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1. Physical address (MAC address): – A media access control address (MAC address) of a
computer is a unique identifier assigned to network interfaces for communications at the data
link layer of a network segment. MAC address is used for IEEE 802 network technologies,
including Ethernet and WiFi. logically it is used in the media access control in OSI reference
model. MAC addresses are most often assigned by the manufacturer of a network interface
controller (NIC) and are stored in its hardware. It assigned by the manufacturer, a MAC address
usually encodes the manufacturer’s registered identification number. Mac address also is
known as Ethernet hardware address (EHA), hardware address and physical address. In other
words, this is called as 48-bit address because it contains 6-octet in their address and every
single octet contains 8 bits. This 48-bit address space contains potentially 248 or
281,474,976,710,656 possible MAC addresses. To check your computers MAC address open
command prompt then type getmac command in it and press enter.
Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) contain 32-bits in its address, is still in use today. But we saw
that the internet users will be increased day by day in this world and the available address
decreases. In that case, the designer of Internet protocol also defined a new IP address as 128
bit and this system is known as Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6). To check IP address of your
computer simply open command prompt then type ipconfig command in it and press enter.
After it now we learn only about IPv4 because this version will be used in the present world
and IPv6 is the reserve for future use so let’s start here learn about IPv4.
IP version for is contained 32 bit in its address. IPv4 has 4 octets in their IP address and each
octet has 8 bits only. Now we proved you that IP version has 32 bits in their IP address Let’s
saw
Now we discuss classes of IPv4. We all know that IPv4 is divided into 5 classes and class have a
specific subnet mask and a fixed number of IPs will be considered in a specific class.
5. class E (240- 255) these IPs are reserved for the research area
There are we only use Class A, B, and C IPs for our personal and commercial work and Class D
and E IPs are not used by us these IPs are used by researchers and they research on these IPs
and search much more other things about Internet protocol addresses and also search for more
series of IP addresses.
Now we discuss reserve IP addresses. We also know that an IP address will also be displayed
on your computer if it is not connected to the internet. It is same for all computers, laptop etc. If
you connected to a network your computers IP address will be assigned according to your
provider’s IP address and when you not connected to the internet then also an IP address
shown on your screen is 127.0.0.1 this is same for all computers in this world. These types of
IPs will be known as reserved IPs.
Reserved IPs are used for assign loopback IP on your computer. There are two reserved IPs are
present in this world. That is given below
2. second reserved IP is not a specific IP. all IPs which are come in this series will be reserved =
127.0.0.1 ( full series of 127 will be reserved for loopback IPs
Now we learn dotted-decimal notation of an IP address which belongs to IPv4. So let’s start
with an example
First of all, we will describe a single octet by dividing it into 8 bits and how we use it for binary
conversion of an Ip address.
Now we take an example from class C 192.168.1.2
we all know that IPv4 has 4 octets and each octet has 8 bit in it.
Now we make a table and convert your IP address into binary conversion
IP address 1st bit 2nd bit 3rd bit 4th bit 5th bit 6th bit 7th bit
128 64 32 16 8 4 2
192 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
168 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Now we asw that binary conversion of an IP address 192.168.1.2 so now we write this IP
address into dotted-decimal notation by this method like we use
192 .168 .1 .2
⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000010
THAT’S IT
If you have any queries about this contact me or comment below. If you want to saw more
examples of class A and B IPs then read my next article “Some examples of binary
conversion of IPv4 in dotted-decimal notation and Subnet mask identification.”