s and p-Block Elements 809

Assertion and Reason 12. (b) Li is much softer than the other group I metals. Actually Li
is harder then other alkali metals
1 b 2 b 3 a 4 a 5 a 13. (a) Cu 2  2e   Cu , E o  0.34 V
6 c 7 b 8 e 9 a 10 a Mg 2  2e   Mg , E o  2.37 V
11 e 12 a 13 a 14 a 15 a
Na   e   Na , E o  2.71 V
16 c 17 b 18 c 19 d 20 d
14. (d) Anhydrous form of Na 2 CO 3 does not decompose on heating
21 a 22 b 23 d 24 d 25 b even to redness. It is a amorphous powder called soda ash.
26 d 27 c 28 c 29 a 30 a 17. (c) Fehling's solution is a mixture of Alk. CuSO 4  Na  K
31 a 32 c 33 b 34 a 35 a tartarate (Rochelle salt)
19. (b) 2 K  2 HCl  2 KCl  H 2 (violent reaction).
36 b 37 a 38 b 39 b 40 b
20. (b) Although lattice energy of LiCl higher than NaCl but
41 a 42 c 43 a 44 d 45 c
LiCl is covalent in nature and NaCl ionic there after, the
46 a 47 d 48 b 49 d 50 a melting point decreases as we move NaCl because the lattice
energy decreases as a size of alkali metal atom increases (lattice
51 e 52 b 53 d 54 b 55 c
energy  melting point of alkali metal halide)
56 a 57 a 58 a 59 d 60 b 22. (b) It form calcium and magnesium complex with EDTA salt.
61 a 62 b 63 c 64 b 24. (a) LiOH < NaOH < KOH < RbOH
Down the group basic character increases
 
25. (d) Na 2CO 3 . 10 H 2O  Na 2 CO 3 . H 2 O 
washing powder

Na 2CO 3  H 2O 
26. (b) Na 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 and (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 are soluble in water
because hydration energy is more than lattice energy
29. (c) K 2 SO 4 . Al 2 (SO 4 )3 .24 H 2 O potash alum it is a double
salt.
Alkali metals 31. (d) It is a colourless gas.
1. (b) Element Na K 32. (a) NaHCO 3  Na   HCO 3
496 419
(Salt of strong
base & weak 
IE1 acid) OH   CO 2
IE 2 4562 3051
33. (b) FeSO 4 . (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . 6 H 2 O Mohr’s salt.
Sodium has higher I.E. because of smaller atomic size.
35. (d) Ca 2  Na   Mg 2  Al 3
2. (c) Alkali metals are highly reactive metals. They react with
Alcohol – 2C 2 H 5 OH  2 K  2C 2 H 5 OK  H 2 36. (b) Li   e   Li , E o  3.05 V

Water – 2 K  2 H 2O  2 KOH  H 2 K   e   K , E o  2.93 V

Ca 2  2e   Ca , E o  2.87 V
Ammonia – K  (x  y)NH 3  K(NH 3 )x  
Ammoniated cation 37. (a) Because their valence electrons are present in s- orbitals.
 38. (a) 6 Li  N 2  2 Li3 N Lithium nitride.
[e ( NH 3 )y ]
Ammoniated electron 39. (d) Li, Na, K are lighter than water but Rb is heavier than
But they do not react with kerosene. water.
4. (b) After removal of an electron the effective nuclear charge per 42. (c) KF  HF  KHF2 ⇌ K   HF2
electron increases hence the size decreases.
43. (b) Cs  Rb  K  Na  Li
5. (a) Alkali metals valence shell configuration  ns1 Metallic character decreasing order.
6. (b) Element – Li Na K Rb Cs
Ionic radius – 76 102 138 152 167 45. (d) 2 Rb  2 H 2O  2 RbOH  H 2
(pm)
as the atomic no. increases the no. of shells increases hence, Li  Na  K  Rb  Cs
 
atomic radius increases.
7. (c) On moving down the group electropositive character increases. As we go down the group reactivity with H 2 O increases.
48. (b) Atomic number 11  Na  Na2O
8. (a) Carnellite – KCl. MgCl2 . 6 H 2 O
Na 2O  H 2O  2NaOH
Cryolite – Na 3 AlF6 (base )

Bauxite – ( Al2 O3 .2 H 2 O ) 51. (d) Generally ionic character decreasing from LiCl to NaCl.
52. (c) In castner process Na metal is made of anode.
Dolomite – MgCO3 . CaCO 3
55. (a) Fajan’s rule is applied.
10. (d) Element – Li Na K Rb
Atomic radius (pm) – 152 186 227 248
 810 s and p-Block Elements
57. (a) Small atomic and ionic size leads to high electronegativity and The carbonate become more difficult to decompose as we go
hydration energy. Small atomic and ionic size leads to high down the group.
electronegativity and hydration energy. 93. (c) Aluminium reacts with caustic soda to form sodium meta
58. (c) Mohr salt is (FeSO4 )(NH 4 )2 SO 4 .6 H 2 O . aluminate.
60. (a) Sodium thiosulphate is a reducing agent which convert metalic 2 Al  2 NaOH  2 H 2O  2 NaAlO2  3H2 
silver into silver salt. Sodium meta aluminate

64. (a) In alkali metal group elements alkali means plant ash.
94. (a) Alkaline earth metals (ns 2 ) are denser than alkali metal
67. (d) 2 Na  2 NH 3   2 NaNH 2  H 2
heat

(ns1 ) because metallic bonding in alkaline earth metal is

1
68. (a,b) 2 Na  O 2   Na 2 O
moist air stronger.
2 95. (c) Lithium is basic in nature and hence it is not amphoteric.
Na 2 O  2 H 2 O  2 NaOH  H 2 . 96. (a) CsOH of the following is most basic in character due to
increase electropositive character in a group of alkali.
69. (d) 2 KClO3  2 KCl  3O2 .
97. (a) Group I element are so highly electropositive that they emit
70. (d) Due to free electron liquid ammonia becomes paramagnetic. electrons even when exposed to light (Photoelectric effect) and
72. (a) They possess highest atomic volume in their respective periods. this character increase on moving down the group from
74. (c) Fe(OH )3 is soluble in sodium hydroxide solution. lithium towards cesium.
76. (d) The cell involves the following reaction, 98. (b) Lithium form nitride on heating with nitrogen. Lithium nitride
gives ammonia when heated with H 2 O . Ammonia gas form
NaCl ⇌ Na   Cl  tetrammine copper complex with CuSO 4 solution.
At anode : 2Cl   2Cl  2e  Cl 2
6 Li  N 2  2 Li3 N
At cathode : Na   e  Na
Li3 N  3 H 2O  3 LiOH  NH 3
Na  Hg  amalgam
CuSO 4  4 NH 3  [Cu(NH 3 )4 ]SO 4
At anode : Na  amalgam  Na   Hg  e
99. (d) The given compound x must be CaCO 3 . It can be explained
At cathode : 2 H 2 O  2e  H 2  2OH 
by following reactions,
78. (a) Li is a more reducing agent compare to other element.

79. (b) Element – Li Na K Rb Cs CaCO 3  CaO  CO 2  ; CaO  H 2 O  Ca(OH )2
(x) Residue (y)
M.pt in K – 4535 370.8 336.2 312 301.5
80. (a) 2 Na  2 HOH  2 NaOH  H 2  Ca(OH )2  CO 2  H 2 O  Ca(HCO 3 )
z
2 K  2 HOH  2 KOH  H 2  
Ca(HCO 3 )2  CaCO 3  CO 2   H 2 O
82. (a) Alkali metal are good conductor of heat and electricity. (x)
83. (c) Potassium react with halogens (chlorine) to gives violet colour
100. (c) According to Fajan's rule RbCl has greatest ionic character due to
flame.
84. (b) Mobility decreases from top to bottom because of the atomic large ionic size of Rb  ion. BeCl 2 has least ionic (Maximum
size is increases. covalent) due to small size of Be 2 ion which has highly
85. (c) Lithium shows digonal relationships with Mg. polarising.
86. (c) K  Ca  C  Cl 105. (c) 2 Na  2 NH 3  2 NaNH 2  H 2
Electropositive character in decreasing order.
110. (d) 2 Na  2 H 2O  2 NaOH  H 2
87. (d) 2 NaCl    2 Na  Cl 2
Electrolysis
Molten Cathode Anode 112. (c) It reacts with alcohol to form sodium alkoxide
88. (b) When sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3 ) is heated, sodium 2C2 H5 OH  2 Na  2C2 H5 ONa  H 2
carbonate, CO 2 and water are formed. 113. (a) Causticizing process (Gossage process) it is an old process and
 involves heating of 10% solution of Na2CO 3 with a little
2 NaHCO 3  Na 2CO 3  CO 2   H 2O
Sodium carbonate excess of milk of lime Ca(OH )2
89. (c) Alum is used for softning of water.
90. (a) Only salts of (weak acid + strong base) and (strong acid + weak Na2CO3  Ca(OH )2  CaCO3  2 NaOH
base) get hydrolysed (i.e., show alkalinity or acidity in water). 150  200 C
114. (c) NaOH  CO   HCOONa
KClO4 is a salt of strong acid and strong base therefore it 5 10 atm
does not get hydrolysed in water. 115. (a) 2 NaCl  2 H 2O  2 NaOH  H 2  Cl2
KClO4 ⇌ K   ClO4 ; H 2 O ⇌ OH  + H
119. (b) NaOH is a deliquescent white crystalline solid. It absorbs
KOH HClO3 moisture from the atmosphere.
Strong Strong
120. (a) Na 2 CO 3  H 2 O  2SO 2  2 NaHSO 3  CO 2
91. (c) Carbon dioxide does not help in burning, also it forms
carbonate with alkali metals. 123. (c) NaOH  CaO is called soda lime 3 : 1
92. (a) When carbonate are heated they decompose to form the oxide. 124. (c) Molten sodium is used as a coolant
Sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate do not decompose.
 s and p-Block Elements 811

126. (c) AgBr  2 Na 2 S 2 O3  Na 3 [ Ag(S 2 O3 )2 ]  NaBr 23. (d) Ca(OH )2  Cl 2  CaOCl2  H 2 O

Slaked lime Bleaching
Na 2 SO 3  S 
 Na 2 S 2 O3
NaOH powder
128. (b)
Sod. thiosulphate 24. (a) Strontium  Crimson or pink colour
129. (a,b) 2 NaCl  2 H 2 O  2 NaOH  Cl 2  H 2 26. (b,c) Ca 3 P2  6 H 2 O  3Ca(OH )2  2 PH3
Anode Cathode
K3 P  3 H 2 O  3 KOH  PH3
132. (b) Sn  2 NaOH  H 2 O  Na 2 SnO 3  2 H 2
27. (d) CaCl 2  Ca 2  2Cl 
Cathode Anode
135. (b) 2 NaCl  2 H 2 O    2 NaOH  Cl 2  H 2
Electrolysis

Anode Cathode Cathode : Ca 2  2e   Ca

136. (d) 2 NaCl 

 2 Na  2Cl
Electriccurrent   Anode : 2Cl   2e   Cl 2
Cation Anion
28. (d) Element – Mg Al Si P
138. (a) HgCl2  2 NaOH  HgO  2 NaCl  H 2 O Atomic radii (Å)– 1.60 1.43 1.32 1.28
as we move across the period nuclear charge increases, hence,
139. (a) Down’s cell is used for the electrolysis of fused NaCl size decreases.
142. (c) Fe(OH )3 does not dissolve in NaOH 30. (b) MgCl2 .6 H 2  5 MgO  xH 2 O 
143. (a) Castner’s process used to obtain Na , by electrolysis of sodium MgCl2 .5 MgO. xH 2 O
hydroxide. Magnesia cement or sorrel cement

144. (a) Excess of Na  ion causes high B.P. 31. (d) ZnS  BaSO4 is lithopone used as white pigment.
145. (b) Ferric alum is 36. (d) Aqueous CaCl 2 or hydrated CaCl 2 can not act as
(NH 4 )2 SO 4 .Fe2 (SO 4 )3 .24 H 2O dehydrating agent.
146. (d) When Na is heated in presence of air or oxygen, Na burns 38. (d) As we go down the group electropositive character increases
to form sodium oxide and sodium peroxide. because I.E. decreases.
Ba is most electropositive element in the group.
148. (d) Pyrolusite or Manganese dioxide (MnO2 ) is a mineral of
39. (d) Due to the inert pair effect.
manganese. 40. (a) Element – Be Al
149. (c) CaCl 2 bring down the melt temperature from 1075 K to 850 Electronegativity – 1.5 1.5
K 41. (c) Be  Mg  Ca  Sr  Ba
On moving down the group lattice energy remains almost
constant as the sulphate is so big that small increase in the size
Alkaline earth metals of the cations from Be to Ba does not make any difference.
However the hydration energy decreases from Be 2 to Ba 2 .
1 This causes decrease in the solubility of the sulphates as the
2. (d) CaSO 4 . H 2 O or (CaSO 4 )2 .H 2 O
2 ionic size increases.
3. (a) CaCl 2 because it is hygroscopic 42. (a) Element – Be Mg Ca Sr Ba
7. (d) Setting of plaster of paris is exothermic process Electrode potential – 1.70 – 2.37 – 2.87 – 2.89 –2.90
43. (a) Element – Mg Ca Sr Ba
1
CaSO 4 . H 2 O   CaSO 4 .2 H 2 O
H 2O
I.E – 737 590 549 503
2 Orthorhomb ic 44. (a) Be due to diagonal relationship
   CaSO 4 .2 H 2 O
Hardening
45. (a) K  is highly soluble because of high hydration energy.
Mono orthorhomb ic
Gypsum 47. (b) MgO Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 P2 O 5
The setting is due to formation of another hydrate
Basic Amphoteric Acidic
10. (a) MgCO3   MgO  CO 2
Heat
MgO  H 2 O  Mg(OH )2 Base or alkali
The metal whose oxide is stable, it's carbonate is unstable
48. (d) Duralium ( Al  95%, Cu  4%, Mn  0.5%, Mg  0.5%)
12. (d) MgCl2    Mg 2  2Cl
Electrolysis
Anion
(Molten) Cation being light, tough and durable is used for the manufacture of
aeroplanes and automobile parts.
Anode – 2Cl   2Cl  2e  , Cl  Cl  Cl 2
49. (c) Na K Ba Ca Sr
Cathode – Mg2  2e   Mg Yellow Pale Apple Brick Crimson
13. (a) Because of small atomic size and high I.E. Be forms covalent violet green red
chloride.
51. (a) Magnesium burns with an intense light. Therefore Mg is used
16. (d) BeSO 4 is most soluble because hydration energy is more in flash bulbs for photography, fireworks and signal fires.
than lattice energy.
53. (b) CaO  CO 2  CaCO 3
BeSO 4 > MgSO4 > CaSO 4 > SrSO 4 > BaSO
Hydration energy decreases hence, solubility decreases. CaO  H 2 O  Ca(OH )2

19. (b) 2 (CaSO 4 .2 H 2 O)  

o
 2CaSO 4 .H 2 O  3 H 2 O
120 C 54. (a) When water is added to cement an exothermic reaction occurs.
Gypsum Dehydratio n Plaster of paris During this process, the cement reacts with water to form a
gelatinous mass which slowly sets into a hard mass having
21. (b) Lithopone (ZnS  BaSO4 ) is used as a white pigment.
three dimensional network structure involving Si  O  Si –
and Si  O  Al  chains.
 812 s and p-Block Elements
55. (b) CaO – (quick lime) 92. (c) Thermal stability increasing from top to bottom.
94. (b) On moving down the group; Lattice energy decreases with
Ca(OH )2 – (slaked lime) increase in size of cation.
Ca(OH ) 2  H 2 O – an aqueous suspension of Ca(OH )2 in 96. (d) BaSO4 is sparingly soluble in water because the solubility of
water is called lime water. second group sulphates decreases with increasing atomic size.
Because of hydration energy decreases.
CaCO 3 (lime stone).
97. (d) Berylium because of small atomic size and high ionization
57. (d) Lime stone – CaCO 3 energy.
Clay – silica and alumina Mg  Ca  Sr  Ba  Ra
99. (a) 
Ionic nature increases
Gypsum – CaSO 4 .2 H 2 O
as we go down the group ionic nature increases because I.E.
59. (b) Because hydration energy decreases down the group. decreases.
63. (d) Be does not react with water.
100. (b) CaSO 4 . 2 H 2O – Gypsum
64. (a) (i) Small atomic size.
(ii) High electronegativity 1
CaSO 4 . H 2 O – Plaster of paris
(iii) Absence of d orbitals 2
65. (a) Ba(OH )2  Sr (OH)2  Ca(OH)2  Mg(OH )2 101. (b) Ca 
1
O2  CaO .
Solubility decreasing order. 2
66. (d) Solubility increasing top to bottom. 102. (c) Calcium cyanamide is the slow acting nitrogenous fertilizer as
it decompose very slowly.
67. (a) Be to Ba ionic character increasing.
CaNCN  2 H 2O  CaCO 3  NH 2CONH 2
70. (a) Ca  2 H 2 O  Ca(OH )2  H 2 Urea

CaH 2  2 H 2 O  Ca(OH)2  2 H 2 NH 2CONH 2  H 2O  CO 2  2NH 3

72. (a) They are denser than alkali metals because they can be packed NH 3    Soluble nitrates  Plants
Nitrifying
more tightly to their greater charge and smaller radii. bacteria

76. (d) Be(OH)2  Mg(OH)2  Ca(OH )2  Sr (OH )2  Ba(OH )2 103. (a) Plaster of paris [(CaSO 4 )2 H 2O] is used in surgery for
On moving down the group basic character increases. setting of bones, dentistry and manufacturing of statues. It is
prepared as follows,
77. (b) Mg(OH )2 Mg is most electropositive element amongst the 125 C
given elements. 2CaSO 4 .2 H 2O   (CaSO 4 )2 .H 2O  3 H 2O
Plaster of paris
78. (d) Lime stone = CaCO 3 104. (b) Due to electropositive and reactive in nature, magnesium is
Quick lime = CaO readily converted into positive ions on contact with iron pipes
and hence, iron pipes remains as it is.
Slaked lime = Ca(OH )2
105. (c) A binary compound is one made of two different elements.
79. (c) As we go down the group I.E. decreases. Hence, Ba can easily These can be one of each element such as CuCl or FeO. These
give electrons. Therefore strongest reducing agent. can also be several of each element such as Fe2 O3 or
1 1 SnBr4 . Metal which have variable oxidation number can form
80. (c) CaSO 4 . H 2 O  H 2 O  CaSO 4 .2 H 2 O
2 2 Hard mass more than one type of binary compound like Fe shows the
Plaster of paris
oxidation state +2 and +3. Hence it forms two type of binary
82. (a) BeCl 2  MgCl2  CaCl 2  BaCl2 compound e.g., FeCl2 , FeCl3 .
As we go down the group I.E. decreases. Hence ionic character 106. (a) Diagonal relationship: elements of 2 period often show
nd

increases. resemblance to the element of the IIIrd period diagonaly placed

83. (c) MgCl2 .6 H 2 O   MgO  5 H 2 O  2 HCl
heat to it. This type of behaviour is called as diagonal relationship Li
shows the diagonal relationship with Mg.
84. (a) The solubility of hydroxides of alkaline earth metals in water
increases on moving down the group. 107. (a) MgCl2  2 NaHCO3  Mg(HCO3 )2 (aq)  2 NaCl
85. (c) Bleaching action of Cl in moist condition is permanent. 
2

Mg(HCO 3 )2 (aq)  MgCO3   H 2O  CO 2 

Cl + H O  HCl + HClO
2 2 (White ppt.)
HClO  HCl + O 108. (c) We know that
Cl + H O  2HCl + O
2 2 MgCl2 .6 H 2 O   MgCl2  6 H 2 O
Heat

Coloured matter + nascent oxygen  colourless matter

Thus in this reaction magnesium dichloride is produced.
86. (d) The solubility of hydroxides of alkaline earth metals in water
increases on moving down the group. 109. (d) Magnesium burns in CO to produce
87. (c) CO 2 escapes simultaneously. Mg  CO  MgO  C
88. (d) It consist of high lattice energy and lowest hydration energy. 110. (d) Sorel's cement is, MgCl2 .5 MgO. xH 2 O
90. (a) It is a s-block elements.
111. (b) Colemnite is a mineral of boron having composition as
91. (b) Barium Ba56 is a alkali earth metal. Ca 2 B6 O11 .5 H 2O .
 s and p-Block Elements 813

23. (d) Boron form different hydride of general formula Bn H n  4 and

Boron family Bn H n  6 but BH 3 is unknown.
24. (c) Alumina is amphoteric oxide, which reacts acid as well as base.
3. (a) B 2 O 3  3C  3Cl 2  2 BCl 3  3CO 25. (a) Al is the most abundant metal in the earth crust.

BCl 3 is obtained by passing chlorine over the heated mixture 29. (a) AlCl3 .6 H 2 O  Al(OH )3  3 HCl  3 H 2 O
of B 2 O 3 and powdered charcoal. Thus AlCl3 can not be obtained by this method
6. (d) B 2 H 6 has two types of B  H bonds 30. (d) Amphoteric substance can react with both acid and base.
33. (c) 2 Al  6 HCl  2 AlCl3  3 H 2
H H H
B B 34. (c) Al  III group  Forms Al 2 O 3
H H H 35. (d) 2 KOH  2 Al  2 H 2O  2 KAlO2  3 H 2
B 119 pm H (Terminal bond) 37. (c) Na 2 CO 3  H 2 O  2 NaOH  CO 2
2 NaOH  2 Al  6 H 2 O  2 Na[ Al(OH )4 ]  3 H 2
B 134 pm H (Bridge bond)
12. (b) Dilthey in 1921 proposed a bridge structure for diborane. Four 41. (c) B(OH )3  H 3 BO3 Boric acid
hydrogen atoms, two on the left and two on the right, known Al(OH)3  Amphoteric
as terminal hydrogens and two boron atoms lie in the same
plane. Two hydrogen atoms forming bridges, one above and 45. (b) FeSO 4 .( NH 4 )2 SO 4 .6 H 2 O
other below, lie in a plane perpendicular to the rest of 46. (b) Al 2 O 3 is an amphoteric oxide.
molecule.
47. (c) Aluminium oxide is highly stable therefore, it is not Reduced by
H chemical reactions.
1.23 Å 48. (d) Aluminium is used as reducing agent in metallurgy.
H H 49. (a) Al is used as reducing agent in thermite process.
50. (c) In Goldschmidt aluminothermic process, thermite contains 3
122° B 97° B 122°
parts of Fe 2 O 3 and 1 part of Al .
H H 51. (c) For the purification of red bauxite which contains iron oxide as
1.19 Å impurity  Baeyer’s process. For the purification of white
H bauxite which contains silica as the main impurity Serpeck’s
process.
52. (b) In Hall’s process
15. (c) 2 H 3 BO 3  B 2 O 3  3 H 2 O 1.77
. Å Al2O3 .2 H 2O  Na2CO3  2 NaAlO2  CO 2  2 H 2O
16. (a,c,d) Al 2 Cl 6 , In2 Cl 6 , Ga 2 Cl 6 2 NaAlO2  3 H 2O  CO 2  

333 K

17. (a) Liquified Ga expand on solidification Ga is less electropositive

in nature, It has the weak metallic bond so it expand on 2 Al(OH )3   Na 2CO 3
solidification. 2 Al(OH )3   Al2O3  3 H 2O
1473 K
3 
18. (d) Al2Cl6  12 H 2O ⇌ 2[ Al(H 2O)6 ]  6 Cl 54. (d) Cryolite Na 3 AlF6
19. (e) B4 C is the hardest substance along with diamond. (1) Decreases the melting point of alumina
20. (a) Borazine B3 N 3 H 6 , is isoelectronic to benzene and hence, is (2) Increases conductivity of the solution
called inorganic benzene some physical properties of benzene 55. (b) Cryolite Na 3 AlF6 is added
and borazine are also similar. (1) To decrease the melting temp from 2323 K to 1140 K
H H (2) To increase the electrical conductivity of solution
61. (d) Iron oxide impurity – Baeyer’s process
B C Silica impurity – Serpeck’s process
H N N H H C C H 64. (b) Cryolite is added to lower the melting point of alumina and to
increase the electrical conductivity.
65. (c) The purification of alumina can be done by Baeyer’s process.
H B B H H C C H 67. (c) In electrolytic method of obtaining aluminium from purified
bauxite, cryolite is added to charge because it reduces the
N C
melting point of Bauxite (from 1200o C to 800 o  900 o C )
and also it increases electrical conductivity of mixture.
H H
21. (c) Except BBorazine
(OH )3 all other hydroxide are of Benzene
metallic hydroxide 68. (a) Hoop’s process  Purification of Al
Hall and Heroult process  Reduction of Al2 O3
having the basic nature B(OH )3 are the hydroxide of
nonmetal showing the acidic nature. Baeyer’s and Serpeck’s process  Concentration of Bauxite ore
22. (c) Moissan boron is amorphous boron, obtained by reduction of 74. (a) H H H
B2 O3 with Na or Mg. It has 95-98% boron and is black in B B
colour. H H H
3c  2e : B  H  B ; 2c  2e : H  B  H
 814 s and p-Block Elements
75. (a) B2 H 6 39. (b) Crook's glass is a special type of glass containing cerium oxide.
Empty sp3 orbital of B It does not allow the passage of ultra violet ray and is used for
. . making lenses.
H H. H 40. (b) Inert pair effect become significant for the 6 and 7 period of
. . . th th

p-block element.
B B 41. (a) Carbon suboxide has linear structure with C  C bond length
.
. . . equal to 130 Å and C  O bond length equal to 120 Å .
. .
H H H
O  C  C  C  O  O  C  C  C  O
Empty sp3 orbital of B
76. (b) Pure alumina is a bad conductor of electricity and the fusion 42. (c) Pb3 O4 is a mixed oxide. It can be represented as
temperature of pure alumina is about 2000°C and at this
temperature when the electrolysis is carried of fused mass the 2 PbO  PbO2 .
metal formed vapoureses as the boiling point of Al is 1800°C. 43. (b) Noble gases are found in very minute amount in atmosphere.
To overcome this difficulty, Na 3 AlF6 and CaF2 are mixed These are separated from each other by using coconut
charcoal. Which adsorb different gas at different temperature.
with alumina. 44. (c) Lapis Lazuli is a rock composed mainly of the following
77. (a) Concentration of Lewis acid of boron tri halides is increased in mineral, lazurite, hauynite sodalite, nosean, calcite, pyrite, lapis
following order. BF3  BCl 3  BBr3  BI3 . lazuli is actually sulphur containing, sodium aluminium silicate
having chemical composition 3 Na 2O.3 Al2 .6 SiO2 .2 Na 2 S .
Carbon family 45. (d) In carbon family stability +2 oxidation state increases on
moving down the group in the periodic table with an increase
3. (d) It react with alkali as well as acid. in atomic number due to screening effect.
46. (c) Tin is oxidised to meta stannic acid when it is treated with
6. (a) Among alkali metal carbonates only Li2CO 3 decomposes. nitric acid.

Li2CO 3  Li2O  CO 2  Sn  4 HNO3  H 2 SnO 3  4 NO 2  H 2O
7. (b) Propyne can be prepared by the hydrolysis of magnesium 47. (c) Pb  Sn
carbide. 49. (d) Three dimensional sheet structures are formed when three oxygen
Mg C + 4H O  CH C  CH + 2Mg(OH)
2 3 2 3 2
atoms of each [SiO ]  tetrahedral are shared.
4
4

10. (d) Generally red lead decompose into PbO and O 2 . 50. (a) Pb3 O4  Red lead (Sindhur)
11. (c) CO 2 is acidic oxide and thus more effectively absorbed by an 51. (c) White lead  2 PbCO3 .Pb(OH )2
alkali. 52. (c) Organic acids dissolve lead in presence of oxygen
(b) CaC2 have one sigma and two  bond. 1
12. Pb  2CH 3 COOH  O2  Pb(CH 3 COO )2  H 2O
13. (d) C and Si are non-metal and Pb is a metal. 2
| |
16. (a) SiO2  2 Mg  Si  2 MgO .
O O
17. (b) Generally IV group element shows catenation tendency and | |
carbon has more catenation power. 53. (a)  O  Si  O  Si  O 
18. (b) Metal oxides or some salts are fused with glass to imported | |
colour of glass. O O
19. (d) Al 2 (CO 3 )3 is less soluble in water than | |
Na 2 CO 3, ZnCO 3 . 55. (a) S 2 P 2 Total 4 valence electrons  IV group
20. (d) The inert pair effect is most prominent in Pb because from top 56. (c) PbCl2 is most ionic because on going down the group the
to bottom due to increase in number of shells. metallic character increases and also the inert pair effect
200 C predominates.
25. (c) Co  NaOH   HCOONa
Sod. formate 58. (b) Type metal Pb = 82%, Sb = 15%, Sn = 3%
27. (c) Sodium oxalate react with conc. H 2 SO 4 to form CO and 60. (b) Sugar of lead (CH 3 COO)2 Pb  lead acetate
CO 2 gas. 63. (d) Pb  11.34 g/ml Heaviest
33. (d) It is hydrolysed with water to form a Si(OH )4 . 64. (c) Pb3 O 4 is a mixed oxide of 2 PbO  PbO2
35. (b) When hydrogen peroxide react with PbS then they form 67. (c) Boron (B), Si, Ge, As, Sb, and At are the metalloid elements.
PbSO4 . Bismuth (Bi) and tin (Sn) are metals while carbon (C) is non-
metal.
36. (b) Grey tin is very brittle and easily crumbles down to a powder
in very cold climates. 68. (a) Al4 C 3  12 H 2 O  3CH 4  4 Al(OH )3
Grey tin ⇌ Whitetin 69. (b) Glass being a mixture of sodium and calcium silicates reacts
(Cubic) (Tetragona l) with hydrofluoric acid forming sodium and calcium
The change of white tin to grey tin is accompanied by increase in fluorosilicates respectively.
volume. This is called tin disease or tin plague. Na 2 SiO3  3 H 2 F2  Na2 SiF4  3 H 2O
37. (c) Solid CO 2 is knows as dry ice because it evaporates at –78°C CaSiO3  3 H 2 F2  CaSiF4  3 H 2O
without changing in the liquid state.
The etching of glass is based on these reactions.
38. (b) Zeolite have SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedrons linked together in
a three dimensional open structure in which four or six Nitrogen family
membered ring predominate. Due to open chain structure they
have cavities and can take up water and other small molecules.
 s and p-Block Elements 815

3. (b) FeSO 4  NO  FeSO 4 .NO Fe 2  HNO 2  H   Fe 3  NO  H 2 O

(Brown)

4. (b) HPO3 , metaphosphoric acid It reduces acidified KMnO 4 .

O 2 KMnO4  3 H 2 SO 4  5 HNO2 
P K 2 SO 4  2 MnSO 4  3 H 2 O  5 HNO 3
O OH 20. (a) 
2 KNO 3  2 KNO 2  O2
(S ) (S )
6. (a) White phosphorus is soluble in CS 2 whereas red phosphorus
is insoluble in it. 23. (b) NH 4 Cl  KNO 2  NH 4 NO 2  KCl
7. (d) H 4 P2O7 pyrophosphoric acid 
N 2  2 H 2O
O O
|| || 24. (d) 2 HNO3  N 2O5  H 2O
HO  P  O  P  OH Nitric acid
|| ||
OH OH 25. (c) 2Ca3 (PO4 )2  6 SiO2   6 CaSiO3  P4 O10
1770K

Tetrabasic ( 4  OH groups) P4 O10  10 C   P4  10 CO

1770K

8. (b) P4  3 NaOH  3 H 2 O  PH 3  3 NaH 2 PO2 White

(White) Phosphine Sod. hypophosph ite
26. (c) P4  5 O 2  2 P2 O 5
9. (a) NCl 5 is not known because of absence of d-orbitals in
nitrogen. P2O5  3 H 2O  2 H 3 PO4
11. (a,d) P4 molecule 27. (c) H 3 PO4 ⇌ H   H 2 PO4

P H 2 PO4 ⇌ H   HPO42 
Bond angle  60 o
60 o Six P–P = Single bonds HPO42  ⇌ H   PO43 
Lone pairs = 4

P 
28. (c) (i) NO (ii) N 2O (iii) N 2 O3
P Nitric oxide Nitrous oxide Dinitrogen
Colourless gas Colourless gas trioxide Blue
liquid
P
 (iv) N 2 O 4 (v) N 2 O 5

12. (b) NH 4 NO 3  2 H 2 O   N 2 O  Dinitrogen Dinitrogen
(S ) Nitrous oxide tetraoxide pentaoxide
(Laughing gas) colourless liquid colourless gas

13. (a) Birkeland – Eyde process 30. (c) (NH 4 )2 Cr2O7  Cr2O3  N 2  4 H 2O
Dinitrogen is prepared commercially from air by liquification
and fractional distillation. When liquid air is allowed to distil, 31. (d) 4 HNO3  4 NO 2  O2  2 H 2O
dinitrogen having lower b.pt (77K) distils over first leaving 32. (c) Because of its very low ignition temperature (303K) it is always
behind liquid oxygen (bpt 90K). World wide production of kept under water.
dinitrogen from liquid air is more than 50 million tonns per 33. (d) NH 3 when dissolved in water forms
year.
14. (b) 
NH 4 NO 3  2H 2 O   N 2 O  NH 3  H 2O  NH 4  OH  ⇌ NH 4 OH
(s) 34. (a,b) Stability of + 3 oxidation states increases on account of inert pair
 effect.
NaNO 3  NaNO 2  O2 
(s) (s) Reducing character of hydrides increases down the group
because bond dissociation energy decreases down the group.
2 AgNO 3 (s)  2 Ag(s)  2 NO 2 (g)  O 2 (g)
Lunar caustic 35. (a) Haber’s process Industrial process
2 Pb(NO 3 )2  2 PbO 4 NO 2  O2  N 2  3 H 2 Fe - Mo 2 NH 3
(s) 650  800 K
200  350 atm
16. (b) P4  3 NaOH  3 H 2O  PH3  3 NaH 2 PO2 36. (a) P4  5 O2  P4 O10 ; white phosphorus gets easily oxidized
White Phosphine
because it is highly reactive.
17. (d) N P As Sb Bi
38. (d) N 2 O is itself non-combustible but supports combustion.
Non-metals Metalloids Metal S  2 N 2O  SO 2  2 N 2
18. (b) O 39. (b) When N 2 O is inhaled in moderate quantities, it produces
||
P hysterical laughter, hence the name laughing gas.
|
40. (c) 2 NO 2  H 2O ⇌ HNO 2  HNO3
HO OH OH
When dissolved in water, gives a mixture of nitrous acid and
3 - OH groups are present hence it is tribasic. nitric acid.
19. (c) Nitrous acid behaves as reducing as well as an oxidising agent. N 2O4  H 2O  HNO2  HNO3
It reduces potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate,
H 2 O 2 and other strong oxidising agents. It oxidises strong HNO3  HNO2  2 NaOH  NaNO 2  NaNO3  2 H 2O
reducing agents such as hydroiodic acid, sulphurous acid etc. 41. (b) 4 Zn  10 HNO 3  4 Zn(NO 3 )2  5 H 2 O  N 2 O
It oxidises Fe 2 into Fe 3 in acidic medium;
hot & dil.
 816 s and p-Block Elements
42. (a) (HPO3 )n Polymetaphosphoric acid On moving down the group bond energy decreases. Hence,
stability decreases.
O OH O OH 62. (d) Due to absence of d-orbitals in N atom, it cannot accept
O || O | O || O | O
P P P P electrons from H 2 O for hydrolysis of NF3 .
| || | || 63. (b) NH 3 is most thermally stable hydride. Hence, electrolysis
OH O OH O
temperature is maximum.
43. (b) Superphosphate of lime – It is a mixture of calcium dihydrogen
64. (a) Phosphorus is kept in water due to it burt at 30 o C .
phosphate and gypsum and is obtained by treating phosphatic
rock will conc. H 2 SO 4 66. (c) BiCl3  H 2O  BiOCl  2 HCl

Ca3 (PO4 )2  2 H 2SO 4  5 H 2O  67. (c) When the black ppt. of Bi2 S 3 is dissolved in 50% HNO 3
Ca(H 2 PO4 )2 .2 H 2O  2CaSO 4 .2 H 2O and a solution of NH 4 OH is added. A white ppt. of
Superphosp hate of lime Bi(OH )3 is obtained.
44. (d) 3 NaOH  H 3 PO4  Na 3 PO4  3 H 2 O 69. (a) Atmospheric nitrogen is inert and unreactive because of very
46. (d) 4 NH 3  5 O 2 
Pt
4 NO  6 H 2 O high bond energy (945 kJ /mole) .
1100 K
70. (b) Bismuth does not show allotropy other elements show
NO is used in the preparation of HNO 3 allotropy.
2 NO  O2  2 NO 2 ; 4 NO 2  2 H 2O  O2  4 HNO3 Nitrogen  -nitrogen and -nitrogen (solid crystalline forms)
Phosphorus  White, Red and Black forms
47. (d) P4  20 HNO 3  4 H 3 PO4  20 NO 2  4 H 2 O
Arsenic  Yellow and Grey forms
49. (b) P2 O 3 A2 O3 B2 O3 Bi2 O 3 Antimony  Yellow and Grey forms
Acidic oxides
71. (a) Nitrogen does not form complexes because of the absence of d-
Alkaline
orbitals.
50. (b) P2 O 3  3 H 2 O  2 H 3 PO3
72. (a) NH 3 is a strongest base because Lone pair is easily available
51. (a) NF3 for donation.
.. 74. (b) Hydride NH 3 PH 3 AsH 3 SbH 3 BiH3
N Boling point 238.5 185.5 210.6 254.6 290
75. (a) NCl 3 is highly reactive and unstable. Hence it is explosive.
F F
F 76. (b) N 2 O3 P2 O 3 As 2 O 3 Sb 2 O 3 Bi2 O 3

It is least basic because of the high electronegativity of 3 F Acidic Oxides Amphoteric Basic
atoms. The lone pair present on nitrogen atom is not easily
Acidic character decreases down the group
available for donation. 77. (c) SbCl 2 is not exists because
52. (d) 3 H 2 O  PCl3  H 3 PO3  3 HCl
V group elements normally show +3 and +5 oxidation state.
th

53. (c) Due to less reactivity of red phosphorus 78. (b) NH 4 Cl  NaNO 2  NH 4 NO 2  NaCl
54. (d) NO 2 brown coloured gas. (aq ) (aq )

55. (d) N 2O 5 is an anhydride of HNO 3 NH 4 NO 2   N 2  2 H 2 O

heat

(g) (l)
2 HNO 3  N 2 O 5  H 2 O
79. (c) NH 4 NO 2  N 2  2 H 2O
Therefore, it can act only as oxidising agent.
* * 80. (d) 6 Li  N 2  2 Li3 N Lithium nitride
56. (c) NH 4 NO 2 ⇌ N H 4  N O 2 3 Mg  N 2  Mg3 N 2 Magnesium nitride
(Oxidation number ) x  4  1 x  4  1
x  1  4  3 x  3 81. (d) N  N bond energy is very high 945 kJ mol 1 .
* 83. (d) N 7  1s 2 , 2 s 2 , 2 p 3
57. (b) P 4 O8
4 x  (2  8 )  0 d-orbitals are absent in nitrogen.
4 x  16  0 85. (d) NH 4 NO 3   N 2 O  2 H 2 O
heat

16 (Laughing gas)
x  4
4 1
86. (d) NH 2OH  HNO 2  H 2 N 2 O2  H 2O
*
58. (c) N H 2 OH 87. (c) N 2 O is a linear molecule
x  2  (2)  1  0
88. (b) 2 HNO 2  H 2 O  N 2 O 3
x  2  2 10
x  1 89. (d) 2 HNO 3  H 2 O  N 2 O 5
60. (c) NH 3  PH3  AsH3  SbH 3 90. (c) 2 Pb(NO3 )2 2 PbO  4 NO 2  O2
On moving down the group atomic size increases and 91. (a) 2 Pb(NO3 )2  2 PbO  4 NO 2  O2
availability of lone pair decreases. Hence, basic character
decreases. 92. (b) 3Cu  8 HNO3  3Cu(NO3 )2  4 H 2O  2 NO
61. (a) PH3  AsH3  SbH 3  BiH3 93. (d) In upper atmosphere NO is formed by lightning flash.
 s and p-Block Elements 817

N 2  O2 ⇌ 2 NO 129. (d) Na 4 P2 O7 Salt of strong acid and strong base.

96. (c) 2 NO  O2  2 NO 2 130. (b) P4  6 H 2 SO 4  4 H 3 PO4  6 SO 2
98. (b) 2 AgNO3  2 AgNO2  O2 131. (c) CaCN 2  3 H 2O  CaCO3  2 NH 3
 132. (b) H 4 P2 O7
2 Ag  2 NO 2
O O
100. (d) 2 NO 2  H 2O  HNO3  HNO2 || ||
HO  P  O  P  OH
COOH | |
101. (d) C12 H 22 O11  
conc. HNO 3 |
 H 2O OH OH
COOH Tetrabasic
Oxalic acid
4  OH group are present.
102. (b) 4 NH 3  5 O2 

Pt
4 NO  6 H 2O
800 C o 134. (b) BiCl3  H 2O  BiOCl  2 HCl
103. (d) HNO 2 can be either reduced to nitric oxide (NO ) or 135. 500 600 C
(b) CaC 2  N 2   CaCN 2  C
o

oxidised to nitric acid and hence it acts both as an oxidising as 6 8 atm

well as a reducing agent. 136. (a) CaCN 2  3 H 2O  CaCO3  2 NH 3
2 HNO2  2 NO  H 2O  [O]
137. (a) NH 2CONH 2
HNO2  [O]  HNO3
Mass of N 28
106. (d) NH 3 is highly volatile compound. When vapourized, liquid % of N =  100 =  100 = 46%.
Mass of compound 60
ammonia causes intense cooling. Hence used as a coolant in ice
factories and cold storages. 141. (a) Anhydride of nitrous acid is N 2 O 3 .
107. (d) N3H ⇌ N 3 H 
144. (b) P4  3 NaOH  3 H 2O  PH3  NaH 2 PO4
Hydrazoic acid
108. (a) d-orbitals are absent in nitrogen. 145. (a) NH 3 is highly soluble due to H-bonding.
109. (d) Phosphide ion Chloride ion H H-bonding
(Cl  )
|
(P 3 )    
Total electrons 18 18 H  N ........ H  O
| |
P 3  and Cl  are isoelectronic. H H
110. (a) Due to the less reactivity.
146. (d) NH 3 PH 3 AsH 3 SbH 3
116. (a) P4  3 H 2O  3 NaOH  PH3  3 NaH 2 PO2
Phosphine Sod. hypophosph ite B.pt in (K) 238.5 185.5 210.6 254.6
*
117. (c) Both oxidation and reduction (Disproportionation) 149. (a) H 3 PO 2
Reduction
3x 4 0
0 3 1 x  1
P 4  3 H 2O  3 NaOH  PH 3  3 NaH 2 PO2
151. (d) Solid PCl 5 exists as PCl4  and PCl6 .
Oxidation
118. (b) P4  NaOH  No reaction P
Red
120. (c) Ca3 P2  6 H 2O  3Ca(OH)2  2 PH3 60o
122. (b) PH 3 is less basic because lone pair is not easily available for 153. (a) P P
donation.
123. (d) P2 O 3  3 H 2 O  2 H 3 PO3
124. (d) P2 O5  3 H 2 O  2 H 3 PO4 orthophosphoric acid.
154. (e) Phosphorus mineralsP is called as hydroxy apatite and
125. (c) H 3 PO2 Monobasic acid
fluorapatite.
O 156. (a) Nitrogen does not have d-orbitals.
||
P Only one OH group 157. (c) 3CuO  2 NH 3  3Cu  N 2  3 H 2O .
H | OH
H 159. (b) Liquid ammonia is used in refrigeration because it has high
heat of vaporisation.
126. (b) PCl 3  3 H 2 O  H 3 PO3  3 HCl
160. (a) Sn  conc. 4 NHO 3  H 2 SnO 3  4 NO 2  H 2 O
127. (b) H 3 PO3 Meta stannic acid
O 161. (c) 3Cu  8 NHO3  3Cu (NO3 )2  4 H 2 O  2 NO
|| Nitric oxide
P
H | OH 163. (c) Pentavalency in phosphorus is more stable that of nitrogen due
OH to large size of phosphorus atom.
* 164. (b) Ammomium nitrate is neutral fertilizer.
128. (c) H 3 P O2
165. (d) PH 3 insoluble in water because does not consist of hydrogen
3  x  (2  2)  0
x  1 bond.
 818 s and p-Block Elements
 O
166. (a) NH 4 Cl  NaNO 2 
 NH 4 NO 2 ||
P
NH 4 NO 2  N 2  2 H 2 O HO | OH
OH
167. (a) Nitrogen react with metal to form a nitride.
o 201. (d) Na 2 HPO4  Na 2 PO4  H 
6 Li  N 2   2 Li 3 N (Lithium nitride)
450 C

It can give H  ion in solution.

 :
:O  . .
202. (c) NH 3 and PH3 both are basic because of the presence of
P P

:O  :
O   : lone pair of electrons.
168. (a) :O O
NH  PH  AsH  SbH  BiH
:P :O: P:  P :O: 203. (b)
3 3

3 3 3

:O P  :
O

O  Stability decreases down the group because bond energy
O
:O O: :O O: decreases down the group.
P :O:
P 204. (a) Nitrogen forms NH 3 which is most basic.

:O: 205. (b) H 3 PO3 is a diabasic acid. It forms two types of salts
PO NaH 2 PO3 and Na 2 HPO3 .
PO
169. (b) It is a salt of pyrophosphoric acid H 4 P2O7 .
4 6
4 10

206. (a) NH 2  CO  NH 2  2HNO2  CO 2  3 H 2O  2 N 2

172. (d) Copper react with conc. nitric acid to form a nitric oxide.
207. (c) I II III IV V
173. (a) N 2 O on account of stimulating effect on nervous system.
Element – N P As Sb Bi
174. (d) Sodium metal in liq. NH 3 solution shows strong reducing Atomic no. 7 15 33 51 83
power due to solvated electron.
O
Na  (x  y)NH 3 ⇌ [ Na( NH 3 ) x ]  [e( NH 3 )y ] ||
solvated electron 210. (c) HO  P  OH it is ionizes in three steps because three –
|
175. (c) PH 3  4 Cl 2  PCl5  3 HCl OH
178. (c) Generally P2 O 5 are used as a dehydrating agent. OH group are present.
180. (a) Phosphorus show + 5 valency. 212. (c) Ca3 P2  3 H 2O  3Ca(OH )2  2 PH3
181. (b) In the Haber process for the manufacture of NH 3 , Fe is used 213. (d) (NH 4 )2 Cr2O7  N 2  Cr2O3  4 H 2O
catalyst and Mo as a promotre.
214. (b) B  P  As  Bi
182. (a) On adding excess of ammonium hydroxide to a copper chloride
As we go down the group bond angle decreases because
solution a deep blue solution of [Cu (NH 3 )4 ] 2  ion is formed. repulsion between bonded pairs of electron decreases.
215. (b,c) 3 NH 3  OCl   NH 2  NH 2  NH 4 Cl  OH 
183. (d) (NH 4 )2 SO 4  KCNO 
217. (a) Acidic character of oxides decreases down the group.
NH 4 CNO  K 2 SO 4  NH 2  CO  NH 2 218. (d) N 7 – 1s 2 , 2 s 2 , 2 p 3
Urea

185. (a) Nitric acid turns the skin yellow because it reacts with protein d-orbitals absent in second sub-shell.
giving a yellow compound called xanthoprotein. 220. (c) N 2 can form NCl 3 , N 2O5 and Ca 3 N 2 but does not
186. (d) Ammonium sulphate is a nitrogenous fertilizers. form NCl 5 .
187. (d) Ammonia generally prepared by the Haber’s process.
221. (a) Highest oxidation state is +5 which remains unchanged.
192. (a) H 3 PO2 is hypophosphorus acid
222. (a) Hypophosphorus acid (H 3 PO2 ) is a monobasic acid which act
193. (c) (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 is a salt of weak base & strong acid as reducing agent. In this molecule two P  H bonds are
(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4  2 H 2 O  2 NH 4 OH  H 2 SO 4 responsible for its reducing character and one O  H bond is
Weak base Strong acid responsible for its monobasic acid character.
223. (a) Bone black is the polymorphic form of phosphorus.
194. (a) One part of concentrated HNO 3 and 3 parts concentrated
224. (b) Nitrous oxide is known as Laughing gas.
HCl form aquaregia. 225. (a) We know that,
196. (c) –3 to +5 PH3 (3) and H 3 PO4 (5) 2 Pb(NO3 )2  2 PbO  4 NO 2  O2
199. (b) BiCl5 does not exist because +3 oxidation state of Bi s more So nitric oxide ( NO 2 ) is produced.
stable than +5 due to inert pair effect. 226. (d) Phosphorus exist as solid at 27°C and 1 atmospheric pressure
200. (c) H 3 PO3  Tribasic acid 3  OH groups are present (m.p. of white phosphorus = 44°C)
227. (b) We know that, 4 HNO3  P4 O10  4 HPO3  2 N 2O5 The
H 3 PO4  3 H   PO43 
product is dinitrogen pentaoxide (N 2O5 ) .
O

H P H

O
H
 s and p-Block Elements 819

228. (b) Hypophosphorous acid is H 3 PO2 . 20. (a) Paramagnetism because of two unpaired electrons in the
antibonding molecular orbitals.
21. (a) 2 Na2 SO 3  O2  2 Na2 SO 4

30 C
229. (b) NO (g)  NO 2 (g)   N 2O3 (l) silent
(Blue)
24. (c) 3O 2 2O 3
electric discharge
230. (c) The ignition temperature of black phosphorus is highest among
all allottropes. 28. (b) O 3  O2  [O]

231. (a) (NH 4 )2 Cr2O7  N 2  Cr2O3  4 H 2O 2 KI  H 2 O  [O]  2 KOH  I 2

NH 4 NO 2  N 2  2 H 2O 2 KI  H 2 O  O 3  2 KOH  I 2  O 2
232. (a) Nitrogen shows  I to  V , all oxidation states. 32. (d) 2 KMnO4  3 H 2 SO 4  5 H 2 S 
233. (c) Boiling points of SbH 3 (254 K), NH 3 (238 K) ,
K 2 SO 4  2 MnSO 4  8 H 2 O  5 S
AsH3 (211 K) and PH3 (185 K) therefore boiling points
33. (a) Cu  2 H 2 SO 4  CuSO 4  2 H 2O  SO 2
are of the order SbH 3  NH 3  AsH3  PH3 .
35. (a) The minimum and maximum oxidation number of S are –2 and
234. (a) Because phosphorous is most electronegative element out of
+6 respectively. Since the oxidation number of S in SO 2 is +4,
P, Bi, Sb and C.
therefore it can be either increased or decreased. Therefore
235. (d) Ca3 (PO4 )2  3 SiO2  3CaSiO3  P2O5 SO 2 behaves both as an oxidising as well as reducing agent.
236. (a) When a solid compound on heating change into gaseous state
without changing into liquid state, the phenomenon is known 36. (a) 2H 2 S  SO 2  2H 2 O  3S
reducing agent oxidising agent
as sublimation. e.g., I2 , NH 4 Cl and camphor.
237. (b) 16 bond by its structure. 37. (d) K2Cr2O7  H 2 SO 4  3SO 2 
238. (d) Phosphorus is a non-metallic element. It form’s acidic oxide. K 2 SO 4  Cr2 (SO 4 )3  3 H 2 O
4 5 Green
239. (b) 2 NO 2  H 2 O  HNO 2  HNO 3
Mixed acid anhydride
39. (a) SO 2  2 Mg  2 MgO  S

240. (c) Oxidation number of As in H 2 AsO4 40. (a) 2 H 2O  SO 2  H 2 SO 4  2[H ] (nascent hydrogen)
2  x  8  1 Coloured flower  2[H ]  Colourless flower
x  6  1 41. (c) H 2 SO 3  2 NaOH  Na 2 SO 3  2 H 2O
x 5 Sodium
sulphite
241. (a) The inorganic nitrogen exists in the form of ammonia, which
may be lost as gas to the atmosphere, may be acted upon by 42. (a) H 2O  SO 3  H 2 SO 4
nitrifying bacteria, or may be taken up directly by plants.
43. (d) H 2 SO 4  SO 3  H 2 S 2O7
(oleum )

Oxygen family 45. (b) 2 Ag  2 H 2 SO 4  Ag 2 SO 4  2 H 2 O  SO 2

Reducing Oxidising
agent agent

2. (c) Sulphur – 46. (a) Only dehydrating agent

(1) Monoclinic (2) Rhombic (3) Plastic HCOOH   CO  H 2O
H 2 SO 4

4. (c) S  O2  SO 2
48. (b) COOH
1
|    H 2 O  CO  CO 2
conc. H 2 SO 4

5. (a) S 8  2e   S 2  COOH
8
51. (d) H 2 SO 4  SO 3  H 2 S 2 O7
6. (c) 2 H 2 O  2 F2  4 HF  O 2 (Oleum or Fuming H 2 SO 4 )

9. (b) O8 – 1s 2 2s 2 2p 4 53. (d) S 2 O72 

O O
|| ||

2 unpaired electrons O S  O S  O 
|| ||
11. (a) Element – O S Sc Te Po O O
Electronegativity – 3.5 2.5 2.4 2.1 2.0 55. (d) Na 2 SO 3  S  Na 2 S 2 O 3
13. (b,c) Na 2 SO 3  H 2 SO 4  Na 2 SO 4  H 2O  SO 2
(S ) (aq ) (aq ) (l) (g)
56. (b) Na 2 S 2 O 3  Cl 2  H 2 O  Na 2 SO 4  2 HCl  S

15. (d) H 2O H2S H 2 Se H 2 Te 58. (c) AgBr  2 Na 2 S 2 O 3  Na 3 [ Ag(S 2 O 3 )2 ]  NaBr

60. (a) SO 2  2 H 2 S  3 S  2 H 2 O
104.5 o 92.1 o 91 o 90 o
As we go down the group electronegativity decreases due to 63. (a) 2 H 2 S  O 2  2 H 2 O  2S
which repulsion between bonded pairs of electron also
decreases. Hence, bond angle decreases. 64. (a) Mixture of K 2 Cr2 O7 and conc. H 2 SO 4 is known as
chromic acid.
 820 s and p-Block Elements
65. (c) H 2 O contain hydrogen bond while no hydrogen bonding is an exothermic reaction and by doing so heat is generated
slowly and dissipated in the atmosphere.
present in H 2 S .
101. (a) Photochemical smog is caused by oxides of sulphur and
67. (a) H 2 O containing hydrogen bond. nitrogen.
69. (c) HO  SO 2  OH  PCl5  Cl  SO 2  OH  POCl3 102. (d) SO 2 act as bleaching agent due to its reducing property.

 HCl SO 2  2 H 2 O  H 2 SO 4  2 H
HO  SO 2  OH  2PCl5  Coloured matter +H  Colourless matter
Cl  SO 2  Cl  2 POCl3  2 HCl 103. (b) Ozone on treatment with SO 2 produce SO 3 .
Sulphuryl chloride
3 SO 2  O3  3 SO 3
70. (d) Mixture of O 2 and CO 2 .
104. (b) PbO2 is a powerful oxidizing agent and liberate O 2 when
71. (c) The bond between (H 2 Te ) is weakest hence it gives H  ion
treated with acids SO , O2 gas will be evolved.
easily.
105. (c) Dithionous acid (H 2 S 2O4 ) has sulphur in +3 oxidation state.
73. (c) KO 2 because in O 2 (superoxide ion)
One unpaired electron is present in the antibonding orbital. O O
|| ||
75. (b) Oxidation states are 2, 4, 6 HO  S  S  OH ; 2(1)  2 x  4(2)  0
77. (b) H 2O H 2S H 2 Se H 2Te 2 x  8  2  6 ; x  3
373K 213K 269K 232K 106. (a) SO 2 acts as an oxidising agent particularly when treated with
H 2 S has lowest boiling point and H 2 O has highest boiling stronger reducing agents. SO 2 oxidises H 2 S into S .
point because if any compound has hydrogen bond. Its boiling 107. (a) R 3 SiCl on hydrolysis forms only a dimer.
point is high.
78. (c) V2 O 5 catalyst are used for the manufacture of H 2 SO 4 by R 3 SiOH  HOSiR3  R 3 Si  O  SiR3 .
Contact process. 108. (d) Formation of chlorine nitrate is the main cause of ozone
81. (d) O, S, Se shows polymorphism. depliction.
84. (e) H 2 S  2 HNO 3  2 NO 2  S  2 H 2 O .
85. (b) O2 F2 is similar to that of H 2O2 Halogen family
F H
1. (b) HF > HCl > HBr > HI (Thermal stability).
97°
O O O O 1
2. (a) CHCl 3  O2  COCl 2  HCl
1.48Å 2 Phosgene or carbonyl
97° chloride

F H 3. (d) Iodine has the least affinity for water and is only slightly
87. (d) 16 group called chalcogens (oxygen family) while Na is a I group
th st
soluble in it. However, it dissolves in 10% aq. solution of KI due
element which is called alkali metal. to the formation of a complex ion i.e. I 3 .
90. (b) Caro’s acid (H 2 SO 5 )
I2  KI ⇌ KI3 or I2  I  ⇌ I 3 (complex ion)
3
91. (c) 2 KO 2  CO 2  K 2 CO 3  O 2 4. (c) 2 Na 2 S 2O3  I2  2 NaI  Na 2 S 4 O6
2
93. (a) H 2 O consist of highest boiling point than other hydride (Due 5. (a) Cl 2  2 KBr  2 KCl  Br2
to presence of the hydrogen bonding). A more electronegative halogen can displaces less
94. (b) Lose of electron. electronegative halogen.
6. (a) HI is the strongest reducing agent among halogen acids
95. (c) SO 2 is soluble in water
because of lowest bond dissociation energy.
H 2O  SO 2  H 2 SO 3 8. (a) Due to H-Bonding free ions are not present in aq. solution.
Sulphurus acid Hence, bad conductor.
96. (c) 2 Na2O2  2 H 2O  4 NaOH  O2 . 9. (c) Electronegativity of I 2 is less than Br2 . Therefore unable to
displace bromine.
In this reaction oxygen (O 2 ) is formed.
10. (b) Carnellite is KCl .MgCl2 .6 H 2O . The mother liquor life after
97. (b) 3 S  4 NaOH   Na 2 S 2 O 3  Na 2 S
boiling
crystallisation of KCl from carnellite contain about 0.25% of
bromine as MgBr and KBr.
98. (c) Quartz is a crystalline variety of silica. 2

11. (a) HF is liquid because of intermolecular H-Bonding.

99. (b) 98% H 2 SO 4 is used for absorbing dense fog of acid which is
12. (a) HClO ⇌ H   ClO 
formed by dissolving SO 3 in water. Hence 98% H 2 SO 4 is Weak acid Strong conjugate
base
the most efficient agent for the absorption of SO 3 .
13. (d) 2 NaOH  Cl 2   NaCl  NaClO  H 2 O
Cold
100. (b) Concentrated H 2 SO 4 is diluted by adding the conc. H 2 SO 4 (dil.) Sod. hypochlorite
in the water drop by drop with constant stirring because it is
 s and p-Block Elements 821

6 NaOH  3Cl 2   5 NaCl  NaClO3  3 H 2 O

heat 63. (a) 2 NaOH  Cl2  NaClO  NaCl  H 2O
(conc.) Sodium chlorate
66. (b) Cl2  H 2O  2 HCl  [O] Nascent oxygen
15. (b) 6 KOH  3Cl 2  5 KCl  KClO3  3 H 2 O .
Coloured  [O]    Colourlessflower
Bleaching
17. (a) HF is the weakest acid. Since it is unable to give H  ions flower agent (Oxidized)
which are trapped in H-Bonding.
18. (b) Hydride – HF HCl HBr HI 68. (b) CaO  Cl2  CaOCl2
B.pt (in K) – 293 189 206 238 NaHCO3  Cl2  No reaction
Becouse of having low b.p. HCl is more volatile.
69. (c) Ca(OH )2  Cl 2  CaOCl2  H 2O
19. (a) 2 KClO3  I 2  2 KIO3  Cl 2 Slaked lime

20. (c) 2 Na 2 S 2O3  I2  2 NaI  Na 2 S 4 O6 71. (b) MgBr2  Cl 2  MgCl2  Br2

21. (d) 2 KMnO4  16 HCl  2 KCl  2 MnCl2  5Cl2  8 H 2O 72. (a) Cl 2  2 Br   2Cl   Br2
22. (a) 7 5 3 1 
73. (a) KI  H 2 SO 4  KHSO 4  HI
HClO4  HClO3  HClO2  HClO Conc.

As the oxidation no. of halogen increases acidic character Conc. H 2 SO 4  2 HI  2 H 2 O  I2  SO 2 

increases. Violet
vapour

25. (c) 2 KBr  3 H 2 SO 4  MnO2  74. (b) 2 NaI  Cl 2  2 KCl  I 2
2 KHSO 4  MnSO4  2 H 2O  Br2
CCl 4  I2  Violet colour
29. (b,d) Electron affinity of Cl is maximum

KI  H 2 SO 4  KHSO 4  HI
2

Element – F Cl Br I 76. (b)

E.A. kJ/mole – 332.6 348.5 324.7 295.5 H 2 SO 4  2 HI  2 H 2 O  I 2  SO 2 
Boiling pt ( C) o
–188.1 –34.6 59.5 185.2 Violet vapour

32. (a) Cl 2  2 NaBr  2 NaCl  Br2 79. (c) KI  H 2 SO 4  KHSO 4  HI

33. (d) CCl 4  H 2O  No reaction HI is formed but it is further oxidised by conc. H 2 SO 4 into
d-orbitals are absent in carbon atom. I2
34. (a) I 2  10 HNO 3  2 HIO3  10 NO 2  4 H 2 O
2 HI  H 2 SO 4  2 H 2 O  I 2  SO 2 
35. (d) KI  I 2  KI 3 Violet vapour

36. (a) 2 KBr  H 2 SO 4  K 2 SO 4  2 HBr 80. (b) HCl  H  Cl

H 2O  
(aq) (aq )
37. (b) H 2  F2  2 HF
81. (b) 4 NaCl  K2Cr2O7  3 H 2 SO 4 
42. (b) CuSO 4  2 KI  CuI 2  K 2 SO 4
K2 SO 4  2 Na 2 SO 4  2CrO2Cl2  3 H 2O
2CuI 2  2CuI  I2 Chromyl chloride
Cuprous iodide 82. (c) Hydrogen bonding is absent in HI while it is present in
43. (d) As the atomic number increases electronegativity decreases. NH 3 , H 2 O and C 2 H 5 OH .
Hence, tendency to gain electron decreases.
84. (d) In case of HI due to large size of iodine strong Vander Waal
51. (a) F2  2Cl   Cl 2  2 F  forces are present. Hence, it has highest molar heat of
vaporisation.
F2  2 Br   Br2  2 F  85. (d) HI is strongest acid because H  I bond is weakest among
  halogen acids.
F2  2 I  I 2  2 F
86. (a) In HF the molecules aggregate because of intermolecular
53. (d) Br2  2 KI  I 2  2 KBr hydrogen bonding. Hence, it has highest boiling point.

56. (d) 2 F2  2 H 2 O  4 HF  O 2 88. (a) ClO 2 has sp 3 -hybridization and two lone pairs on halogen
which produces V-shape Bent structure
3F2  3H 2O  6HF  O 3
..
58. (c) 2 NaCl  2 H 2 O  2 NaOH  Cl 2  H 2 Cl
(anode) (cathode)
Reduction
O O
4 2
59. (a) MnO2  4 HCl  MnCl2  2 H 2O  Cl 2 89. (d) 2 HClO4  H 2 O  Cl 2 O7 .
61. (b)  2 NaOH  Cl2  H 2
2 NaCl  2 H 2 O  Electrolysis
90. (b) F2
(aq) (g ) (g)
gases
Cl 2
62. (c) H 2 O  Cl 2  HCl  HClO
Exposed to air
Br2 liquid
HClO  HCl  [O] or 2 HClO  2 HCl  O2
I2 solid
 822 s and p-Block Elements
123. (b) Caliche is crude chile salt petre (NaNO 3 ) which contains about
As we go down the group Vander Waal forces increases. Hence,
physical state changes. 0.02% iodine as sodium iodate (NaIO3 ) .
92. (c) F can not act as reducing agent because it has highest 124. (a) LiF  LiCl  LiBr  LiI
reduction potential
Lattice energy depends on the size and charge of the ion.
F2  2e   2 F  ; E o  2.87 V 125. (a) F-F more strong bond compare to F-Cl, F-Br and Cl-Br bond.
93. (c) I 2  10 HNO 3  2 HIO3  10 NO 2  4 H 2 O 126. (c) 2 Na 2 S 2 O 3  I 2  Na 2 S 4 O6  2 NaI .
94. (a) IF5  F2  IF7 . Cl
127. (d) CaCl(OCl)  Ca
95. (a) Pseudohalide ions and Pseudohalogens O  Cl
There are certain monovalent negative ions made up of two or 128. (a) 2 NaOH  Cl 2  NaCl  NaOCl  H 2 O
more electronegative atoms which exhibit properties similar to  
these of halide ions. Such ions are known as pseudo halide ions Na   Cl  Na   OCl 
just as halide ions, pseudo halide ions have also corresponding
dimoric molecules. These are called pseudo halogens and show 131. (d) I 2  NaF 
properties similar to those of halogens.
I 2  NaBr  No reaction
Pseudohalide Pseudohalogens
I 2  NaCl 
CN  cyanide (CN )2 Cyanogen
Because I 2 is least electronegative among halogens.
SCN  Thiocyanate (SCN )2 Thiocyanogen
132. (a) HClO4  HCl  H 2 SO 4  HNO3
96. (c) NaF is highest melting halide because it is most ionic in Decreasing order of acidic character.
nature.
134. (a) HgCl2  Hg (CN ) 2  HgCl2 . Hg (CN )2
98. (b) 2 F2  2 H 2O  4 HF  O2 Mercuric chloride Mercuric cyanide

99. (c) CaOCl2  CaCl2  [O] Nascent oxygen 135. (a) HI  HBr  HCl  HF
100. (a) Generally alkali metals and alkali earth metals elements Acidic character decreasing order.
extracted by the fused electrolysis method. 136. (c) Ca(OH )2  Cl 2  CaOCl 2  HOCl
Slaked lime Bleaching poeder
102. (c) 2 Na 2 S 2 O3  I2  2 NaI  Na 2 S 4 O6 .
137. (d) K2Cr2O7  14 HCl  2 KCl  2CrCl3 7 H 2O  3Cl2
104. (b) Beilstein test – In this test organic compound is heated on a
copper wire in a flame. The appearance of a green or bluish 139. (d) Fluorine does not gives positive oxidation state it is always
green flame due to the formation of volatile cupric halides show –1 oxidation state.
indicate the presence of halogens in the organic compound. (It 7 5 3 1
does not tell which halogen is actually present). 140. (a) HClO4  HClO3  HClO2  HCl
141. (d) Ca (OH )2  Cl 2  CaOCl2  H 2 O
bleaching
0 1 powder
105. (d) Cl 2  2 KBr  Br2  2 K Cl
Reduction
146. (a) F2  (dil.) 2 NaOH  2 NaF  OF2  H 2 O
147. (a) Fluorine can not be oxidised by even strongest oxidising agent.
148. (b) Br2  2 H 2 O  SO 2  H 2 SO 4  2 HBr
107. (b) 3 HCl  HNO3  NOCl  2 H 2O  Cl2 .
Oxidation 149. (c) 2 KBr  I 2  2 KI  Br2
108. (a) Cl  Cl  Cl  Cl
U.V
Iodine is a less electronegative compare to Bromine hence
Free radical

109. (a) HF is a weak acid due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding. iodine does not change Br  to Br2 .
110. (a) Acidic nature of oxide  Non metallic nature of element 150. (a) CaI 2 are show covalent properties than other
Non metallic nature decrease in the order Cl  S  P . CaF2 , CaCl 2 , CaBr2 compound.
111. (c) Aqua regia is 1 part of HNO 3 and 3 part of HCl. 151. (d) 2 KMnO4  3 H 2SO 4  10 HCl 
113. (a) AgI is a covalent compound. K 2 SO 4  2 MnSO 4  8 H 2 O  5Cl 2
114. (a) Bromine is a liquid at room temperature.
153. (d) PbI4 is least stable because of two reasons
115. (a) Cl 2  H 2 O  2 HCl  [O] (1) Size of iodine is biggest.
Nascent oxygen
(2) 2 oxidation state of Pb is more stable than 4 state
117. (b) The enamel of our teeth is the hardest substance in the body because of inert pair effect.
made up of CaF2 and dentine below it made of
154. (a) Cl 2  NaF  No reaction
Ca 3 (PO4 )2 .
Since Cl 2 is less electronegative then F2 . Therefore unable to
118. (b) As the electronegativity decreases reactivity also decreases.
displace fluorine from its salt.
119. (b) KI  I 2  KI 3
(soluble complex) 156. (b) CS 2  3Cl 2 
I2
CCl 4  S 2 Cl 2
121. (d) HI  I 2  ICl  HIO4 157. (b) According to the Fajan’s rule largest cation and smallest anion.
1 1 7
(a) 2 F2  4 NaOH  4 HF  2 H 2O  O2
0
158.
122. (a) HF  HCl  HBr  HCl
159. (c) Cl 2  2Cl H   ve
As we go down the group bond energy decreases hence, acidic
nature increases. 1 mole 2 moles
 s and p-Block Elements 823
High temperature and low pressure is favourable. 184. (c) Due to unpaired e  ClO 2 is paramagnetic.
160. (d) BF3 accept lone pair of electrons.
185. (a) Oxidation number of HBrO4 is more than that of
161. (d) CrO 2 Cl 2 is a orange red gas.
HOCl, HNO 2 and H 3 PO3 so it is the strongest acid among
164. (a) Florine always show -1 oxidation state. these.
165. (a) Solid NaF is used to purify fluorine i.e. by removing of HF
fumes. 186. (a) Chlorine heptachloride (Cl2O7 ) is the anhydride of perchloric
acid.
166. (c) KHF2  KF  HF

2 HClO4  Cl2O7  H 2O
KF  K   F 
187. (c) I 2 forms complex ion I 3 in KI solution due to which it
At cathode : K   e   K dissolves in it.
2 K  2 HF  2 KF  H 2
At anode : F   F  e  Noble gases
F  F  F2
168. (c) Small atomic size of Li and F lattice energy is highest. 3. (a) Gas – H 2 O2 He N2
169. (b) SO 2 bleaches flower by reduction Mol. mass – 2 32 4 28
5. (c) Helium (In Greek Helios = Sun)
2 H 2O  SO 2  H 2 SO 4  2[H ] 6. (d) All the noble gases are monoatomic, colourless and odourless
gases. Their monoatomic nature is due to the stable outer
2[H ]  Coloured    Colourless
Reduction

flower reduced flower configuration ns 2 np 6 of their atoms. As a result, they do not

This bleaching is temporary because reduced flower again enter into chemical combination even amongst themselves.
oxidised by air to form coloured flower 7. (c) Except He, all other noble gases are adsorbed by coconut
Cl2  H 2O  2 HCl  [O] charcoal at low temperatures. The extent of adsorption
increases as the atomic size of the noble gas increases.
[O]  Coloured    Colourless
Oxidation
10. (b) An oxygen-helium mixture is used artificial respiration in deep
flower Oxidised flower sea diving instead of air because nitrogen present in air
This bleaching is permanent because oxidised flower remains dissolves in blood under high pressure when sea diver goes into
colourless. deep sea. When he comes to the surface, nitrogen bubbles out
170. (a) Fluorine does not form oxyacids because it is more of the blood due to decrease in pressure, causing pains. This
electronegative than oxygen. disease is called “bends”.
173. (c) MnO2  4 HCl  MnCl2  2 H 2O  Cl2 11. (c) XeF2 , XeOF2 . XeF4 , XeOF4 . XeF6 , XeO 3 .

2 KMnO4  3 H 2SO 4  10 HCl  12. (c) Gas (Abundance in air by volume (ppm))
Helium 5.2
K 2 SO 4  2 MnSO 4  8 H 2 O  5Cl 2 Neon 18.2
175. (b) 3 KClO3  3 H 2 SO 4  
Heat Argon 93.4
Krypton 1.1
3 KHSO 4  HClO4  2ClO2  H 2O Xenon 0.09
176. (b) F  Cl  Br  I . As the size increases electronegativity 13. (c) Neon  Ne is monoatomic and others are diatomic N 2 , F2
decreases.
and O 2 .
177. (c) Ionic radius increases on going down the group because no. of
shells increases. 14. (c) 2
1 H 2  2 He 4
1H
178. (b) Reducing properties increase from F to I so it oxidise by nitric
acid. 15. (b) HeF4 does not exist.
I2  10 HNO3  2 HIO3  10 NO 2  4 H 2O 16. (d) Ar18  2, 8, 8
179. (a) Fluorine and chlorine are more electronegative than sulphur.
17. (b) Ne 10  1s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6
180. (d) Upper halogen can replace lower halogen from their
compounds solution. 23. (d) XeF2 has sp 3 d –hybridization with linear shape
181. (a) Iodine (I 2 ) is slightly soluble in water but it dissolves in 10%
F .
aqueous solution of KI due to the formation of potassium |.
: Xe .
triodide (KI 3 ) . | .
182. (a) Due to highest electronegativity of fluorine the anion F
[F    H  F] exists as a result of strong hydrogen bond 24. (b) Partial hydrolysis; XeF4  H 2O  XeOF2  2 HF
by which K  associate to form KHF2 . Complete hydrolysis;
183. (a) Fluorine is the most electronegative element. It does not form 2 XeF4  3 H 2 O  Xe  XeO 3  F2  6 HF
oxyfluoxides like other halogens. If reacts with NaOH to form
26. (d) He is least polarizable because of small atomic size.
sodium fluoride and oxygen fluoride.
27. (a) Rn because it is radioactive element obtained by the
2 NaOH  2 F2  2 NaF  OF2  H 2O disintegration of radium
 824 s and p-Block Elements

88 Ra 206  86 Rn 202  2 He 4
30. (c) 1s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6  Neon 51. (d) Neil Bartlett prepared first noble gas compound. Xenon
hexafluoroplatinate (IV).
35. (a) XeF6  3 H 2 O  XeO 3  6 HF 53. (d) He, Ne, and Kr all are found in very little amount in
atmosphere, so all are called rare gas.
36. (c) Xe  Kr  Ar  Ne  He 54. (c) Helium is twice as heavy as hydrogen, its lifting power is 92%
Solubility in decreasing order. of that of hydrogen. Helium has the lowest melting and boiling
37. (d) F point of any element which makes liquid helium an ideal
coolant for many extremely low temperature application such
  as super conducting magnet and cryogenic research where
 
 Xe sp 3 hybridization temperature close to absolute zero are needed.
55. (a) The maximum temperature at which gas can be liquified is
F called its critical temperature. The gas which have high boiling
×   point will change into liquid first and so critical temperature of
F  ×
the gas will be more.
F 
 ×  TC  B.P. and B.P.  Molecular weight

F F  F
So Kr liquifies first.
F
×  × 56. (c) Suppose the oxidation state of Xe is x . XeOF2
 ×
× 
Xe  × F x  (2)  2(1)  0  x  2  2  0  x  4 .
×  57. (a) He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn
 × F  ×
F
Boiling point of – 269 –246 – 186 –153.6 –108.1 –62
F
sp 3 d 2 hybridization
 sp 3 d 3 hybridization
F Inert gases
38. (b) Zero group element are show less chemically activity because 59. (d) Xe is highly polar since the ionisation potential of xenon is
this group element have 8 electron. quite close to the ionisation potential of oxygen.
39. (d) Xe is formed following compounds. 60. (d) In the formation of XeF4 , sp 3 d 2 hybridisation occurs which
gives the molecule an octahedral ..
XeF2 , XeF4 , XeF6 . structure. The xenon and four
40. (a) As the number of shells increases, size increases and the fluorine atoms are coplanar while F F
effective nuclear charge on the outermost electron decreases. the two equatorial positions are
Thus, I.E. decreases. occupied by the two lone pairs of Xe
electrons.
44. (c) XeF2 , XeF4 & XeF6 can be directly prepared F F
Xe  F2  XeF2 ; Xe  2 F2  XeF4 Ni tube 673 K
Critical Thinking Questions ..
673 K 6 atm

523 573 K
Xe  3 F2 
 XeF6
50 60 atm 1. (c) Correct sequence is
XeO 3 is obtained by the hydrolysis of XeF6 NH 2 CONH 2  NH 4 N 3  NH 3 NO 3  NH 4 Cl .
2. (d) Second group elements are show strong reducing properties
XeF6  3 H 2 O  XeO 3  6 HF
but less I group element show less.
st

46. (a) XeO 3 shows sp hybridization. 3 3. (a) The size of alkaline earth metals is smaller as compared to its
corresponding alkali metals and its effective nuclear charge is
47. (a) It is because also more than that of its corresponding alkali metals.
(1) Small atomic size 4. (d) Lead is maximum in flint glass.
(2) High Ionization energy
(3) Absence of d-orbitals 5. (b) BaSO4  4 C   BaS  4 CO
Heat

48. (a) Zero group element are attached with weak intermolecular
force. Thus, on heating they produce BaS  4 CO .
49. (b) XeF2 , XeF4 , XeF6 . 6. (d) Smaller the atomic size tendency of hydration is more as the
size increases tendency for hydration also decreases.
7. (a) Fusion mixture is Na 2 CO 3  K 2 CO 3 .
50. (d) XeO : 3

Xe 8. (b) HCl is a gas.

O O 9. (a) (A) Peroxide is H 2 O2 (4 ) ; (B) Super oxide is KO 2 (3)
O
XeOF : O (C) Dioxide is PbO2 (2) ; (D) Suboxide is C 3 O 2 (1)
4

F F
10. (a) H 2 SO 4  SO 3  H 2 S 2 O 7
98% Oleum
Xe (Fuming H 2 SO 4 )

11. (c) SnO 2  2 NaOH  Na 2 SnO 3  H 2 O

F F
XeF : F SnO 2  4 HCl  SnCl 4  2 H 2O
6
F
12. (b) NaOH  Al 3  NaAlO2
Sod. metaaluminate
Xe (Soluble in NaOH )

F F NaOH  Fe 3  No reaction (Insoluble in NaOH)

F
F
 s and p-Block Elements 825

13. (d) The composition of the common glass is Na 2O.CaO.6 SiO2 . 37. (b) Because yellow phosphorus is most reactive form of
phosphorus and is highly polymerised.
14. (c) Lead form nitric oxide with dil. HNO 3 38. (c) Carbon has 2 electrons in their penultimate shell configuration
3 Pb  8 HNO3  3 Pb(NO3 )2  2 NO  4 H 2O so due to d-orbital in penultimate shell is false statement.
15. (b) O 39. (d) All other oxides of nitrogen except N 2 O and NO are acidic in
F F nature.
Xe Therefore, total number of lone pair of 40. (a) PbCl4  PbCl2  CaCl 2  NaCl is the increasing order of
electron on central atom Xenon =1 ionic character.
F F 41. (a) Si  3 HCl  SiHCl 3  H 2
..
16. (d) Order of acidic strength is H 2Te  H 2 Se  H 2 S  H 2O silicon chloroform
Na 2 O is a salt of NaOH  H 2O and H 2 O is least acidic 42. (a) KO 2 is used in oxygen cylinder because it absorbs CO 2 and
among given acids hence pH in this case will be maximum. increases O 2 content. Super oxides reacts with water to give
17. (a) HNO 3 is the strong oxidising acid so it react with alkali while H 2 O2 & O 2 .
rest can be react with both and alkali.
43. (d) NaHCO3 and Na 2 CO 3 decomposes to give CO 2 which
18. (d) Zero group is called a buffer group because it lies between
highly electronegative halogens and highly electropositive alkali extinguish fire.
metal element. 44. (d) CaF2 is insoluble in water.
19. (c) PbSO4 is insoluble in water.
45. (a) PCl 3 is most acidic.
20. (a) N 2 O 5 is most acidic.
46. (b) CsCl  KCl  NaCl  LiCl
21. (b) Element – Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine
B.E. in kJ mole – 158.8
–1
242.6 192.8 151.1 47. (d) 2 Na 2 S 2 O 3  I 2  Na 2 S 4 O 8  2 NaI .
22. (d) CaCN 2  3 H 2 O  CaCO 3  2 NH 3 .
under
48. (b) In general, higher the oxidation state, more is the covalent
pressure
character of the oxide. I 2 O7 & I 2 O 5 do not exist. I 2 O 4 is
23. (a) 6 O 2    4 O3
Ozonolysis
ionic in nature. It is infact iodyl iodate [IO] [IO3 ] . The only
Complete ozonalysis gives 4 volume of ozone. covalent oxide is I 2 O 5 .
24. (b) Marble statue  CaCO 3 ; Calcinated Gypsum
49. (b) LiAlH4 act as reducing agent
 CaSO 4 .2 H 2 O ; Sea shell  CaCO 3 ; Dalomite
 CaCO 3 .MgCO3 . CH 3 CHO  2 H   CH 3 CH 2 OH
LiAlH4

25. (b) Sodium is basic in nature. 50. (c) When conc. HCl react with potassium chlorate to gives
Cl 2  ClO2 .
26. (c) I 2  I   I 3
51. (c) 2 H 2 S  SO 2  2 H 2O  3 S
27. (a) The hydration energy decreases from Be 2 to Ba 2 . This
causes the decrease in the solubilities of the sulphates in this 52. (b) Lithium nitrate on heating gives
order. In other words, the solubilities decreases with increase in 
the ionic size. 4 LiNO3  2 Li2O  4 NO 2  O2 
(S ) (S )
28. (d) 2 Mg  O2  2 MgO
53. (d) CaCO 3  NaHCO 3  KHCO 3 is the Increasing order of
3 Mg  N 2  Mg 3 N 2 solubility.
o
29. (a) ZnO  BaO   BaZnO2
1100 C
54. (c) Nitrolim is CaCN 2  C .
30. (b) There are no free electron in N 2 O 4 , so it is dimagnetic in 55. (a) The oxidation state of halogens is same +1. Therefore the acidic
nature. character depends only upon the electronegativity. Higher the
electronegativity of the halogen more easily if will pull the
31. (b) CaSO 4 .2 H 2 O  
 CaSO 4 .
120 C o 1 1
H 2O 1 H 2O electrons of O  H bond toward itself and hence, stronger is
Gypsum 2 2 the acid.
Ploster of paris
56. (c) Iridium [I, Z  77] is not belong to noble gas.
32. (d) Third alkaline earth metal is calcium 20 Ca 40 .
57. (c) Name and basicity of H 3 PO2 is hypophosphorus acid & one.
No. of electron are 20 & No. of proton are 20; e/20, p/20.
33. (a) In the compounds of alkaline earth metals all the electrons are 58. (c) In NO 2 there are free electron so it is paramagnetic in
paired. Hence, they are diamagnetic in nature. nature.
34. (a) Mixture of helium and oxygen is used in artificial respiration.
59. (a) Nessler's reagent is K 2 HgI4 .
35. (a) Alkaline solution of pyrogallol quickly absorbs oxygen.
36. (d) NH 4 NO 2  N 2  2 H 2O 60. (b) Helium was firstly discovered by willium Ramsay.
61. (c) 1.66 Since inert gases are monoatomic.
2 NaN 3  2 Na  3 N 2
62. (c) In this reaction, phosphorus is simultaneously oxidised to
(NH 4 ) 2 Cr2 O7  N 2  Cr2 O 3  4 H 2 O NaH 2 PO2 and reduced to PH3 . Hence this reaction is an
example of disproportionation.
 826 s and p-Block Elements
o 1 3 15. (a) It is true that Al(OH )3 . The reason is that NaOH is a strong
P 4  3 NaOH  3 H 2O  3 NaH 2 P O2  P H 3
alkali, it dissolves Al(OH )3 . Which is amphoteric in nature
63. (c) Reduction is accompanied by an increase in oxidation number
of the reducing agent. C belong to IVA so the max-O.N. is +4. and forms NaAlO2 .
In CO 2 the oxidation number of C is +4, which cannot be Al(OH )3  NaOH  NaAlO2  2H 2O
Sodium meta aluminate
further increased. Hence, CO 2 can not act as reducing agent.
16. (c) Boron is metalloid. Thus assertion is correct. Metalloids possess,
64. (b) When silicon tetra fluoride reacts with water H 2 SiF6 and metallic as well as non-metallic nature. Hence, reason is false.
H 4 SiO6 are formed 17. (b) It is correct that inert gases are monoatomic because for inert
gases C p / Cv  1.66 .
3 SiF4  4 H 2O  2 H 2 SiF6  H 4 SiO4
Silicon tetrafluoride Water White silicicacid 18. (c) When Mg is burnt in nitric oxide it continue to burn because
65. (a) 4 O3  6 I2 (dry)  3 I4 O4 during burning the heat evolved decompose NO to N 2 and
O 2 . Oxygen thus, produced helps Mg to burn.
66. (c) Na(NH 4 )HPO4 .4 H 2O (Microcosmic salt)
Here assertion is true but reason is false.
67. (b) Thermite mixture Fe2O3  Al
19. (d) Anhydrous BaO2 is not used for preparing H 2 O2 because it
68. (d) The colour of liquid O 2 is pale blue.
reacts with H 2 SO 4 and the reaction ceases after some time
69. (a) Helium is not soluble in blood even under high pressure, a
mixture of 80% helium and 20% oxygen is used instead of due to formation of BaSO4 on BaO2 . Therefore, assertion
ordinary air by sea divers for respiration. and reason both are false.
70. (a) Mg3 N 2  6 H 2O  3 Mg(OH )2  2 NH 3 20. (d) Inorganic benzene, borazine is highly reactive while benzene is
much less reactive.
71. (a) Calcium cyanamide on treatment with steam produce
Here, assertion is false, but reason is true.
CaCO3  NH 3 .
21. (a) The halogens absorb visible light due to which all halogens are
coloured. Hence, both assertion and reason are true and reason
Assertion & Reason is correct explanation.
22. (b) It is true that barium is not required for normal biological
function in human beings and it is also true that it does not
1. (b) Sulphate is estimated as BaSO4 because of high lattice show variable oxidation state. It only shows +2 oxidation state.
energy in a group.
23. (d) The O  O bond length is shorter in O2 F2 than in H 2 O2 due
2. (b) Fluorine is a strong oxidising agent than other halogens due to
highest electronegativety.. to higher electronegativity. H 2 O2 is a non ionic compound. Here
both assertion and reason are false.
3. (a) In HNO 3 due to presence of two N-O bonds it is a stronger
24. (d) Here both assertion and reason are false because PbI4 is not
acid than HNO 2 .
a stable compound and iodine can not stabilize higher
6. (c) Bleaching action of chlorine carried by oxidation while oxidation states. Pb shows (II) oxidation state more frequently
bleaching action of SO 2 carried by reduction. than Pb (IV) due to inert pair effect.
7. (b) On heating its outermost electron transite to next energy level 25. (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not correct
by which it become more reactive. explanation of the assertion. Enamel the hardest substance of
the body is composed of fluorine not magnesium. Magnesium
10. (a) K and Cs emit electrons on exposure of light due to low is an essential element as it acts as a factor of many enzymes of
ionisation potential. glycolysis and a number of other metabolic reactions dependent
11. (e) The lower value of bond dissociation energy of F-F bond due to upon ATP.
longer inter electronic (electron - electron) repulsion between 26. (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
the non-bonding electrons in the 2p orbitals of fluorine atom.
Radium is the rarest of all s-block elements comprising only
12. (a) It is fact that halogens are highly reactive as they have seven
electrons in their outermost orbit and they want to stabilize by 10 10 percent of igneous rocks. Francium (s-block member) is
acquiring an electron. Therefor, they do not occur in radioactive; its long lived isotope 223 Fr has a half life of only
free state. Here both assertion and reason are true and the 21 minutes.
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
27. (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
13. (a) Lithium forms lithium oxide. This is due to the fact that Li 
ion has smallest size and it has a strong positive field around it. Due to high polarizing power of Li  , LiCl is a covalent
compound.
Therefore, it stabilize O 2  ion with strong negative field
around it. Thus, both assertion as well as reason are true. 28. (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
14. (a) Liquid NH 3 is used for refrigeration is true and it is due to Be has fully filled 2s 2  orbital which gives a relatively more
the fact that is vaporises quickly and for vaporisation it takes stable electronic configuration.
up heat and cool the refrigerator. Hence assertion and reason 29. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
both are true. explanation of assertion.
30. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.
 s and p-Block Elements 827
31. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct S atoms in S 8 molecule undergo sp 3 hybridization and
explanation of assertion.
contain two lone pairs of electrons on each and exists as
32. (c) Assertion is true but reason is false. staggered 8 atom rings.
Helium is a noble gas (Chemically inactive) but beryllium is a
member of alkaline earth metals (Chemically active). 46. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.
33. (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
correct explanation of assertion. This can be explained through structure of Caro’s acid
(Peroxomonosulphuric acid).
Lattice energy of Na 2 SO 4 is less than its hydration energy
but the lattice energy of BaSO 4 exceeds its hydration energy. O
34. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion. S
35. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.
Presence of unpaired electrons in super oxides of alkali metals O O-OH
OH
make them paramagnetic. Oxidation no. of S  x , oxidation no. of H  1 ,
36. (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the Oxidation no. of oxygen in peroxo linkage = –1,
correct explanation of assertion.
Oxidation no. of other oxygen atoms  2 (each)
Nitrogen can not expand its octet due to the non availability of
d-orbital. 2  x  6  2  0 or x  6 .
37. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct 47. (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
explanation of assertion. The melting point / boiling point of noble gases are quite low.
Ozone is considered to be a resonance hybrid of the following The inter particle forces among noble gases are weak Vander
two forms. Waal’s forces.
48. (b) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
. . .. explanation of assertion.
O O
S atom in both SO 2 and SO 3 is sp 2 hybridized but it
. O. . .. ..
.O . contains a lone pair of electrons in SO 2 .
. . .O. . .. . .O
. .
(a ) (b ) 49. (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
38. (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the Calcium carbide on hydrolysis gives acetylene. Calcium carbide
correct explanation of assertion. contains C 22  anion.
Molecules of sulphuric acid are associated due to large number 50. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
of intermolecular hydrogen bonding. explanation of assertion.
39. (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the 51. (e) Assertion is false but reason is true.
correct explanation of assertion.
In lab, hydrogen is generally prepared by the reaction of zinc
PCl5 is trigonal bipyramidal containing sp 3 d hybridized P with dilute hydrochloric acid.
atom in liquid and gaseous state. Whereas in solid state it 52. (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
correct explanation of assertion.
consists of tetrahedral PCl4 cation and octahedral PCl6
The relatively inert behaviour of diprotium at room
anion.
temperature is due to the high enthalpy of H  H bond,
40. (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the being the highest for a single bond between any two elements.
correct explanation of assertion.
53. (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
In case of NI 3 , the lone pair moment adds on the resultant of Water can be easily transformed from liquid solid and to
the N  I moments but in case of NF3 , the lone pair gaseous states. The distribution of water over the earth's
surface is not uniform. The desert region have no permanent
moment on partly cancels the resultant N  F moments. surface water while the oceans cover vast areas.
41. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct 54. (b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
explanation of assertion. correct explanation of assertion.
The ignition temperature of white phosphorus is low (About The structure of ice is open due to hydrogen bonding which
30°C). In air it readily catches fire giving dense fumes of makes ice less dence than liquid water at the same
phosphorus pentoxide. It is therefore, kept in water. temperature.
42. (c) Assertion is true but reason is false. 55. (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
B does not have vacant d-orbitals as second shell is the The water molecules are joined together in an extensive three
outermost shell. dimensional network in which each oxygen atom is bonded to
43. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct four hydrogen atoms two by hydrogen bonds and two by
explanation of assertion. normal covalent bonds in a near tetrahedral configuration. This
44. (d) Both assertion and reason are false. situation does not exist for molecules like NH 3 and HF .
Si  Si bonds are weaker than Si  O bonds Si has no 56. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
tendency to form double bonds with itself. explanation of assertion.
45. (c) Assertion is true but reason is false. Hard water contain soluble calcium and magnesium salt like
bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates.
57. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.
 828 s and p-Block Elements
To stop decomposition H 2 O 2 is stored in wax-lined glass or
plastic vessels in the presence of stabilizers like urea.
58. (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.
At any given instant in liquid water at room temperature, each
water molecule forms hydrogen bonds with an average 3.4
other water molecules. The H 2 O molecules are in continuous
motion so hydrogen bonds are constantly and rapidly broken
and formed. In ice H 2 O molecules are, however fixed in the
space lattice.
59. (d) Both assertion and reason are false.
Calgon is used for making Ca 2  and Mg 2  ions present in
hard water ineffective. It forms soluble complex with Ca 2 
and Mg 2  ions.
60. (b) SO shows both oxidising as well as reducing nature.
2

The reaction given in assertion is due to oxidising nature of

SO .2

2H S + SO  2H O + 3S
2 2 2

61. (a) (i) Due to smaller size of F; steric repulsions will be less in SiF . 6
2–

(ii) Interaction of F lone pair electrons with Si is stronger than

that of chlorine lone pairs.
62. (b) Borax bead test is not suitable for Al(III) because its oxidising
as well as reducing flame is colourless in both hot as well as
cold.
Alumina is insoluble in water as they exist in hydrated form
like Al O .2H O, Al O .H O etc.
2 3 2 2 3 2

63. (c) SeCl possess see saw geometry, which can be regarded as a
4

distorted trigonal bipyramidal structure laving one lone pair

(lp) of electrons in the basal position of the trigonal
bipyramidal. See-saw geometry of SeCl molecules arises due to 4

the sp d hybridisation of the central atom. The distortion in

3

shape is due to the presence of one lone pair of electrons.

64. (b) Due to the ease with which it can liberate nascent oxygen, O 3

acts as a powerful oxidising agent.

O O +O 3 2

:O O: O
paramagnetic
(due to presence of two
unpaired electrons) O diamagnetic O