P66 B1 M5 Lufthansa PDF

AVIATION MAINTENANCE TRAINING CENTRE
MT.147.02
M5 DIGITAL TECHNIQUES ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT

SYSTEMS
EASA PART-66
CAT B1
ISSUE: 1AUG2007
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DIGITAL TECHNIQUES EASA PART 66
ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS
M5
DIGITAL TECHNIQUES
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY!
HAM US/F4 KrA 11/2006 Page 1

M5.1 ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT
SYSTEMS M5
1. Electronic Instrument Systems

All modern aircraft use electronic display devices (Electronic Instrument
Display Systems: EIDS).
The names may vary between manufacturers but the advantages that make
them superior to analogue meters are the same:
S Variability and Variety
S Coloured Displays
All modern aircraft uses digital technology in a number of ways :
S Pilot operation of a push button on a cockpit control panel will be acted on
by the processor and transmitted via the data bus to the receiver systems.
S Calculations in the system are made by CPUs (central processing units).
S The interconnection between the electronic units is realized by digital data
busses.
S Necessary parameters are fed
− via display data busses to CPU−controlled CRT− or LCD− displays.
− via digital data busses to a printer for a hardcopy printout.
− in digital form to a radio transmitter, which sends data to ground.
S Data is transmitted digitally by the ARINC 429 bus.
S Error Messages or Maintainance Data can be retrieved via MCDU or as a
Print Report.
S Data is filtered: Important Data is accentuated, temporarily unimportant is
supressed.
S If one monitor fails its information can be transferred to an other monitor.
S Less Components needed: all Monitors for EIS are same type in an aircraft.
HAM US/F-4 KrA 05/2009 Page 2

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Figure 1 Cockpit Layout

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1.1 Classification of the Indicators

Despite the massive amount of indicators in the cockpit the indicators could be
assigned to two groups:
S Flight surveillance and
S Aircraft surveillance
Flight surveillance is:
S Artificial Horizon Aircraft surveillance consists of
S Heading Indicator Surface Indicators like
S Altimeter S Position indication
S Speed Indicator S Pressure indication and
S Machmeter Engine surveillance like
S Variometer S RPM indicators
S Rate of Turn Indicator S EGT indicators
S Magnetic Compass S Fuel indicators
The EFIS Indicators display the most important information for flying.
One may derive between:
S Informationen on the PFD, which in general represents the look ahead
S and Information on the ND, which is a look from above

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Figure 2 Cockpit Layout Boeing 747−100

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Figure 3 Cockpit Layout Boeing 737−300 (Classic)

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Figure 4 Cockpit Layout Airbus A320

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1.2 EIS Display Control

Please note that indication is called EICAS (Boeing) or ECAM (Airbus).
The position of the brightness control knob usually is besides the displays in a
vertical position.
Brightness can be set by rotary knobs. In addition brightness is controlled
automatically by light sensors attached to the displays.
The brightness control for the Navigational Display consists of two knobs
A separate control is available for the basic indication on the ND and for the
weather radar indication, which is an overlay to the navigation information.
In bright sunlight it may be more difficult to read the indication on glass cockpit
sreens than on analogue indicators because of the limitation in brightness of
the screens.
On Airbus aircraft the control knobs have a dedicated OFF position, displays
are switched off if set to the extreme left.
On Boeing aircaft an OFF position is not available. If brightness control is set to
minimum the displays are still active as long as power supply is available.

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Figure 5 EIS Brightness Control

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1.3 Basic T
Indicators in the cockpit are arranged as a so called BASIC T.
1.3.1 Classic Layout
With the classic layout four different inducators from the BASIC T.
Central indicator is the artificial horizon (ADI; Attitude Director Indicatior). It
indicates the vertical situation of the aircraft. This comprises:
S Pitch (Nose up/down)
S Roll (Bank angle)
On the left the airspeed indicator is found. It displays the speed in Knots.
Limitations of the aircraft due to flaps as an example could be indicated by
markings that have to be set by hand.
On the right the altimeter is found. It doesn’t always indicate the altitude over
ground but the flight level which is based on the air pressure (ambient
pressure) of the airport or on standard atmosphere.
Below the ADI the HSI is found (Horizontal Situation Indicator).
Besides indicating the heading also navigation information can be found like
direction to ADF (Automatic Directional Finder).
1.3.2 Glass Cockpit Layout

In the glass cockpit the PFD (Primary Flight Display) displays all the BASIC T.
The arrangement of the four analogue indicators is reproduced by computers
making it look very similar.
But additional information is incorporated in the PDF as well. As an example
right besides the altimeter the VSI (Vertical Speed Indicator) is located
indicating the change in altitude in feet/minute.
Limitations from the configuration of the aircraft are no longer displayed by

markers but are a part of the indication itself.
On the speed indication patterns will be displayed from the top/bottom
indication unsafe speeds. Safe flying is only possible between these markings.

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Speed Altitude
Figure 6 Basic T Layout

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1.4 Navigational Displays

With the classic layout navigation data was indicated on the HSI, but also on
other instruments.
With the glass cockpit all that information is displayed on a common sreen. In
addition weather data could also be displayed.
The pilot can read information about the routing, aircraft traffic as well as
weather- or ground proximity information.

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Figure 7 Navigational Display

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1.5 ECAM/EICAS
The Central Warning System consists of an upper and a lower display located
in the middle of the instrument panel.
Its application is:
S displaying information from the Central Warning Computers
S displaying systems synoptics
S permanent display of some additional aircraft parameter
The upper display is called „Engine and Warning Display“ on Airbus aircraft,
„Primary EICAS Display“ on Boeing aircraft.
Below two examples of such a display can be found indicating the similarity of
Airbus and Boeing layout.
The Boeing 747 Primary EICAS Display is on the left as the Airbus 320 Engine
and Warning Display is on the right.
Every screen has an area for the Central Warning System Messages and
aircaft information to be displayed permanently.
These information comprise:
S main engine parameter
S Fuel on Board (FoB)
S Flap Position

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Figure 8 Upper Display

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The lower display of the CWS indicates the status of the aircraft systems.
Airbus calls it „System Display“ while Boeing calls it Secondary or Auxiliary
Display.
A wide amount of different parameters may be displayed on the lower
EICAS/ECAM screen.
They are called Pages or Display Formats.
Also permanent data like temperature and weight are displayed here.

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Figure 9 Lower Display

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1.6 Indication in case of computer failure

If a computer fails the indication changes.
On Airbus aircraft a white line is displayed, on Boeing aircraft the screen turns
dark.

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Figure 10 Display Unit in case of computer failure

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1.7 On-Board-Maintainance
ACQUISITION ANALYSIS
The acquisition of aircraft system data is performed by 4 major electronic Maintenance operations can be divided into 3 groups :
systems : S minor trouble shooting which is performed with the help of the ECAM and
S the Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitoring (ECAM) system: the CMS through the MCDUs and the printed or ACARS down−linked
which monitors the operational data in order to display warnings and system reports.
information, S in−depth trouble shooting which is performed with the help of the CMS and
S the Flight Data Recording System (FDRS): the ACMS through the MCDUs and printed reports.
which is mandatory and records aircraft operational parameters for incident S long term maintenance which is performed with the help of the ACMS and
investigation purposes the FDRS through printed, ACARS down−linked and down−loaded reports
or recorded tapes.
S the Central Maintenance System (CMS):
which monitors the BITE data in order to record the system failures,
S the Aircraft Condition Monitoring System (ACMS):
which records significant operational parameters in order to monitor the
engines, the aircraft performance and to analyze specific aircraft problems.
CONSOLIDATION
In normal operation, the ECAM permanently displays normal aircraft
parameters and the ACMS and FDRS permanently record aircraft system
parameters. When an anomaly is detected by an aircraft system, the ECAM
displays the abnormal parameter or function and its associated warning and
the CMS records the failure information detected by the system BITE.
RETRIEVAL
All the information can be retrieved through:
S the cockpit Multi−purpose Control Display Unit,
S the ECAM displays,

S the cockpit printer,
S the down loading system,
S a ground station via ACARS,
S and the recorders.
HAM US/F-4 KRA 10/2006 Page 20

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Figure 11 On Board Maintenance Facilities Schematic

HAM US/F-4 KRA 10/2006 Page 21
M5.2 NUMBERING SYSTEMS
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2. Numbering Systems
2.1 General 2.1.2 Positional Notation
A knowledge of numbering systems is essential for understanding computers The standard shorthand form of writing numbers is known as positional
and their operation. All numbering systems are used to count objects or notation. The value of a particular digit depends not only on the digit value, but
perform mathematical calculations and each consists of a set of symbols and also on the position of the digit within the number. For example, the decimal
characters, commonly referred to as digits. number 4738 is standard shorthand form for the quantity four thousand seven
hundred thirty-eight. Each position has a ”value” or “weight”. Starting at the
right is the units position, next the tens, then hundreds, and at the left is the
2.1.1 Base thousands position.
Every numbering system has a base which describes the system and is equal The digit at the far right is called the Least Significant Digit (LSD) and the digit
to the number of values a digit can have. A subscript is often added to a at the far left is called the Most Significant Digit (MSD).
number to indicate its base. An example of this is 1012, which indicates the For example, the decimal number 4738 is equal to
number 101 is a base 2 or binary number. The value of the largest digit of a
numbering system is one less than the base and the value of the smallest digit (4 10 3))(7 102))(3 101))(8 100)
of a numbering system is zero. Each digit is multiplied by the base raised to the
appropriate power for the digit position.
4738 = 4@103 + 7@102 + 3@101 + 8@100
Numbering System Base Designation
Binary 2 B
Octal 8 Q (instead of O)
Decimal 10 D
Hexadecimal 16 H

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2.2 Decimal Number System

The decimal number system (base 10) is the most familiar, and is used for
everyday counting and mathematical calculations. This numbering system
contains ten digits from 0 to 9, with 9 beIong the largest digit.
105 104 103 102 101 100 10−1 10−2 Weighted Value
6 5 8 9 1 2 3 3 Number
600.000 50.000 8.000 900 10 2 0.3 0.03
The total result is 600.000 + 50.000 + 8.000 + 900 + 10 + 2 + 0.3 + 0.03 = 658912.33
Figure 12 Decimal Number System

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2.3 Binary Number System

The simplest number system employing positional notation is the binary
system. As the name implies, the system has a base of 2. The two Binary
digits (BITS) used are 0 and 1. In a digital computer, only two distinct states
exist. Therefore, all inputs to a digital computer must be converted to a series
of 1’s and 0’s (binary) before the computer can make use of the data.
Conversion from binary to decimal is straightforward and easily performed using
positional notation. In the example, the weighted value of each bit position
(20 , 21 ,22 ...)and the base 10 equivalent for each bit position is shown. To convert
10111 (base 2) to base 10 add together the base 10 value for each bit position
containing a 1. The bit at the far right is the Least Significant Digit (LSD) and the
bit at the far left is the Most Significant Digit (MSD).
Digit ... 5th 4rd 3rd 2nd 1st

Weighted Value 24 23 22 21 20
Base 10 Value 16 8 4 2 1
Figure 13 Binary Number System

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2.3.1 Binary Conversion

A mathematical method of conversion is to repeatedly divide the decimal Succsessive division by base number:
number by the base number, and by keeping track of the remainders, the new
numbering base equivalent is obtained.
In the case of decimal to binary conversions, the decimal number is
successively divided by the base number 2. The first remainder obtained is the Decimal Number: 105D
least significant digIt (LSD), and the last remainder is the most significant digit Equivalent Binary Number 1101001 B
(MSD). LSB
1 0 5 : 2 = 52 Rem. 1
5 2 : 2 = 26 Rem. 0
2 6 : 2 = 13 Rem. 0
13 : 2 = 6 Rem. 1
6 : 2 = 3 Rem. 0
3 : 2 = 1 Rem. 1
1 : 2 = 0 Rem. 1
MSB
MSB means:
Most Significant Bit
LSB means:
Least Significant Bit
This principle can be used for each and every numbering system. It can easily
be used for computer programs.

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2.4 Octal Number System

2.4.1 General
Numerical operations in microcomputers are performed In binary numbers,
when used to represent large quantities many 0’s and 1‘s are needed. This is
cumbersome and time−consuming; therefore, other systems are often used as
a shorthand notation for binary numbers. One popular system is the octal
system (base 8). As a result, frequent binary−to−octal conversions are
necessary.
In the positional notation example, the weighted value of each BIT position (80,
81, 82...) and the base 10 equivalent are shown. To convert 4522 (base 8) to
base 10, multiply each octal digit by its corresponding base 10 value, then add
together the computed base 10 values.

Weighted Value 84 83 82 81 80
Base 10 Value 4096 512 64 8 1
Figure 14 Octal Number System

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2.4.2 Octal / Decimal Conversion

As in the case of decimal to binary conversions, decimal to octal conversions
can also be accomplished by successive division. The decimal number to be
converted to octal is repeatedly divided by the base 8 and again the
remainders are used for the decimal to octal equivalent number.
Succsessive Division by Base Number:

Example:
Convert 238610 to octal by using successive division.
2386 /8 = 298R 2
298 /8 = 37 R 2
37 /8 = 4 R5
4 /8 = 0 R4
238610 = 45228

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2.4.3 Binary / Octal Conversion

In binary, three−bit positions represent exactly eight combinations (000 through
111). Therefore, octal numbers can be directly substituted for 3−bit binary
numbers. The binary number is separated into groups of three bits beginning at
the right with the least significant digit (LSD) and proceeding to the most
significant digit (MSD) at the left. Each group of three bits is then replaced by
an octal equivalent.
In forming the 3−bit groupings, 0’s may need to be added to complete the most
significant digit (MSD).
Octal−to−binary conversion is the reverse of the above procedure. This is
easily accomplished by replacing each octal digit by its 3−bit binary equivalent.

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BINARY TO OCTAL OCTAL TO BINARY

0111000012
011 100 0012
3 4 18
3418
Figure 15 Binary to Octal / Octal to Binary

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2.5 Hexadecimal Number System

The hexadecimal number system is another system often used in micro- Hexadecimal Number Decimal Equivalent
computers. It has a base of 16 which requires sixteen digits. The digits used
are 0 through 9 and A through F. The symbols A through F represent the 0 0
equivalent decimal numbers of 10 through 15, respectively. This system is 1 1
called an alphanumeric number system since numbers and letters are used to
2 2
represent its digits.
In the positional notation example, the weighted value of each digit’s position 3 3
(160,161,162...) and the base 10 equivalent is shown. To convert A8F5 (base 4 4
16) to base 10, multiply each hexadecimal digit by its corresponding base 10
5 5
value then add together the computed base 10 values.
The largest digit of a numbering system is one less than the base. 6 6
Often hexadecimal numbers are written with an “H” following the number to 7 7
denote they are hexadecimal numbers.
8 8
9 9
A 10
B 11
C 12
D 13
E 14
F 15

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Weighted Value 164 163 162 161 160
Base 10 Value 65536 4096 256 16 1
Number to be converted A 8 F 5
Equivalent Base 10 Number 40960 2048 240 5
40960 + 2048 + 240 + 5 = 4325310
A8F516 = 4325310
Figure 16 Hexadecimal Number System

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2.5.1 Hexadecimal Conversions

Decimal to hexadecimal conversions may be done by successive division. In
this case, the decimal number is divided by the base number of 16. If the
remainder is greater than 9, it should be changed to the hexadecimal
equivalent of the remainder. For example, if the remainder is 10, It should be
changed to ”A”; if the remainder is 11, it should be changed to ”B”, and so on,
up to 15, which is ”F”.
Succsessive Division by Base Number
Example:
Convert 4325810 to hexadecimal by using succsessive division.
43253/ 16 = 2703 R5
2703 / 16 = 168 R F (15)
168 / 16 = 10 R8
10 / 16 =0 R A (10)
4325310 = A8F516

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2.5.2 Binary / Hexadecimal Conversion

The hexadecimal number system is used as a shorthand notation for binary Hexadecimal−to−binary conversion is the inverse of the above procedure. This
numbers. In binary, 4− bit positions are necessary to obtain sixteen is easily performed by replacing each hexadecimal digit by its 4−bit binary
combinations (0000 to 1111). As a result of this, hexadecimal numbers can be equivalent.
directly substituted for 4−bit binary numbers.
The binary number is separated into groups of four bits beginning at the LSD
and preceding to the left. Each group of four bits is then replaced by
hexadecimal equivalent.
In forming the 4−bit groupings, 0’s may be required to complete the first (MSD)
group.
BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY
Figure 17 Binary to Hexadecimal / Hexadecimal to Binary

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2.6 Overview: Binary- Octal- Hexadecimal Numbering System

In case we count in the binary system a specific arrangement will be the result.
This arrangement shows the relation between the numbers from the different
numbering systems.

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Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal

101 100 24 23 22 21 20 81 80 161 160
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 2
0 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 0 3
0 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 4
0 5 0 0 1 0 1 0 5 0 5
0 6 0 0 1 1 0 0 6 0 6
0 7 0 0 1 1 1 0 7 0 7
0 8 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 8
0 9 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 9
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 2 0 A
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 3 0 B
1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1 4 0 C
1 3 0 1 1 0 1 1 5 0 D
1 4 0 1 1 1 0 1 6 0 E
1 5 0 1 1 1 1 1 7 0 F
1 6 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0
1 7 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 1
1 8 1 0 0 1 0 2 2 1 2
1 9 1 0 0 1 1 2 3 1 3
2 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 4 1 4
2 1 1 0 1 0 1 2 5 1 5
2 2 1 0 1 1 0 2 6 1 6
2 3 1 0 1 1 1 2 7 1 7

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2.7 Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)

2.7.1 BCD-Decimal Conversion
The binary number system is the most convenient system for computers;
however, people are more accustomed to decimal numbers. An ideal method is
to perform all computer functions on binary data and convert the results to
decimal for display to the operator. The conversion from binary to decimal and
vice versa, although straightforward, requires the use of complex calculations.
In many small computer systems the time spent in executing the conversions
may greatly exceed the time spent in data handling.
A method of representing decimal numbers in digital computers is known as
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD).
In this system the decimal weighting is maintained, but the digit is represented
by a combination of the binary digits 0 and 1. Since ten digits must be
represented, a minimum of four bits must be used to encode each digit.
In the BCD system, each decimal digit is represented with its own 4−bit binary
equivalent number.

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Decimal to BCD BCD to Decimal

Figure 18 Decimal to BCD / BCD to Decimal

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2.7.2 BCD − Binary Comparison

In comparing the BCD and binary equivalents of the decimal number 479, the
BCD is the 4−bit binary equivalent of each of the decimal digits. The binary
equivalent is the sum of the weighted bits totaling 479. Therefore, the BCD
0100 01111011 is not the same as the binary 111011111.
BCD - Binary Comparison


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EXAMPLE 1
Convert 70910 to BCD.
EXAMPLE 2
Convert 0111 0010 0100 (BCD) to decimal
Figure 19 Example: Decimal to BCD / BCD to Decimal

M5.5 LOGIC CIRCUITS
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3. Logic Functions
3.1 General
Digital Computers and Central Processor Units must be able to realize The assignment depends on the technology used, you can say „it is at will“.
arithmetic processes and logical combinations, which are both made in a so This assignment gives us the so called positive Logic and negative Logic.
called ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), the heart of each CPU ( Central Processor
Unit ). Positive Logic Negative Logic
This ALU needs the inputs in digital form: 1»H 1»L
S logic 1 (also known as logic ’’True’’), 0»L 0»H
S logic 0 (also known as logic ’’False‘‘).
Usually the H-Level is seen as „1“, L-Level is to be seen as „0“.
The single item of information (logic 1 or logic 0) is known as a ’’bit’’ (binary
H means 1 L means 0
digit).
3.2 Levels Assignment Individual assignments may be used. We call them mixed logic. This system
A binary signal is a digital signal with only two different values. A special has the disadvantage that some inverted gates are not available.
meaning is assigned to these two values (voltages): Technical operations can be expressed with the so called „Boolean Algebra“ by
Example: using the binary 0 and 1. This is what we call switching function
Voltage applied ³ V = 1. (e.g. F = A v B L C, or A+B x C)
No voltage applied ³ V = 0. Also Truth Tables, Impulse Diagrams and Logic Symbols may be used to
A fulfilled condition is considered to be logic „1“, otherwise it is logical „0“. This describe a technical Operation.
is just a logic state, not a value or Voltage.
An assignment has to be made in accordance with the hardware requirements.
Usually we say: the voltage level that is more positive is seen as „“1“, the
voltage level that more negative is to be seen logic „0“.

M5.5 LOGIC CIRCUITS
M5
+V System A System B System C
H
L
H
L
−V
Figure 20 Example: Level Assignment

M5.5 LOGIC CIRCUITS
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3.3 Definition of Function

With implementing the binary symbols 0 and 1 we can describe technical
processes by means of the so called Boolean Algebra. It only deals with
combinations of logic 0 and logic 1.
The 0−1 −Decisions at Inputs (E1, E2, ..., En) are the independant variables,
the Output (A) is the so called dependant variable as it depends on the input
states.
A depends on the inputs (E1, E2 ..., En). This can be described with a switching
function A = f (E1, E2 En).
With n Variables on the input side there are 2n Variations on the output side
n
and 2 2 possible switching functions.
n possible input variations possible switching functions

1 2 4
2 4 16
3 8 256

M5.5 LOGIC CIRCUITS
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THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK


M5.5 LOGIC CIRCUITS
M5
4. Logic Circuits
ÉÉÉ É
The illustration with the logic symbols is completely independent from the Signal Diagramm
ÉÉÉ É
technology used. It just states the function but not the „contents“.
For logical combination there are only three basic functions:
S INVERTER Function,
ÉÉÉ É
ÉÉÉ ÉÉÉÉÉ
E1
S AND Function and
S OR Function.
ÉÉ ÉÉÉÉ
4.1 Inverter ÉÉ ÉÉÉÉ ÉÉÉÉ
ÉÉ ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ
A
ÉÉ ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ
The Inverter (NOT-Function) inverts the input signal. It is also called a boolean
complement.
If the input signal is a logical 1, the output signal is a logical 0 and vice versa.
Contact Plan
Switching Function:
A=E
A is inverse to E
Truth Table
E A
0 1
1 0
Symbol
DIN / IEC / ANSI MIL / ANSI
Figure 21 INVERTER
M5.5 LOGIC CIRCUITS
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4.2 AND Gate

An AND-Gate may have two or more inputs ( E1 to En ) and one output ( A ). Signal Diagramm
The output has only a logical 1, if all inputs have a logic 1.
If one or more inputs have a logic 0, the output has a logic 0. ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ É
É
E1
ÉÉÉ É
Switching Funktion
A = E1 x E2 x ..... x En or A = E1 Λ E2 Λ.....Λ En É
ÉÉÉ
É ÉÉÉÉ
É
ÉÉÉÉ
A equals E1 and E2 and ..... and En
É
É ÉÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉÉ
É
E2
É É
Truth Table (for two Inputs)
E2
0
E1
0
A
0 A É
É É
É
0
1
1
0
0
0
Contact Plan
É É
1 1 1
Symbol
Figure 22 AND Gate

M5.5 LOGIC CIRCUITS
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4.3 OR Gate
An OR-Gate may have two or more inputs ( E1 to En ) and one output ( A ). Signal Diagramm
The output has only a logical 1, if one or more inputs have a logic 1.
The out put has only a logic 0, if all inputs have a logic 0. ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ É
É
E1
ÉÉÉ É
Switching Funktion
A = E1 + E2 + ... + En or A = E1 v E2 v ... v En É
ÉÉÉ
É ÉÉÉÉ
É
ÉÉÉÉ
A equals E1 or E2 or...... or En
É ÉÉÉÉ
É
ÉÉÉ ÉÉÉÉ
E2
ÉÉÉ ÉÉÉÉ
Truth Table (for two Inputs)
E2
0
E1
0
A
0 A ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ ÉÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉÉ
0
1
1
0
1
1
Contact Plan
ÉÉÉ ÉÉÉÉ
1 1 1
Symbol
Figure 23 OR Gate
M5.5 LOGIC CIRCUITS
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Figure 24 Example: Landing Gear Challenger 604

M5.5 LOGIC CIRCUITS
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4.4 Gates with several Basic Functions

4.4.1 NAND Gate Logic Symbol
A NAND-Gate ( Not-AND-Gate ) may have two or more inputs ( E1 to En ) and
one output ( A ).
The output has only a logic 1, if one input (one of E1 to En ) has a logic 0.
The output has a logic 0, if all inputs ( E1 to En ) have a logic 1.
Switching Function DIN / IEC / ANSI MIL / ANSI

A = E1 x E2 x .... x En or A = E1 Λ E2 Λ .... Λ En
ÉÉÉ É
Signal diagramm
To be read as: A = E1 and E2 and....... and En not
A NOT spoken at the end of a term means that the complete term ist to be
inverted. ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ É
É
É
É ÉÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ É
E1
ÉÉÉÉ
Truth Table (two inputs)
E2 E1 A
É ÉÉÉÉ
0
0
0
1
1
1
E2
É
ÉÉÉ ÉÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉÉ
1
1
0
1
1
0
ÉÉÉ ÉÉÉÉ ÉÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ
A
ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ

M5.5 LOGIC CIRCUITS
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Inverter with NAND−Gates OR-Function with NAND−Gate
In case all inputs but one are connected to „1“ an Inverter is formed. If we invert all Inputs of a NAND-Gate the result will be an OR-Gate.
AND-Function with NAND−Gates

An Inverter connected to a NAND will result in an AND Gate.

M5.5 LOGIC CIRCUITS
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4.4.2 NOR Gate

A NOR-Gate ( Not-OR ) may have two or more inputs ( E1 to En ) and one Logic Symbol
output ( A ).
The output has only a logic 1, if all inputs ( E1 to En ) have a logic 0.
The output has a logic 0, if one or more inputs have a logic 1 1
Switching Function
A = E1 + E2 + .... + En or A = E1 v E2 v .... v En MIL / ANSI
DIN / IEC / ANSI
To be read as: A = E1 or E2 or....... or En not
ÉÉÉ É
A NOT spoken at the end of a term means that the complete term ist to be Signal diagramm
inverted.
Truth Table ÉÉÉ

ÉÉÉ É
É
É
É ÉÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ É
E1
ÉÉÉÉ
E2 E1 A
É ÉÉÉÉ
0 0 1
É ÉÉÉÉ
0 1 0 E2
ÉÉ ÉÉÉ ÉÉÉ
1 0 0
ÉÉ ÉÉÉ ÉÉÉ
1 1 0
ÉÉ ÉÉÉ ÉÉÉ
A
ÉÉ ÉÉÉ ÉÉÉ

M5.5 LOGIC CIRCUITS
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M5.5 LOGIC CIRCUITS
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4.4.3 Exclusive OR
An Exclusive OR has two inputs ( E1 and E2 ) and one output A. Logic Symbol
The output has a logic 1, if input E1 has a logic 1 and input E2 a logic 0 or vice
versa.
The output has a logic 0, if input E1 has a logic 1 and input E2 a logic 0 or vice
versa.
Switching Funktion DIN / IEC / ANSI MIL / ANSI

A = E1 x E2 + E1 x E2
Signal diagramm
ÉÉÉ É
Truth table
ÉÉÉ É
E2 E1 A
E1 ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ É
É
É
ÉÉÉ ÉÉÉÉ
É
0 0 0
É ÉÉÉÉ
0 1 1
1 0 1
É
ÉÉ ÉÉÉÉ
É É ÉÉ ÉÉ
ÉÉÉÉ
E2
1 1 0
ÉÉÉ ÉÉÉÉ
A ÉÉ
ÉÉÉÉ ÉÉ ÉÉ
ÉÉÉÉ

M5.5 LOGIC CIRCUITS
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4.4.4 Exclusive NOR

An Exclusive NOR has two inputs ( E1 and E2 ) and one output A. Logic Symbol
The output has a logic 1, if inputs E1 and E2 have a logic 1, or E1 and E2 have
a logic 0.
The output has a logic 0, if both inputs ( E1 and E2 ) have a logic 1, or both
inputs have a logic 0.
Switching Funktion
A = E1 x E2 + E1 x E2
ÉÉÉ É
Signal diagramm
Truth table
E2 E1 A ÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ É
É
É
É ÉÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ É
0 0 1 E1
ÉÉÉÉ
0 1 0
1 0 0
É ÉÉÉÉ
1 1 1 E2
É ÉÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ ÉÉÉÉ
ÉÉÉ ÉÉÉ É ÉÉÉÉ
A

5.5 LOGIC CIRCUITS
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4.5 Possible Functions

The number of possible input combinations: Ic = 2n
Function
with n being the number of input variables.

Switch
Nr
Name of Function Current Number of possible switching functions: SF = 2 2

n
Diagram
Not all possible functions are always sensible.
Null
AND
Not A AND B
1. Identity
A AND Not B
Input Variable Qi
2. Identity
EXCLUSIVE OR
OR
NOT OR
EXCLUSIVE NOR
Not A
Not A OR B
Not B
A OR Not B
A AND B Not
IDENTITY

5.5 LOGIC CIRCUITS
M5
4.6 Summary of all Gates
1
ASB + ASB = X
Figure 25 Summary Gates

5.5 LOGIC CIRCUITS
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4.7 Rules of Boolean Algebra

4.7.1 Priority 4.7.2 De Morgan Theorem
When realising equations, there is a rule for prioritising combinations of A practical operational way to look at DeMorgan’s Theorem is that an AND may
operations (AND/OR). be replaced by an OR with all inputs and the output inverted).
AND can replace an OR or vice versa.
It is: (A + B) C A + (B C) !
4.7.3 Shannon Theorem
A B C (A + B) C A + (B C) In accordance with the Shannon Theorem, a NAND can be replaced by an OR
0 0 0 0 0 with inverted inputs.
A long inversion bar can be split into several smaller ones when replacing an
0 0 1 0 0
AND by an OR or vice versa.
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
The long inversion bar treats everything below it as if in brackets.

If there are several operations in one equation, the following sequence should
be kept:
1. Negation
2. AND x,ƞ
3. OR +,Ɵ
In accordance with the operator precedence rules: AND operations preceed
OR operations.

5.5 LOGIC CIRCUITS
M5
4.7.4 Calculation Rules

The following table shows the logical connection between input variants and Calculation Rule
Name
output in accordance to the boolean algebra using constants, variables and
combinations of them.
Functions
with
Constants
(Postulates)
Functions
with one
Constant
and one
Variable
Commutativity
Associativity
Distributivity
Priority
Cancelling
de Morgans
Theorem
Shannon
Theorem

M5.3 DATA CONVERSION
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5. Data Conversion
5.1 General
5.1.1 Purpose
While digital computers process information faster and more efficiently than
analog computers. They do have somewhat of a disadvantage in that they only
understand 1’s and 0’s. The real world is analog in nature. Temperature, for
example, does not change in discrete steps. It is a continuously varying
quantity. In order for digital computers to use temperature information, the
analog quantity must be converted to a digital representation of temperature.
Airplane control surfaces do not move in discrete steps but rather in continuous
motion. A digital computer may be able to determine where a control surface
must be positioned, but the signal to the surface must be in analog form to
drive the surface. The circuits used to interface digital computers to the
analog world are referred to as Digital to analog (or D/A) Converters and
analog to Digital (or A/D) Converters.

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Figure 26 Digital to Analog Conversions

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5.2 Analog to Digital Converters

5.2.1 Purpose
Almost all ”real world” applications are analog in nature. Therefore, analog to
digital (A/D) converters are quite common in computer systems, and especially
in those systems dedicated to monitoring or controlling ”real world” events. An
A/D converter converts a continuous voltage signal, or analog signal into a
multi-bit digital word.
5.2.2 A/D Converter Principles

Digital LRU’s have an A-D Converter attached at the input side, the so called The schematics below shows the Sawtooth principle.
ADM’s (Air Data Modules); Hybrid LRU’s have these Converters incorporated, The Input voltage VM to be evaluated will be compared with a sawtooth voltage
so the could perform that task as well. Vv created inside the converter itself. The time the sawtooth requires to reach
A/D-Conversion may use various principles: the voltage level of the input voltage will be evaluated.
S Sawtooth-principle This time will be measured by pulses from the Pules Generator.
S Dual-Slope-principle The anmount of pulses counted is a reference for the input voltage. The Time T
from ,,START” (sawtooth voltage is 0) until ,,STOP” (sawtooth voltage Vv =
S Ramp Generation A/D
VM) the gate is open so pulses from the pulse generator can pass it and
S Successive Ramp A/D access the binary counter.
S ... A Buffer stores that binary number and applies it to a data bus activated by a
signal on the Control−Bus.

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VM
VV
Figure 27 A/D Converter

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5.2.3 How the Sawtooth Principle works

The sawtooth principle uses a sawtooth created by the converter and
compates it with the input voltage.
The input voltage must be less or equal to the sawtooth voltage. Higher input
voltages can not be converted propperly. In case the input voltage is higher
always the maximum (in this example: 10 Volts) would be indicated.
The analogue input voltage and the sawtooth will be applied to an
OpAmp acting as a comparator. As long as the sawtooth voltage is less than
the input voltage the comparator will provide „1“ (equals 5 Volts) at its output.
As soon as the sawtooth voltage eaches the voltage level of the input voltage
the output will toggle to „0“ (equals 0 Volts). It will remain in that state for the
rest of the sawtooth.
The output voltage from the comparator is applied to an AND gate as well
as a clock or pulse created by a pulse generator.
In case the output voltage of the comparator is „1“, the pulses from the pulse
generator can pass the AND gate. In case the output voltage from the
comparator is „0“ the pulses from the pulse generator will be blocked, they
can’t pass the AND gate any more.
The pulses that passed the AND gate are applied to a binary counter which
will count them and the count will be applied to its output section.
The binary counter therefore provides a binary number that is proportional to
the analogue input voltage.
At the end of each count (sawtooth) the binary counter will be resetted and a
new count may start.
In order to create a continous indication on the display the count from the
binary counter will be buffered and handed over to the data bus only during the
falling flangue of the sawtooth (where the output voltage toggles from 10 Volts
to 0 Volts).

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Figure 28 Basic Principle of A/D Converters

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5.3 D/A Converter

Usually OpAms ate used to convert binary numbers into analogue output
voltages. The OpAmp will act as an addder. The output voltage of the
OpAmp is the sum of the input voltages where every input will have an
individual voltage amplification in accordance with its binary value. This
amplification is set by the ratio of the resistors on the input side.
The more Bit (switches) the higher the accuracy (resolution) of the output
voltage will be.
The schematics below indicate the basic principle: Data from a data bus is
applied to to a register (buffer) that controlls the (electronic) switches.
In case all four bits are „0“ the analogue output voltage will be 0 Volts.
In case only the least significant bit (LSB) is „1“ a voltage will be provided at the
output depending on the ratio of RL over R.
The bit with the next higher significance has a resistor wit half the resistance of
the input from the LSB. As the ratio of RL over R in this case has been doubled
the output voltage will be doubled as well.
The resistance of the input resistors will be inverse proportional to the
significance of the bits.
The output voltage will not be really analogue but can be altered in steps
depending on the voltage from the LSB.
Example: a binary input 0111 will be converted in an analogue output voltage of
7 Volts.

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Figure 29 D/A Converter

5.6 BASIC COMPUTER STRUCTURE
M5
6. Basic Computer Structure

6.1 General
Automatic data processing deals with processing informations without errors.
This data could be numbers, letters or even complete sentences.
Processing is done by computers.
S COMPUTER:
is a machine that processes data by means of digital technologies. All
informations are reduced to simple Yes/No decisions. Electronic circuits
(Hardware) is controlled with specific instructions (Software).
Both, Hardware and Software, form a Computer.
S HARDWARE:
all devices and components that are required to process binary data in
digital systems.
S SOFTWARE:
a common word which is used to describe all kinds of programms.
This could be an application like Word or a device driver as well.
S PROGRAMM:
an order of instructions that tells how to process data. This could be logic
operations or arithmetic operations as well. Data could be changed, sorted
or decisions could be made. It also controlls where (if) information is stored,
displayed or printed.

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Figure 30 Example: ADC

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6.2 Detailed Components

6.2.1 Minimum Hardware Requirements 6.2.2 Basic Computer Structure
As with the purpose of a basic computer, the structure of a basic computer
does not vary between computers. Each computer is comprised of an input
section, output section, central processing unit, a memory section and a
bus−system.
The differences in the computers are in the characteristics of devices used to
make up each section of the computer, and the instruction steps used to
control the operation of the computer.
The minimum requirements for computer operation is:
1. CPU
2. Memory
3. Input-/Output Interfaces
4. Bus-System
These requirements do not meet our standards for comfort and convieniance
but they are sufficient for basic functioning.
Some devices could contain several components. A CPU for example contains
the ALU (Arithmentic-Logic Unit) in order to execute calculations, register as
temporary memory, instruction decoder and timing/logic control.

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Shapes of CPU’s RAM-Memory
Figure 31 Example: CPU, Memory

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Conducting Wires/Busses
Figure 32 Example Conducting Wires

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Figure 33 Example HSI

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6.3 Memory
Memory nowadays are high-integrated components that can store many With specific control circuits (selectors/address decoder) the bits stored could
GigaBit and have a size of only few square-millimeters. In a processor of the be retrieved one by one or in groups (data words). With two address lines four
Intel Pentium IV Family in 0,065 mm Technologies, on a surface of only data words are accessible. Every data word could consist of e.g. four or eight
120mm@, 125 millions (125.000.000) of transistors are installed! This is bit (1 Byte).
equivalent to 1.000.000 transistors per square-millimeter. The scale of Every single section of the memory could be accessed directly. This is called
integration of memory devices is quite similar. random access. In earlier times memory had to be accessed in a sequence
Basicly Memory consists of a matrix of conducting wires. The lines could be until the desired information was found. This is no longer necessary.
connected by semiconductors. Every crossing of two wires is a memory able to With n Address Lines 2n Adresses could be selected.
store one Bit.
The semiconductors could be conductive in case a „0“ is stored or
non-conductive if a „1“ is stored. Depending on the technology used a memory
could consist of diodes or MOS-Transistors.
Amount of Transistors in CPU over the Years

Figure 34 History of Processors

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6.3.1 Capacity of Memory 6.3.2 RAM

The smallest amount of information that is possible is a Bit. This is just a single Read / Write-Memory (Random Access Memory, RAM) usually consists of 4 -
„0“ or „1“-Information. 6 MOS-Transistors per bit. This memory can store information provided via a
Usually bits are used in groups of eight. This is what we call Byte. bus-system and data can be retrieved as well.
The capacity of memory devices is stated in the same format: Static RAMs keep the information stored as long as the power supply is not
switched off. Dynamic RAMs have to be refreshed within a few milliseconds by
Capacity = Amount of Addresses x Amount of Bit/Address
reading the information and writing it back (Refresh cycle). This is because
Example: 2048 x 8 they use very small capacitors that have quite high leakage currents.
This means: The memory has 2048 Adresses. Every Adresse can store 8 Bit. The advantage of dynamic RAM is that they are smaller so that their interation
Usually one can see the letter ”K“ for Kilo. Here K doesn’t mean 1.000 but scale can be larger than the static ones. But static RAM is faster as it doesn’t
1.024 (this is a power of 2). need a refresh.
Example: 256K x 1 Both types have in common that the information stored is lost as soon as the
This memory has 256 times1024 Addresses. Every Address can store 1 Bit. power supply is switched off. When switching on the power supply the contents
of the memory is unknown, the state is accidental.
In Aircraft software sometimes is stored on socalled OBRM’s. OBRM’s (On
Board Replaceble Memory) are memory cards that can be replaced without
opening up the computer.
6.3.3 ROM
Fixed Memory (Read-Only-Memory, ROM) don’t have the option of writing
information into it. Usually they are produced in large amounts. The
programming is a part of the production process (Gameboy Software) and can
not be changed.
All ROM keep their information even if the power supply is switched off.

M5
6.3.4 PROM
Programable ROM (PROM) is programmed by short bursts of current. This will Basic Principle of a PROM
cause a gap in the current paths which then could mean 1 or 0. They are
programmed with a specific device called programmer. This programming is
irreversible! They are used for small series.
Fuseable Links.

M5
6.3.5 EPROM 6.3.6 EEPROM, EAPROM

Erasable and Programable ROM (EPROM) can be programmed with a specific EEPROM is eraseble memory that can be erased electrical and then be
device, a programmer just like PROM. They have a small transparent reprogrammed (computer BIOS).
„window“. Below lies the silicon memory which can be erased when exposed to EAPROM is eraseble memory where information also can be altered. So no
UV light. As daylight also contains a small amount of UV the window is covered erasing is required.
by a label that has to be removed in order to erase the memory.
Both, EAPROM and EEPROM, nowadays replace PROM and EPROM
So EPROM can be erased, the programming is reversible. because they can be reprogrammed in a running system, no components have
Typical application is experimental programming. In aircrafts is had been used to be exchanged, no opening of LRU is required.
for software (e.g. FMS) and nav data base.
Overview: Types of Memory
Type Volatile Programmable

RAM Yes YES
ROM NO NO
PROM NO Once
EPROM (UV-PROM) NO Numerous times, but not

in system
EEPROM NO Numerous times in the
EAPROM system

M5.6A BASIC COMPUTER STRUCTURE
M5
6.4 Computer Technology

6.4.1 Reference Computer
Although computers can be classified by hardware as analog, digital, or hybrid,
they are more often classified by their tasks or application.
A computer which may be used for a source of information or data can be
called a reference computer. Reference signals from this computer may be
self−contained and only provides outputs.
An Inertial Reference System (IRS) is one example of a reference computer.
This system is a laser gyro and accelerometer based reference system used to
generate such outputs as airplane attitude, heading, acceleration and angular
information. Other than for initialization purposes, the IRS needs no inputs to
perform its task.
Some of the units utilizing this information as a reference are the Autothrottle
Computer, the flight Control Computers, the pilot’s Horizontal Situation
Indicators, and the Flight Management Computer.

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Figure 35 Reference Computers

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6.4.2 Informational Computers

A computer that collects data from various places, processes it, and formats it
for display can be called an informational computer. The main task of an
informational computer is to collect data and display it in a central place.
During the different phases of a flight, from power up through touchdown, the
flight crew is often in need of information concerning a certain airplane system.
Information needed may include total air temperature, engine oil levels,
hydraulic pressures, and engine vibration levels. On the ground, the
maintenance personnel often need to recall certain events that occurred during
the flight, such as out of normal parameters on an engine (overspeed), or
Auxiliary Power Unit voltage information.
An Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System (ElCAS) is one type of
informational computer. The flight crew has various types of information
available to them before, during and after a flight. Parameters used to set and
monitor engine thrust are displayed on a cathode ray tube (CRT) full time and
the remaining engine parameters may be selected for display by the crew.
Maintenance information can be displayed when required by maintenance
personnel. Airplane configuration, equipment cooling and status, electrical /
hydraulic parameters, performance data and engine exceedance are some of
the types of maintenance information available.

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Figure 36 Informational Computers

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6.4.3 Storage / Monitor Computers

Storage/monitor computers retain information provided to them by other
systems, by other computers or by monitoring other systems or sections of the
storage/ monitor computer unit. The information stored may be used by other
computers, by the flight crew or by the maintenance crew. Typically
storage/monitor computers do very little signal processing. Their main task is to
monitor and store data for later retrieval.
An Electronic Engine Control Monitor (EECM) is a type of storage computer
which stores fault data from the Electronic Engine Control (EEC) system.
When an abnormality occurs on an engine during flight, the data pertaining to
that fault is stored within the EECM. When the EEC systems indicate a failure
has occurred, the maintenance personnel can recall the faults from the EECM
to determine what maintenance action needs to be completed.

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Figure 37 Storage/Monitor Computers

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6.4.4 Controlling Computers

A computer with the primary task of controlling something can be called a
controlling computer or controller. this is one of the largest categories of
computers. In industry today nearly anything that can be controlled can be
controlled by a computer. Computerized controllers range from simple
temperature controllers to entire systems for controlling a complete factory.
Airplanes have a myriad of systems, surfaces, and devices needing control
during operation, both in the air and on the ground. It is impractical to have the
flight crew manually control all of the necessary systems, so computers are
used to lighten the crew’s workload by providing automatic control.
The Flap/Slat Electronic Unit (FSEU) computer provides a means to monitor
the flap lever position and to control the flap position on the wings. The FSEU
can control the flaps automatically during take−off and landing by utilizing
information from other systems such as the Flap / Slat position Module, the
Proximity Switch Electronics Unit, and Flap Lever.
If the flight crew elects to extend the flaps at an unsafe air speed, the FSEU
will monitor the air speed and control the flap extension when airspeed is within
allowable parameters.

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FLAP LEVER
FLAP/SLAT
FLAP/SLAT POSITION ELECTRONIC
MODULE UNIT
PROX: SWITCH
ELECTRONICS UNIT
FLAP
DRIVE
UNIT
FLAP
Figure 38 Controlling Computers

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6.4.5 Interactive Computers

Some computers can perform several different tasks depending on operator
inputs. Such a computer is called an interactive computer. Interactive
computers typically display information to the operator and then manipulate the
data based on the interaction between the operator and the computer.
The Flight Management Computer (FMC) is an example of an interactive
computer. The flight crew interfaces with the computer by means of the
Control Display Unit (CDU) to input performance data, initialization data and
route structure.
The computer calculates optimum cost profiles for climb, cruise and descent
used by the autopilot and autothrottle for automatic flight control. All computed
values are also automatically displayed allowing the crew to fly an optimum
profile using manual control.

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Figure 39 Interactive Computers

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6.4.6 Aircraft Digital Systems − Summary

Airplanes typically have many computers to control, monitor, provide
references, and make available information. These computers can be either
analog, digital or hybrid. It can also be noted that computers are typically
different combinations of the five types of computers as categorized by
application.
Those are interactive, reference, storage / monitor, controlling, and information
computers.
As in the example of the interactive computer, the flight management computer
is also used as a control computer by controlling the autopilot and other
systems. It can be an Informational computer by providing the flight crew with
route Information.
The flight management computer also acts as a storage computer by storing
information to be used by other airplane systems. It also acts as a storage /
monitor computer, in that it monitors many of its inputs and stores this
information for further reference. Computer types and applications are as
varied as their tasks.

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INTERACTIVE
COMMANDS, DATA: INFORMATIONAL

DATA PERFORMANCE
ENQUIRIES, NAVIGATION
TESTS GUIDANCE
REPLIES
STORAGE RESPONSES
CONTROL
AUTOMATIC
PILOT
CONTROL
COMMANDS
FLIGHT
MANAGEMENT
AIRCRAFT COMPUTER
SENSORS SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS
MONITOR
Figure 40 Airplane Digital Systems

M5.13 SOFTWARE MANAGEMENT
CONTROL M5
7. Software Management Control

7.1 General this procedure the EPROM can be reprogrammed electrically. Programs stored
in ROM are often referred to as firmware (rather than software).
Each digital LRU (Line Replaceable Unit) consists of the Because of the high complexity of this procedure, UV−ROMs are only used,
S Hardware, the electronic devices and the when parameter changes are infrequent, for example the change of magnetic
S Software, the program of the arithmetic and logic process in the computer. variation in an Inertial Reference System (IRS).
The specification of an electronic unit does not detail the hardware the system A huge increase in flexibility was brought about by the development of
should/does employ. The designer/engineer will decide which hardware, cpu electrically eraseable ROM‘s, EEPROM, also known as electrically alterable
memory ICs etc, will best meet the requirements of the unit. As long as the ROM‘s, EAPROM. This technique allows to change the program with the
hardware chosen must meets requirements in terms of interfacing, equipment in situ.
environmental resistance and relevant international standards, then the The technique of EAPROM/ EEPROM is used for
specification of a unit will be guaranteed by the software of the system . S Fault−recording,
The software specifies the S Parameter−saving and
S input− and output−parameters, S Program−change (partly)
S their tolerances,
S refreshment−rates,
7.3 Program Change
S fault detections and so on. Reprogramming may be done in different ways, each with different costs.
It is up to the manufacturer to realize all of the demands. It is usual for the Beginning with the easiest way, a program change in an aircraft−LRU can be
hardware and the software to be developed together. done
S by an ADL (Airborn Data Loader), a drive found in the cockpit. The software
7.2 History is loaded from a diskette or diskettes followed by the start−command.
Nowadays different manufacturer’s computers can run the same software. In S by a Portable Data Loader, which must be connected direct to the
the past devices such as CPU, Address register, RAM, ROM, decoder, LRU−Front−Plug or to a transfer− plug, which can be located in the cockpit.
compiler etc. came onto the market separately. A computer would be built from In both cases, a disc or a magnetic tape may be the data transfer medium.
these and given specific/unique instruction sets and programs, stored in the S by changing of OBRM‘s (On Board Replaceable Modules), which are
ROM implemented into the front face of the LRU.
By storing the whole program in a ROM, the computer will not be flexible. If, for S by using a special Programing Menu on the MCDU, located in the cockpit,
example, a parameter value must be changed for a modification, the whole usually accessed by the input of a security code.
ROM must be changed. This means a new ROM chip must be programmed by
a specialist, then the system must be put through the test procedure, S in the workshop.
The invention of the EPROM/UV−ROM increased system flexibility. These The easier it is to reprogram a device, the more quality controls have to be
memory devices allows program and parameter changes. But the process is applied to ensure that the reprogramming is done correctly in a controlled
still involved. manner.
The memory−chip has to be erased first. This is done by shining a UV−light
onto the light−sensitive substrate of the chip for about 20 to 30 minutes. After

M5.13 SOFTWARE MANAGEMENT
CONTROL M5
7.4 Software Definition

Modern LRU‘s contain their software in different packages, called: A change of the Operational/Application−Software also needs the
S Core Software, agreement and documentation of both manufactures. However, the
LRU−Manufacture can be bypassed, if the airline engineering guarantees an
S Operational Software or Application Software and
‘equivalent−level−of−safety‘, this is a complicated process.
S Data Base.
A Data Base Software change can normally be done without involvement of
The Core Software defines the individual system. It will interface one LRU, the manufacturers if it is guaranteed that the software is classified in level E.
such as the air data computer, to another, such as the flight control system. In
defining each system it defines the function of the whole aircraft. Kinds of Software Separations:
The Operational Software, also known as Application Software, defines for
example the kind of display in the cockpit.
By implementing a new Data Base Software, only parameter values will be
changed, not strictly a program change. For example the maximum aircraft
take off weight can be increased because of the higher pressure in the tyres.
In the RTCA (Requirement and Technical Concepts for Aviation), Document
DO 178B or EUROCAE Doc. ED 12B (Software Considerations in Airborne
Systems and Equipment Certiication) software levels are defined as:
S Level A, which can result in catastrophic failure, to
S Level E, which will not effect the safety of the aircraft.
7.5 Software Handling
Depending on the Software Level, different levels of care must be taken in
documentation and handling of the software. Only authorized personal may
modify the software which is classified in level A. Software which is classified in
level E can be done by maintenance personnel, but only if respective
documentation is available .
In any case it must be guaranteed that
S only the authorized software will be influenced by re−loading,

S successful loading must be acknowledged,
S no other systems will be affected.
The Core−Software should normally never be touched, because it is a part of
the control loop of the aircraft. An uncontrolled change could be disasterous. A
change of this software can only be made with the agreement of the aircraft
manufacturer and the LRU−manufacturer. This is documented in authorized
Service Bulletins (Cover−S/B) of the two manufacturers.

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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8. ARINC
8.1 General 8.1.1 ARINC Standards
ARINC, Aeronautical Radio Incorporated is a corporation that was founded 400 Series
1929 in the United States in order to simplfy radio commumication and find
400 Series ARINC Specifications and Reports provide a design foundation for
common standards. Nowadays some boards also deal with aviation.
equipment specified per the ARINC 700 and 500 Series. They include
From time to time there is an ARINC Meeting where representives from guidelines for installation, wiring, data buses, databases, and general guidance.
manufactureres, owners and avionics suppliers meet to redefine the standards
if necessary. 500 Series
Some ARINC-Specifications deal with digital data transmissions. Standard is 500 Series ARINC Characteristics define older analog avionics equipment still
ARINC 429 still, even in Boeings 777 and in Airbus A380. But tendency goes to used widely on the B−727, DC−9, and DC−10, as well as on early models of
more reliable, fast databusses which can deal the enormous amount of digital B−737, B−747, and A−300 aircraft.
data modern aircraft provide.
600 Series
600 Series ARINC Specifications and Reports define enabling technologies
that provide a design foundation for equipment specified per the ARINC 700
Series of digital avionics systems. Among the topics covered by Specifications
are data link protocols.
700 Series
700 Series ARINC Characteristics define digital avionics systems and
equipment installed on current−model production aircraft. They include detailed
definitions of form, fit, function, and interface.

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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70ies 80ies 90ies 2000ers ?

ARINC 419 ARINC 429 ARINC 629 ARINC 664/AFDX
(A380)
Figure 41 History of ARINC Standards

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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8.2 ARINC 429

8.2.1 General 8.2.2 Interconnection
System data transfers in and out of an aircraft system and within the system
occur in digital formats as defined by ARINC specification 429 Mark 33 Digital 8.2.2.1 Data Exchange
Information Transfer System (DITS). This specification therefore defines
ARINC 429 defines Simplex-Operations as a standard.
encoding data of signals to be transmitted.
One transmitter can supply data to up to 20 receivers.
The digital computers of the different aircraft systems, process results in the
form of messages or parallel binary words, i. e., information comprising several S Simplex: One Transmitter, one Receiver. One Way only.
bits (0,1) available simultaneously. However, to transmit digital information S Half-Duplex: One Transmitter, one Receiver. both directions, but only one
towards external receivers, it is preferable, for weight control and reliability at a time.
reasons, to use a serial transmission system. Therefore, the parallel message S Full Duplex: One Transmitter, one Receiver. both directions at the same
is converted into a serial message. Then a line transmitter adapts this serial time.
logic message into voltage levels which are compatible with the transmission
standard. The message is thus sent in the form of a string of pulses.
8.2.2.2 Data Cables
Serial transmission of information in digital format as defined by ARlNC
specification 429.
The hardware support providing serial transmission of information is a
mono−directional bus composed of a pair of twisted and shielded wires (see
figure below). This shielding is connected to ground, in particular at each
branch.
Advantages of serial transmission:
S only a single line is required for transmission.
S only one set of digital circuitry is needed to process the data.
This is slower than parallel transmission but sufficient for ARINC 429
requirements.

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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Serial Transfer
Figure 42 ARINC 429 Interconnection

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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8.2.2.3 Transmission Speed 8.2.2.4 Voltage Ranges

ARINC 429 defines two different transmission speeds: The Voltage ranges for transmitter and receiver differ a little bit. The receiver
ÇÇ
S Low Speed ( 12 - 14 kBit ) accepts a wider voltage range so it could read the data even if there are some
ÉÉ ÇÇ
minor disturbances on the bus.
S High Speed ( 100 kBit )
ÉÉ ÇÇ
Low Speed and High Speed-Transmission may never occur on the same data
ÉÉ ÇÇ
bus it is either a low speed or high speed bus. U + 13
10V
ÉÉ +11
ÇÇ
Ç
ÇÇ Ç
HIGH SPEED LOW SPEED +9
ÉÉ ÇÇ
+ 6,5
TRANSMISSION
ÉÉ ÇÇ
SIGNAL SPEED 100 kBit 12,5 kBit
BIT TIME T 10 ms 80 ms
ÉÉ +0,5
−0,5 ÇÇ
ÇÇÇÇ
+ 2,5
ÉÉ ÇÇ
− 2,5
ÉÉ ÇÇ
ÉÉ ÇÇ − 6,5
ÉÉ ÇÇ
-10V −9
ÇÇ
−11
− 13
HIGH NULL LOW HIGH NULL LOW
Transmitter Output States Receiver Input States


5.4 DATA BUSSES
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8.2.3 Data Synchronisation

8.2.3.1 Bit - Synchronisation 8.2.3.2 Word Synchronisation
ARINC 429 uses a bipolar RZ (Return to Zero)-Signal, which contains data and The data words are separated by a gap of 4 bit time minimum. Usually it is
clock. Therefore three different voltage levels are required: from 4 to 8 bit.
S + 10 Volts for the logic „1“ The Receiver recognises the first bit of a new data word by the change in
S 0 Volts for the clock voltage (from 0 V to +10V or -10V).
S - 10 Volts for the logic „0“
Gap

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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8.2.4 Information-Rate
Important data is transmitted quite often, less important data is transmitted less
often. This is what we call Information Rate. As BCD-Data (Binary Coded
Decimal) is used for displays only it is transmitted every 500 ms (average),
BNR (Binary) is to be processed by other LRU’s and therefore transmitted 6 to
20 times a second.

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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Information-Rate
TAS TAS PS TAS TAS TAS TAS

MACH MACH MACH PS MACH PS
BCD BNR BNR BNR BCD BNR
62,5 ms 62,5 ms
125 ms
500 ms
Figure 43 Information Rate

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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8.2.5 Data Word

8.2.5.1 General
A Data Word is always composed of 32 Bits, even if not all of them are
required for the information transferred.
These 32 Bits are split up in areas with a dedicated purpose:
S Bit 1-8: Label / Adress
S Bit 9-10: Source / Destination Identifier
S Bit 11-28 (29): Data
S Bit (29) 30-31: Sign/Status Matrix
S Bit 32: Parity Bit

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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SOURCE / DESTIN.
SIGN / STATUS
IDENTIFIER
ODD PARITY
MATRIX
MSB BINARY DATA LSB
LABEL / ADRESS
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
11
(4 2 1 ) (8 4 2 1 ) (8 4 2 1 ) (8 4 2 1 ) (8 4 2 1 ) ( 1 2 4 ) (1 2 4 ) ( 1 2 )
SIGN / STATUS
ODD PARITY
MSB BINARY CODED DECIMAL DATA LSB LABEL / ADRESS
SOURCE / DESTIN.
IDENTIFIER
MATRIX
Figure 44 ARINC 429 Data Word Composition

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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8.2.5.2 Parity Check 8.2.5.3 Label / Address

To check transmission validity, the last bit (bit 32) of each word is used. It is This label takes up the first 8 bits (1 to 8) of a word. It is octal coded (based 8
called the parity bit. It is generated ”constructed” by the transmitter when the number system) the following Figure gives some examples of application to
word is emitted and it is checked by the receiver upon arrival. illustrate the selected coding system.
By means of this parity bit, the receiver can check that the different bits forming Each word is identified by a label which defines its function: A word may
the word have all been integrally and correctly transmitted. It is used to represent aerodynamic information, a radio frequency, or a series of binary
increase transmission security. data, each one of which controls the illumination of an inscription or controls a
The parity bit is defined, ”constructed”, in such a way that all ARlNC words function, etc.
have an odd number of binary zeros (therefore an odd number of binary 1‘s). As nowadays the total amount of labels (256) available is no longer sufficient
they may be used for different parameters. To determine the correct parameter
D C B A P odd the equipment identifier is also needed.
0 0 0 0
Example1: Label: 213
0 0 0 1
LABEL / ADRESS
0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 32 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
0 1 0 0
(1 2 4) (1 2 4) (1 2 )
0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1
3 1 2
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
Example 2: Label: 270
LABEL / ADRESS
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 32 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 1 0 0
(1 2 4) (1 2 4) (1 2 )
1 1 0 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1
0 7 2

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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Guideline for Label Assignment
This guideline gives the assignment of the labels to certain types of
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
information. In addition to that a list is available. From time to time there might
00 X
be a change in that guideline.
01
The issue of that guideline can be read from the number of the ARINC:
02
e.g. ARINC 429−14. 03 BCD
04
05
06
07
10
11 BNR
12 BCD
13
14 Discrete
15 Maint. Discr. M Data
16 Maint. Data BCD
17
20 BCD
21
22
23 BCD
24
25 BNR
26 Mix Test
27 Discrete Test
30 Application Dependent
31
32 BNR
33
34
35 Maint. Data Ack M ISO ISO 5
36 BNR
37 EQ ID
Figure 45 Guideline for Label Assignment

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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Figure 46 BCD List

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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Figure 47 BNR List

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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8.2.5.4 Equipment Identifier

The “ARlNC specification 429“ defines the label 377 to recognize the
transmitting LRU on the bus by means of the so called EQUIPMENT
IDENTIFIERS. This is an information like altitude, temperature, speed, ...
So this is not a part of every data word but only in that label 377 word.
They are defined by their code in the hexadecimal system.
Because of the restricted amount of labels (001 to 376 in octal) one specific
label may be used for different parameters:
S Label 315 is defined for „Stabilizer Position“ if the EQ ID is A1 (or 0A1 in
ARINC-Specs with heigher Dash-No.) for FCC-Controller.
S Label 315 is defined for „Wind Speed“ if the EQID is 04 (or 004) for IRS.
Figure 48 Equipment Identifier

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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Figure 49 Equipment Identifier List

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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8.2.5.5 Source / Destination Identifier

Bits 9 and 10 comprise the source/destination identifier, or SDl. The SDI
function is used when it is necessary to indicate the source of information, or
when the information is directed to a specific location (which has a minor
function). As an example, when specific words need to be directed to a specific
system of a multi system installation, and when the source system of a multi
system installation needs to be recognizable from the word content.
For example, if the ARINC word is to be sent to be recognized by system No 2
only, 10 is transmitted on bits 9 and 10. If 00 is transmitted on bits 9 and 10,
the data is sent to be recognized by all receivers (ALL CALL). This is the most
frequent case.
For another example: If there are several identical systems which transmit
data, the transmitter sends its installed position on bit 9 and 10 (IRS No. 2 will
transmit SDI−bits 10 on its output bus).
If 4 identical systems are installed, system 4 is identified by SD code 00.
The same bit combination (00) is also used, if the receiver is not specified by
its SDl (e.g. single system installed only).
The respective system is mostly informed about its installed position by pin
programming at the shelf receptacle or by an identification plug as it is used for
example at the engine PMC (Power Management Computer).

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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not used / 4
3
Figure 50 Source / Destination Identifier

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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8.2.5.6 Sign / Status Matrix

Validity and complementary information accompanying the signal carried by the
word: Each word includes status or validity indicators. As far as validity
information is concerned, there is no need for a wire carrying the discrete
validity, failure /warning or flag signal to the various receivers.
BNR
BNR Data have a SSM that consists of Bits 29 for Sign and 30 und 31 for
Status.
In case of a defect a failure warning is transmitted.
BCD
BCD as well as Discretes, AIM Data and File Transfer Data have a SSM from
Bits 30 and 31.
In case of a failure the data word is supressed (not transmitted any more).

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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BNR
BCD
Figure 51 Sign Status Matrix

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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8.2.6 Data-Information
The ARINC specification No 429 considers 6 type of 8.2.6.1 Numeric Data (BCD)
transmissible data: A transmission of numeric data in BCD format consists of the Bits 11 to 29.
S Numeric Data BCD The Bits 29 to 27 form the MSC (Most significant Character) and has a range
S Numeric Data BNR from 0 to 7.
S Discretes The other digits are formed from four bit groups.
S Maintenance data As not all the digits available are required for some specific information, ARINC
S Alphanumeric data gives the range and the resolution of the information contained in the data
word.
S Data file

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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Figure 52 Example BCD

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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8.2.6.2 Exercises BCD


5.4 DATA BUSSES
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5.4 DATA BUSSES
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5.4 DATA BUSSES
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5.4 DATA BUSSES
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5.4 DATA BUSES
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Example 2
Figure 53 Example BCD Exemptions

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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8.2.6.3 Numeric Data (BNR)

Numeric Data (e.g. Temperature, Speed ...), that is encoded as a binary uses
the bits 11 to 28. Bit 28 is always the MSB (most significant bit).
As not all the digits available are required for some specific information ARINC
gives the range and the resolution of the information contained in the data
word.
The RANGE is defined which gives the maximum value that can be
represented (e.g., 1024 kts for a calibrated airspeed CAS).
The most significant bit (MSB) will therefore represent half of this maximum
value.
S The following bit, a 1/4 th
S The following bit, an 1/8 th
S The following bit a 1/16 th etc...
The resolution is quite close to the LSB but not necessarily exact the same
value.
Negative values are transmitted in the so called two’s complement. To read the
value this complement has to be reversed by inverting the binary word string
and then add 1.
PAD-Bits are all the bits that are not a part of the information. They are filled
with logic „0“.
Sometimes they are used to transmit discrete data.
The Figure gives some examples of coding of numerical data.
For instance, here are the characteristics defined in ARINC Specification No
429 regarding total air temperature:

5.4 DATA BUSSES
M5
Parity SSM DATA PAD-Bits SDI LABEL
Parity SSM DATA PAD-Bits SDI LABEL

= 16 + 4 + 2 + 1 + 0,25 = - 23.25° C
Figure 54 Example BNR Dataword

5.4 DATA BUSSES
M5
8.2.6.4 Exercises BNR

Binaries must be seen as a string of bits, no grouping is allowed. All bits
together form the number transmitted. The value of the most significant bit
(MSB), Bit 28, is always Range/2. This doesnt necessarily mean it is a power
of 2. Any number can occur.
A decimal point is never transmitted. The value of the less significant bits
comes from dividing the MSB by 2 again and again.

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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5.4 DATA BUSSES
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5.4 DATA BUSSES
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5.4 DATA BUSSES
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5.4 DATA BUSES
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5.4 DATA BUSSES
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8.2.6.5 Discrete Data

The ARlNC specification No 429 defines two methods of transmitting discrete
items of Information:
S Inside a word assigned to a specific data item, use of one or several bits not
used for encoding such item.
S Use of words fully dedicated to transmission of discretes. The ARlNC
specification No 429 assigns 7 possible labels (octal 270 to 276) to those
words. These words should be used in ascending label order.
The system receiving the data must be capable of identifying its source by
reference to the port at which it arrives.
There are two groups of discretes:
S General Purpose Discretes
They can be found in many (any) aircraft like TAT, A/S, Altitude, ...
S Dedicated Discretes
Specific dedicated words with assigned labels are used when the data is
intended for AIDS. They might also be used on aircraft with special (unique)
equipment.

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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Figure 55 Example Discretes from ADC

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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8.2.6.6 Maintenance Data

The general purpose maintenance words are assigned 5 labels in sequential
order (350 to 354) as are the labels for general purpose discrete words.
General purpose maintenance words must contain only discrete or numeric
data BNR or BCD coded.
They are used for maintainance purposes in shops as the information stored is
kept even if power supply is shut off.

5.4 DATA BUSSES
M5
Figure 56 Example Maintenance Data from IRS

5.4 DATA BUSSES
M5
8.2.6.7 AIM Data

Alphanumeric data is encoded in ISO alphabet No 5 as called for in ARlNC
specification No 429. That specification uses the term AIM in referring to the
three possible types of data: Bit No: Usage
S Label 355 − Acknowledgement: not applicable 31 30 Alphanumeric
S Label 356 − Maintenance: Transmission of alphanumeric characters
0 0 Intermediate Word
intended for maintenance
S Label 357 − ISO alphabet No 5: Transmission of alphanumeric characters. 0 1 Initial Word
The ISO alphabet No 5 is a seven−bit code set which implies that an ARINC 1 0 Last Word
specification No 429 word can include a maximum of three characters:
1 1 Control Word
bit No.9 to 15, 16 to 22, 23 to 29.
Several words must be used to transmit information which exceeds three
characters. Therefore, ARlNC specification No 429 lays down a procedure to
cover this as outlined below.
The following words include the characters of the actual information. They are
assigned the same label as the initial word and the SSM (status/sign Matrix):
intermediate word, or final word whenever there are no more characters to be
transmitted.
A control word may be in use following the initial word. It is used to set the
character size, colour and brightness as well as flashing of the text.
NOTE:
S The most significant character is the initial character transmitted (bits No. 9
to 15 of the first word containing information).
S As regards transmission of data known as Acknowledgement, the ARlNC
specification 429 does not lay down a format since an application does not
yet exist.
In the future AIM Data will be used to transmit non-timecritical information e.g.
comms frequencies in order to reduce traffic from ATC to the cockpit on voice
communication channels. An attention getter and a three-tone chime will come
on in case a message arrives at the cockpit.

5.4 DATA BUSSES
M5
Alphanumeric Signs from ISO Alphabet No 5
MSC
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 LSC
NUL DLE SP 0 @ P ‘ p 0
SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q 1
STX DC2 „ 2 B R b r 2
ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s 3
EOT DC4 $ 4 D T d t 4
ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u 5
ACK SYN & 6 F V f v 6
BEL ETB ’ 7 G W g w 7
BS ← CAN ( 8 H X h x 8
HT EM ) 9 I Y i y 9
LF ↓ SUB * : J Z j z A
VT ↑ ESC + ; K [ k { B
FF → FS , < L \ l | C
CR GS - = M ] m } D
SO RS ⋅ > N ^ n ~ E
SI US / ? O _ o DEL F
Figure 57 Alphanumeric List

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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Figure 58 Example AIM Data Transmission

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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Figure 59 Example AIM Data

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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8.2.6.8 Data File

ARlNC specification No 429 lays down certain characteristics for specific
applications with file data transfer:
S file capacity: 1 to 127 records
S record capacity: 1 to 126 words of 32 bits
S data encoding: numeric data: BNR coded; characters: ISO Alphabet No 5
transmission protocol
All words in a file are assigned the same label as the file label. In this type of
transmission, ARlNC specification No 429 defines the words containing
instructions permitting dialogue between the transmitter and receiver.
These words are always assigned a label associated with the file involved
which is going to be transmitted or which has just been received and the SSM
(status Sign Matrix): initial word.
Normal protocol is as follow:
S Transmitter to receiver: Label ”Request to Send” – Initial word
S Receiver to transmitter : Label ”Clear to Send” – Initial word
S Transmitter to receiver : Label ”Data follows” − Initial word
LabeI Information Intermediate word
Label Check sum of all words in file − Final word
S Receiver to transmitter : (after check upon reception of final word)
ARINC specification No 429 furthermore defines use of the following
instructions in initial words:
S Receiver to transmitter: ”Data Receiver Not OK”
S or ”Synchronization Lost” in the case of error or loss of synchronization
detected by the receiver.
S Transmitter to Receiver: Header Information in the case of error or loss of
synchronization detected by the receiver.

S Transmitter to Receiver: Header Information in the case where the
transmitter informs the receiver of the file size, without awaiting the
instruction to transmit.
S Bidirectional: Poll − This instruction denotes that the line is clear.
For other data regarding the radio−navigation systems:
ARINC specification No 429 furthermore defines other applications concerning
ILS, DME, ADF, HF systems etc... which will be defined in the respective ATA
specification No 100 chapters.

5.4 DATA BUSSES
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Figure 60 File Data Transfer Protocol

M5.4 DATA BUSES
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8.3 ARINC 629

8.3.1 General
The new ARINC 629 communication system is a high-integrity, high-reliability, 8.3.2 Components
multi-user data bus, which was first deployed on the Boeing 777 aircraft.
Boeing began working on a concept of a multi-transmitter data bus in 1977. Physically the ARINC 629 system consists of the following components:
The ARINC 629 specification was adopted by Airlines Electronic Engineering S Data Bus Cable,
Committee (AEEC) in 1989. S Couplers,
ARINC 629 supports a multi-transmitter and bidirectional approach to digital S Stub Cables and
data communications. The primary advantages of this multiple access data S Terminals, which are implemented in each LRU.
bus include the ability to move more data between LRU’s at higher rates
using fewer wires. Data Bus Cable
Another advantage of this concept is: it does not need a central bus controller, Three transmission modes and media are specified for the implementation of
which could be a potential source of total data bus failure. ARINC 629 networks:
ARINC Specifications 429 and 629 may both be applied on the same airplane S Current Mode Bus,
in order to obtain the best technical and economic solution (which both are S Voltage Mode Bus,
implemented in the 777).
S Fiber Optic Mode Bus.
Couplers
According to the Data Bus Cable there are associated Couplers implemented,
Current Mode Couplers (CMC) or Fiber Optic Input/Output Ports.
(A Voltage Mode Coupler is as yet not specified.)
Stub Cables
The Stub Cable Assembly, consisting of four conductors, carries the differential
voltage doublet from the Terminal to the Coupler and back.

M5.4 DATA BUSES
M5
Figure 61 ARINC 629 Principle

M5.10 FIBRE OPTICS
M5
9. Fibre Optics
9.1 General 9.2 Fibre Optic Structure
In recent years fibre optic systems have found increased application in the A typical fibre optic cable structure is shown. The core is the light carrying
transmission of digital data. Its most prolific use has been in the area of component of the cable. It is through this core that the digital data is
ground-based communications. Because of its many benefits, however, fibre transmitted. The surface of this core is coated with a cladding that acts to
optics are being seriously considered as a medium for the transfer of digital reflect the light rays which would otherwise pass out of the core and be lost.
data between systems on aircraft. The silicone coating prevents scuffing of the thin cladding layer with the buffer
In fibre optic cables data is transmitted in the form of light. Consequently, large jacket providing additional protection. fibreous tensile strength members
electric and magnetic fields do not affect the transmission. Any light leakage running the length of the cable allow it to be pulled through a long conduit. The
from the fibres is eliminated by surrounding the fibre with an opaque jacket. As outer jacket provides protection from crushing and impact damage.
such, fibres cannot interfere with each other. In most communication
applications the power levels used are safe to personnel and electrically
dangerous environments. In addition, jacketed fibre optic cables are
significantly smaller and lighter and can tolerate more mechanical abuse than
comparable electrical cable.
One of the greatest advantages of fibre optics is its bandwidth. In parallel and
coax cables the bandwidth varies inversely as the square of the cable length,
while in fibre optic cable it varies inversely with length. For example, the 3dB
frequency for a 100-meter length of RG-59 coax is 22.5 MHz. For the same
length of a typical fibre optic cable the 3dB frequency is 200 MHz.
Limitations of fibre optics arise mainly from the need for optical/electrical
conversion and the implementation and maintenance of the physical
connections. At each terminal point an optical/electrical converter is required
for each fibre being utilized by a system. This could result in a multiplicity of
these converters being required by a system. At present, multiple connections
on a fibre optic cable are economically impractical. In addition, the special
methods required for repair of these cables are more involved than that for wire
cables. Terminations also require special care to prevent damage to the fibre
end.

M5.10 FIBRE OPTICS
M5
Figure 62 Fibre Optics

M5.10 FIBRE OPTICS
M5
9.3 Wave Length 9.4 Optical Fibre Types

Several wave lengths have prooved to be most useful for transmission because One derives between three different types of optical fibres:
of the low damping / signal losses. S Multimode Fibre
S Gradient Index Fibre
S Monomode Fibre
For transmission a single light beam may be in use as well as several beams
with the same wave lenght.
Usually the light is infrared and therefore invisible.
An individual light beam is called mode.

M5.10 FIBRE OPTICS
M5
1st Window 2nd Window 3rd Window

850 nm 1300nm 1550nm
Figure 63 Optical Windows

M5.10 FIBRE OPTICS
M5
9.5 Optical/Electrical Converters

Conversion of electrical signals into light signals is accomplished by an optical
transmitter. This transmitter is electrically connected to the sending system.
Digital signals applied to the transmitter cause the internal light source (usually
an LED or similar device) to operate between two distinct output levels. This
light output is then applied to the end of the fibre optic cable.
At the receiving end an optical receiver converts the light signals back into
electrical signals. A photosensitive device responds to the light at the end of
the fibre optic cable by providing a signal level input to a receiving amplifier.
This amplifier then provides the driving levels required by the output transistor.
Couplers
It is possible, by using optical couplers, to attach more than one set of transmit
and receive terminals to a single fibre rather than run a separate fibre or cable
for each transmit−receive pair.
The most common application for this technology is with Local Area
Networking, (LAN), whereby a common fibre carries the multiplexed signals
from multiple terminals placed at various locations served by the LAN. Access
to the LAN is made through optical couplers that divert part of the signal power
on the LAN fibre to each receiver and couple power from each terminal
transmitter onto the fibre.

M5.10 FIBRE OPTICS
M5
OPTICAL TRANSMITTER OPTICAL RECEIVER

Figure 64 Optical/Electrical Converters

M5.10 FIBRE OPTICS
M5
9.6 Properties
In comparison to copper cables the following advantages and disadvantages
are obvious:
Advantages:
S Optical signals unaffected by EMI/EMP.
S No cross talk between fibres.
S Energy levels harmless to maintenance personnel.
S More tolerant of mechanical and environmental abuse than comparable
electrical cables.
S Less weight than comparable electrical cable.
S Bandwidth inversely proportional to length as opposed to electrical cable
which is inversely proportional to the square of the length.
Disadvantages:
S Requires optical/electrical converters.
S Multiple connections are economically impractical.
S Repair requires special methods.
S Terminations require special care.

M5.10 FIBRE OPTICS
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M5.11 ELECTRONIC DISPLAYS
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10. Electronic Displays

10.1 General 7−Segment
Two types of character display formats are common -the 7 segment and dot
Displays may be constructed in several ways. Incandescent displays use thin matrix displays. Typical fonts for both a 7−segment and a dot matrix display are
filaments for each segment, similar to regular lamps. Another type of display shown in the Figure. The 7-segment display is used where numbers and a
uses the gas-discharge tube . This older type of unit operates at high voltages limited amount of other symbols are required.
and emits an orange glow.
Typical packages for character displays is shown .The 7-segment display fits a
Electronic Displays in modern aircraft are realized in the following technologies: standard 14-pin DIP socket.
S LED ( Light Emitting Diode), A multi-digit display is common in digital clocks and other equipment.
S LCD ( Liquid Crystal Display),
S CRT ( Cathode Ray Tube), 5x7 dot matrix
S OLED (Organic LED). The 5 x 7 dot matrix display can represent most alphanumeric characters.
Note the five columns of seven dots in the matrix for each character.
The 5 x 7 dot matrix display also can be inserted in a 14-pin DIP socket.
10.2 Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
10.2.1 Simple Visual Displays
Lens
A display produces light output to show information in visual form. Displays
can be divided into two categories. Character displays give visual indications of
numbers and letters. Graphic displays are more complex and can give pictorial
as well as alphanumeric information.
Advantages:
S small dimensions
S robust
S long lifetime
Disadvantages:
S high current consumption (compared with LCD)
S limited flexibility

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Figure 65 LED
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5 Collums
7 Lines
Figure 66 LED Dot Matrix

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Figure 67 LED Cockpit Display

5.11 ELECTRONIC DISPLAYS
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10.3 CRT
The old but widely used Catode Ray Tube still is standard in many aircraft.
It is the same principle as used in Oscilloscopes: in order to prevent magnetic
fields the deflection is done by electrostatic means. As the force allied to the
electrons is lower then the deflection angle is lower too. This is the cause to
that longer shape in comparison with TV-Tubes.
Burn-In is prevented by slowly shifting the picture.
CRT’s are used in:
S CDU’s,
S EIS or IDS
S Weather-Radar Displays.
Advantage:
− coloured multifunctional displays
Disadvantages:
− long shape, resoires lots of space
− heavy weight,
− Worming up requires (approx. 10 sec.),
− limited lifespan,
− high power consumption,
− thermal sensitive,
− tends to burn-in.

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CRT with Burn-In

Figure 68 CRT
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10.4 Liquid-Crystal Display (LCD)

10.4.1 General The application of LCD depends on the complexity of the arrangement itself:
S Watches
While LEDs give off light, liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) are not light sources
but control light. S Meters
Liquid-crystal is an organic (carbon based) compound that may influence light. S CDU’s
It forms twisted strings which the light will follow. S EIS or IDS, flat screens within the cockpit
First light is applied to a polarizer. This filter allows only light with a selected S TV screens (entertainment) for the passengers
polarisation to pass. All the remaining will be blocked. The light that passed the Advantages:
polarizer will then pass the liquid crystal while following the crystals twist.
− flat,
Depending on the state of the crystal the polarisation of the light may be
altered. − high-quality picture,
A secondary polarizer in a 90_ arrangement to the first one allows light to pass − good illuminated,
if the polarisation matches. − multifunctional displays
If a voltage is applied to the liquid crystal it adjusts in a straight line, no twist of − low energy consumption,
light is performed. If no voltage is applied the crystal twists and the light will − long lifespan,
follow this twist.
− virtually no maintainance required.
Since LCDs radiate no light, they must be used in lighted areas with a mirror
Disadvantages:
installed on the back side, or they must use an active back−light.
− temperature sensitive, the fluid might freeze.
The figure on the next page show how the light passes the
− Polarizer
If used for EFIS-, ECAM- or EICAS-Displays they must be operated in a
− Liquid Crystal Cell
certain temperature range in order to ensure high-quality pictures and fast
− Color Filters and reaction.
− Second Polarizer.

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Backlight Assy Glass Plate Glass Plate Color Filter

Polarizer
Polarizer Liquid Crystal
DIRECTION
OF LIGHT
Light Green Light
Subpixel
No Voltage applied
Driver
Backlight Assy Glass Plate Glass Plate Color Filter

Polarizer Polarizer
Liquid Crystal
Display Backlight
Symbol Generator
Light
Voltage applied Subpixel
Figure 69 LCD
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10.4.2 Technology
Liquid crystal displays are either the dynamic-scattering or the field effect type. COLOR LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
The older dynamic-scattering type of LCD produces frosty white letters on a Color is added to an LCD by the incorporation of filters under the liquid crystal
dark background. The field-effect LCD produces black letters on a silvery layer- Segmenting of the lower electrode allows selection of the color desired.
background. As an example, the display used on a Digital Multi Meter is Further segmenting of the upper electrode 90_ with relation to the lower
normally a field-effect type of LCD. electrode produces a display in which individual picture elements, or pixels, can
The display consists of two glass plates with a special liquid crystal or nematic be addressed. The activation of one X electrode along with selected Y
fluid filling the space between. The under surface of the top plate has nearly electrodes results in a column of color elements. By continuously activating
invisible metallized shapes where the segments and symbols are to appear. successive X electrodes with corresponding Y electrodes pictures and graphics
The glass back plate is also metallized. A polarizer forms the top and bottom of can be formed on the display.
the sandwich. Contacts are attached to the back plate and to each segment of
the display. TFT-Displays
Direct current must not be used to drive LCDs, as it will damage them. LCDs TFT-Displays are active displays, they contain the control circuitry but still are
are widely used in battery power applications such as calculators because of dependant on backlights or other illumination. As it is impossible to produce
their extremely low power consumption. They are easy to read in sunlight and millions of dots without any faulty dot they are classified depending on the kind
other areas of high light intensity. For this reason, they are widely used on and amount of faulty dots:
service station pumps. The field- effect LCD is the most widely used because it
consumes the least power and is easy to read. A steady back-light can be used Type I Type II Type III
for the LCD in applications where the light level is too low. 240 x 320
1 1 1
230.000 Sub-Pixel
1024 x 768 4
2 2
2.360.000 Sub-Pixel
1280 x 1024 7
3 3
3.930.000 Sub-Pixel
1600 x 1200 10
4 4
5.760.000 Sub-Pixel
Type I means: Pixel are always lit,

Type II means:Pixel never shine,
Type III means some Pixel might always be on, always off or are flashing

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Color Liquid Crystal Display
Figure 70 Technology
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10.4.3 Cockpit Display


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Figure 71 LCD Cockpit Display

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Airbus begins flight tests of A340 digital head−up display Usage of HUD in Aircraft
Manufacturer aims for parallel certification of new technology on all types next HUD are succsessively installed in many aircraft to improve landing abilities
year under bad weather conditions. Freighters and VIP Jets already use this
Airbus has started flight testing the Thales−developed liquid−crystal−based technology and it will become quite common in the future.
digital head−up display (HUD) in a bid to gain certification by the second half of The picture below shows a HUD installed in an Embraer 190 where it was fitted
next year. in for (succsessful) Cat III Certification.
Thales has installed the system, known as D−HUDS, on board an Airbus
Picture from Flight International, 29. Aug - 04 Sep 2006
A340−600 widebody. It will also fit the display to an Airbus narrowbody and the
ultra−large A380 to achieve parallel certification across the manufacturer’s
entire family.
This follows Airbus s selection of Thales two years ago to design and produce
the equipment. Head−up displays have previously been based on cathode−ray
tube technology.
Rival HUD firm Rockwell Collins Flight Dynamics, which was beaten to the
Airbus contract by Thales, performed the first test flights of its own
liquid−crystal head−up display with an Embraer 170 on 7 April - six days ahead
of the first A340−600 flight with the Thales system.
Thales says that, in comparison with cathode−ray tubes, the liquid−crystal
display provides greater reliability and increased luminosity. The HUD provides
a 35° x 26° field of view and the equipment weighs 23kg (51lb).
The display shipset comprises three line−replaceable units: the head−up
display computer, which receives and processes the data and generates the
graphics; the projector unit; and the fold−down optical combiner, which aligns
the graphic overlay and the real−world view.
Airbus will be able to offer the digital head−up display as a single or dual
installation.
Carriers including Air France and FedEx have already opted for the system on
the A380 and it will also be fitted in the cockpit of the Airbus Military A400M
transport aircraft.
From Flight International, 05 - 11. July 2005

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Figure 72 Usage of HUD in Aircraft

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10.5 OLED
Organic LED (OLED) is available since 2003 and on the way to replace old
LCD displays.
OLED−Technology has several advantages over LCD−Technology. The colours
are brighter, the screen can also be read from a side view and is thinner and
even flexible. Its power consumption is also much lower as no backlight is
required.
Nowadays only very small displays with low resolution can be assembled as
there are still some difficulties in producing the driver-matrix.
Production of OLED can be done with inkjet printers as the polymer ink is just
printed on a transparent slide.
The lifespan is limited but will hopefully be extended within the next few years.

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Light
Passive Matrix OLED
Cathode transparent Anode
Active Matrix OLED

Figure 73 OLED
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Lifespan of OLED
Production with Inkjet-Technology
Figure 74 Lifespan and Production of organic LED

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Figure 75 Example: Displays with organic LED

5.12 ESD
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11. Electrostatic Discharge

11.1 General What is ESD?
Electrostatic discharge is always present in our environment, consequently also
History at our place of work. An example is when we walk over a carpet to open a door
With the advent of a new generation of devices replacing the former digital we get a slight shock shortly before touching the door handle and perhaps
AVIONIC devices round about 1979 it became apparent that there were even see a spark or hear crackling.
problems with ESD (Electrostatic Sensitive Devices). Because many of these These are typical forms of appearance of static discharge.
devices were identical to the old ones it was possible to compare the failure Static electricity is created as soon as two materials are rubbed together, are
statistics objectively. separated or are in moving in some kind of fluid or gaseous form.
An increase in the number of minor errors and data differences ranging up to 3 The static load is then stored in those material which are non-conductive and
or 4 fold were observed. Further fault analysis revealed that more than 1/3 of tend to look for the nearest way to discharge. This discharge can be extremely
these minor errors were attributed to ESD -related changes in the specification fast and full of energy. It can also be very destructive.
of the components.
In addition, it was also noticed that 80−90% of these failures were not
total-failures but only changes in their properties. These wounded components 11.2 ESD-Effects
were able to pass quality tests without showing any faults. However, further If there are semiconductors, thick film- or integrated circuits along the
analysis revealed that when compared to fully functioning components they discharge path of the static electricity then these discharges will flow through
had an increased amount of leakage current and also a change in the the components in an uncontrolled fashion or will even be completely
switching behaviour. penetrated.
There was also the additional problem in practice that, depending on the Local overheating, gasifications, distortions, separation or reduction of strip
working temperature a gliding shifting of the defective parameters occurred. conductors as well as pitting can be the result of ESD in the micro structure of
Device-internal ”CHECK SUM’’- and ’’BlTE’’-Tests often were not capable of a component.
detecting these errors.
Short−circuiting between tow strip conductors is seldom the case.
A BITE-Test (Built In Test Equipment) is a test that runs when the equipment is
The damage is always irreparable! As a result of the progress in technology
switched on and checks the hardware (Power-Up Test).
the integration density has increased which causes the ESD problems also to
Die Check Sum is the sum of digits retrieved via the software and which can increase rapidly!
detect faults in the memory.

Voltages from well below 100 volts can be absolutely fatal for components!

5.12 ESD
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Figure 76 ESD
5.12 ESD
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11.3 ESD-Guide−lines
Personnel performing work on ESD components and devices must have a
good knowledge of the procedural guide−lines pertaining to ESD. These
include:
S identifying components sensitive to ESD. These are usually labelled as
such.
S assuring that suitable grounding techniques are applied to set both
personnel and the device with the same potential.
S application of static neutralizers, to prevent any charging of personnel, tools
and workbench.
S opening an LRU or removal of an SRU (Shop Replaceable Unit) only on a
work area prepared for such a purpose.
S fitting protective caps on the electrical terminals of LRUs as soon as they
are no longer installed.
Conductive protective caps are preferred.
S handling defective equipment as carefully as if handling new equipment.
Otherwise this would make it difficult to find the actual cause of the fault.
S using conductive material for transport and dispatch
S storing parts away from sources of high energy like radar, x-rays and laser
beams.

5.12 ESD
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ESD-Symbols and Labels
Figure 77 ESD Symbols

M5.14 ELECTRONIC ENVIRONMENT
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12. Electromagnetic Environment

12.1 General 12.2 Aircraft Components
All electric/electronic equipments influence the environment by electromagnetic The components installed in aircraft are subject to build regulations.
radiation. In the identification sheet for the aircraft, the status of the build regulations is
Radio communication and navigation systems operate by transmitting fixed (under licence).
controlled EM radiation. All other electronic devices radiate to some degree, The specification of the appliance describes its Technical Standard Order
but this radiation should be reduced as far as possible. Also electronic devices (TSO) for the American area, or Joint TSO for the European area.
should be able to operate normally in the presence of EM radiation. The TSO, or the JTSO, are the authorised industrial standards of the
Following terms are used for Electromagnetic Environment : authorities (FAA or JAA). As a rule, they describe the fulfilling functionality of a
component (MOPS = Minimum Operating and Performance Standards) and
S EMC, electromagnetic compability, meaning units will not adversely affect
define the environmental conditions under which the components are operated
one another.
(Environmental Conditions).
S EMI, electromagnetic interference is the maximum interference allowable for
By the testing of components, it ensures that they do not exceed their fixed
a particular transmission. To keep within limits it can be necessary to install
tolerance values.
so called EMI-filter on the receiver and transmitter side of the unit.
These test procedures and the limitations are fixed in RTCA Document
S HIRF, high intensity radiated field is the zone of high radiation which is DO−160C, or in Eurocae document ED−14C.
caused by equipment such as weather radar.
As well as the specification for a component, the integration of it into the
S Lightning / lightning protection. High voltage electric discharges can aircraft is important. The chance of disturbing neighbouring components must
produce high currents.The nature of these currents can produce intense also be taken into account, as well as the chance of the unit being influenced
bursts of EM radiation. Both the radio transmitter/receivers and non radio by other units.
equipment can be influenced by this disturbace.
The ”Advisory Circular 25−10” details regulations on this subject.
We distinguish between units that are: Herein is described, amongst other matters, the procedures for checking the
S permanent installations within the aircraft and ”electromagnetic compatibility”. In carrying out an EMI−survey in an aircraft, all
S transportable units like mobile phones, electronic note books , CD-Players electrically operated systems in the aircraft are checked for disturbances which
etc. could originate from newly installed components.
If the new component is critical to flight safety, the examination is repeated in
reverse.

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Radio frequency transmitters are a seperate case, because they are
designed to radiate electro-magnetic waves.
Because of this, the national rules for the issue of a certificate of airworthiness
are specifically detailed:
S UK CAA:
The approval of an aircraft radio installation is based on a survey by the
CAA followed by such ground and flight tests as are required in respect of a
particular installation, to prove the satisfactory functioning of the installation.
(BCAR Sect A Chapter A3 -11).
S German LBA:
A ruling by the German Aviation Authorities (7/91) states that ”Before the
sampling inspection, there is a test for freedom from interference ....”

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12.3 Portable Components

General Use of Mobile Phones during Flight
No electronic device may be switched on during take-off and landing. The use On Sep 30 2006 Ryanair anounced the installation of OnAir mobile phone
of mobile phones is not permitted at any time, since they can interfere with an equipment on the Boeing 737 fleet starting in the 2nd half of 2007 (subject to
aircrafts electronic systems. relevant regulatory approval).
Tests by airlines have shown, that some devices do not have an impact on Passengers then may use their mobiles during flight at rates with „mirror“
flight safety, so passengers may be permitted to use them at the descretion of international roaming charges.
the operator. This decision has been endorsed by the Federal Aviation
Authority (FAA).
Here are the rules governing usage of electronic devices on Lufthansa aircraft:
May be permitted to be operated during certain phases of flight:
S Laptops /note books (incuding those with CD ROM drives),
S Cassette players (Walkman),
S CD players, Minidisk players,
S Computer games (game boy),
S Video cameras,
S Video recorders,
S Displays with liquid crystal technology (LCD).
Prohibited from use on aircraft at anytime :
S Mobile phones (also satellite support),
S Walkie talkies
S Remote controlled devices,
S Cordless computer mice,
S Computer printers,
S CD ROM writers,
S CD ROM recorders,
S Mini disk recorders,
S Displays using cathode ray tube technology (CRT).

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New Hardware found!

Device: A310
Install?

M5.15 TYPICAL ELECTRONIC / DIGITAL
AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS M5
13. Typical Aircraft Systems

13.1 ACARS
13.1.1 Introduction
The Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting system or ACARS, is a
datalink communication system which can transfer messages and data
between the aircraft and the ground.
It uses the VHF Communication system #3 or the Satellite Communication
system dependent on the aircraft location.
The data sent by ACARS is received by the ground station of a network
provider which transports the data via its network to the users. The data
transfer in this direction is called the downlink. Consequently the data transfer
from the ground to the aircraft is called the uplink.
ACARS transmits and receives either automatic reports, which usually depend
on the flight profile, and manual reports which are independent of the flight
profile.

AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS M5
Figure 78 ACARS COMPONENTS

AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS M5
13.2 FlyByWire
The Airbus 320 and Boeing 777 are examples of commercial aircraft which
have full Flight Guidance Systems. These differ from other modern aircraft
such as Airbus 310, Boeing 757 and 747, because the automatic control of the
control surfaces is by a fly by wire system. A fly by wire system will provide
electrical signals from the computers to control surface actuators. The
actuators will then move the control surfaces under hydraulic power.
The advantage of a fly by wire is the reduction in mechanical connections
between the cockpit and control surfaces. This simplifies aircraft construction
and reduces weight.
Basic Principles (Airbus 320)
The fly by wire system has been designed and certified to make the new
generation of aircraft more cost effective, safer and nicer to fly or ride in than
earlier generation aircraft.
The flight control surfaces are all:
Electrically Controlled.
Hydraulically Activated.
The stabiliser and rudder can be mechanically controlled.

Side sticks which replace the more conventional handwheels are used to fly the
aircraft in pitch and roll. The pilot inputs are interpreted by computers and
move the flying controls as necessary to achieve the desired flight path.
However, regardless of the pilot’s input the computers will prevent excessive
manoeuvres or exceedance of the safe flight envelope.

AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS M5
AERODYNAMIC FEEDBACK
AUTOPILOT
COMPUTER
COMPUTER
DEMAND
FLIGHT
CONTROL
COMPUTER
SIDE STICK FEEDBACK

CONTROLLER
CONTROL
SURFACE
Figure 79 Simplified FlyByWire Schematic

AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS M5
AIRBUS 320 FLIGHT CONTROL SURFACES
The Airbus 320 flight controls are electrically or mechanically controlled as Computers
follows: Seven Flight Control Computers process pilot and autopilot inputs according to
Pitch Axis: normal, alternate or direct flight control laws. All surfaces are electrically
Elevator control = Electrical controlled through a computer arrangement which includes:
Stabiliser control = Electrical for normal or alternate control. 2 ELAC’s − Elevator Aileron Computer.
Mechanical for manual trim control. These provide normal elevator, aileron and stabiliser control.
Roll Axis: 3SEC’s − Spoilers Elevator Computer.
Ailerons control = Electrical These provide normal spoiler control and standby elevator and stabiliser
Spoilers control = Electrical control.
Yaw Axis: 2 FAC’s − Flight Augmentation Computers
Rudder Control = Mechanical, however control for yaw These provide normal electrical rudder control.
damping, turn coordination and trim is
In addition two Flight Control Concentrators acquire data from the Elevator
electrical.
Aileron Computer and the Spoiler Elevator Computer to send to the Electronic
All surfaces are hydraulically actuated. Two side stick controllers are used for Instrument System and the Centralised Fault Display System.
pitch and roll manual control, one on the captains left hand side and the other
on the F/O right hand side. The two side sticks are not mechanically coupled.
Each controller sends independent electrical signals to the Flight Control
Computers. Two pairs of pedals which are rigidly ’interconnected’ ensure
mechanical control to the rudder.
A speed brake control lever is provided on the centre pedestal. Two hand
wheels on the centre pedestal are used to mechanically control the trim of the
horizontal stabiliser.
A switch installed on the centre pedestal operates the rudder trim control.

AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS M5
MECHANICAL LINK
ADIRU
RUDDER TRIM RUDDER
FLIGHT AUGMENTATION COMPUTER ADIRU − Air Data Inertial
L R Reference Unit
YAW RATE FMGC RAD
DEMAND ALT FMGC − Flight Management
ACCEL Guidance Computer
FMG
LGCIU LGCIU − Landing Gear Control
Interface
AILERON
SIDE STICK
EIS − Electronic Instrument
ELEVATOR & AILERON COMPUTER
System
ROLL
DEMANDS ELEVATORS SFCC − Slat Flap Control
EIS Computer
PEDALS FCD
SPEED
BRAKE ABNORMAL
AL STABILISER
LAW
SPOILER ELEVATOR COMPUTER HYDRAULIC

JACKS
SIDE STICK
SFCC ACCEL RAD ALT
TRIM
MECHANICAL LINK
Figure 80 Schematic of a Flight Control System

AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS M5
13.3 Flight Management System (FMS)

13.3.1 General 13.3.4 FMC Data Receivers
The Flight Management System is used for automatical control of the aircraft, Besides MCDU data is also transmitted to:
navigation and performance management. 1. Nav Display (via SGU or DMC)
It comprises the following components 2. Autopilot in LNav Mode (Lateral Navigation)
S Flight Management Computer 3. Autopilot in VNav Mode (Vertical Navigation)
S MCDU 4. Auto Throttle System
S Sensors
13.3.2 System Layout

Prior to flight the FMS receives the Present Position that has to be entered
manually into the MCDU. This information will be forwardded to the IRS
system. It compares the entry with its calculated latitude and reports
discrepancies.
The FMC contains a NAV data base from which it calculates the route by using
start point an aim. Also waypoints are found in the NAV data base.
Modern FMC are also capable of controlling the NAV receiver, setting them to
the frequencies required.
Communication with data sources and receivers usually is done by using
ARINC 429 data busses.
13.3.3 FMS Data Sources

Besides the NAV data base, which has to be updated every 28 days, the
following data sources are connected to the FMC:
1. IRS
2. GPS (if installed)
3. NAV radios
4. Fuel Quantity System
5. MCDU
These data sources are used for lateral and vertical navigation. Also it will be
calculated if the Fuel On Board is sufficient for the remaining flight.

AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS M5
MCDU Display
DMC
Autopilot
FMC
Auto
Throttle
Fuel Nav
Quantity IRS GPS
Radios
System
Figure 81 Overview FMC

AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS M5
13.4 Inertial Stabilised Systems

13.4.1 Inertial Reference System (IRS)
The inertial reference system is the standard system in todays generation of
aircraft.
It consists of an inertial reference unit (IRU) which contains all the necessary
system components.
The gyros used are normally laser gyros.
The IRS system has a mode select unit, msu in short. On this unit can be
found the ON − Off switches. Usually either 2 or 3 independent systems are
installed in an aircraft.
Some systems also need an inertial sensor display unit (ISDU) in short for data
entry and monitoring. Modern systems don’t have an ISDU because all
functions are controlled from the MCDU.
The IRU primarily provides output signals for attitude, heading, ground speed,
wind and inertial vertical speed.
It also receives inputs from the air data computer.
The IRU has a very powerful computer which is able to calculate the present
position of the aircraft. For this calculation it needs a 10 minute align phase on
the ground. During that time the aircraft may not be moved.
The computer also knows the magnetic variation. This is stored in its memory
for all positions on earth. Therefore, it does not require a flux valve to calculate
the magnetic heading.
The present position calculation is updated during the whole flight using the
acceleration signals, so it can be used by the lateral navigation of the flight
management system.
These calculations must never be interrupted during flight, therefore the IRS
requires a backup electrical supply directly from the aircraft battery or from it’s
own battery unit.

AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS M5
Figure 82 IRS ARCHITECTURE

AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS M5
13.5 Global Navigation

13.5.1 Global Positioning System (GPS)
The Global Positioning System, or GPS in short, is a satellite−based navigation
system that calculates aircraft position with high accuracy.
It uses 21 primary and 3 spare satellites which orbit about 10900 Nm above the
earth. Each satellite completes an orbit once every 12 hours and permanently
sends signals which include the time of the transmission.
The GPS unit in the aircraft calculates the travel time of the signal by
comparing the time of the signal reception with the transmission time.
The travel time gives the distance to the satellite, because radio signals travel
at the speed of light.
GPS can calculate the aircraft latitude, longitude and altitude, when the
distance to at least four satellites is available.
Usually two GPS.s are installed.
Each GPS has one top−mounted antenna which receives the satellite signals.
The satellite signals are routed to a GPS unit which is, for example, in a
dedicated component near the antennas or inside the multimode receiver.
The GPS unit processes the signals and sends them primarily to the flight
management system for position calculation.

AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS M5
Figure 83 GPS ARCHITECTURE

AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS M5
13.6 TCAS - Traffic Alert Collision Avoidance System

13.6.1 TCAS ARCHITECTURE
A typical TCAS system has the following main components.
S A TCAS Computer which is located in the Avionics compartment
S Two antennas which are used for transmission and reception, one at the top
and one at the bottom of the aircraft.
S Finally a combined ATC and TCAS control panel.
The TCAS computer communicates via the antennas with the ATC
transponders of other aircraft, therefore it uses the same two frequencies as
the ATC transponder.
It transmits interrogations on one frequency (1030 Mhz) and receives the
replys on another frequency (1090 Mhz).
The two TCAS antennas consist of four electronically controlled elements. This
gives the antenna a directional characteristic so that the computer can
calculate the direction to an intruder.

AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS M5
Figure 84 TCAS COMPONENTS

P66 B1 M5 E
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DIGITAL TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2.5.2 Binary / Hexadecimal Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.6 Overview: Binary- Octal- Hexadecimal
1. Electronic Instrument Systems . . . . . . . . 2 Numbering System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.1 Classification of the Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.7 Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.7.1 BCD-Decimal Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.2 EIS Display Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.7.2 BCD − Binary Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.3 Basic T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.1 Classic Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3. Logic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.3.2 Glass Cockpit Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.4 Navigational Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2 Levels Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.5 ECAM/EICAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 Definition of Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.6 Indication in case of computer failure . . . . . . . 18
1.7 On-Board-Maintainance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4. Logic Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2. Numbering Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.1 Inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.2 AND Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.1.1 Base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.3 OR Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.1.2 Positional Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4.4 Gates with several Basic Functions . . . . . . . . . 48
2.2 Decimal Number System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.4.1 NAND Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.4.2 NOR Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.3 Binary Number System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.4.3 Exclusive OR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.3.1 Binary Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.4.4 Exclusive NOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.4 Octal Number System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.5 Possible Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.2 Octal / Decimal Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.6 Summary of all Gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.4.3 Binary / Octal Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.7 Rules of Boolean Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.5 Hexadecimal Number System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 4.7.1 Priority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.5.1 Hexadecimal Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.7.2 De Morgan Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
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4.7.3 Shannon Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 6.4.3 Storage / Monitor Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.7.4 Calculation Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 6.4.4 Controlling Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
6.4.5 Interactive Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5. Data Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 6.4.6 Aircraft Digital Systems − Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
7. Software Management Control . . . . . . . . 88
5.1.1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.2 Analog to Digital Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 7.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5.2.1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 7.2 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5.2.2 A/D Converter Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 7.3 Program Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5.2.3 How the Sawtooth Principle works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
7.4 Software Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.3 D/A Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
7.5 Software Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6. Basic Computer Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 8. ARINC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
8.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
6.2 Detailed Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 8.1.1 ARINC Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
6.2.1 Minimum Hardware Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
8.2 ARINC 429 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
6.2.2 Basic Computer Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
8.2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
6.3 Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 8.2.2 Interconnection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
6.3.1 Capacity of Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 8.2.2.1 Data Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
6.3.2 RAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 8.2.2.2 Data Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
8.2.2.3 Transmission Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6.3.3 ROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
8.2.2.4 Voltage Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6.3.4 PROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
8.2.3 Data Synchronisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.3.5 EPROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 8.2.3.1 Bit - Synchronisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.3.6 EEPROM, EAPROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 8.2.3.2 Word Synchronisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.4 Computer Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 8.2.4 Information-Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.4.1 Reference Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 8.2.5 Data Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.4.2 Informational Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 8.2.5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
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8.2.5.2 Parity Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 10.2 Light-Emitting Diode (LED) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
8.2.5.3 Label / Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 10.2.1 Simple Visual Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
8.2.5.4 Equipment Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
8.2.5.5 Source / Destination Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 10.3 CRT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
8.2.5.6 Sign / Status Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 10.4 Liquid-Crystal Display (LCD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
8.2.6 Data-Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 10.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
8.2.6.1 Numeric Data (BCD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
10.4.2 Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
8.2.6.2 Exercises BCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
8.2.6.3 Numeric Data (BNR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 10.4.3 Cockpit Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
8.2.6.4 Exercises BNR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 10.5 OLED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
8.2.6.5 Discrete Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
8.2.6.6 Maintenance Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
11. Electrostatic Discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
8.2.6.7 AIM Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
8.2.6.8 Data File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 11.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
8.3 ARINC 629 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 11.2 ESD-Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
8.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
11.3 ESD-Guide−lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
8.3.2 Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
9. Fibre Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 12. Electromagnetic Environment . . . . . . . . . 168

12.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
9.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
12.2 Aircraft Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
9.2 Fibre Optic Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
12.3 Portable Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
9.3 Wave Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
9.4 Optical Fibre Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 13. Typical Aircraft Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
9.5 Optical/Electrical Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
13.1 ACARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
9.6 Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 13.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
10. Electronic Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 13.2 FlyByWire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

13.3 Flight Management System (FMS) . . . . . . . . . . 178
10.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 13.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
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13.3.2 System Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
13.3.3 FMS Data Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
13.3.4 FMC Data Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
13.4 Inertial Stabilised Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
13.4.1 Inertial Reference System (IRS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
13.5 Global Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
13.5.1 Global Positioning System (GPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
13.6 TCAS - Traffic Alert Collision Avoidance
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
13.6.1 TCAS ARCHITECTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
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Figure 1 Cockpit Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Figure 36 Informational Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Figure 2 Cockpit Layout Boeing 747−100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Figure 37 Storage/Monitor Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Figure 3 Cockpit Layout Boeing 737−300 (Classic) . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Figure 38 Controlling Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Figure 4 Cockpit Layout Airbus A320 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Figure 39 Interactive Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Figure 5 EIS Brightness Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Figure 40 Airplane Digital Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Figure 6 Basic T Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Figure 41 History of ARINC Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Figure 7 Navigational Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Figure 42 ARINC 429 Interconnection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Figure 8 Upper Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Figure 43 Information Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Figure 9 Lower Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Figure 44 ARINC 429 Data Word Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Figure 10 Display Unit in case of computer failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Figure 45 Guideline for Label Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Figure 11 On Board Maintenance Facilities Schematic . . . . . . . . 21 Figure 46 BCD List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Figure 12 Decimal Number System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Figure 47 BNR List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Figure 13 Binary Number System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Figure 48 Equipment Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Figure 14 Octal Number System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Figure 49 Equipment Identifier List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Figure 15 Binary to Octal / Octal to Binary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Figure 50 Source / Destination Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Figure 16 Hexadecimal Number System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Figure 51 Sign Status Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Figure 17 Binary to Hexadecimal / Hexadecimal to Binary . . . . . . 33 Figure 52 Example BCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Figure 18 Decimal to BCD / BCD to Decimal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Figure 53 Example BCD Exemptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Figure 19 Example: Decimal to BCD / BCD to Decimal . . . . . . . . 39 Figure 54 Example BNR Dataword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Figure 20 Example: Level Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Figure 55 Example Discretes from ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Figure 21 INVERTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Figure 56 Example Maintenance Data from IRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Figure 22 AND Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Figure 57 Alphanumeric List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Figure 23 OR Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Figure 58 Example AIM Data Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Figure 24 Example: Landing Gear Challenger 604 . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Figure 59 Example AIM Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Figure 25 Summary Gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Figure 60 File Data Transfer Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Figure 26 Digital to Analog Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Figure 61 ARINC 629 Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Figure 27 A/D Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Figure 62 Fibre Optics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Figure 28 Basic Principle of A/D Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Figure 63 Optical Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Figure 29 D/A Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Figure 64 Optical/Electrical Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Figure 30 Example: ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Figure 65 LED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Figure 31 Example: CPU, Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Figure 66 LED Dot Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Figure 32 Example Conducting Wires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Figure 67 LED Cockpit Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Figure 33 Example HSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Figure 68 CRT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Figure 34 History of Processors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Figure 69 LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Figure 35 Reference Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Figure 70 Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
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Figure 71 LCD Cockpit Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Figure 72 Usage of HUD in Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Figure 73 OLED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Figure 74 Lifespan and Production of organic LED . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Figure 75 Example: Displays with organic LED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Figure 76 ESD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Figure 77 ESD Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Figure 78 ACARS COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Figure 79 Simplified FlyByWire Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Figure 80 Schematic of a Flight Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Figure 81 Overview FMC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Figure 82 IRS ARCHITECTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Figure 83 GPS ARCHITECTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Figure 84 TCAS COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
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P66 B1 M5 E
TABLE OF FIGURES
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P66 B1 M5 E
TABLE OF FIGURES
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AVIATION MAINTENANCE TRAINING CENTRE

M5 DIGITAL TECHNIQUES ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT

Operational Programme II – Cohesion Policy 2007-2013

For training purposes and internal use only.

Lufthansa Technical Training

Tel: +49 (0)40 5070 2520

HAM US/F4 KrA 11/2006 Page 1

1. Electronic Instrument Systems

HAM US/F-4 KrA 05/2009 Page 2

Figure 1 Cockpit Layout

1.1 Classification of the Indicators

HAM US/F-4 KrA 05/2009 Page 4

Figure 2 Cockpit Layout Boeing 747−100

Figure 3 Cockpit Layout Boeing 737−300 (Classic)

Figure 4 Cockpit Layout Airbus A320

1.2 EIS Display Control

HAM US/F-4 KrA 05/2009 Page 8

Figure 5 EIS Brightness Control

1.3.2 Glass Cockpit Layout

Limitations from the configuration of the aircraft are no longer displayed by

HAM US/F-4 KrA 05/2009 Page 10

Figure 6 Basic T Layout

1.4 Navigational Displays

HAM US/F-4 KrA 05/2009 Page 12

Figure 7 Navigational Display

HAM US/F-4 KrA 05/2009 Page 14

Figure 8 Upper Display

HAM US/F-4 KrA 05/2009 Page 16

Figure 9 Lower Display

1.6 Indication in case of computer failure

HAM US/F-4 KrA 05/2009 Page 18

Figure 10 Display Unit in case of computer failure

S the ECAM displays,

HAM US/F-4 KRA 10/2006 Page 20

Figure 11 On Board Maintenance Facilities Schematic

HAM US/F-4 KrA 05/2008 Page 22

2.2 Decimal Number System

Figure 12 Decimal Number System

2.3 Binary Number System

Digit ... 5th 4rd 3rd 2nd 1st

Figure 13 Binary Number System

2.3.1 Binary Conversion

HAM US/F-4 KrA 05/2008 Page 25

2.4 Octal Number System

Digit ... 5th 4rd 3rd 2nd 1st

Figure 14 Octal Number System

2.4.2 Octal / Decimal Conversion

Succsessive Division by Base Number:

HAM US/F-4 KrA 05/2008 Page 27

2.4.3 Binary / Octal Conversion

HAM US/F-4 KrA 05/2008 Page 28

BINARY TO OCTAL OCTAL TO BINARY

011 100 0012

Figure 15 Binary to Octal / Octal to Binary

2.5 Hexadecimal Number System

HAM US/F-4 KrA 05/2008 Page 30

Digit ... 5th 4rd 3rd 2nd 1st

40960 + 2048 + 240 + 5 = 4325310

Figure 16 Hexadecimal Number System

2.5.1 Hexadecimal Conversions

HAM US/F-4 KrA 05/2008 Page 32

2.5.2 Binary / Hexadecimal Conversion

Figure 17 Binary to Hexadecimal / Hexadecimal to Binary