: SRI LANKA

- Colony of Portuguese , then Dutch and lastly British

- Liberated from British colony on 1948 Feb.4 th
- Dutch set- up first printing press in 1737 in Colombo
- British produced the first regular publication weekly Government Gazette in 1802
- Colombo Journal, English biweekly 1832
- A group of British merchants started other two bi weeklies – Observer and Commercial Advertiser in 1834
- Other early newspaper publications- Ceylon Chronicle, Ceylon Herald, Ceylon Times, Jaffna Freeman,
Kandy Herald, Galle Telegraph, Ceylon Independence, Morning Leader etc.
- All of them were published by Englishmen in English Language
Sinhala Press
- First Sinhala newspaper Lankaloka weekly published from Galle city in 1860
- Other Lakmini Pahana, Lakrivikirana, Gnanartha Pradipaya (first daily 1866), Sarasavi, Sandaresa,
Dipnapatha Pravurthi, Sinhala Jathiya, Sinhala Boudhaya, Dinamina, Lakmina, Silumina etc.
English press were pro western and pro Christian where as Sinhala press were pro- nationalist and pro
Buddhism.
Tamil press
- Udaya Tharakai ( weekly 1841) served about 130 years
- Other Tamil newspapers- Usaithalu, Paliya Narsan, Elangai Pathukaralan, Alamat Lankapuri, Elekesari,
Virakesari, Thinakaran etc.
Hindu press
- Illangai Nasen ( weekly 1877), Sivabhimani
Muslim press
- Muslim Nasen (weekly 1882), Islam Mithiran
SINCE INDEPENDENCE – 1948
- 5 major publication houses- Associated Newspapers of Ceylon ltd (ANCL) a govt. corp, private sector
publication houses - Wijeya, Upali, Express and Independent
- more than 30 major newspapers by these 5 publications
Leading Sri Lankan Newspapers
- Sinhala language- Dinamina, Silumina, Lankadeepa, Divaina, Lokbima
- English language- Daily News, The Sunday Observer, Daily Mirror, The Island, Sunday Times
- Tamil language- Thinakaran, Thina khurah, Uthayan, Virkisari, Sudar Oli
- popular periodical magazines Tharunee, Navaliya and Sirikanta for women, Mihira, Wijeya and Bindu for
children, Kreeda and Visura for sports, Sarasaviya for movie, Vidusara, Samatha, Sadhana, Sathara for
education
- political weeklies – Podujana (supported by Sri Lankan Freedom party)
Siyarata ( supp.by United National party)
Haraya (supp. by Nava Samaj party)
Aththa ( supp. by Communist party)
Thinamarasu ( supp. by Eelam Peoples Democratic party)
- Article 10 and 14 of Sri Lankan constitution guarantees freedom of thought, conscience, religion, speech,
expression and publications .
- Article 15 has provision of restrictions over the freedom
- Press was supressed during the emergency periods in 1971 to 1977, 1982 to 1983 and 1987 to 1989 .
- For a long time Sri Lankan press was under cross fire between the government and the Tamil rebels
 BHUTAN
- Bhutan was following policy of isolation.
- After Chinese occupation in Tibet in 1959, Bhutan established long term relation with India .Then after
process of modernization began.
- KUENSEL ( clarity) the state run newspaper of Bhutan
- the only newspaper for about 45 years
- Hand written Nepali monthly Kuensel published from Thimpu in 1960
- First editor Bhim Kumar Rai and Suk Man Rai
- Published as a government gazette from 1964 in Nepali and English
- monthly, fortnightly , weekly (from 1986)
- At the beginning it was printed at Kalingpong
- A press machine was brought to Thimpu from Calcutta
- from 1974 Kuensel is being printed from Thimpu in Dzongkha language too
- At the beginning it was published only in Nepali language
- Kuensel corporation established in 1992
- 7 member board, headed by Secretary to Ministry of Communication
- An editor – in – chief and 3 separate language editors
- Combine circulation (English, Dzongkha and Nepali) 20,000
- From 1996 Kuensel improved the quality of printing with the assistance of DANIDA
- First color edition of Kuensel – 1999 July
PRIVATE PUBLICATIONS
- In 1979 Druklosel quaterly was published from private sector initiative
- Editor was Gaurishankar Adhikari
- one article titled ' Nepali kasari Bhutan puge" published in 1982
- then Druksel banned for ever
- The Bhutan Times – 2006- private weekly from Thimpu in English
- Bhutan Observer – 2006- private weekly from Phuentsholing in English &Dzon.
BHUTANESE PUBLICATIONS FROM FOREIGN LAND
- 1971/72 ‘ Amar Bhutan’ monthly, published by the Bhutanese students studying
at Banaras , Editor- Hari Pd. Adhikary
- I t was not in against of the Bhutanese government but they were called to Thimphu and forced to make
written commitment for not to do so again
- All copies of Amar Bhutan were burnt
- New situation after 1990, democratic movement started
- Paper publication was a medium for the democratic movement
- In 1990 ‘Mukti ‘ monthly published by Bhutanese Peoples Party, editor – Jagir Man Lama, only 4 issues
published
- 1991 Bhutan Focus by Bhutanese students organization
- 1993 Human Rights Organization of Bhutan published monthly Bhutan Review
- 1993 Nav Sandesh by students studying in Banaras
- 1994 Bhutani Kopila , yearly journal of Nepali Bhasa Parishad Bhutan
- 1995 The Refugee Post (Engish) by AHURA Bhutan
- 1996 Bhutan Observer by Bhutan Human Right Forum
- 1996 The Struggle monthly
- 1998 Sanatan Sandes
- 1998 Bhutan To-day by Druk National Congress
- 1999 Bhutan Times by Bhutan National Liberation Front
- 1999 Nari Mukti Sandesh by Bhutanese Women’s Forum
- 1999 Bhutan Jagaran fortnightly by Nepali Bhasa Parishad Bhutan
- 1999 Saptahik Sandesh by AHURA
- 2000 Dragon Times by Bhutan Youth Org.
- 2000 The Sangrila monthly by Raj Kamal group
- 2002 Naulo Awaj by Bhutan Jana Sanskritik Manch
-from 1990 to 2008 = about 25 Bhutani publications from foreign land in Nepali and English languages
Main objectives of these publications-
- to support democratic movement
- to attract international communities and foreign donors on Bhutanese situation
- to inform and educate the new generation of Bhutan who are in foreign land now
MALDIVES
- country of 1200 islands, inhabited islands 200
- 640 km south west of Sri Lanka
-Per capita income more than 3,500 US $
- unemployment less than 1 %
- population 2,86,000
- literacy rate 96 %
- previously colonized by Portuguese, Dutch, French and lastly British
- independent in 1965
- till 12th century followed Buddhism
- Arabian traders imposed Islam in 12th century
- national language Divehi
- First newspaper – Al Islah weekly (1943)
- Early newspapers- Saru Kaaruge, Khabaru, Viyaafari, Miyadhu etc.
- Early magazines – Munnaru, Male Times, Moon Light etc.
After 1965
- Hafta weekly ( Divehi), Out Look (English weekly)
- Divehi monthly magazines- Aabaaru, Amaaz, Faiy Thoora, Spectrum (English )
- Dheenugu Mage published by Presidents’s office
- Faiy Thoora pub. by National Council of Linguistic
- Furudhana pub. by Ministry of Information
- Jamaathuge Khaburu pub.by Non-formal Education Center
dailies-
- Haveeru (1978) highest circulation 4500, Aafathis (1979) both in English and Divehi and Miadhu (1998) only
in Divehi, other dailies – Hamma, Minivan, Jazeera
- weeklies – Adduvas, Fiyes, Huvaas, Manas, Monday Times, Divehi observer, Evening weekly, Kalhale,
Kavaasa, Olhuala etc.
- Article 13 and 14 of the constitution guarantees the press freedom but about 30 clauses and laws limits
the freedom.
- The press freedom is guarantee as long as the specific provisions of the Shariat are not contravened.
- In 1990 authorities arrested several journalists and writers foor criticising election system and the govt.-
Sangu and Hukuru magazines closed down
- National Press Council estd. 1993 – for reviewing, monitoring and development of media
- Main problems – geographical condition, very small population (0.3 million), almost all people know each
other in capital
- All most all print media published from Male

NEPAL
To conclude, we must say that the impressive growth of print media in
Nepal in the 1990s does not necessarily mean that it has served the cause
of democracy in a thoroughly satisfactory manner. Print media in Nepal
at
the turn of the century looks impressive when compared to its status in
1990 but it also suffers from several institutional weaknesses discussed
earlier. As a result, Nepali print media can not do ground-breaking
investigative reporting that would rock the power equations of Nepali
 society. In other words, Nepali print media is a partial democratizing
force
in Nepal but at the same time, it shares the privileges of power
associated
with the three wings of the state and the Nepali financial-business world.
Thus we can conclude that while Nepali print media has contributed
toward the reduction of the ruthlessness of our political and financial
bosses, it has a long way to go before it can truly speak for the set of
multiply disenfranchised Nepalis. Hence, painstaking advocacy at all
levels—further research on the structural and institutional constraints
discussed above and policies and programs to overcome them—will be
necessary for years to come if we want to bring about some significant
changes. All those who have a stake in improving media's effectiveness as
a force for democracy in Nepal must take this task seriously.
Major Challenges for Press Freedom and Media
Development in South Asia
1) Lack of political freedom and democratic norms
2) Political instability
3) Religious domination
4) Low educational status
5) Social discriminations
6) Economic constraints
7) Geographical complications
8) Technological backwardness
9) Weakness in policy implementation
10)Lack of professionalism
11) Growing violence against media and media persons
PRESS FREEDOM SITUATION IN ASIA
- Freedom House, based in New York
- a press freedom institution recognized by the UN
- evaluates press freedom situation all over the world since 1979 in five year
interval
- evaluation based on Universal Declaration of Human Rights Art.19
- 5 major criteria for evaluation press freedom in each country:
a) legal provisions
b)government ownership in media
c)political domination
d)economic pressure on news
 e)violence against media and media professionals
- three stander of press freedom : Free, Partly Free and Not Free
- according to 2005 report 17% global population are in free media society,
38% in partly free society and 45% are in not free media society
- In Asian continent:
 Free- Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Mauritius
 Partly Free – India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Mongolia
 Not Free – China, Russia, former soviet states, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal,
Bhutan, Maldives, Afghanistan, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam,
Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, Iran, Iraq, North Korea, Arabian nations .
According to International Press Institute (IPI) based in Vienna –
- From the beginning of the new millennium (2001 – 2008) total 575 media
persons have been killed
- highest number of the victims – 100 in 2006, lowest 54 in 2002
- According to IPI Report, total 66 media persons were killed around the
world in 2008
- Highest killing - Iraq - 14
Second - Pakistan- 6
Third - India, Philippines and Mexico - 5 each
Presented by

Mummad Faisal munir

Roll # 01

Faisal Siddique

PRINT MEDIA IN SAARC COUNTIRES

Submitted to

Prof Shifayat Ali