of Huerta to Tort
Bliss.
It ted been rumored that Huerta might give Ue word ttet he wodd etay
away froa tho border in return for a lowered bond. He eoon ended eny eueh
thoughts by making e s tat scant to tte preee:
I d l l agree to no comproalae that d l l in any way reatriet
my liberty . . •
I d l l leave tUa JeU ody if my departure la uneondltiond . . .
aa I consider that I have done nothing wrong end previously teve given
my word to f d f i l l the condltione of ay bond. I prefer to reaala la
ay cell rather than agree to any other torae to obtain my liberty. 4 7

45
U.S. Attorney Camp to Attorney Generd, J d y 6, 1915, TUe 90755-U-27
and 28; Attorney General Gregory to Captain J.H. Rogora, Jdy 6, 1915, Tile
90755-U-29.
46
Attorney Generd Gregory to U.S. Attorney Camp, Jdy 7, 1915, and U.S.
Attorney Camp to Attorney Generd, J d y 7, 1915, Tile 90755-U-31.
47
Bow Tork Tines. July 9, 1916, p. 11:3.
 253
On July 9 after six days in tte Bl Paso County J a i l , Huorta agreed to
waive Ue hearing and wae taken before Udted States Coeds si oner George B,
Oliver who continued hie bond at $15,000 and turned Urn over to Marahal J .H.
Roger a, who ted recently arrived In Bl Paao. Rogero took Huorta to Tort Bliss
where te was lodged in bachelor quartere such as those used by young aray offi-
cers. Ia waiving his tearing Tietorlaao said, "I admit no crime. I merely waive
examination to eixpllfy mattore. I do not care to give bond if I aa to reaala
under guard. Take me beck to J d l or to Tort Bliee, ee you dab." Huerta* a aov
quarters provided for a reasonable amount of coafort and ooao free AOB of aoveaont.
At the eaae tiae Huerta was transferred, J.B, Batner was granted a reduc-
tion ef hie bond to $5,000 aad releaeed. Blghty-two year old Generd Ignaeio
Bravo waa released on U s owa recogdsanoo, aad Bnrique Ooroetieta a d Generd
Joee Delgedo were releaaed on bond. With tte tranafer of Buerta a relieved
Collector Cobb wrote to ths Secretory of State that tte Bl Paso opleode wee
dosed. Buerte would not eoao to t r l d until December under tte pleas then
edeting. 4 8
Although Huerta pretended to be Indifferent about hie fate, there lo no
doubt that conditions in the County Jail contributed to his desire to be trana-
ferred to Tort Bliea. The eituation of Uo fellow prioonere evidently touched
him for a few daye after Ue release froa tte Jail te wrote a letter to tte
prltoners and offered then U e telp at any time ttey alght be in need of l t after
thoy were releaeed. He d s o cent $200 for tho purchase of cigar et tee and candy
for tte prisoners and an additional $50 for a woman prisoner who wae serving a
l i f e eenteneo. He waa greatly relieved to be at Tort Biles, and on J d y 10 be
waa interviewed on the porch of hla new quartere while te watched troop mensuvors
d t h aa eager eye. He eeldi

48
San Antonio Bxprese. J d y 10, 1915, pp. 1:1 and 2:2; Collector Cobb to
Secretary of Stats, J d y 9, 1915, Tile 812.001 H87/46,
 363

To a aen who tee eerved in an aray aore than tUrty yeare • . • you
oaa reellse e l i t t l e of what it aeant to be transferred froa a hot,
equalld Jail to ailitary quartere aueh aa tteae . . . . It io oool
here. An orderly bringa ay aeela. I have tte freedoa of tte bar-
reoke, end aore thaa anytUng also, I like tte glint on tho gune and
the traap of feet as tte troops drill and tte sentries paee their
beets. Tte guards around tte bdlding are needless. BverytUng Is
so pleasant in thla military coop that I woddn't leave If I had
the chance,4*
Since l t wae obvioue that Huerta wodd bo detained In Texaa for eooe
time. U s d f e and family deoided to join him there. A hoae wao rented in Bl
Paeo and the Huerta faally aoved In to await the releaae of the General. In the
aeantlBO tho Generd wae content to remain at Tort Bliee whore he gave oecaaiond
intorvievo during which te aaintained that ha had no intention of going to Mexleo.
On J d y 15, te odd:
Mexleo haa a wonderful hietory. Her man are great even her
bandite are great. Someday I may go back over there, but l t will be
to aaaoelate d t h the patrlote to reetoro peace end to take tte
country out of tte tends of those blood-thirsty leeetee who have boon
sucking her l i f e blood.
My enemiee are trying to make capital out of tte flag Incident
at Tampieo. That wae an affair between net lone. It waa not done by
aa poraonelly. I waa aany alios distant in Mexico City. An irrespon-
sible aan did ttet and they tried to aake at the scapegoat for hio
acts in order to humiliate me, those who today hove placed ae here la
Tort Bliss. But I represented ay country and would not eee l t hurtl-
iated. Tour oountry uoed l t ae a pretence and I auffared. But ao
one tea ever, can ever, say that a single American hoe ever suffered
at the hands of Tletorlano Huerta. I protected your nationale, and
for that I aa Imprisoned. I aa now tho one who practleea "watchful
waiting." We wait for the time when the TUlae, aad Tlerroa and the
Urblnaa and the otter bandite have cut each other'e throate, then
d l l wo go back end b d l d e groat country out of tte rulne.50

Huerta remained et Tort Bliee for tte next few weeks dthout cauelng
trouble but te was not Intending to make the tesk of the Udted Statee Government
eaey. On July 26 hie name again hit the hoadlinea when he aent dree to the
Chief Juet ice of the Supreme Court, the Attorney General and German Ambassador
Bernetorff. Although worded differently the telegraas said eeaentially the aaae

San Antodo Bxpreec. Jdy 13, 1915, p. 1:3; J d y 11, 1915, p. 1:2.
aow Tcrk Tlmee. J d y 14, 1915, p. 4:6; J d y 16, 1915, p. 4:5.
 254
thing. That to the German Ambaasador atatod:
I aa at Tort Bllea and my houaehold consisting of thirty or thirty-
five persona who are at tte eity ef Bl Paeo are aot accorded guaran-
teee of eay Und. I d e h to know whether tho Government of Ua
Iaperld MaJeety you so worthily repreeent in Washington can do me
tte favor of protecting ay d f e and children, as tte officers of the
Toderel American Justice in ttet city do not lot them deep or eat
aad aeareh ay hose at d l l ,
Tte Goraan Government ted obvloualy loat hope regarding Huerta, for Bernetorff
quickly washed hie tends of the affair by turning tte information over to the
American Secretary of State. 6 1
Aa a roault of Huerta* s complaint a tte Attorney Generd ordered Aaslstant
United Statee Attoraey R.E. Crawford to aea Huerta and die cover the cause of U e
complainte. Crawford eoon dlacovered the 1 mediate basis for Huerta'e statements.
On J d y 26 Tietorlaao was allowed to aake hie flret vlait to tte houao in Bl Paao
whore Ua faally was ataying. Deputy Marshal J.B. DuBoso had given permission
for tte vlelt provided there was no large crowd at tho Huerta reddence, Barly
on the afternoon of the 26th Clifford Beckham end B.B. Stone, two agenta of tho
Dopartaent of Juet ice, vlaited tte hoae to check upon tho situation. They wore
dlowed to search tte house and found no pereone there except members of the
femily. When Huerta errived at his hoae, hie d f e Informed him of the search and
he beoaae angry elnce ho ted not previcualy been Informed ttet the house would be
eearched. Crawford'a explanation that eueh aearchee were almply routine eeeme to
teve convinced tte Generd and tte matter paaeed dthough he felt that tte faally
had been unneceaearily frightened. 62

Buerta's confinement at Tort Bliss was without Incident for tte following
three aonths. He grew gradudly more reetleee in the cloee confinement of hia

Huorta to the CUef Juatico of the Supreme Court, July 26, 1915, Tile
90755-U-41; Huorta to Ambassador Bernetorff, July 26, 1915, Tile 812.001 H87/52.
62
Attorney Generd Gregory to Assistant U.S. Attorney Crawford, July 27,
1915, TUe 90765-U-45; Aaalatant U.S. Attorney Crawford to Attorney Generd,
Jdy 28, 1915, Tile 90755-0-46}.
mmwmmwmmwmwmwmmwmmmmMmwmwmMmmwmmmwmmmwmwmmmmwmmmwm^

266
quartere elnce te bad alwaye been very active, and te eoon began drinking heavily
whieh te bed not done for e coneiderablo length of tiae. Toward tho end of Ooto-
bor te fell i l l d t h e jaundice-like condition. On Boveaber 1 U s attorneys,
Lsa, MeGrady aad Thoaason, wrote to Attorney Camp at San Antonio stating ttet
ttey felt that, due to tte fact that Huerta'a health sad spirit had been broken
by close confinement, he ehodd be releaeed on bond, TUa path bed dwaye boon
open but i t was feared that another agency of tte governaent would olmply enroot
Huerta when te waa released. The situation had changed greet ly d t h regard to
Modeo. A desperate Woodrow Wileoa had rscogaised tte government of Oarransa
and tte Medoan eituation had been etablllsed to the point whore Huerta wodd
S3

have l i t t l e scope for aetion i f ho were releaeed.

Udted Statee Attorney Camp, who tstas to have boon soaowhat out tf touch
d t h tte situatloa, forwarded tte requeet by Huorta' a attorneys to tha Attorney
Oenerd on Boveaber 3 . He rocoaatnded that Huarta be kept in Uo proeent quar-
tere. The follortng day Aaaietant Attorney Crawford sent a different interpreta-
tion to the Attorney Generd:
Huerte le in bad hedth. Rao boos dr'nUng heavily. Condition may
bsooas serious* Doctor's advise to be takea hospital or hoae. He
refuses to go to ailitary hospltd. His death under proeent condi-
tions would be unfortunate. Could be safely guarded et U s boas la
olty. What do you advise?
On Boveaber 5 tte Attorney Generd authorized United States Marshd Rogers to
remove Huerta to hla hoae or a heapital aad aaked Crawford to cooperate with
hi..54

53
Lea, MeGrady and Thoaason to U.S. Attorney Camp, Hovember 1, 1915, Pile
90755-U-58; Hew Tork Tlmoo. Hovember 2, 1915, p. 3:4.
U.S. Attorney Camp to Attorney General, Hovember 3, 1915, Tile 90755-U-
58; Aaaietant U.S. Attorney Crawford to Attorney General, November 4, 1916, Tile
90755-U-54; Attorney General Gregory to Aaaietant U.S. Attorney Crawford, Novem-
ber 5, 1915, Tile 90755-U-54; Attorney Generd Gregory to U.S. Marshd Rogera,
Hovenbor 5, 1915, Tile 90755-U-55.
— — — — — I I III! — — — — — W — i l l . Ill • . U l l • • I . III I I I I I I I W I I • I M I I I L I . I I I . I I I I I . I I " V

266
The actual tranafer of Huerte waa to be under the aupervialon of Deputy
Maratel DuBoao and Aaaietant United Statee Attorney Crawford. It wae hoped ttet
Huerta wodd agree to being aoved to tte Hotel Dleu, but since te refueed to go
anywhere except his hose, Marahdl Roger a agreed tax t ha ehodd be sent there
dthough te felt ttet security would bo aore difficult to attain at tha latter
place. It waa expected that Huerta wodd be left at hia home until he waa brought
65^-
before the Grand Jury in January.
In the meantime developmente in tha invoetigation of ths Huerta plot were
taking piece rapidly after a alow otart. On Boveaber 6 United Statea Attorney
Camp wired to the Attorney General tbat te had uncovered evidence which te felt
wodd lead to the conviction of Huerta and requested tte eld of two specie!
agents. The break la the case appears to teve come as a resdt of the detailed
confession of Jose Orosoo, a cousin of Peseuel Orozeo, who beeaae angry when hie
bond waa not paid by Ua aaaooiatee. Siaoo Paacual Orozoo ted been Ulled in
Modeo a few wo eke earlier, Joee probably felt l i t t l e further loyalty to the
cauae. He etated that there waa eleven ailllon do liar a behind the Huerta aovemont
which ted been furnleted by tte clerlod party in Mexico. He also told of large jj
amount a of munitions and indicated numerous local off i e l d s in Bl Paso.56
On December 8 Deputy Marshd J.B. SuBose aoved Huerta back to Tort B'llea
after becoming disturbed by reports that te was about to escape. Aaaietant
Attorney Crawford agreed to the change and when DaBoae want to piek up Huorta at
three in the afternoon he found the atmosphere at the Huerta hose like that at a
funeral. Ho said that not a member of tte Huorta family wodd speak to him.
Huerta was feeling somewhat better at this time but he was s t i l l not in good

^ 7 . 3 . Marshd Rogers to Attorney General, Hovember 6, 1915, Tile 90755-U-

59; U.S. Marshal Rogers to Deputy Maratel DaBoae, November 6, 1916, file90755-U-59.
TJ.S. Attorney Camp to Attorney Generd, Boveaber 5, 1915, TUe 90755-U-
56; Aaslstent U.S. Attorney Crawford to Attorney General, Hovember 6, 1916, TUe
90755-U-57; Clipping from San Antonio Bxpress. Hovember 6, 1915, Tile 90755-U-58,
 257

health. Hla new quartere at Tort Bliee were in e bungalow d t h stsaa teat which
S7
was considerably acre ploasant then hla earlier quarter a.
Huerta* a health qdckly deteriorated after he waa returned to Tort Bliee.
On Deeeaber 23 United Statea Marahd Rogers wee inforaed that Huerta waa not
improving and ttet te roaeiaed in bed aoet of the tiae. Tlve daya later Deputy
Marshal DoBose aoved Huorta to hie hoae et tte requeet of Aaoietaat Attorney
Crawford. Hie guarda were dao moved eo ttet they eight keep Huerta under sur-
veillance. On Deeeaber 28 Huerta'e attorney, R.B. Thoaaeon, d r e d tte Attorney
General that Huerta waa dangerously i l l and that there waa alight ohence for hie
recovery. He aekod that the guarda be reaoved froa around Huerta'$ house. A
eoamualcation froa Assistant United States Attorney Crawford confirmed ths report
68
of Huorta's condition.

On Dsceabor 29 Assistant Attorney Orawford wired Attorney Camp t t e t l t

wee unlikely Huerte wodd bt obit to go to Sen Antonio to feoe the Grand Jury in
early January. Jk. H.B. Stevenaon had Inforaed Crawford that te felt Buerta wodd
die of hia lllneaa within a ehort time. Two daye later a dmilar report came froa
Crawford and he recoaaonded that Huerta be releaeed on Ua own recognizance, whieh
59
wao done on January 3, 1916.
Huerta's condition grew rapidly worse and on January 1, 1916, he waa
operated upon for gall bladder trouble. One of tte physicians atatod that he
felt Huerta wao probably suffering froa cancer of tte bladder. Tte next day
Huorta* s condition was s t i l l felt to be serious end l t was reported that the

57
U.S. Maratel Rogers to Attorney General, December 11, 1915, Tile 90755-
U-61; Hew Tork Tlaee. Deeeaber 10, 1915, p. 16:5.
58
U.S. Maratel Roger* to Attorney Generd, December 27, 1915, Tile 90755-
U-70; U.S. Attorney Camp to Attorney General, December 26, 1916, TUe 90755-U-65;
R.B. Thoaaeon to Attorney General, December 28, 1915, Tile 90755-U-64.
U.S. Attorney Camp to Attorney Generd, December 29, 1915, Tile 90755-
U-68; Assistant U.S. Attorney Crawford to Attorney Generd, December 31, 1915,
Tile 90755-U-70; U.S. Attorney Camp to Judge T.S. Naxey cno date3 File 90755-U-72.
 268

surgeons bad found "symptoms of a aoro complicated dl eaeae* than gaU bladder
trouble, Tte pbyalcian who operated was Dr. M.P. Schuster aad tte method of the
operation which was perforaed dthout anaesthetic gave riee to curioua rumors*
It was later stated mad widely believed ttet a man claiming to be a doctor had
odled at the Huorta hoae late one night and examined Ganerd Huerta. He then
etated that Huerta needed aa Immediate operation. The aysterious stranger was
said to have operated and then left tte house dthout eeving up Ua incisions
thereby cauoing Huerta* e death. The above tale although alnoet beyond belief was
quoted by aeveral normally reliable sour oae and may well have been brought into
edetence by tht fact ttet Dr. Schuattr operated upon Huerta without anatettetle.
On January 3 Huerte underwent a tapping operation to remove fluid froa
hla lnteatlnd tract where l t had accumulated ainoe the firat operation. The
follodng day he waa dodered to be out of danger ae te appeared to be fooling a
good ded better. After a short period of Improvement Huerta began to gradudly
weaken until on January 12 a l l hope for hia recovery waa given up. Late lu the
afternoon hia faally waa called to hie bedalde and the laet sacrament a were
adminiatared. A eupplementary will waa drawn up and algned by Huerta at 10 P.M.
He wae e t i l l conscious at 11:30 but was grodng rapidly weaker. He lingered
until the next evening when te f l n d l y died qdetly after praying for the for-
glveneaa of hie enOmiea. A poet mortem roveded ttet Huerta waa suffering froa
cirrhosis of tte liver dthough Ue death wae oaueed by internal teaorrhage.
On January 12 tho eaae agalnat Huerta came before the Grand Jury and
Buerta waa indicted. Hia eaae waa sst for trial in May 1916. Huerca'a d l l pro-
vided ttet moat of hla possessions were to go to Ue d f e . Unfortunately he had

60
San Antonio Bxpreaa. January 2, 1916, p. 3:3 and January 3, 1916, p.2:3;
gov. Tork Times. January 3 , 1916, p. 5:2.

Hew Tork Times. January 4, 1916, p. 24:2 and January 13, 1916, p. 3:2;
g&fl. ^Btonio Srproili January 5, 1916, p. 4:2, January 13, 1916, p. 1:6 and
January 14, 1916, p. 1:1.

•aWBa«»»«MBMaB»»M«Ma«M^MMMBMWMgaW—KMM«WWM—BMM«M«BBa»tgi>ittai) I llll [ maeSSSSSSSS

 259
l i t t l e aoney and Ue wife waa aooa in a bad flnanold eituation. Tour daye after
the death of Huerta she wrote a letter to President Wilson asking for tte release
of her aon-ln-law who ted boon jelled in connection with tte Huorta plot.
My husband Tietorlaao Huerta is aow dead. I cannot know of
tte effeot, i f any, of hia death on you, but for ae, i t tee reeultod

I in leaving ae a rtdov ia an alien land, and ay oUldren, ooao of

them s t i l l dnore, ars l t f t dthout tte protecting hand of a fatter.
With hie laet conscious breath, ha waa noble enough to breathe
e prayer of forgiveness for d l thoee who ted wronged U a . I cannot
but feel, now that te lieo cold lu death, oil pereocutlcn ohould
oeaee; but today, ay son-in-law Luis Tuentes, on whoa I lean in ay
great sorrow was arreeted by the governaent, and hod i t not been for
tte greet charity of American friends, ay son-in-law wodd have been
eeat in Jail, ae was ay hueband; for I ea honored and ay huaband
honored Uaeolf a d ay eUldrea, In dying penniless outside of whet
email iatereete te may yet have left in U e own unhappy fatherland,
froa wUch, by your assistance, te was expatriated.
May I not expect, air, now that death has dosed U e eyes,
that you and your governaent, in living, will be eo aagnadnoue ae te
waa in tte preeence of death, and that whatever persecution he aay
teve been subjected to in l i f e , d l l not be vielted on U e widow and
eUldron, during tte tiae ttey auet reaala in thie great country of
youre, and until they eaa return d t h tho duet of t h d r fatter to
their own bdovod Mexleo.
May I not, air, expect thie of you end oak l t of you, ao tte
telpleea ddow of one who, though now dead, eodd have brought peeoe
i f left unhampered to ay unhappy country.**
lather Trend a P. Joyce, the aray chaplain vho ted attended Huerta while
te was at Tort Biles, became completely convinced of Huerta*s innocence of tte
death of Madero, end after the Generd* a death te took lt upon hlaeolf to try and
telp Sonera Huerta obtain tte bond aoney that was held by the United States
Governaent. In a letter to General Melntyre of Tort Bliss a abort tiae efter
Huerta'a death, he atatod that Huerta* e ddow would aoon bo completely deotltute
udess money wUch had gone for U s own bond and that of ottere arreeted with him
oould be recovered. Tether Joyce atatod that since Huerta* a aona had been trained
for tho ailitary and knew no Bnglioh they could do l i t t l e to telp their Bother
finanetally. Joyce dtacrlbed Huerte ae "the aoet lovable and the moot elendered

Emilia Agttlle Dva. do Huerte to Woodrow Wileon, January 17, 1916, Tile
90755-U-.
 360
aan I ever knew." Although come of tho bond money eeeme to have been released
in 1916, at least part of it remained in government hands for aa late ae 1920
A3

Tether Joyce waa at i l l attempting to telp Sonera Huerta. Tte unfortunate

flnanold eituation in wUch Huerta*a ddow found heraelf efter her bueband'e
death eoeae to be adequate addltiond proof ttet Huorta did not carry off large
quantities of aoney froa Msdoo wten he fled tte oountry, aa te ted been accuaed.
Hie way of l i f e while in e d l e wae comparatively eimple and ttero le no evidence
ttet he put large amount a of money into the revolutionary movement of 1915.

63
Tile 812.001 E87/58-64.
 SUMMARY

Tletorlano Huerta waa brought up in the tradition of Mexican military

life. He became one of Modeo* s loading generds and at the same time he learned
to be somewhat ruthleee in hie methodo. A coneervative of tte Porflrio Diaz type,
ho s t i l l retained sufficient flexibility to realise that economic reform was
neeeeeary in Mexico.
Huerta* s groateet god wae to reetoro order end poaoe to Mexico dthough
te certaidy hoped to retain political control hlaeolf. In hie atteapte to
aeUevo order hla net node were aometlmee unpleasant. In particular Huerta tended
to allow great freedom of motion to subordinatea who frequently coadttod bloody
crimes. Many of these crlaea wore oommltted dthout the Preeldent'e knowledge.
Ao e political leader i t le difficult to determine what Huerta'a potentialHiee
were, for te never had a chance to display thea except under extreme preeeuro.
Preeldent Wileon, who believed Buerta to be responsible for tha death of
Trendsco Madero, quickly took a stand in oppoeltion to Huerta. Because of
Wilson'a poeition varloua rebel groups, which dght have been easily crushed,
gained strength and aa tho preooure from the United Statea mounted, theoo groupe
gradudly gdnsd the upper hand in Mexico. Huerta, who was far more pro-United
Statea than U s opponents, gradually gave way before rebel forces and In J d y
1914 roaigned hla poaltion.
Although a conaervative, Huerta was enough of a realist that he dght have
favored reform to a degree sufficient to pacify the nation. Much tee boon eaid
about Huerta' a drinking. Although there ie no doubt that Huerta did drink exceo-
eively, this tended to be a symptom of the hopolessneoa of his situation. There

261
 263
Is l l t t l s evidence that Buerta's drlnUng interfered d t h his ability to govern
the nation during tte early part of Ue presidency when tho outlook for Ue
government was fairly bright.
There eaa be l i t t l e doubt that Huerta has been Judged too eeverely by
U etory. Ho haa been charged with tte murder of Madero, for which there le
l i t t l e or no proof. He hoc been painted ee an ignorant drunkard, wUle te wee
oertaldy not uneducated aad hie drinking waa leee tten tee been imagined.
Huerta tee been treated aa an indivldud who wae hopeleedy incompetent to r d e
e nation wten U s qudlfieatlone were bettor than thoee of many of tht men who
sought to dlsplaoe Ua. General Huerta waa oertaldy not the Ideal aan to rule
Modeo in 1913, but te was moot eertaldy ae good a prospeot as Carrenze, Tllla
or Zapata and probably a better proapart than aay of thea. Without Wileon* o
interference i t l e conceivable ttet Huorta might teve pacified the nation and teve
grudgingly put Modeo upon a road to gradual refora. Hie politioal philosophy
would not have dictated ouch a course but his r e d lorn might have done ao. Huerta
waa denied the opportudty to demonatrate his ability a d Mexleo was plungsd into
several years of bloody civil war.
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Library of Congress, Manuscript Division:
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Tarecena, Alfonso, La Tragedia Zapatlata (Mexico, 1932).
Tore, Alfoneo, La. Igleala y. g l Eatado on. Mertco (Mexloo, 1927).
Towneend, William C., Lasero Cardenas Mexican Democrat (Ann Arbor. Mich., 1952).
Tronooeo, Trancieco P . , La Ouerra con l a s Tribus Taqul j Mayo del Eatado do. Sonora
(Mexloo, 1905).
Trowbridge, S.D., Mertco Today and Tomorrow (New York. 1919).

Tuehman, Barbara W., The. Zimmerman Telegram (New Tork, 1968).

Turlington, Edgar, Mexico and Her Torolgn Creditor§ (Hew Tork, 1930).
Turner, Timothy G., B u l l e t s . Bottles and Gardenias (Dallas, Tec., 1935).

Velasquez, Victor Joee, Apuntea para ta Historia do. l a Revoluclon, Tellcista

(Mexico, 1913).
 375

Tore Eatanol, Jorge, Carranza and Hta. Bolahevlk Bert no (Loe Angelee, 1920).
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Tiereck, George Sylvester, Spreading tte Germa o£ Hate (Hew Tork, 1930).

Toska, Bmmanuel Viktor, and Irwin, Will, Spy e d Counter Spy (Hew Tork, 1940),

Whitney, Caspar, What1 a t t e Matter with Mexleo (Bow Tork, 1916).

Wrlaton, H.M., Bxecut lve Agent e in. American Torolgn Relet lone (Baltimore, 1929).

Terdley, Herbert 0 . , The Amerieen Black Chamber (Indtanepolle. 1931),

Zayaa Bnriquoz, Bafael de, TJhe, Case of. Mexico (Hew Tork, 1914).

SERIALS

Adoeddoe, B.C., "Tletorlano Buerta, t t e Man, t t e Soldier," Tte Amerieen Review

of Revlowe. Tol. 49, Ho. 6 (June, 1914), pp. 695-702.

Blytte, Samuel G., "Mexloo: The Record of a Conversation d t h Preeldent Wilson,"

Saturday Evening Post. Tol. 186 (Nay 23, 1914), pp. 3 - 4 .

Brooks, Sydney, "A British View of t t e Mexican Probloo," Horth American Review.
Tol. 198 (Ootobor, 1913), pp. 444-445.

Bueey, J . L . , "Don Tletorlano y la Prensa Tanqul," Hlatorla Mart cane. Tol. 4 ,

Ho. 4 (Abrll-Junlo, 1955), pp. 582-594.

B u t t e r f l d d , Dolores, "The Conspiracy Against Madero,11 Tte Tcrumt Vol. 50

(Ootobor, 1913), pp. 464-482.

Cumberland, Charles C , "Huorta y Carranza ante l a Ooupaclon do Veracruz,"

Hietoria Mexicans. Tol. 6, Ho. 4 (Abrll-Junlo, 1957), pp. 534-547.

Bmeraon, Edwin, "Tletorlano Huerta, t t e Strong Man of Mexico," Tte. Tortnlehtlr

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"Events In Mexico," Current Opinion. Tol. 54 (AprU, 1913), pp. 274-278.

"German-Moxlean-Jepaneee Alliance," Current Hi etory. a Monthly Magaz.lno o£ t t e
Bev Tork Tlmeo (April. 1917), pp. 65-71.

Goobel, J d i u a , J r . , "Tte Recognition Policy of t t e United Statea," The Taoulty

of Political Science of Columbia University, e d . . Studios in History.
Economics and. Public. Law. Tol. 66, No. 1 (1915), pp. 1-229.

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Tcnndatlon Pamphlets. Vol. IX, No. 5 (BOBton, 1926).

Hell Igor, Bdword M., "La Revoluclon Moxicana en l a Prensa de League Ingleaa,
1910-1952," Hietoria Mexican*. Tol. 3 , No. 3 (Enero-Karzo, 1954),
pp, 451-472,
 276
Independent. Vol. 79 ( J d y 27, 1914), p . 120.

"A Bey to t t e Sanguinary Temperament of Victorlaao Huerta," Current Opinion.

Vol. 66, Ho. 1 (January, 1914), pp. 20-22.
Maneleidor, Joee, "Bl Euertieao," Hietorta Moxicana. Vol. 3 , No. 1 (Jullo^Agosto,
1953), pp. 34-51.

Martin, Psroy P . , "Tte Crisis in Mexloo," Tte. Tortnlghtly Review. Tol. 100
(October, 1913), pp. 676*687.

Mexico, Secretaria de Relecionea Extorioroa, "Fereonee Cue ten ten!do e su Cargo

l a Secretaria do^Betaelonee Bxterloroa deade 1821 taste 1924," Archlvo
Hlstcrlco Diplomatlco Martcane. Ho. 6 (1924).

Murray, Robert H., "Huerta and t t e Two Wilsons," Harpers Weekly. Tol. 62
(March 25-Aprll 29, 1916), 301-469.
"Our Probloae in Mexleo," Current Qpidon. Tol. 55 (September, 1913), pp. 147-151.

"The Silent Soldier Who Rules Mexico," Current Opinion. Tol. 54 (April, 1913),
pp. 288-289,
Simondo, Louie C , "Mexico Aa It l e , " The Atlantic Monthly. Tol. 112, Bo. 4
(October, 1913), pp. 564-574.

Slaondo, Louie C., "Tletorlano Huerta, a Sketch from Life," Tte Atlantic Monthly.
Tol, 113, Ho. 6 (June, 1914), pp. 721-732.

"The Situation i n Mexico," Tte Outlook. Vol. 104 (August 30, 1913), pp. 1003-1006.
Tridon, A d r e , "The A.B.C. Plan Ao Seen in Mexico City," The. Outlook. Vol. 107
(May 30, 1914), pp. 235-236.

Valenniela, Alberto, "Onion Seoribio lea Memoriae del General Victoriano Huertat"
Boletin do l a Blblloteea Bacionel, Vol. 9, Ho. 4 (1958), pp. 33-39.
 APPENDIX I
MILITARY RBCORD OP VICTORIANO HUERTA

Republic of Mexico _—.

Department of War and Bevy
General Staff Seetlon
Staff of t t e Army

Certificate of services of General,of Division, Victoriano

Huerta. Ago, 61 yeare; a native of Colotlan, State of J d i e c o ;
rriod; d o eareer aa given herewith.

tats. Month. Tear. Grade oad dates on which obtained

4 January 1872 Student of the Military College.
14 Deeeaber 1874 Corporal of etudente of Mil, College,
1 a 1875 Sub-lieutenant-etudent " "
7 AprU 1877 Lieutenant of the Engineer staff.
26 September 1878 Adjutant of the army staff.
25 January 1879 Captain of speeial staff.

28 Deoeaber 1880 Major " • "

1 July 1884 Lieutenant Col. " "
2 August 1890 Colonel " "
27 Kay 1901 Brigadier General ""
8 October 1902 Permanent Brigadier General.
30 July 1912 General of Diviaion.

277
 S78
ORGANIZATIONS AND LENGTH OT TIME
IB WHIOB HS HAS SERVED

Tearo Months Daye

In the Military College, froo January
dth, 1872 to April 1877 5 3 3

In tte etaff of Engineers, froa

April 7, 1877 to Septeaber 25, 1878 1 5 19

In the staff of tho Center and boot Aray,

from September 26, 1878 to Jon. 24, 1879 0 3 29

In t t e General Staff Corps, from January

25, 1879 to Nay 26, 1901 22 4 2

In tho Staff of t t e Aray, froa May 27, 1901

to tte doae of thie record 1 2 - 4

Totd 41 4 28
Incroaeo ef one-fourth on account of tte
Tuoatan campaign 2 9
Totd of servicee to May 31, 1912 41 7 7
WAR RECORD

He participated in the Weet campaign on ordere of General

Manuel Gonzdos, in h i s etaff, December 15, 1879, and joined h i s
corps December 5, 1880.

Campaigned agalnat the Insurgente in the State of Guerrero,

froa April 12 t o September 7, 1901.

Served In the Tuoatan campaign froa October 23, 1901,

reaching the f i e l d of operations (Puerto Morelos) Dsceabsr 9 , of
the ease year i n whieh he started from that port.

In tte ammo caapaiga, froa March 1, 1902, the day he reacted

camp "General Togo" t o October 23, of t t e same year.

On May 3 , 1911, te wae pieced at the head of the operating

foreos i a ths Stats of Moreloa, against the robds of that federative
State, ending Ootobor 4, 1911.

On March 31, 1912, te was entrusted d t h tho command of a

coluan operating in tho Worth, t e d n g part in the engagements of
Bellano, ConeJoe and Bachlaba (Ohlhuahua) against the revolutlonieta
under Orosoo.
 279
SPECIAL COMMISSIONS WHICH HB HAS TILLED

In tho Engineer etaff from April 7, 1877 to September 25, 1878.

In the War Department, from September 26, 1878 to

January 24, 1879,

~"Tn the apeclal Generd Staff Section, from January 25,

1879 to Septtaber 16, of t t e stmt year, holding at the aaae time
inepeotor for receiving olotdng and equipaent In tte General
Warehouses, from July 30, to September 16, 1879,

In tho Geographlcd Section, from September 17, to Decem-

ber 14, 1879.

In t t e etaff of t t e Center and Weet Army, from December 15,

1879, to December 5, 1880.

In t t e apeclal Goneral Staff Section, froa December 6, 1880

to January 10, 1881.

In tho Geographlcd Section, froa January 11, 1881, to

Dooembor 31, 1882. He ted charge of e e t r o a o a l e d diviaion for
obeervlng the paadng of Tenua In December 1882.

In tha oame detail aa third engineer, deelgnated on the

part of the Department of Tomento, January 1, 1883, t o Tebruary 24,
1890.

Without leaving t d a assignment, te wae during one month

under the direotion of the governor of Tera Crus for the purpose of
laying out a road froa Jalapa t o Mozantla. In March 1888, te was
assigned to the division of t t e lands of tho J leal tepee Colony,
which task was f l r t s t e d April 25, of that y e w .

In t t e special Generd Staff Section, from Tebruary 25 to

March 17, 1890. Detailed to carry out aurvey work on tho Mexican
Rational Railway from March 18, 1890 i c January 24, 1892.

Acted ae c d e f of t t e board in charge of doaaroatlon and

aUotaent of lands In t t e State of Tore Cruz aad in t t e Dopartaent
of the General Staff, from January 26, 1892 to January 22, 1895.
On March 18, 1893, ho was sent to Chihuahua t o draw t t e map of the
dlatrlct of Guerrero, which was completed June 20th,

He waa in command of the 3d Battalion of Infantry from

January 23, 1895 to October 7, 1902.

Ac such, te was from Hovember 16, 1895 to January 4 , 1896

ordnance officer in the State of Guerrero.

Without relinquishing eommand of the 3d battalion of Infantry

he wee named on Tebruary 15, 1902, 2d chief of the 10th Military Zone,
wdch te retained u n t i l October 23, as turning f u l l charge on account
of the temporary transfer of General Jose Maria de la Tega, May 19, ~
1902.
 On November 12, 1902, te wae appointed preeldent of the
board for d o t d n g and equipment of the aray. Oa the aaae date ho
was deelgnatad flret Sub-Inepootor of Infantry, Oavdry and General
Clotdng and Equlpaent Depoto. On August 25, 1902, he woo detailed
a member of the board for revialng the ailitary code and organic
lav of tho aray.
OB September 22, of tte eaae veer, it wae directed that
beginning with the 15th of tte previous aonth, on which day he
. wee aade judicial offloer of tho Suproae Military Tribunal, hie
detail as 1st Sub-Inspector wae to terdnate. Ho formed part of
tho court froa Auguet 15, 1903, to Septeaber 23, 1907.
April 25, 1911, he wao appointed chief ordnance officer in
tho- State of Guerrero, remaining in thla poet until June 13th of
ttet year.
May 3, 1911, He waa directed to take command of the foroee
operating in tte Stete of Moreloa, remaining in ttet oapaeity untU
October 4, when he became a member of tho Superior Council of War,
Baaed March 31, 1912, Coaaander of Dirtelon operating in
the North, where te raaalned until Deeeaber 22, of t t e earns year,
December 22, 1912, he waa directed to eontinue the hietory
of tte campaign out mated to hla March 30, 1912.
Appointed Provleionrt Military Oommandor of the City of
Mexico, Tebruary 8, 1913, he held thie eoBmlsslon until the 18th
of that month.
On Tebruary 19, 1913, he wae named Xrovialonal President
of tte Bepublie, acting ea eueh to thla date.

DECORATIONS CQNTBBRSD

Decoratione of the 3d, 2d and lat elaaeea, for more than

25, 30 and 35 yeare of eervice, in accordance d t h the general
rtlltary code.
Military eroes of tte 3d elass for merit.
Military cross of tha 2d ctaes for brilliant conduct In
tte Tucatan campaign.
Decoratior< for thia campaign created by the leglalature
of the State.
Military eroaa of tte lat claes for merit.
 B61

LEAVES OT ABSSNOB

On June 8, 1907, eix aontha to attend to private affaire.

Punishments, none.

ADTAH0BM8HTS ABD DEDUCTIONS

Teara Months Days

Tiae ainoe entrance into aray 41 4 28
Advancement.

One-fourth part on account of

Tucatan campaign. 2 9

T o t d of ear vices up t o May 31, 1913 41 7 7

Appendix I i s a oopy of Huorta'z aervioe raoord v d c h wao obtained by

Edward Bmereon in 1913 end wdch le now in t t e f i l e s of tte War Oollege Dirtsion
of the U.S. National Archives. Tile WOB 8321-7.
 HTmBammmKmmmwmmmmmBBMtmmummmmrFmmmnAmmmmmBBm&rmmmmniVMi'iiuiuuiiiMii

APPENDIX II

A LBTTB1 THAT BITER WAS WRITTEN

In the December 1913 leaue of International Magazine George Sylveater

Viereck ted an a r t i c l e in t t e "Lettere ttet Never wore Written" aeetion. Thla
l e t t e r , snppossdly written by President Huerta to President WUeon on Hovoaber 25,
1913, was reprinted i n tte Mexican Herald of Januery 4, 1914, and l e qaoted here:
Sir: In accordance d t h the dutlee of ay exalted office and
the dictatee of ay oonoelenoo, I ea eoapelled, such t o my regret,
to inform your exccUency, that i t d l l hereafter be impossible for
mo and ay governaent to rscogniss your administration. I have
instructed ay rspressntatlvss whoa, for reaeone of your owa, you
teve refueed t o reoelve, to doaand your instant resignation aa
Preeldent of the United Statee. I teve no quarrel with you pereon-
a l l y a d I have the hlgteat respect for your people, but I f e d
that tte Bepublie t f Mexico owea e duty to tho democracy ef tte
world. To my mind yen ere ea usurpsr of administrative power,
even if, according to a loose interpretation of t t e Gonetltutlon,
you hold your office according to lav.
Without quibbling over tarns, tho fundamental fact remains
t t e t republican government l e a government by the majority of the
people. If you will scan t t e election returna of 1912 you d l l
find t t e t you were never legally elected by a aajority of t t e voters
of your great country. My jolleagus, Senor Blanquet, informa ae
that the votee eeat for Preeldent in the election to wdch you owe
your d l e g e d elevation t o office were divided aa f o i l owe:
Senor Taft 3,369,221

General Roosevelt . . . 4,057,429

Senor Dobs . . . . . . . 812,731

Senor Wilson • • • • 6,292,718

I t is therefore d e a r that you rapreoent a d n o r i t y of the
American people wdch, by rtolating the greet principloa that Inapired
George Waahingtoaend our iaaortd Juares, has arrogated to I t s e l f
the governaent of your country. The vote agdnst you exceeded your
vote cbyj 2 a i l l l o n . It l e painful for as to state t t e facts so
bluntly t o your excellency, but I do not see how you remain in office
against the clear end unmistakable verdict of tte majority of tte
people. I owe i t to myself, I owe l t to my country, and to tho

282
 28B
traditional friendship existing between tte Mexioan Union and tho
United Statee of Aaerloa, to ineiat that you aad your entire
cabinet instantly vacate tte White Route,
I etell not bo satiafled if your excellency were to reeign
aerely as a aattor of fora wdle continuing to hold tte reins of
governaent by Beans of a dummy. 1 shall aot poralt Senor Marstell
to auoceed you, In aa auoh aa te ia dlaqualified froa office for
tte eaae reaeons that render your election invalid froa the polat
of view of tte Mexican conatitutlon. Nor ohall I reeogdse Senor
Bryan, Adairal Daniel a or any aoaber of your o f f i e i d faally, ae
your eucceeeor.
I demand the immediate proclamation of a new generd election.
Meanwhile, however — for l t ia not my intention to ombarreaa your
government and tte noble people of tte United Statee — I etell be
perfectly content if you will name Senor Champ Clark aa proviaional
preeldent. If tte honorable Senor Clark accepte tte deelgnation, ay
government d l l ded d t h him aa the de facto executive of your
glorlouo republic. Meanwhile, in eaae any aeeldent should befell
Senor Champ Olark, I atell hold your excellency pereondly atrletly
reeponolblo.
I auet lnaiet, moreover, to make myaelf perfectly plain that
neither youreelf nor anyone elao connected with your edminletratlon,
ohall be a candidate for election. I have no objection te the candi-
dacy of General Roosevelt. His abeenee froa American ooil, however,
rendera hie Ineligible to office according to Mexican lav. I suggoot
e quarantine of a l l American ports, in view of tte ravageo of malaria
in tte Interior of Patagonia, i f tho general shodd l d i e a t e coles
the deeire to return to your country before election. I ehodd like
to make plain ttet Ma excellency, tho Honorable William H. Taft, la
tte candidate whoee election would bo moat acceptable to my government.
Shortly before his departure ay lamented predeceaaor celled
my ettention to another matter of grave importance. It aeeaa that
your lover house likewiee wee not elected in accordance with tte
Mexioan constitution. I d l l not lneiet on en lamedlete dissolution
of eongroee, but I demand that every candidate who has not received
a clear majority of tte votee in his district stell immediately enter
another special election, running against the cedldate who received
the lergeet nuaber of votes next to d a . If t d s request Is not com-
plied d t h , I shall be foreed to repudiate oongress and declare tte
election void.
Aay disagreement with my vieve will be conotrued by my govern-
ment aa an unfriendly act. I redlze that ay position msy be regarded
es academic, but I cannot deviate from the path laid out to ae by
conscience, even at the expense of my country and untold sacrifices
in blood and money.
If your excellency ahould fall to accede to my well meant
auggeatlone within forty-eight hours from date, I shall piece ea
immediate embargo on chill-pepper. In eaae of your failure to reeog-
d s e Senor Clark aa your cueeeaaor, I shall recognise tte leader of
one of your r l v d factions in ths sovereign states of New Tork and
New Jersey as provisional president of tte United Statee. I am e t i l l
wavering between Senor Nugent and Senor Murphy, but I etell dispatch
a personal representative to negotiate with the two loadere. Hla
clerlod and journdiatlc experience — he la the editor of my
epeechea — vouch for hla oonsuamate skill in the game of diplomacy
and Internationd politics.
p
284

I trust that your oxoolloney d l l not mleeonatrue my gentle

lnalauatlona ea an ultimatum. Nothing could bo further froa ay __
alnd. It la not my intention to meddle with internd affaire of ~~
neighboring ropublloo, I an not oven noting in the intereet of my
country. I offer my friendly advice sorely becauae I am a man of
iron principle, actuated by high i d e d e . I believe firmly in the
government of tte majority when tte majority la right. I believe
In tte government of tha people wten tte people agree d t h ae.
Pray be not alarmed by tba dispatch of ay entire fleet to
Bar Harbor. It is aorely, I eeeure your oxoolloney, for the protec-
tion of Mexican citizens in the United Statee. Do not, I beg you,
alalnterpret tte oall to eras of three hundred thousand aen ae a
warlike aovemont aimed agalnat your glorious republic. Convey my
compliment a to Senor Bryan and believe ao.
With eordid regards, your sincere wellwleher,
Huorta, Preeldent
Although tte above letter i s devorly written and to a large extent
pre oent e Wilson's policy as l t would appear to a Mexioan, it must be admitted
that lt ia slightly unfair to Wileon. Many of tte etatements supposedly made by
Huerta closely parallel atate cent a actually made by WUsoa. The situation in
Mexico was, however, somewhat leee clear tten ttet in tte United Statea. Tiereck
wae naturally inclined toward criticism of WUson and in favor of Huerta. Hie
poeition was similar to that of the German Government as te later beoaae e
propaganda agent for ttet government.
 APPENDIX III

THE "MEMOIRS OT VICTORIANO HUSRTA"

One of the aoet potent elemente in the long perdstenee of t t e picture of

Huerta ea a completely depraved end dmost eatanlo human being bee boon t t e e x i s -
tence of a voluae of "aoaoirs" attributed t o Ma. These "aoaolra," i f genuine,
would prove Huerta to teve been everything which Carranza, T i l l a , Wllaon and
others claimed him to bo. As a rule there has been l i t t l e tendency t o doubt t t e t
the "soaolrs" did represent the words and thoughts of Huorta. On tho whole e
o l r d a of belief has been created in which t t e "memoira" teve helped to form en
unfortunate picture of Buerta, and t t e t picture haa aade i t poaelblo to believe
the "memoira" reliable. In the opinion of thie writer tte "aemoirz" are If not
one of ths most b r i l l i a n t l y done, at leaet one of the moot b r i l l i a n t l y successful
forgeries in history.

Vh« Moaortaa del Oral. Victoria no Huerta teve long boon ooneidered to be
the work of eomeone otter than Huerta. It tea generally been euppoeod that the
author waa aomeone working with tte aid and cooperation of Huerta and ^ho worde
of the work have been f e l t to bo eesontldly Huerta'e. One pooeible author of tte
work, according to eooe writers, was Joaquin Pine, a Journalist friend of Huerte.
Various contemporariee of Huerta stated ttet the writing etyle sounded a good
deal like that of Huorta.
A recent article by Alberto Tdonzuda, "Orten eecrlblo las Memories de
Generd Victortano Huertat", deaonatrates ttet Huerta'a "memoira" were written by
someone hostile to Huerta who knew him intimately. It le his opinion thet the

Alberto Valenniela, "Ojiien eseribio las Memories de General Victortano

Huerta?" Bolotln de la Blblloteca Naclonal. Tol. 9, Ho. 4 (1958), pp. 33-39.
285
———— • i II i i i .inn • ••• III i IIIIIIII II inriiiiiiii r in mi ni'i i in i II iiiii' i i

286
"memoirs" were produced in a manner almilar to those of Tilla. The author of tte
letter volume adaitted that he wrote tte Tllla "memoirs" by studying the man him-
self over a period of time in addition to etudylng varloua peraond documente.
Talonzuela polnta out that tho Huerta "memoirs" admit tho truth of a l l of tte
chargee of hla opponent a. He d e o points out that tte date of tho "aemoira"
(1915) was a data which occurred while Huerta wae actively engaged in an attempt
to return to Mexico at the head of a revolutionary force. It l e hardly likely
ttet Huerta wodd admit to chargee which made hla a complete acoundrel when te
waa engaged In attempting to gain public aupport. He had at that tiae no idea
that Ua death would occur without a chance to return to power end, hence, ttero
can be no thought of the "memoirs" as en attempt to clear hia eonaclenoe.
Talonzuela polnta out that Huerta'a "memoira" picture him ee e treaendoua
ogotlet, the possessor of a diabolical cydclsm, a man d t h contempt for all U e
frlende end e black hatred for hie enedez, an opportunlet of aachlevelllan ten-
dencies in the worst sense of tte word, and a man of Impiety which i s strongly In
contrast with ths public picture which he presented of theatrical Catholicism.
Those admissions were calculated to alienate all those who had supported him. It
is unlikely ttet even i f he had felt that te wae hopelessly lost, he would teve
left a document wdch btaekened U e deeds e d reputation and even ttet of his son.
Despite d l those critideas the work was wall conceived and well written.
The character of Huerta wae carefully analyzod and presented in such a way as to
make tte violent charges fit into a convincing picture. Tte man who wrote the
"memoira" obviously knew Huorta and had studied hie manner of expression. Tte
confessions are aade to fit closely with hi at or 1 eel clrcumatancee ao aa to give
them the air of authenticity. In addition the effeot ia pre oent ed in a eumdative
manner. The early event a in Huerta's career are presented in a fairly straight-
forward and truthful aanner with the wildcat admioelone ody coming after the
 287

reader has felt the offeot of the early pages and could be expected to bo in a
rooeptlve mood.
Tdenzuela points out ttet there wore frequent spelling errors which
Indicate the work of someone otter tten Huerta who eodd be expected to at least
spell the names of d o supporters correctly. Although such errors oodd be
exduslvoly due to the editor, t d e eoeas unlikely. Although Huerta waa eterged
d t h groez irregularities d t h regard to flnancoo and admit a to the chargee la
tho "memoira," hla l i f e after he left Mexico indlcatoe no great persond wealth,
Ia fact, tte efforts of Sonera Huerta to obtain the release of his bond aoney
together with her circumstances after Huerta'a death and his w"y of l i f e while in
exile indicate dearly ttet te did'not take any great sum c? money into exile.
In conclusion lt may bo atatod ttet Buerta' n "aemolra* are alaoet eer-
t a l d y a forgery. Tte author of theae "aemolra" know Huerta intimately although
he waa obvioualy in favor of the Cons titutionaliats aad waa writing for their
benefit. Tte forgery was cleverly done but tea many error a which clearly indi-
cate it to have been a forgery. The effeot of tho work tea been great in perpet-
uating tho myth that Haerta wee a completely irrational personality who sought
only persond gain.
 APPENDIX IT

PACT Of TBB OIUDADBLA

l a the Olty t f Mexloo, a t 9:80 p.a. of lcbruary 18* 191B,

Oe.terels fdlac Dies oad Tlettriaat Huerte aot together, the ftraer
beiag a t a l t t t d by Atttrneye Tideaele Heraaades aad Bodolfo Beyee
ead t t e l e t t e r by Idoutoaaat Colonel Jeeeeia Naae ead Bogiaatr
Beri que Zepoda.
General Baorta etated that, iaaaomch ao the eltoatloa ef
Nr, Madore's Gcvereaeat wet unsustalaable aad la order t t preveat
further bloodehed aad out o f f e d l n g e of aatieaal f r a t o r d t y , ho
bad aoae priseaers t f Nr, Nadoro, hio Oablaat* and ether per eoaot
aad t t e t he deoiree t t excrete h i t good wishes t e Geaeral Bias
to the tffttt that tht tlcaente reereeeattd by his dght frattrattt
ead, aU ualted, aavo the prettat diotreesful dtoatloa,
•eaerel Dies etetod that hio aoveaeato have bed at other
object thaa te serve the aatieaal welfares aad that aeeerdagly ho
is ready to Bake aay aaerlflet whieh alght rodouad to the btatflt
tf the oountry.
after dittoasloat had takea plaoo ta tat oubjtct aaoag all
thoee proaeat as aeatloatd cbevc, the fellewiag wao egreed oat
Blrst. froa thit tiae oa, tht Bxeeutlve Power which hoe
hdd away Is deeaed aot to txiet ead lt aet resegrtsed, tho deeoats
repreeentod by Geaerale Slat ead Huerta eledftag tteaselves to
preveat by d l aeaae aay atteapt to reetoro odd Bower,
aoctad. Badeevor will bo aadt ao ttoa aa poatiblt tt odjuat
tte exlstlag oitoatioa uader tht beet ptetlble legal cenditlena,
aad Ooaerale Dies aad aaerta will eako orrorj effort to the ead that
ths latter say withia eeveaty-two heart essuae the Provlslesal
Prssldeney tf tht Bepublie with the foUowlag Oablaatt
Foroiga Balatioaa, Uo. fraaeloee, L. do l e Barret
Treasury, Toribio Beeulvd Obregon;
War, General Meaaol Meadragtat
Toaento, Bag, Alberto Garcia Oraaadoe;cties
Juetioe, Lie. Bodolfo Beyeis
Publle Instruction, Lie, J, Tera Betaaolt
Ocaauaitatleat, Bag. Savid do ta Potato.
There etell bt created a mew Nialstry* tt bt charged
epeotally d t h solving tho agrariaa problea aad aattero ceeaeeted
therewith, beiag oallod tht Nlalatry tf Agrieolture, oad tha port-
folio thereof beiag tatroated to Mo, Manurt Gersa Aldape.
Aay aodlfloatlons whieh aay for aay reesea bt decided upea
ia thit Oablaet elate ohall take piece la the ttae oaaaar la whieh
the etate ltaelf wae aade op*

288
 third. While tho legal eituatioa la being dotordaad eed
aettlod, veoeralo Baerta ead Bias are plaoed la charge tf all
eleaomts aad autteritlea tf every kiad the oxordtt whereof aay
be aeoeaaary la order to afford gearaatiea.
Teurtb. Geaeral Tolls Slat dediees the tf ftr tt fora pert
of tho Prevititaal Oabiaot ia tote Geaeral Buerta assumes the
TTovioltttl Preddenoy, la order that he aay reaala at liberty tt
ueeertake his work doag the lines of d s precises to do party
at tho ttaiag oleetiono, wdch purpeee ht wiohoa tt txprttt olearly
aad whieh la folly understood by the tIgnore.
Fifth. Offlctal aotioa etell iaaadletely be givea to tte
foroiga reprtssatativts, lt brtag eeaftaed to etatlag te tbea
that the Bxeeutlve Fewer bat etattdt that prevlelea i t beiag aade
for a legd tobttltutt therefor i that Btentlae tht fall authority
thereof le vested la Generde Dies ead Buerta; aad that d l proper
gucraatles wUl bt offtreed tt thdr respective eouatryaea.
Sixth. All revolutioaiote shall at oaoo bo iavited te
oeass their hostile ao vacant e, eadeever beiag aade to reach tho
aeoeaaary eettleaaate.
Geaeral Tletorlano Buerta. Generd Felix Bias.

Zorjjjji Relations. 1913, pp. 722-739. the treaslatioa quoted contains

aa error la the list of cabinet aeabere. It ohould read; Toaento, Bag. Alberto
Boblee OUt woberaadoa, Bag. Alberto Gertie Grenades. Beet Tore Bstanol, Xe.
Bevolueloa Horteaje, p. 377.
 VITA

George Jay Bauach, Jr., waa born on April 9, 1930, in Aurora, Ullnoia.
He attended sehoole in that city untU his graduation froa Best Aurora High
School. In 1949 he entered Worth Central College, Kapervllle, Ullnoia, He
ediated in tte United Statea Army In 1951 and eerved with the 7th Infantry Divi-
sion during tho Korean conflict. After a few aontha with the 7th Diviaion te
wae tranaforrod to Tokyo whore he aerved in the Honor Guard to the Commander-in-
Chief Tar Best for over a year.
In 1954 and 1955 he attended Aurora College, Northern Illlnoie State
Toaehere College and Worth Central College, receiving hie B.A. degree froo tte
last named lnetitutlon in 1955. In September 1955 ho entered tte Graduate
College of tte Urtversity of Illlnoie with tte intention of working towerd e
Ph.D. in the field of psychology. The following Septeaber te traneforrod to tte
Department of Hlatory. In Tebruary 1958 he received U e M.A. degree in Uatory.
During tte academic year 1959-60 he teld a full tiae reeoerch aseiatantshlp under
Profseeor Charlea E. Howell wdle completing hia dissertation.

290