Environmental Engineering

By Mohammad Tarique Jamali

Lecturer king Khalid university Abha KSA

Assistant professor Azad institute of Engineering and Technology Lucknow India

 Contents

Topic Page number

Chapter 1 Introduction of Environmental Engineering

1- Definition of Environment 4
2- Definition of Biosphere 4
3- Ecosphere, Ecosystem 6
4- Component of Environment 6
5- Classification of forest 7
6- Scope of environmental science 7
7- Environmental pollution 8
8- Type of Environmental pollution 9
9- Environmental pollution challenges 9

Chapter-2 Pollution sources and control measure

1- Air pollution – sources and control measure 13

2- Water pollution- sources and control measure 13
3- Soil pollution- sources and control measure 15
4- Noise pollution- sources and control measure 16
5- Thermal pollution- sources and control measure 17
6- Nuclear hazards- sources and control measure 18
7- Role of people to prevent pollution 19

Chapter 3 Air pollution control

1- Types of air pollution control equipments 20

2- Working and advantages of gravity settlers 20
3- Working and advantages of Electrostatic precipitators 21
4- Working and advantages of fabric filters 22
5- Working and advantages of hybrid system 24
6- Working and Usage of Adsorption and combustion 25
7- Working and Usage of Absorption and condensation 26

Chapter 4 water pollution control

1- Waste water treatment principle 28

2- Primary Waste water treatment principle 28
3- Secondary Waste water treatment principle 31
4- Tertiary Waste water treatment principle 32
5- Aerobic suspended growth process 33
6- Aerobic Lagoon Process 33
Chapter 5 Soil and marine pollution control

1- Soil pollution control 35

2- Marine pollution control 35

Chapter 6 Noise pollution control

1- Noise control through reduction at sources 37

2- Noise control Through change to Quicker method 37
3- Noise control Through reduction of propagation 38
4- Noise control Tips 39
 Chapter1 Introduction of Environmental Engineering

Environment To study of water ,air , land , human beings and surroundings is called
environment. In water the natural resources are ocean, river , lakes , fountain etc. some have
sweat water like river lakes , ground water which are drinkable while other are salty water like
ocean which are make drinkable when we do the distillation process we make salt as well as
drinking water.

In air is available in the open atmosphere. Main parts of air are nitrogen , oxygen, hydrogen ,
CO2 etc The lands are agricultural fields , mountain, sand area etc Human being means man ,
animals, trees plans sea animals etc Surroundings means the earth space where all of these
pars like human beings are live there.

Environmental Engineering study of hydrosphere , atmosphere, lithosphere , ecosphere and

biosphere.

These are related with non -living thing to increase the human life style. The figure given below
is a simple example of Environment.

Life on earth is called Biosphere. Like human beings have life which depends on living and non
livening elements. All the human beings(generally Man) are required the luxurious life therefore
they uses the natural resources available on the earth and manufacture it to useful product
form. They develop industries for making the products . they utilize the man , machine, material
to form a product who is useful for human beings.

Biosphere is a combination of hydrosphere , atmosphere, lithosphere , ecosphere and human

beings like animal , man , plants etc.

Hydrosphere means water available on the Earth. e.g. water ponds, lakes, river, fountain, oceans
sea , bore-well etc.
Atmosphere means air available on the earth. like Nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, Co2etc,
Lithosphere means soil available on the earth.

Ecosphere means Plants , animals , man who depends on water , air ,soil.

The man is a supreme power of them. He/she utilize all the available resources in the earth with
a unlimited manner. But important things that never destroy our natural resources, never
polluted our natural resources. Up to them the man utilize the all resources and discharge the
all dump material directly to the natural resources. E.g. now we see that all sewer line directly
go to the river or ocean or lake. This should effect on our life cycle due to harmful bacteria ,virus
,radioactive elements etc.

Therefore awareness of environmental engineering is necessary for all people.

Abiotic means nonliving things. e.g. computer, table , door, buildings, industries etc.

Biotic means living things e.g. man, animal, plants etc

A lot of energy is available in the universe. Use is effective manner. Like sun energy, wind
energy, biogas energy , biomass energy, fossil fuel ( coal, petroleum oil)energy etc

Ecosystem-

Ecosystem is cyclic process. This create climate change due to change of sun rays direction when
sun moves towards south pole region ,winter come in north region and when sun moves in
cancerian (middle ) region the summer come in all region and when sun moves towards north
pole region the winter come in southern region . the simple example of cyclic process is plant
grow in the earth the man or animal ate them . The plant vanish. A man or animal dead and
meet to the earth . a new man or animal or plant grow . they utilize the available resources in
a self- discipline manner in the earth.

If they not obey the pollution occur. Suppose we cuts more plants and not grow new plants the
exhausted gases like Co2 emit by the industries are not absorb by the plants by photo-synthesis
process .Due to more contents of Co2 air pollution occur . This create breathe problem to the
human being. Now a day exhaustion of many dangerous gases like So2, nitrous oxide , lead ,
chlorine and CFC contents causes acid rain , ozone depletion, air pollution, water pollution, soil
pollution.

We also discharge a industrial waste water they have a chemical contents like mercury , arsenic
lead , cadmium like elements they create water pollution and many stomach disease like peptic
ulcer, cancer , typhoid , cholera etc.

For nuclear and electronics waste destroy our natural resources by radioactive pollution they
never destroy like cosmic rays , x-rays, electromagnetic waves they have half life. Therefore they
never destroy and emit the rays therefore it emit genetic mutation, night blindness , cancer and
new disease.

These pollution disturb our natural ecosystem cycle and destroy the climate cycle causes global
warming, cold waves typhoon etc. and many problem occur for humanity.
Classification of forest according to the climate and soil condition

Forest are classified as according to earth fields, climate, temperature etc. Some example are

1 Tropical rain forest – Tree have broad leaves . They occur in areas where the temperature and
rain are high. e.g. African continents.

2- Tropical deciduous forest – warm climates heavy rain occur during mansoon. e.g. India

3-tropical scrub forest- small rain fall Sandy area.

e.g. Gobhi desert in America, Sahara desert in Africa.

4- Temperature rainfall forest – The areas where the temperature increase 25 degree the rain
fall occur. e.g coastal and hilly areas

5- Temperature deciduous forest- Moderate temperature rain fall

e.g Small hilly areas

Scope of Environmental Science

The study of environmental science have the following scope

 1- Clean our natural available resources like water, air and soil.
2- To maintantain our living style. Utilizing more living and non living things.
3- To reduce and clen the industry , municipility waste using waste management
techniques.
Even though you make electricity by biogas ,biomas , natural fartilizers, roads (By
thermal coal ash) etc by waste management.
4- Reduce harmful bactria , virus for proper planning of sewage treatment system. To
prevent many desease.

Atmosphere – The combination of gases (air ) in the space is called atmosphere.

e.g. Nitrogen , Oxygen, Hydrogen and other gases etc.

Lithosphere- The soil of the earth is called lithosphere.

e.g. Agricultural field.

Hydrosphere- the available water on the earth is called hydro sphere.

e.g. ocean , river , lakes etc.

What is Environmental Pollution?

1. To increase or decrease the combination occurs the surrounding ( in air ,water, soil,
sound).
2. To directly fall the sewer line ( waste water from municipality, nuclear /thermal power
plants like fly ash cadmium, hard water after cooling the uranium or polonium ion) and
industrial waste which have the contents like arsenic lead mercury to the natural water
resources.
3. To throughout more hazardous material which not decompose easily like polythene,
electronic waste on the open space of soil. They covered the space and also emit
electromagnetic waves and unfertilized the soil. Therefore Recycle it and reuse it.

For example now a drinking water are generally bottled water. In any organization put a
container for these bottled water after use of any person . After collecting these bottle
clean it by potassium par magnate added water. The potassium par magnate kill the
germs and the bottle is ready for refilling the bottle reseal it by a automatic press
machine. This will save the manufacturing cost and also reduce environmental pollution
through thick polythene . because if you recycle this polythene this will give a very
dangerous organic gases , polluted environment.

Types of pollution-
The main Types of pollution are
1- Air pollution
 2- Water pollution
3- Soil pollution
4- Thermal pollution .
5- Nuclear pollution
6- Marine pollution
7- Noise pollution
Major challenges of Air Pollution-

Today world are facing four Environmental Air Pollution Challenges. These are given below

1-Green house effect:

Increasing global temperature because the warm air not moves upside and cold air not come
towards earth due to high story building and generation of CFC gases. CFC gases are
generated due to mostly use of air conditioning system by feron-12 gases. These CFC ( cholro
floro carbon gases) react with ozone layer and depleted the ozone layer. This increase the
temperature of the locality and also increase the temperature of the earth. Causes increase of
global temperature up to 0.5 0C every year. Increasing temperature also cause depletion of ice
in polar regions and increase the see level. Therefore it is possible near ocean cities major
parts are dump with water. The simple figure shows how green house effect occure.

2-Ozone depletion: As ozone layer is the combination of oxygen Called O3in the upper
atmosphere absorbs incoming harmful ultraviolet radiation and cosmic rays but it is now
getting thinner & more Ultraviolet radiation are reaching in to earth creating different disease
like cancer& eye problems and skin disease.

The ozone layer of O3 react with discharge CFC ( chloro floro carbon) and decompose as a
Carbide and fluoride. This CFC is generated by cooling ( Air conditioning system) system used
Freon -12 and ammonia gas . There if we want to reduce the formation of CFC Chloro floro
carbon) we change the design of cooling system as a honey comb type( air conditioning
system) and use cool fragrance instead of Freon-12 like Khash-Khash highly cool grass
available in the India. or warming use the Aud fragrance highly available in Saudi Arabia.
These fragrance are very useful to kill the germs, bacteria. Depletion of ozone layer causes
skin disease , irritation allergy etc.

The following figure shows how the CFC depleting the ozone layer.

3-Photochemical smog –

Generation of more dangerous gases even harmful nuclear gases causes thick fog on the
cities . using fusion technique in nuclear energy may cause cold typhoon. Refinery Industries
and in bomb dropped in the site of battle ground increase the harmful gases likes sulphides ,
nitride lead gas. This causes Asthama, breathing problem and Seeing problem , lung cancer,
irritation ,allergy etc.
The following figure shows that how the photo chemical smog occur

4-Acid rain:

Exhaust gases( from refineries , industries and auto vehicle) like nitrogen & sulphur react
with atmospheric O2 and H2 make sulphuric acid, hydro chloric acid and nitric acid , causes
acid rain. It increases acidity of soil & effects the growth of trees & plants. The majestic
monument Taj Mahal in India is also affecting by this.

The figure shows that how acid rain occur

Exercise

Q1 what is mean by environment? Explain it.

Q2 Define Biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere ,atmosphere. Draw the diagram and explain it.

Q3 what is ecosystem? Explain with diagram.

Q4 Write the main component of environment?

Q5 Classify the forest according to the climate and soil condition

Q6 Explain the scope of environmental science?

Q7 Explain environmental pollution?

Q8 What are the different types of pollution?

Q9 Explain environmental air pollution challenges.

Chapter -2 Pollution sources and control measure

Air pollution-source, classification and control measures

Source - In air to increase dust particles, Toxic material, smoke, bad smell is called air pollution.
Air pollution causes problem to the human beings, plants etc. e.g. exhaust gases in thermal
power plants, fire of forest generate Co and CO2 gases , Radioactive elements Through Nuclear
power plants disturb the combination of gases in air ( Atmosphere).

Classification-

Primary – Exhaust of CO, NO, So2 gases.

Secondary- more dangerous Nuclear waste gases In nuclear power plants(radioactive

contaminants in air)

Control Measure-

1- Use unleaded petrol

2- Use filter papers, cloth absorb toxic gases in chimney in thermal power plants,
nuclear power plants.
3- Grow more plants who absorb the Co2 gas by photosynthesis process in the
presence of sun light for making their food , to reduce CO and Co2 contents in air
4- Redesign the industries to absorb the toxic gases by air treatment.
5- Reduce nuclear waste treated ion absorbent method or by ion exchange
6- Reduce the electronic waste by recycling method.

Water pollution- types, effects and sources.

Source-

To increase or change the physical , chemical and biological characteristics of water by addition
of waste water after use in human industries, human beings etc. the waste water have a toxic
chemical, germs, bacteria ,virus therefore not fall the sewer line and industry waste water to
the natural resource of water . if we fall these waste water directly to the natural water like
lake , river, ocean the natural combination of water is change and our natural water is polluted.

Types-

Infectious Agents-

Sewer line (municipality waste like home waste water) take many virus, harmful bacteria ,
protozoa etc.

Many disease like typhoid, cholera, stomach disease .

Organic chemical—

Industry waste have dangerous chemical like mercury, arsenic, selenium, cadmium etc

Many disease Genetic mutation , cancer ,Birth defect etc.

Important Sources for water pollution are

1-Thermal pollution

When burn the coal a huge ash contents generate They flushes into the water increase
hardness of water and PPM ,When Hot water From boiler is discharge directly to the water
Excessive heat generate this disturb the combination of dissolved oxygen. Avoid this use the
cooling tower type structure before the discharging it to the water. Ash contents are separate
them and reuse as to make the road level. Removal of ash reduces the hardness of water.

Hot water increase hotness of water cause death of water animals like fish.

2- Nuclear pollution.-

In nuclear power Plant For cooling they used hard water , cadmium rod etc. Hard water takes
the radioactive elements directly to the water they may cause death of fish, many disease in
human being. To remove this radioactive element use electrostatic water filter device which
absorb the radioactive element.

3- Industrial waste-

In Petroleum refineries , cloth , leather , sugar, electronic industries. We use many chemical for
processing the product. Therefore after use they are exhaust directly to the nearby water
resources . industries waste have lead, mercury , cadmium, arsenic and other very toxic
element which are not remove easily. They causes generally stomach disease. Therefore before
it exhausted do the waste water treatment technique.

4-Sewer line waste-

Municipality water waste are that human beings flushes after use for different purpose is
directly to the discharged nearby natural resources through sewer line. It is called sewer line .
waste water sewer line also have bacteria, germs etc. Therefore it will also treated before
discharging in natural resources of water.

Effects-

1-Decrease dissolved oxygen level.

2- Increase virus , harmful bacteria, hardness, bad smell Toxic elements like mercury cadmium,
arsenic etc

Control Measure –

1- Sewer line not fall directly to the natural source of water

2- Make electricity by biomass and bio gas by sewer and make artificial lakes where the
unfertile lands are available.
3- Grow the plants or tree nearby these collected ( treated) water . these plants/tree grow
fast .
4- By coagulation process the solid which low density separate by robotic arm process
and make the manure ( natural fertilizers ) if we dumped it for 1 year in the earth
dumped area.
5- Increase the fluidity (flow area) of water the harmful elements are settle and absorb by
the earth.
6- Treated these water by bleaching powder who kill the germs and bacteria.
7- Adds microorganism bacteria who ate the dirty germs and bacteria .

Soil pollution –types and control measures

Industrial Waste -Sugar mill, chemical industries, oil refinery, may change the contamination of
soil and toxicity causes many disease when we grow the agricultural plants tree there.

Fertility of the soil is decrease or increases acidic or basic nature of the soil. This causes
infertility of the soil.

Urban and Electronics waste- Mobile (electronic waste) , computer waste , plastic other non-
degradable elements cause sewer pollution and causes new and un-curable disease.

Agricultural waste-

More use of Chemical fertilizers, pesticide causes contamination change of soil and causes
various disease. Because they have high poisonous organic chemical who preserve plants and
increase shortly the grow ability of the plants but in long term they are dangerous for grow
ability and poisonous chemical go to the human being stomach therefore he give many
disease.

Nuclear waste- Nuclear waste are those when we generate the electricity through polonium
and u238 in nuclear power plant and cadmium rod to control the chain reaction in plant after use
a waste are generate .These waste are dumped to the earth they generate there radioactive
element these are very dangerous and make radioactive pollution in the soil and causes many
disease. It is un-curable disease like cancer , nausea, vomiting, irritation , skin disease, blindness
ulcer etc.

Control Measure-
 1- Proper dumping of unwanted material
2- By electrostatic precipitator ,we want to absorb these nuclear ions by and neutralize
and make a molecules to react with another element.
3- Converted as an element by using ionization exchanger process.
4- Production of natural fertilizers by waste food/ plants and solid low density waste
discharge by human being .
5- Proper hygienic condition use in industries discharge like Sugar mill when discharge the
dirty water and buggase
6- Public awareness about pollutant, pesticides , chemical fertilizers
7- Re-cyclic and Re –use of waste after treatment
8- Ban on toxic chemicals t0 use as a pesticide and preservatives
9- Use agricultural waste as a manuare ( natural fertilizers ) when dumped in a earthen
field in one year
10- Don’t fire the agricultural waste it produce the air pollution
11- Remove the polythene and electronic waste from agricultural fields and
12- Remove polythene and electronic waste from waste water
13- Never fire the polythene and electronic waste because they have very poisonous
organic gas highly polluted the air in the environment.
14- Dumped the polythene and electronic waste as unfertile land never near the natural
water resources.

Noise pollution-types, effect and control measures

Our noise permissible limit is 20 to 200000 Hz. If there sound is less than 20 Hz or more than
20000 Hz . It is called ultrasonic sound it is very dangerous to humanity. When we project the
rocket in the space or supersonic jet also produce these ultrasonic sound .therefore we say
that Unwanted , unpleasant sound are called noise pollution. The scientist give the permissible
limit of sound is up to 90 dB( deci bal)

Types-

1- Industrial noise , producing the noise when we run the machine

2- Transportation noise, producing the noise when we run the auto vehicle
3- Neighborhood noise, producing the noise when we listen the music or audio / video
with high volume.

Effects-

1- Human health , comfort and efficiency of the person/ worker

2- Nervous breakdown, tension
3- Effect on behavior of person
4- Psychological and pathological dis-orders of the person/ workers
5- Brain Stroke, brain hambrage
6- Fatigue ,uneasiness, deafness of the operator/ workers
 7- More sound also effect on the machine parts ,machine parts are damaged as early
therefore machine life is reduce
8- If chattering occur at the time of cutting the tool is damaged as early therefore
machine tool life is reduce
9- If sudden failure of machine parts due to misalignment its injured the
workers/operators

Control Measure-

1- Acoustic treatment of machine surface using proper oiling and alignments of parts/
components, design change if the sound is more.
2- Construction of noise barrier like sound insulating device to absorb sound/ use of sound
mufflers
3- Oiling reduce the sound from the machine.
4- Use asbestos or thermocole sheets to absorb the noise in room where the machine is
working
5- Use acoustic type of room design who either absorb the sound or distributed / reduce
the sound intensity to the workers /operators of the machine

Thermal pollution-types, effect and control measures

When we make the steam in the boiler we burn the coal or biogas to ignite boiler . These
generated steam are useful to run the steam turbine which make the electricity .After use of this
water and coal fly ash to discharge in the natural resources of water. These fly ash and hot
water have a high temperature at the time of discharge it increase excessive heat in water and
air called thermal pollution. These excessive heat (Temperature) destroy the dissolved oxygen
presence in water. It also increases the hardness and dirtiness of water due to fly ash.

Source-

1- Nuclear power plants

2- Thermal power plants
3- Industries waste water after processing
4- Hydro -electric power when we use water to move the turbine blade in low head or
high head power plant the temperature is increased upto 30 0 C this also impact the
dissolved oxygen in the water

Effect of Thermal pollution-

1- Reduction of dissolved oxygen due to excessive heat

2- Increase toxicity due to fly ash
3- Reduce biological activity occurs in water like beneficial bacteria and micro organism
who ate the harmful bacteria germs is dead
4- Causes death of fishes , sea animals
Nuclear Hazards –source, effect and control measures

In nuclear power plant, we generate the electricity. This is a control chain reaction. To reduce
the formation of neutron use the cadmium rods and hard water ( D2 O) it cool and absorb the
extra heat and radioactive element. After the generation of electricity the remaining material is
waste . These are dumped in to the earth or in large sea water. This waste create spontaneous
generation of radioactive elements and it is non degradable element which have a half life and
never decompose . Therefore nuclear hazard is generated more pollution. Therefore use of
nuclear energy to be reduced if possible and also treated and neutralized before discharge in
ocean and inside of the earth. Nuclear energy are two type fission and fusion.

In fission when we bombard the neutron high atomic like uranium number breakdown two
smaller atoms and create a lot of energy. It is chain reaction energy when it starts give a lot of
energy but never stop. They are two type control chain reaction and uncontrolled chain
reaction. In Control chain reaction the neutron bombardment are control by cadmium rod used
in Nuclear power plants while in uncontrolled chain reaction the bombardment is not control
and emit a lot of energy this destroy humanity used in making Nuclear bomb.

In fusion, two light atomic number elements are combine together and make a bigger atomic
number element which gives a high energy but it also give the nuclear pollution. This is used in
making hydrogen bomb. It create cold and hot typhoon.

Nuclear Hazard is more dangerous for humanity like man , animal, plants ( human beings)
because it emit spontaneous radioactive elements. It increases radioactive elements like Alpha ,
Beta , Gama, cosmic Rays , ultraviolet Rays, X –Rays etc . in the open space when we discharge
the waste in sea water or dumper in earth.

Source –

Plutonium , Uranium , He, Li like elements use in nuclear power plants, X-ray examination in
medical purpose, Nuclear bombs.

Effects-

1- on brain and nervous system break down

2- Eye blindness due to cadmium when we discharge the cadmium and optical fibers in
sea the fish ate them and man ate the fish or drink the water .
3- Cancer, genetic mutation, peptic ulcer
4- Nausea and vomiting that cases death f the human beings
5- Also effects the pregnancy of the human beings
 Control measure-

1- Reduce the use of control or un-control nuclear power

2- Use of coolant in nuclear power plant is dangerous for fish .
3- Dispose of radioactive waste is very important because they always emit radioactive
element and may cause explosion any time.
4- Use the electrostatic precipitator and ion exchanger process who absorb the neutron
and radioactive elements ions.

The role of an individual to prevent pollution

1- Grow more plants, tree.

2- Aware the public about elements of pollution
3- Use renewable energy resouces as possible
4- Reduce deforestation
5- Reduce nox ,sox exhaust gases
6- Use eco friendly products
7- Use proper treatment of pollluted water , air and soil.

Exercise-

Q1 what are the Air pollution with their sources and control measure.

Q2 what are the Water pollution with their sources and control measure.

Q3 what are the Soil pollution with their sources and control measure.

Q4 what are the Noise pollution with their sources and control measure.

Q5 what are the Thermal pollution with their sources and control measure.

Q6 what are the Nuclear Hazard with their sources and control measure.

Q7 Explain the role of people to prevent pollution.

 Chapter -3 Air pollution Control

Controlling the Air Pollution is the Important Issue now a day the following Equipment’s
are generally used to clean the Environment Air. These are

1- Gravity settlers (often referred to as settling chambers)

2- Mechanical collectors (cyclones)

3- Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs)

4- Scrubbers

5- Fabric filters

6- Hybrid systems

1- Use of gravity settlers in Air pollution.

Equipment and principle of working , advantages are given below

Gravity settlers (settling chambers)

Gravity settlers, the removal of solid and liquid waste materials from polluted air by use
Gravity law. In Gravity settlers when we move the dirty air in a chamber with a natural
speed the high density particles are ( Solid waste particle like dust present in the air) are
settled down of the chamber and the low density air are move upward direction and
escape through the outlet. These method are use by the old former to clean the grain
after cutting the grain crops . grain is gone to down but the low density straw move
upward and goes down to some distance away from the grain.

Advantages

1- Simple construction of equipment

2- low initial cost and maintenance of the equipment
3- low pressure losses, because use the natural law of gravity
4- Simple disposal of waste materials ( solid or dust particles available in Air)
5- Generally used in remove the fly ash from the thermal power plants after burning
the Coal , in air fly ash are present .
6- In forming these are very useful to clean the grain from straw
7- To remove the solid dust particles from the industries and refineries.
 Diagram of gravity settlers Equipment

2-Use of Electro static precipitator in Air pollution.

Equipment and principle of working and advantages are given below

Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs)

In a electro static precipitator the dirty air is move in a closed chamber where collecting
electrode and discharge electrode are connected by a electric electrode precipitator,
the ionized solid particles( elements) are attracted by the electrode and skip( adhere) in
the electrode and chamber due to generation of electro static force and current. The
positive and negative particle of the elements present in the waste air are collected in
the negative and positive cathode respectively and the rest of air is in the form of clean
air this is escape from the upper part of the chamber and come into the atmosphere.
Dust particle are remove from the downside of the chamber outlets. This are use in
refineries, industries , power plant to clean the ion particle presence in the air.

1- Used for removing small particles ( ionic elements) from polluted air at high
efficiencies.
2- They used in power plants for removing fly ash from polluted air prior to
discharge.

They are two major types

 a- Tubular - generally cylindrical collection tubes with electrodes as shown in
figure
b- Plate. Vast majority of ESPs installed are of the plate type.

3- Collected particles are usually removed by rapping , electrostatic force and

current.

Diagram of Electrostatic precipitators Equipments

3-Use of Fabric filters or bag houses in Air pollution.

Equipment and principle of working and advantages are given below

Fabric filters (bag houses)

In a fabric filters ( bag house ) , the filter bags made of velvet cloth or wet cloth are
present inside of the chamber. When a dirty air move by a pressure( pushed or Pull
type) inside the chamber the dirt particles are absorbed by the filter bags and the
cleans air are moves upwards and come to the atmosphere from out lets.

The following point is important for fabric types of filters

1- Filtration process depends on

– Type of fabric

– Cleaning mechanism

– Equipment

– Mode of operation

2- Polluted air to be cleaned two ways

a- Pushed( pressure system) dusty air enters in bottom and cleaned by
filter bags then out top of the bags.
b- Pulled(suction system) dirty air forced to enters in bottom and cleaned
by filter bags then out top of the bags.

Advantages

A- Another type of cleaner are mostly used to clean the room is called
vacuum cleaner there is a pulled type cleaner.
B- This pulled type of cleaner are used in rod side to clean the locality
C- These are also used in to clean the space ( Japanese make a cleaner to
clean the space by this methodology recently)
D- Pushed type of cleaner are mostly used in restaurant to clean the dirty
air
E- Exhaust fan are also used to clean the room, bathroom etc
 4- Use of Hybrid Systems in air pollution.

Equipment’s- Principle and working are given below

Combination two or more devices to clean the environmental polluted air are called the
hybrid system. For example first we clean the heavy particles from the polluted air by
gravity system than ionized particle by Electrostatic precipitators and then bag house
filters and then moves to the atmosphere is called the hybrid system.

Four of the major hybrid systems found in practice today include:

1- Wet electrostatic precipitators,

2- Ionizing wet scrubbers,

3- Dry scrubbers, and

4- Electro statically augmented fabric filtration.

Another treatment of dirty air are adsorption, combustion, absorption , condensation .
These are given below one by one

Adsorption and combustion techniques in air pollution

Adsorption ( working principle)- When we want to clean the dirty air by the adsorption
process the following step should be done

1- Dirty air contaminant by adhering it to the surface of a solid and remove toxic
material this is called adsorption.

2- It is physical or chemical adhering to the surface.

3- In physical adsorption, dirty particles adheres to the surface of the solid due to
natural forces (electron distribution).
 4- In chemical, when the dirty particles adheres to the surface, it reacts chemically
with it.

5- Physical adsorption is reversible whereas chemical is not.

6- It is very useful process to collect the dust particle on the solid surface by
chemically or by physically

Combustion( working principle)

1- Combustion is defined as fully burning of toxic air particle.

2- E.g. contaminant(a carbon-hydrogen substance) is burned with air and converted to
carbon dioxide and water vapor.
3- The combustion depends on three T's as temperature, turbulence, and time.

4- Combustion devices are flares, thermal incinerators, or catalytic incinerators .

5- All the hydrocarbon ( like methane and butane) in gases are burned by this process and
clean the air

Absorption and condensation techniques in Air pollution

Absorption ( working principle)

1- In this a dirty air is dissolved in a liquid and dirt is absorb by filter paper or fiber
cloth .

2- A polluted air contaminant diffuses from the gas phase into the liquid phase.

3- The liquid absorption is mostly in water.

4- Reagents are used to increase absorbing water removal efficiency of the

system.

5- Gas absorbers or wet scrubbers are used

6- These are packed towers, plate towers, spray columns, and venture scrubbers
type absorber are used.

Condensation(working principle)

1- Dirty air are converted to vapor form and changed into a liquid.

2- Due to reducing the temperature of a vapor mixture with a constant pressure

And at low temperatures it liquefy.

3- It is change the composition of air.

 4- Condensers are generally used.

5- Condensers are located before an incinerator, adsorbed, or absorber.

6- These process are highly used I n desalination of water but here we clean the
toxic vapors contents available in dirty air

Exercise-

Q1 which are different type of air pollution control Equipment?

Q2 Explain (working) principle and advantages of Gravity settlers with diagram.

Q3 Explain (working) principle and advantages of Electro static precipitators with diagram.

Q4 Explain (working) principle and advantages of Fabric Filters with diagram.

Q5 Explain (working) principle and advantages of Hybrid System with diagram

Q6 Explain the terms adsorption, combustion, absorption, condensation process occurs to

control the air pollution.
Chapter -4 Water pollution Control

Water pollution control device

The biggest problems now facing in the world are water pollution. The water is first
treated by different ways . These are primary treatment , secondary treatment and
tertiary treatment to clean the water before the discharging the waste water from the
industries ,municipality ( sewer line ), power plant to the ocean and making artificial
lake in unfertile lands

WASTEWATER TREATMENT WORKING PRINCIPLES

1- wastewater is accumulate to unfertile lands, added chemicals and microorganism who

(ate) kills the germs and odors produce biogas. These biogas is very useful to burning in
cars /Auto vehicle run. Biogas is also good sources to burning in thermal power plant.

2- Waste water contains many germs, virus, microorganisms, discharge from the human
as well as industries , refineries, tanneries , sugar mill , power plants.

3- It have harm full bacteria , virus destroy aquatic life of the water, and it also contain
toxic compounds like arsenic, mercury , cadmium etc.

4- We remove it, treated as natural way and disposed properly to increase the flow
ability area as that the toxic virus or germs are settled down in the earth and the water
is cleaned.

5- These treated water may be used to making steam in boiler in thermal or gas power
plant

6- These treated water generate electricity through bio gas ( Generally have a combination
of Methane and Butane Gas) burn it in thermal or gas power plants as generated steam
through waste water moves turbine blade and changing velocity moves generator rotor
which gives Electricity.

There are three waste water treatment processes are

a) Primary waste water treatment

b) Secondary waste water treatment
c) Tertiary waste water treatment

PRIMARY TREATMENT (Working principle)

1- Increase the flow-ability of Sewage water or waste water and make artificial fountain
Use gravity settlers theory to remove heavy particles from it. And If the waste water is
more used as a low head hydraulic power plant type electricity generation.
 2- Then Accumulated the waste water in unfertile lands and create physical forces through
fans they give you two types of energy .
a)Biogas electric energy - when force is applied by fan the sewage
water mixed properly and gives the biogas electric (e.g. dome type
biogas power plants is available in many countries) and also give the
large amount of biogas (e.g. combination of methane and butane gas)
b) This biogas burn as in a gas power plants or automobile vehicles/ cars
, never use it for making food. It have toxic and bed breath causes many
disease in the human beings.

3- These physical forces have Screening, mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, flotation, and
filtration.

Clarification (Sedimentation)

1- Process of separating solids from the liquid are called precipitation or flocculation
of waste water primary treatment
2- They are primary, secondary, and final clarification .
3- It depends on the flow-ability of the waste water if the flow-ability is more the solid
particle settles more on the ground.
4- The toxic elements and virus, germs , toxic bacteria are meat two the ground and
they not come with water the earth is absorb this.
5- Sewer line be either circular or rectangular and are generally continuous flow-
through basis:
- circular units are generally called clarifiers,
- where as rectangular units are sedimentation tanks.

Diagram of sedimentation process are given below

 Flotation- When the sewer line water is collected in a sedimentation process of
flotation is very important . The following steps are very important for flotation process

1- Separates these solid particles by their density by the introduction of air into the system
by applying electric fan or by animals.

2- Fine bubbles adhere to, or are absorbed by, the solids, which are then lifted to the
surface who have low density particles.

3- High density solid waste are settled down in the lower parts of the separator.

4- The upper sludge low density or down sludge high density ( solid waste) are remove by
the robotic arm

5- These solid sludge ( solid particles) are collected in the ground and for dumping in
ground cavity for one year it gives a manure ( this is called natural fertilizers).

6- These manure are useful for grow the plants/ trees and agricultural fields

7- Flotation separator tanks can be either rectangular or circular in shape and constructed
of either concrete or steel.

8- It is an appropriate technology for treating suspended solids and oil and grease in
industrial waters. Process will achieve 40-65% suspended solids removal and 60% of oil
and grease removal.

Oil-Water separation( Filtration)

1- In practically all manufacturing industries, oil and grease can be found in a waste water
treatment plants.

2- Use the separator in a flow-through tank. The basic principle , oil-water separators work
is the difference of specific gravities of water and the oils and other components are
available in waste water . Through it we removed the oil and other components like
paraffin’s ,grease etc. from waste water.

3- Major advantage of oil-water separators is their ability to treat waste water which have
high density organic oil compounds.

4- They represent a very simple treatment operation . its operating costs are minimized.

5- It results "pure" oil which can make recycling

6- Therefore filtration process are very useful to found the petroleum oil and petroleum
based product

SECONDARY TREATMENT (Working principle)- After the primary treatment this semi
clean water is again treated by chemical is called the secondary treatment of the waste
water. The following steps are important in secondary treatment these are given below

1- After removal of solid contaminants , addition of chemicals known as chemical unit

processes.

2- These unit have the following principle to clean the waste water

a- Precipitation,
b- gas transfer,
c- adsorption,
d- disinfections

Coagulation – precipitation -(Working principle)

1- Rapid mixing of chemicals are thoroughly dispersed on a wastewater after primary

treatment of the waste water

2- After coagulation(precipitation) of the particles it become large size for removal.

3- If they are heavy Settling towards down ( some have light weight come up to the
surface of the waste water it is called precipitation)and come as a compose fertilizes .
 4- Remove from the tank and use as a manure( fertilizers) because it is a natural source of
Urea, Potash type fertilizers.

Neutralization( working principle)

1- adding an acid or a base to a wastewater to reduce acidity ( add alkaline chemical) and
alkalinity ( add acid chemical) like bleaching powder in waste water become neutralize
and also used potassium per magnate in the waste water become neutralize and kill the
germs , bacteria , virus etc

2- For acid waste streams, lime, KOH, NaOH, Potassium Per magnate and Caustic soda are
the most common base chemicals used .

3- In alkaline waste streams, sulfuric, hydrochloric, and nitric acid are generally used for
neutralization.

4- These adding acid or base in neutralization process the waste water clean and it ph
value become zero.

Tertiary Treatment in waste water (Working principle)- After cleaning the waste water from
secondary treatment we again want to clean the waste water they have nano- particle and
micro organism by tertiary treatment of Water by adding BILOGICAL MICROORGANISM who
have ability to ate these dirty microorganism and nano- particle. The following steps are
required in tertiary waste water treatment. Use the Chinese fish and smaller sea elements are
the main sources of to clean the waste water in tertiary treatment of waste water.

1- The removal of polluted contaminants through biological ( microorganism)activity are

known as biological unit processes.

2- It remove the biodegradable organic substances (colloidal or dissolved) in wastewater.

3- These substances are converted into gases and escape to the atmosphere.

4- Remove particles like as N, P, and other soluble organic and inorganic compounds.

5- These treated water are used in power plants fly ash removal, and also burning in boiler
to make steam to generate electricity, industrial( not in food industries and drinking)
because they have a nano-particles germs , virus is available . it flow towards ocean .
they is likely to remove by natural re-cyclic process.

6- The most commonly used advanced wastewater treatment processes are

a- Chemical precipitation of phosphorus,

b- Nitrification and De-nitrification,

 c- Ammonia stripping,

d- Breakpoint chlorination,

e- Filtration,

f- Carbon adsorption,

g- Ion exchange

Aerobic Suspended Growth Processes in water treatment.- Aerobic suspended growth process
are also useful for clean the waste water after tertiary treatment. The following steps are
involve to clean the waste water these steps are given below

(Activated Sludge)

1- In this process, microorganisms are kept in suspension who converted dissolved organic
and inorganic materials (compound) by biological process are available in the waste
water

2- Due to metabolic reactions of the microorganisms to attain an acceptable effluent

quality by removing these substances ( elements or molecules) .

3- This process , wastewater enters a reactor basin, concrete-steel-earthen tank(s) where

microorganisms are brought into contact with the organic components of the
wastewater by some type of mixing device.

Aerobic Lagoons (Stabilization Ponds)in water treatment.

1- Large, shallow earthen basins are used for wastewater treatment by utilizing natural
processes by algae and bacteria. Microbial is converted organic wastes into algae.

2- In aerobic photosynthesis, the oxygen produced by the algae through bacteria in the
biochemical oxidation and degradation of organic waste.

3- Carbon dioxide, ammonia, phosphate, and other nutrients released in the biochemical
oxidation reactions.
Exercise-

Q1- Explain waste water treatment principle (working).

Q2 Explain Primary waste water treatment principle(working) with diagram

Q3 Explain Secondary waste water treatment principle(working) with diagram

Q4 Explain tertiary waste water treatment principle(working) with diagram

Q5 Explain aerobic suspended growth process

Q6 explain aerobic lagoons process.

 Chapter5 Soil Pollution Control and Marine Pollution

Mostly human waste are dumped to the open or closed cavity to the earth surface. It
causes the soil pollution. Environmental scientist know that a large number of Human
waste are dumped nearby every city. They have electronic waste, Domestic waste ,
Agriculture waste , Industrial as well as health care waste. If we utilize the strategy like
different waste disposal technique in the different part of the cities to collect them .for
example to collect the kitchen waste as a different container and electronic waste in
different container then kitchen waste and agriculture waste make as a baggasse make
a biogas and manure . Through this biogas we make electricity and manure ( fertilizers).
Electronic waste we recycle it. And we control the soil pollution effectively through this
strategy. And make utilize energy.

There are different soil are available in the world like black soil , hilly soil, plain soil
means near the area between two or more river bank , rock soil, sand soil etc.

All these soil have a particular quality and combination of elements for cultivating the
food or plants (tree).

According to climate and soil quality we grow the plants is beneficial for us. For example
for plain cultivation of grain are more as compare to other type of cultivation.

Now a day agriculture scientist are check the soil and advice the former this soil is
beneficial for a particular type of crops.

We increase the fertility of the soil we use manure ( a natural fertilizers) . never use a
chemical fertilizers this make more soil pollution and the soil becomes unfertile.

We know that every part of the world some lands are fertile and some are unfertile. If
we dug the unfertile land we see that a good quality fertile lands are available. In old
days the hilly areas people makes valley there they grow plants and grain.

Marine pollution- Near about 70% of the earth is water and rest is land. In earth there
are 7 large ocean and transportation done by ship . And all near the ocean countries have
Navy force. Therefore they have submarine, large ship, and commercial ship etc. They move
every time and dis- charge a lot of wastage to the ocean. For example a cargo ship oil
tanker takes oil sometimes discharge the oil and human waste to the ocean and sewage
water is directly discharge to the ocean than the our ocean becomes more polluted.

They have a solution to accumulate it and come in land then discharge it. And recycle it.

This marine pollution is very dangerous it effect human health for example fish ate optical
fibres spread by networking and cadmium, the man ate the fish this causes brain tumour,
cancer and many disease.
Therefore use the eco-cyclic process to clean the our ocean.

Exercise-

Q1 Explain soil pollution control

Q2 explain marine pollution control

Chapter -6 Noise Pollution Control

Generation of noise pollution is a very severe problem now a day. Industries , transportation {
auto vehicle) high volume music system neighborhood also create a noise pollution. The noise
pollution causes sleepless night, headache, nervous breakdown , psychological problem.
Therefore the following prevention take place to prevent the noise in the atmosphere.

Noise control through reduction at source

1- Reduce noise radiation from production equipment, material handling, and work in
progress through
a- Damping sound radiating panels,
b- Quietening power sources and transmissions by using silencer /mufflers,
c- Reducing noise from compressed air exhausts.

2- Redesign of machine give sufficiently good results, work process reduce noise

3- Changing the working methods and processes themselves.

4- Use lubricants , grease where the two surface of the machines are mesh and move
together

5- Use accosting system in the room when design the room who absorb the noise or
delivers as a low voice.

6- Use thermocoale sheets , asbestos sheet to absorb the more noise . interior designer
make it perfectly.

Noise control through change to quicker methods.

1- Changing the method of work where the noise generate; replaced the destroy parts
and one use less noisy equipment for both production and material handling.

2- Machine parts alignment ,oiling are proper.

 Noise control through prevention or reduction of propagation

1- Prevent noise pollution should economically more efficient than corrective measures.

2- In a workshop is small number of intense noise sources. Try to enclose all noise sources
points or use noise absorber.

3- Put sound absorbing ceiling and wall panels, noise sources can be reduced.

4- Alteration and replacement of production equipment should reduce the noise.

various noise control guide lines, control tips and discuss the results

A study Show the Guideline noise levels below

For a specific locations

Type of room Highes sound level

guideline (dB)

Conferenceroom 35

Office 40

Workshop office, 45
restroom

Laboratory, 50
measurementroom

Canteen 50

Changingroom 55

Repair shop 60

Productionareas 75

Fan room, 90
compressorroom
 Noise control tips-

1- Machinery fallow new norm, relevant materials to ensure appropriate noise levels.

2- Existing equipment operations should be easy to handle.

3- Handling material can use conveyor belts

4- Silencer device used machines can reduce noise levels.

5- absorbent materials are used to ensure that rooms and workshops reduce noise
pollution . Thermocoal and asbestos sheets are providing sound isolated rooms.

RESULTS for NOISE CONTROL

1- Absorbent are used in roof or ceiling in a room give a noise reduction of between 3 and
5 dB. Exceptionally, up to 10 dB.

2- Damping of vibration of small production machines is absorb by damping material can

reduce noise level upto 3 and 10 dB .

3- Factory-made screens can reduce noise from between 5 and 15 dB.

4- Leakage in walls as well as acoustic leaks between walls, screens or enclosures, can
produce large noise . It is important to seal air gaps carefully.

Exercise-

Q1Explain the noise pollution control

Q2 Explain noise pollution control through reduction at sources

Q3 Explain noise control through Quicker method

Q4 Explain noise control through reduction of propagation method

Q5 what are the noise control tips

References-

1- All diagram from” www.google.com”

Fill in the Blanks

1- Life on earth is called……………………………. Ans. Ecosphere

2- Water on the earth is called……………………. Ans. Hydrosphere
3- Air on the earth is called ……………………………. Ans. Atmosphere
4- Soil on the earth is called ………………………………. Ans. Lithosphere
5- Living and non -living things present on the earth is called ………………………..
Ans. Biosphere
6- Biotic means…………………………… Ans. living thing
7- Abiotic means………………………………Ans. Non- living thing
8- Prime source of energy are …………………………….. Ans. Sun
9- Plant makes food in the presence of sunlight is called………………………………
Ans. Photosynthesis process
10- Plants provides food for …………………. Ans. Animals, Man
11- Climates change on the earth due to earth movements towards …………………Ans. Sun
12- Man is utilizing for their benefits are …………………………… Ans. Plants , animal
13- Air pollution are mostly occur due to generation of ……………………………

Ans. Co, Sox , Nox gases ,CFC etc.

14- In Green house Effects, the global temperature increase every year up to ………….
Ans. 0.5oC
15- Acid rain is caused by oxide of………………….. Ans. K , S , N
16- Water pollution may cause ……………….. Ans. Harmful bacteria , virus etc.
17- Thermal pollution is caused due to Exhaust of …………………… on the open environment
Ans. Excessive heat
18- Due to exhaust of cadmium , mercury ,arsenic to the water directly is caused death of
……… Ans. Sea animals like fish
19- Generation of CFC gases may causes …………………………………… Ans. Green -house effect
20- Nuclear pollution causes ………………………… Ans. Genetic mutation

Multiple choice Question Of Environmental Engineering

1- The global Sum of all ecosystem is call

a) Biosphere b) Homo sphere c) Toro sphere d) None of Them
Ans. a) Biosphere
2- Cosmic and ultrasonic radiation come from
a) Earth b) Sun c) Moon d) Mars
Ans. b) Sun
3- Living thing are called…………………………..
a) Biotic b) Abiotic c) Cbiotic d) Dbiotic
Ans. a) Biotic
4- Non- living things are called…………………..
a) Biotic b) Abiotic c) Cbiotic d) Dbiotic
Ans. b) Abiotic
5- Combination of living and non- living thing are called
a) Environment b) biosphere c) Ecosystem d) all of them
Ans. d) all of them
6- Environmental Engineering means
a) Quality of life b) Protection Enhancement c) Public health d) All of them
Ans. d) all of them
7- Environmental Education means
a) Preserving environment b) mental the environment c) both of them d)none
Ans. a) preserving environment
8- Natural Environments Mean
a) Water b) soil c) earth d) all of them
Ans. d) all of them
9- Man- made Environments Mean
a) Artificial Satellite b) space Shuttle c) Roads d) all of them
Ans. d) All of them
10- Plants , tree makes their food through………………
a) By-synthesis b) hi-synthesis c) photo synthesis d) none
Ans. c) photosynthesis
11- Solar movements from north pole to south pole changes
a) Climate b) Degradation of earth c) syntax change d) none
Ans. a) climate
12- Solar system is a …………………………… source of energy.
a) Prime b) Reversible c) Re-cyclic d) All of them
Ans. d)All of them
13- Scope of study Environmental Engineering
a) Mass destruction of nuclear Energy b) clean the Environment c) reduce pollution
d)All of them Ans. d) all of them

14- Man depends on for his/her life

a) Animals b) Plants/ tree c) water d) all of them

Ans. d) all of them

15- American drugs and medicine from plants yearly turnover is nearly

a) $400 billion b) $ 300 billion c) $800 d)$ 10000 billion

Ans. b) $ 300 billion

16- Air pollution through Transportation is

a) 42 % b) 21 % c) 14 % d ) 5%
 Ans. a) 42%

17- Air pollution through fuel is

a) 42 % b) 21 % c) 14 % d ) 5%
Ans. b) 21%

18- Air pollution through Industries is

a) 42 % b) 21 % c) 14 % d ) 5%
Ans. c) 14%

19- Air pollution through solid waste disposal is

a) 42 % b) 21 % c) 14 % d ) 5%
Ans. d) 5%

20- Green House Effect increase global temperature upto2030 year

a) 2 to 3 degree b) 3 to 4 degree c) 5 to 6 degree d) 8 to 9 degree

Ans. b) 3 to 4 degree

21- ferion -12( F-12) gas generate the gas who depleted the ozone layer

a) CFC ( chloro floro carbon) b) Nitrogen c) hydrogen d) oxeygen

Ans. a) CFC ( chloro floro carbon)

22- Acid rain caused by the gases

a) CFC ( chlorofloro carbon) b) oxides of Nitrogen and sulpherc) hydrogen d) oxygen

Ans. b) oxides of Nitrogen and sulpher

23- TajMahal in India is effected by

a) Acid rain b) Yamuna c) Ganga d) Bahamputra

Ans. a) Acid rain

24- Ozone layer protected the people to the sun

a) Ultraviolet rays b) infrared rays c) both of them d) none of them

Ans. c) both of them

25- Un-favorable alteration of the our surroundings

a) Environment pollution b) Soil pollution c) water pollution d) All of them

Ans. d) all of them

26- Bio- degradable pollutants means

a) Decompose naturally b) not decompose naturally c) Sami decompose d) none of these
Ans. a) Decompose naturally

27- Non-Bio- degradable pollutants means

a) Decompose naturally b) not decompose naturally c) Sami decompose d) none of these

Ans. b) not decompose naturally

28- Air pollution may Causes

a) Dust b) smoke c) mist , odor d) all of them

Ans. d) all of them

29- Source of air pollution are

a) Industries Smoke b) Refinery c) forest fire d) all of them

Ans. d) all of them

30-Source of air pollution control measure are

a)unleaded petrol b) use the low ash contents products c) Use low sulpher contents
product d) all of them

Ans. d) all of them

31-Increase of SO2 contents in air causes

a) Acid rain b ) damage lakes, river c) damage Tree d) all of them

Ans. d) all of them

32-Increase of PM contents in air causes

a) Smog b)deep lung infection c) Low visibility d) all of them

Ans. d) all of them

33- Bacteria , Protozoa, virus occurs due to

a) Noise pollution b) water pollution c) nuclear pollution d) none

Ans. b) water pollution

34- Sewage , Industrial chemical waste is the main cause of

a) Noise pollution b) water pollution c) nuclear pollution d) none

Ans. b) water pollution

35- Genetic mutation, birth defects , certain cancer is occur due to

a) Noise pollution b) water pollution c) nuclear pollution d) none

 Ans. c) nuclear pollution

36- Thermal pollution may causes due to

a) Excessive heat b) low heat c) Chilled water d ) none

Ans. a) Excessive heat

37- Due to the thermal pollution which animals kill

a) Fish b) birds c) plants d) all of them

Ans. d) all of them

38- Which thing is highly polluted the soil in the environment

a) Radioactive elements b) Ash contents c) fungus d) all of them

Ans. a) Radioactive elements

39- Chemical fertilizers , pesticides , herbicides are main sources of

a) Noise pollution b) soil pollutionc) nuclear pollution d) All of them

Ans. b) soil pollution

40- Noise pollution is caused due to

a) Industrial noise b)transportation noise c) neighborhood noise d) all of them

Ans. d) all of them

41- Noise pollution is may caused

a) Irritation b) hypertension c) brain stroke d) all of them

Ans. d) all of them

42- Noise pollution is control by

a) Acoustic control of nose b) design change of equipment’s c) use of sound insulator

wall paper d)all of them
Ans. d) All of them

43- Thermal pollution should be control by using

a) Cooling tower b) ventilation device c) heating device d) all of them

Ans. a) Cooling tower

44- Thermal pollution should disturb the ………………………… in water

a) PPM b) dissolved oxygen c) nuclear fungus d) all of them
Ans. b) dissolved oxygen

45- Chemical waste are

a) Polythene b)packaging materials c) bottles d) all of them

Ans. d) all of them

46- Domestic waste are

a) Cloth b) house waste c)waste paper d) all of them

Ans. d) all of them

47- Biomedical waste are

a) Infectious waste b) Anatomical waste c) Medical instrument waste

d)all of them
Ans. d) all of them

48- Construction waste are

a) Concrete b) wood c) Rusted iron d) all of them

Ans. d) all of them

49- Industrial waste are generate

a) Thermal power plants b) nuclear power plants c) refineries d) all of them

Ans. d) all of them

50- Role of Environmental Engineer are

a) To aware the people b) to design sewage system c) utilize the resources effectively
d) all of them
Ans. d) All of them

51-Use of gravity settlers in Air pollution because

a) Simple construction b)Low initial cost c) low maintenance cost d) all of them
Ans. d) all of them

52- where the Electrostatic precipitator in air pollution are used

a) Ions b) magnetic elements c) nuclear elements d) all of them

Ans. d) all of them

53- Combination of two or more air cleaning System are called

a) Hybrid system b) mechanical system c) electrical system d) all of them

 Ans. a) Hybrid system

54- The contaminant diffuse from gaseous state to liquid state is called

a) Absorption b) adsorption c) condensation d) combustion

Ans. a) Absorption

55-The gaseous contaminant adhere it to the surface of the solid

a) Absorption b) adsorption c) condensation d) combustion

Ans. b) adsorption

56-The contaminant burnt with air and converted to CO2 and water vapour

a) Absorption b) adsorption c) condensation d) combustion

Ans. d) Combustion
57 The volatile gases are remove from contaminant stream into liquid state is called
a) Absorption b) adsorption c) condensation d) combustion
Ans. Condensation
58 separating of solid from the polluted water is called
a)Sedimentation b) clarification c) precipitation d) all of them
Ans. d) all of them
59 Measure unit of noise pollution in
a) dB b) Pascal c) Newton d) all of them
Ans. a) dB

60- highest Sound level in conference room

a) 60 dB b) 75 dB c) 90 dB d)35 dB

Ans. d) 35 dB