FLANGED BEAMS

3.4. Flanged Beam Section

3.4.1. Basic principles and concepts
Flanged beam occurs where the beam are cast monolithically with a
slab and support of a floor slab that is continuous or otherwise. Part
of the slab adjacent to the beam is counted as acting in compression
to form T or L beam.
be be

hf

d h
As As

T-Section L-Section
Figure 3.16 (a): Flanged Beam
 Load

(a) (b)

(c)

Lz

Effective flange width increases to maximum at point

of maximum moment at (c)
Figure 3.16 (b): Flanged beam details
 Effective width as defined by BS 8110: cl 3:4.1.5
a) For T-beam sections
be  bw  lz / 5 or actual flange width whichever is less
(consideration of overhangs on both sides is taken into
account)
a) For L-beam sections
be  bw  l z / 10 or actual flange width whichever is less

Where lz is the distance between points of contra-flexure. For

continuous beams lz  0.7  clear span between supports

There are two cases for flanged beam sections

 x  h f - treat as normal rectangular section with b  be
 x  h f - subdivide into equivalent areas of flange and
web
(the issue of double reinforcement in flanged beam sections
is very remote)
I. Design Procedures using equation 1 of the CODE
Design ultimate moment of resistance of flanged
beam sections where neutral axis falls within the
flange. Treat section as for a singly reinforced
rectangular section with x  h f and b  b
e

……….

Where
 x  1.1h f

b / bw d / hf

M   f f cu bd 2

M
Table 3.6: Values of the factor  f , corresponding to capacity of the
flange, calculated from Equation 2 (BS 8110)and valid for h f  0.45d

d
hf

< or = 2 3 4 5 6 

1 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15

2 0.15 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.08
4 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.04
6 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.03
8 0.15 0.13 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.02
 0.15 0.13 0.10 0.08 0.07 0.00
 Equation 1 BS 8110:1
Consider figure 3.17; It is required to design a flange section with
depth of neutral axis x  d / 2
be

A safer however conservative hf

0.9x
design for flanged beam section
with x  h f , is achieved by setting d
the depth of the neutral axis to
x  d / 2 which is the maximum

depth allowed by the code. bw

Figure 3.17
Then the design equation can be
derived for this condition:
  bw  0.9 x  0.45bw d
  be  bw   h f

Fc1  0.45 f cu  0.45bw d

Fc1  0.2 f cu bw d
Fc 2  0.45 f cu h f  be  bw 
x  0.5d
II. Analysis of Reinforced Flanged Beams using
clause 3.4.4.1
Analysis of Reinforced Flanged Beams……
Analysis of Reinforced Flanged Beams……
Analysis of Reinforced Flanged Beams…
Solve first part 2 – the flanges
Analysis of Flanged Beams……
Analysis of Flanged Beams……
Next : CONTINUOUS BEAMS
 3.5. Continuous Beams
• Beams, slabs and columns of cast in situ
structures all act together to form a continuous
load bearing structure.

• Normally continuous beams are analyzed as sub-

frames by assuming no settlements at supports
by walls, columns (or beams) and rotational
stiffness by supports provided by walls or
columns as 4EI / L (far end of column / wall
fixed) or 3EI / L (far end of column / wall
pinned).
 3.5. Continuous Beams…………..
• The reinforcements in continuous beam must be
designed and detailed to maintain this continuity
by connecting the adjacent by tying together the
beams and its supporting columns
• In continuous beams and slabs there is hogging
moment at supports and sagging moment at the
span
• At supports design the beam as rectangular
section because the hogging moment cause
tension on the slab and compression on the
web.
 3.5.1. Design Procedures
Design of continuous beams follow procedures and
rules for beam design.
Other factors to be considered include:
i) During detailing, the reinforcement which
resist the design moments must have a full
anchorage length to the exterior column.

ii) Where the top of the beam is designed as

flanged T or L-Section, minimum area of
transverse reinforcement must be provided in the
top of the slab.
 3.5.1. Design Procedures…..
iv) Reinforcement in the top of the slab must
pass over the beam steel and still have the
required cover. Consider this in reinforcement
detailing and when deciding the effective
depth.

v) Detailing of beam and column reinforcement

must be such that; there is no interference of the
steel at the same time allow flow of concrete in
the junction.
 Loading on continuous beams
(a) arrangements of loads to give maximum bending
moment are given in BS 8110:1 clause 3.2.1.2.2
1. First - All spans loaded with maximum design load
1.4gk +1.6qk
2. Second - Alternate odd span loaded with
maximum and even spans loaded with minimum
loads

1.0Gk
3. Third - Alternate even span loaded with maximum
and odd spans loaded with minimum loads
Determination of beam loading….
Determination of beam loading…..
Examples on beam loading
.
How to get an equivalent rectangular uniform
load from Triangular and Trapezoidal loads..
 v. BS 8110:1 - Table 3.5: Determining Beams
Design ultimate moments and Shear forces
At outer Near middle At first Interior At middle of At Interior
Support of end span Support Interior Span Support
Moment 0 0.09FL -0.11FL 0.07FL -0.08FL
Shear 0.45F - 0.6F - 0.55FL
NOTE: L is the effective span;
F is the total design ultimate load (1.4Gk + 1.6Qk)
No redistribution of the moments calculated from this table should be made

Where cantilever of a length exceeding one-third of

the adjacent span occurs, the condition of maximum
load on the cantilever and minimum load on the
adjoining span must be checked.
F  199  5.5  1094.5kN
 M 541.8  106
K 2   0.047
bd f cu 1070  600  30
2
Table 3.5 of BS 8110:1
As = M/ 0.95fyz = 541.8x106/0.95x460x564=2195mm2

Provide 3Y32 (Bottom Reinforcements)===(As=2413mm2)

(b) Interior Supports; Design as rectangular Section

M  0.11FL  0.111094.5  5.5  662.2kNm

M 662.2 106
K 2   0.204  0.156  K '
bd f cu 300  600  30
2

Therefore compression steel is required (Assume d '  50mm )

Provide 4T16 As  804mm2 (Bottom Reinforcements). In fact

these steel will be provided by extending two bars of the span
reinforcement beyond the support.
Table 3.5 of BS 8110:1
Tension reinforcement

Provide 3T32 and 3T25 ( As=3886mm2)

(Top Tension Reinforcements)
Table 3.5 of BS 8110:1
(c) Mid-Span of Second Span; Design as T-Section

M  0.07 FL  0.07 1094.5  5.5  421.4kNm

M 421.4 106
K 2   0.036  0.156  K '
bd f cu 1070  600  30
2

No compression reinforcement is required, z / d  0.95 and

z  0.95d  0.95  600  570 mm

Provide 2T32 and 1T16 (As=1809.1mm2) (Bottom

Reinforcements)