Exercise 11.

1
Chapter 11

f 1  e1  2  1

Chapter 11 f 1  0.2817  0

Put x  2 in equation (1) we get
Bisection method f  2   e 2   2   2 
f  ai  and f  bi  must have opposite signs then
f  2   3.3891  0
i.e., f  ai  . f  bi   0 then ci  ai  bi
2 Therefore f  x  has opposite in interval 1, 2
First iteration f  a0  . f  b0   0 b). f  x   cos x  1  x x is in radians
ao  bo Sol: Given f  x   cos x  1  x................. 1
co  then find f  co 
2 Put x  0 in equation (1) we get
Check
f  0   cos  0   1  0
Either Or
f  a0  . f  c0   0 f  c0  . f  b0   0 f  0  2  0
Update Put x  1 in equation (1) we get
ao  a1 and c0  b1 co  a1 and bo  b1 f 1  cos 1  1  1
Continuing in this manner f 1  0.9998  0
Regula-Falsi Mehtod Put x  2 in equation (1) we get
f  ai  and f  bi  must have opposite signs then f  2   cos  2   1  2
i.e., f  ai  . f  bi   0 f  2   6.0917  0
ci  ai 
 ai  bi  f  ai  Therefore f  x  has opposite in interval 1, 2
f  ai   f  bi 
c). f  x   x  10 x  23
2

First iteration f  a0  . f  b0   0
Sol: Given f  x   x  10 x  23............. 1
2
 a  bo  f  ao  then find f  co 
co  ao  o
f  ao   f  bo  Put x  0 in equation (1) we get
f  0    0   10  0   23
2
Check
Either Or f  0   23  0
f  a0  . f  c0   0 f  c0  . f  b0   0 Put x  1 in equation (1) we get
Update f 1  1  10 1  23
2

ao  a1 and c0  b1 co  a1 and bo  b1
f 1  1  10  23
Continuing in this manner
Newton Raphson’s Method f 1  14  0
f  xi  Put x  2 in equation (1) we get
xi 1  xi  i  0,1, 2,3,...
f   xi  f  2    2   10  2   23
2

Take i  0 and xo is given f  2   4  20  23

f  x0 
x1  x01  x0  f  2  7  0
f   x0 
Put x  3 in equation (1) we get
Now take i  1
f  3   3  10  3  23
2

f  x1 
x2  x11  x1  f  3  9  30  23
f   x1 
f  3  2  0
Continuing in this manner
Put x  4 in equation (1) we get
Exercise 11.1 f  4    4   10  4   23
2

Q1. Find an interval a  x  b at which f  a  and f  4   16  40  23

f  b  have opposite signs for following functions: f  4   1  0
a). f  x   e  2  x Therefore f  x  has opposite in interval 3, 4
x

Sol: Given f  x   e  2  x................... 1

x
Q2. Compute four iterates of bisection method for
Put x  0 in equation (1) we get following functions with indicated interval  ao , bo 
f  0  e  2   0 1  0
 0
a). f  x   e  2  x
x
1,1.8
Put x  1 in equation (1) we get

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 Exercise 11.1
Chapter 11
Sol: Given f  x   e  2  x.................. 1 Put x  1.15 in equation (1) we get
x

First Iteration: Here ao  1, bo  1.8 f 1.15  e1.15  2  1.15

Put x  1 in equation (1) we get f 1.15  0.0082  0
f 1  e1  2  1 Therefore f 1.1  0, f 1.15   0 , f 1.2   0
f 1  0.2818  0 So the actual roots is lie in the interval 1.1,1.15
Put x  1.8 in equation (1) we get Update a4  1.1, b4  1.15
f 1.8  e1.8  2  1.8
b). f  x   cos x  1  x  0.8,1.6 x is in radians
f 1.8  2.2496  0
Sol: Given f  x   cos x  1  x.............. 1
Therefore f 1  0, f 1.8   0
First Iteration: Here ao  0.8, bo  1.6
So the actual roots is lie in the interval 1,1.8 Put x  0.8 in equation (1) we get
Then co  ao  bo putting the values f  0.8  cos  0.8   1   0.8 
2
1  1.8 2.8 f  0.8  0.8967  0
c0  
2 2 Put x  1.6 in equation (1) we get
co  1.4 f 1.6   cos 1.6   1  1.6 
Put x  1.4 in eq (1) we get
f 1.6   0.6292  0
Second Iteration:
f 1.4   e 1.4
 2  1.4 
Therefore f  0.8   0, f 1.6   0
f 1.4   0.6552  0
So the actual roots is lie in the interval  0.8,1.6
Therefore f 1  0, f 1.4   0 , f 1.8   0
ao  bo
So the actual roots is lie in the interval 1,1.4  Then co  putting the values
2
Update a1  1, b1  1.4 0.8  1.6 2.4
co  
a1  b1 2 2
Then c1  putting the values
2 co  1.2
1  1.4 2.4 Second Iteration: Put x  1.2 in eq (1) we get
c1  
2 2 f 1.2   cos 1.2   1  1.2 
c1  1.2
f 1.2   0.1624  0
Third Iteration: Put x  1.2 in eq (1) we get
Therefore f  0.8   0, f 1.2   0, f 1.6   0
f 1.2   e1.2  2  1.2 
So the actual roots is lie in the interval 1.2,1.6 
f 1.2   0.1201  0
Update a1  1.2, b1  1.6
Therefore f 1  0, f 1.2   0 , f 1.4   0
a1  b1
So the actual roots is lie in the interval 1,1.2  Then c1  putting the values
2
Update a2  1, b2  1.2 1.2  1.6 2.8
c1  
a  b2 2 2
Then c2  2 putting the values
2 c1  1.4
1  1.2 2.2 Third Iteration: Put x  1.4 in equation (1) we get
c2  
2 2 f 1.4   cos 1.4   1  1.4 
c2  1.1
f 1.4   0.2300  0
Fourth Iteration: Put x  1.1 in eq (1) we get
f 1.1  e1.1  2  1.1 Therefore f 1.2   0, f 1.4   0, f 1.6   0

f 1.1  0.0958  0 So the actual roots is lie in the interval 1.2,1.4 

Therefore f 1  0, f 1.1  0, f 1.2   0 Update a2  1.2, b2  1.4

a  b2
So the actual roots is lie in the interval 1.1,1.2  Then c2  2 putting the values
2
Update a3  1.1, b3  1.2 1.2  1.4 2.6
c2  
a  b3 2 2
Then c3  3 putting the values
2 c2  1.3
1.1  1.2 2.3
c3   Fourth Iteration: Put x  1.3 in equation (1)
2 2
c3  1.15

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 Exercise 11.1
Chapter 11
f 1.3  cos 1.3  1  1.3  0.0325  0 So the actual roots is lie in the interval  3.4,3.6 
Therefore f 1.2   0, f 1.3   0 , f 1.4   0 Update a2  3.4, b2  3.6
So the actual roots is lie in the interval 1.2,1.3 Then c2 
a2  b2
putting the values
Update a3  1.2, b3  1.3 2
3.4  3.6 7
a  b3
Then c3  3 putting the values c2  
2
2 2
1.2  1.3 2.5 c2  3.5
c3   Fourth Iteration: Put x  1.1 in equation (1)
2 2
f  3.5   3.5  10  3.5  23
2
c3  1.25
Put x  1.25 in equation (1) we get f  3.5  0.25  0
f 1.25  cos 1.25   1  1.25  Therefore f  3.4   0, f  3.5   0, f  3.6   0
f 1.25  0.0653  0 Update a3  3.5, b3  3.6
Therefore f 1.2   0, f 1.25   0, f 1.3   0 So the actual roots is lie in the interval  3.5,3.6 
So the actual roots is lie in the interval 1.25,1.3 a3  b3
Then c3  putting the values
Update a4  1.25, b4  1.3 2
3.5  3.6 7.1
c). f  x   x  10 x  23
2
3.2, 4 c3  
2 2
Sol: Given f  x   x  10 x  23............. 1
2
c3  3.55
First Iteration: Here a0  3.2, b0  4 Put x  3.55 in equation (1) we get
Put x  3.2 in equation (1) we get f  3.55   3.55  10  3.55  23
2

f  3.2    3.2   10  3.2   23

2
f  3.55  0.1025  0
f  3.2   1.24  0 Therefore f  3.5   0, f  3.55   0, f  3.6   0
Put x  4 in equation (1) we get
So the actual roots is lie in the interval 3.55,3.6
f  4    4   10  4   23
2

Update a4  3.55, b4  3.6

f  4   1  0
Q3. Compute four iterates of the regula-falsi method for
Therefore f  3.2   0, f  4   0 following functions with indicated interval  ao , bo  :
So the actual roots is lie in the interval 3.2, 4  a). f  x   e  2  x
x
 2.4, 1.6
ao  bo Sol: Given f  x   e  2  x................... 1
x
Then co  putting the values
2
First iteration Here a0  2.4, b0  1.6
3.2  4 7.2
co   Put x  2.4 in equation (1) we get
2 2
co  3.6 f  2.4   e 2.4  2   2.4 
Second Iteration: Put x  3.6 in equation (1) f  2.4   0.4907  0
f  3.6    3.6   10  3.6   23 Put x  1.6 in equation (1) we get
2

f  3.6   0.04  0 f  1.6   e 1.6  2   1.6 

Therefore f  3.2   0, f  3.6   0, f  4   0 f  1.6   0.1981  0
So the actual roots is lie in the interval  3.2,3.6  Therefore f  2.4   0, f  1.6   0

Update a1  3.2, b1  3.6 So the actual roots is lie in interval  2.4, 1.6 

Then co  ao   o
a1  b1 a  bo  f  ao 
Then c1  putting the values putting the values
2 f  ao   f  bo 

c1 
3.2  3.6 6.8
 co  2.4 
 2.4   1.6    0.4907 
2 2 0.4907   0.1981
c1  3.4
co  2.4 
 2.4  1.6  0.4907 
Third Iteration: Put x  3.4 in equation (1) we get
0.4907  0.1981
f  3.4    3.4   10  3.4   23  0.56  0
2

Therefore f  3.2   0, f  3.4   0, f  3.6   0

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 Exercise 11.1
Chapter 11

co  2.4 
 0.8 0.4907 
c3  2.4 
 2.4   1.8414    0.4907 
0.6888
0.4907   0.0000048 
co  2.4  0.5699
co  1.8300 c3  2.4 
 2.4  1.8414  0.4907 
Second Iteration: Put x  1.8300 in eq (1) we get 0.4907  0.0000048
f  1.8300   e  1.8300
 2   1.8300  c3  2.4 
 0.5586 0.4907 
f  1.8300   0.0096  0
0.4907048
c3  2.4  0.5586
 f  2.4   0, f  1.8300   0 , f  1.6   0
c3  1.8414
So actual roots is lie in interval  2.4, 1.8300 Put x  1.8414 in equation (1) we get
Update a1  2.4, b1  1.8300 f  1.8414  e 1.8414  2   1.8414

Then c1  a1 
 a1  b1  f  a1  putting the values f  1.8414   0.0000048  0
f  a1   f  b1   f  2.4   0, f  1.8414   0 , f  1.8414   0

c1  2.4 
 2.4   1.8300  0.4907  So actual roots is lie in interval  2.4, 1.8414 
0.4907   0.0096 
Update a4  2.4, b4  1.8414
c  2.4 
 2.4  1.8300  0.4907  b). f  x   cos x  1  x  0.8,1.6 x is in radians
0.4907  0.0096
1

Sol: Given f  x   cos x  1  x............... 1

c1  2.4 
 0.57  0.4907 
0.5003 First iteration: Here a0  0.8, b0  1.6
c1  2.4  0.5591 Put x  0.8 in equation (1) we get
c1  1.8409 f  0.8  cos  0.8   1   0.8 
Third Iteration: Put x  1.8409 in equation (1) f  0.8  0.8967  0
f  1.8409   e  1.8409
 2   1.8409  Put x  1.6 in equation (1) we get
f 1.6   cos 1.6   1  1.6 
f  1.8409   0.00043  0
 f  2.4   0, f  1.8409   0 f  1.8300   0
f 1.6   0.6292  0
Therefore f  0.8   0, f 1.6   0
So actual roots is lie in interval  2.4, 1.8409 
Update a2  2.4, b2  1.8409 So the actual roots is lie in the interval  0.8,1.6

 a2  b2  f  a2  putting the values Then co  ao 

 ao  bo  f  ao  putting the values
Then c2  a2  f  ao   f  bo 
f  a2   f  b2 
 2.4   1.8409    0.4907  co  0.8 
 0.8  1.6  0.8967 
c2  2.4  0.8967   0.6292 
0.4907   0.00043
 2.4  1.8409  0.4907  c  0.8 
 0.8 0.8967 
c  2.4  o
0.8967  0.6292
0.4907  0.00043
2

0.71736
c2  2.4 
 0.5591 0.4907  co  0.8 
1.5259
0.49113
co  0.8  0.4701
c2  2.4  0.5586
co  1.2701
c2  1.8414
Second Iteration: Put x  1.2701 in equation (1)
Fourth Iteration: Put x  1.8414 in eq (1) we get
f 1.2701  cos 1.2701  1  1.2701
f  1.8414   e 1.8414  2   1.8414 
f 1.2701  0.0261  0
f  1.8414   0.0000048  0
Therefore f  0.8   0, f 1.2701  0,
 f  2.4   0, f  1.8414   0 f  1.8409   0
f 1.6   0
So actual roots is lie in interval  2.4, 1.8414 
So the actual roots is lie in interval 1.2701,1.6
Update a3  2.4, b3  1.8414
Update a1  1.2701, b1  1.6
 a  b  f  a3 
Then c3  a3  3 3
f  a3   f  b3 
putting the values
Then c1  a1 
 a1  b1  f  a1  putting the values
f  a1   f  b1 

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 Exercise 11.1
Chapter 11

c1  1.2701 
1.2701  1.6  0.0261 Update a4  1.2834, b4  1.6
0.0261   0.6292  c). f  x   x  10 x  23
2
3.2, 4
c1  1.2701 
 0.3299  0.0261 Sol: Given f  x   x  10 x  23............... 1
2

0.0261  0.6292 First iteration: Here a0  3.2, b0  4

0.00861039 Put x  3.2 in equation (1) we get
c1  1.2701 
0.6553
f  3.2    3.2   10  3.2   23
2

c1  1.2701  0.0131
c1  1.2832 f  3.2   1.24  0
Third Iteration: Put x  1.2832 in equation (1) Put x  4 in equation (1) we get
f  4    4   10  4   23
2
f 1.2832   cos 1.2832   1  1.2832 
f 1.2832   0.000448  0 f  4   1  0

 f 1.2701  0, f 1.2832   0, f 1.6   0 Therefore f  3.2   0, f  4   0

So the actual roots is lie in interval 1.2832,1.6 So the actual roots is lie in the interval 3.2, 4 

Update a2  1.2832, b2  1.6 Then co  ao   ao  bo  f  ao  putting the values

f  ao   f  bo 
 a  b2  f  a2  putting the values
Then c2  a2  2
f  a2   f  b2  co  3.2 
 3.2  4 1.24 
1.24   1
1.2832  1.6  0.000448
c2  1.2832 
0.000448   0.6292  co  3.2 
 0.81.24 
1.24  1
c  1.2832 
 3.3168 0.000448 0.992
2
0.000448  0.6292 co  3.2 
2.24
0.000142 co  3.2  0.4429
c2  1.2832 
0.6296 co  3.6429
c2  1.2832  0.0002255
Second Iteration: Put x  3.6429 in eq (1) we get
c2  1.2834
f  3.6429    3.6429   10  3.6429   23
2

Fourth Iteration: Put x  1.2834 in equation (1)

f 1.2834   cos 1.2834   1  1.2834  f  3.6429   0.1583  0
Therefore f  3.2   0, f  3.6429   0 , f  4   0
f 1.2834   0.0000563  0
So actual roots is lie in the interval 3.2,3.6429
 f 1.2832   0, f 1.2834   0, f 1.6   0
Update a1  3.2, b1  3.6429
So the actual roots is lie in interval 1.2834,1.6
Update a3  1.2834, b3  1.6 Then c1  a1 
 a1  b1  f  a1  putting the values
f  a1   f  b1 
 a3  b3  f  a3 
Then c3  a3 
f  a3   f  b3 
putting the values
c1  3.2 
 3.2  3.6429 1.24 
1.24   0.1583
c3  1.2834 
1.2834  1.6  0.0000563
0.0000563   0.6292  c  3.2 
 0.4429 1.24 
1.24  0.1583
1

c3  1.2834 
 3.3166  0.0000563
0.0000563  0.6292
0.549196
c1  3.2 
0.0000178 1.3983
c3  1.2834  c1  3.2  0.3928
0.6292563
c3  1.2834  0.0000283 c1  3.5928
c3  1.2834283 Third Iteration: Put x  3.5928 in equation (1)
Put x  1.2834 in equation (1) we get f  3.5928   3.5928  10  3.5928  23
2

f 1.2834   cos 1.2834   1  1.2834 

f  3.5928  0.0198  0
f 1.2834   0.0000563  0  f  3.2   0, f  3.5928   0 , f  3.6429   0
Therefore f 1.2834   0,
So the actual roots is lie in interval 3.2,3.5928
f 1.2834   0, f 1.6   0
Update a2  3.2, b2  3.5928
So the actual roots is lie in interval 1.2834,1.6

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 Exercise 11.1
Chapter 11

Then c2  a2 
 a2  b2  f  a2  putting the values Putting the value of f  x  and f   x  we have
f  a2   f  b2  xi2  2 xi  1
xi 1  xi  ..........................................  A 
c2  3.2 
 3.2  3.59281.24  2 xi  2
1.24   0.0198 For First iteration put i  0 in equation (A), we get
 3.39281.24  x02  2 x0  1
c2  3.2  x01  x0  Put xo  2.5
1.24  0.0198 2 x0  2
 2.5  2  2.5   1
2
0.4871
c2  3.2  x1  2.5 
1.2598 2  2.5   2
c2  3.2  0.3866
6.25  5  1
c2  3.5866 x1  2.5 
52
Fourth Iteration: Put x  3.5866 in equation (1) 0.25
f  3.5866    6.5866   10  3.5866   23
2 x1  2.5 
3
f  3.5866   0.0023  0 x1  2.5  0.0833333
x1  2.4166667
 f  3.2   0, f  3.5866   0 , f  3.5928   0
For Second iteration put i  1 in equation (A),
So the actual roots is lie in interval 3.2,3.5866
x12  2 x1  1
Update a3  3.2, b3  3.5866 x11  x1  Put x1  2.4166667
2 x1  2
Then c3  a3 
 a3  b3  f  a3  putting the values  2.4166667   2  2.4166667   1
2

f  a3   f  b3  x2  2.4166667 
2  2.4166667   2

c3  3.2 
 3.2  3.5866 1.24  5.8402778  4.8333333  1
x2  2.4166667 
1.24   0.0023 4.83333333  2

c  3.2 
 0.3866 1.24  x2  2.4166667 
0.0069444
2.8333333
1.24  0.0023
3
x2  2.4166667  0.002451
0.4793
c3  3.2  x2  2.4142157
1.2423
For Third iteration put i  2 in equation (A),
c3  3.2  0.3859
x22  2 x2  1
c3  3.5859 x21  x2  Put x2  2.4142157
2 x2  2
Put x  3.5859 in equation (1) we get
 2.4142157   2  2.4142157   1
2

f  3.5859    3.5859   10  3.5859   23

2
x3  2.4142157 
2  2.414215  2
f  3.5859   0.00032119  0 5.8284374  4.8284314  1
x3  2.4142157 
 f  3.2   0, f  3.5859   0 , f  3.5866   0 4.8284314  2
So the actual roots is lie in interval 3.2,3.5866 x3  2.4142157 
0.000006
2.8284314
Update a4  3.2, b4  3.5859 x3  2.4142157  0.0000021
Q4. Let f  x   x  2 x  1 The actual roots of x3  2.4142136
2

f  x  are r1  2.414214 and r2  0.414214 This is nearly equal to r1  2.414214

use Newton-Raphson method b). with initial start xo  0.5 to compute iterates
a). with initial start xo  2.5 to compute iterates x1 , x2 x1 , x2 & x3 that will converge actual root r2 of f  x
and x3 that will converge actual root r1 of f  x Sol: Given f  x   x  2 x  1................... 1
2

Sol: Given f  x   x  2 x  1................... 1

2
Differentiating with respect to x, we get
Differentiating with respect to x, we get d
dx f  x  d
dx x 2  2 dxd x  dxd 1
d
dx f  x  d
dx x 2  2 dxd x  dxd 1 f   x   2 x dxd x  2 1  0
f   x   2 x dxd x  2 1  0 f   x   2 x  2..........................................  2 
f   x   2 x  2..........................................  2  Newton Rephson formula is given by
Newton Rephson formula is given by f  xi 
xi 1  xi 
f  xi  f   xi 
xi 1  xi 
f   xi  Putting the value of f  x  and f   x  we have

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 Exercise 11.1
Chapter 11
xi2  2 xi  1 xi3  3
xi 1  xi  ..........................................  A xi 1  xi  ..........................................  A 
2 xi  2 3xi2
For First iteration put i  0 in equation (A), we get For First iteration put i  0 in equation (A), we get
x 2  2 x0  1 x3  3
x01  x0  0 Put xo  0.5 x01  x0  0 2 Put xo  1
2 x0  2 3 xo
 0.5  2  0.5  1 1  3
2 3

x1  0.5  x1  1 
2  0.5  2 3 1
2

0.25  1  1 1 3
x1  0.5  x1  1 
1  2 3
0.25
x1  0.5  2 2
3 x1  1   1
3 3
x1  0.5  0.0833333
x1  1.6666667
x1  0.4166667 For Second iteration put i  1 in equation (A),
For Second iteration put i  1 in equation (A), x13  3
x  2 x1  1
2 x11  x1  Put x1  1.6666667
x11  x1  1
Put x1  0.4166667 3x12
2 x1  2
1.6666667   3
3

x2  1.6666667 
 0.4166667   2  0.4166667   1
2
3 1.6666667 
2
x2  0.4166667 
2  0.4166667   2
4.6296296  3
0.1736111  0.8333333  1 x2  1.6666667 
x2  0.4166667  8.3333333
0.83333333  2 1.6296296
0.0069444 x2  1.6666667 
x2  0.4166667  8.3333333
2.8333333 x2  1.6666667  0.1955555
x2  0.4166667  0.002451
x2  1.4711111
x2  0.4142157
For Third iteration put i  2 in equation (A),
For Third iteration put i  2 in equation (A),
x23  3
x 2  2 x2  1 x21  x2  Put x2  1.417111111
x21  x2  2 Put x2  0.4142157 3 x22
2 x2  2
1.4711111  3
3

 0.4142157   2  0.4142157   1
2

x3  0.4142157  x3  1.4711111 
3 1.4711111
2
2  0.414215   2
0.1715729  0.8284314  1 3.1837314  3
x3  0.4142157  x3  1.4711111 
0.8284314  2 6.4925037
0.000006 0.1837314
x3  0.4142157  x3  1.4711111 
2.8284314 6.4925037
x3  0.4142157  0.0000021 x3  1.4711111  0.028299
x3  0.4142136 x3  1.4428121
This is nearly equal to r2  0.414214
b). f  x   sin  x  , xo  1
x3
Sol: Given f  x   sin  x  ..................... 1
Q5. Find iterate of the Newton-Raphson iterative
method for the following functions with initial start xo Differentiating with respect to x, we get
a). f  x   x  3, xo  1 f  x  sin  x 
3
d d
dx dx

Sol: Given f  x   x  3.......................... 1 f   x   cos  x  dxd x

3

Differentiating with respect to x, we get f   x   cos  x  ..........................................  2 

d
dx f  x  d
dx x3  dxd 3 Newton Rephson formula is given by
f   x   3x 2 d
dx x0 xi 1  xi 
f  xi 
f   xi 
f   x   3x 2 ...............................................  2 
Putting the value of f  x  and f   x  we have
Newton Rephson formula is given by
f  xi  sin  xi 
xi 1  xi  xi 1  xi 
f   xi  cos  xi 
Putting the value of f  x  and f   x  we have xi 1  xi  tan  xi  ..........................................  A

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 Exercise 11.1
Chapter 11
For First iteration put i  0 in equation (A), we get For Third iteration put i  2 in equation (A)
x01  x0  tan  xo  Put xo  1 x23  2 x2  1
x21  x2  Put x2  0.45454545
x1  1  tan 1 3x22  2
x1  1  1.5574077  0.45454545  2  0.45454545 1
3

x3  0.45454545 
x1  0.5574077 3  0.45454545  2
2

For Second iteration put i  1 in equation (A) 0.0939144  0.909090  1

x11  x1  tan  x1  Put x1  0.5574077 x3  0.45454545 
0.6198347  2
x2  0.5574077  tan  0.5574077  0.0030053
x3  0.454545 
x2  0.5574077   0.6233442  2.6198347
x3  0.454545  0.0011471
x2  0.0659365
x3  0.4533983
For Third iteration put i  2 in equation (A)
x21  x2  tan  x2  Put x2  0.0659365 Q6. Use Newton-Raphson iterative method to
approximate the actual r of the following non-
x3  0.0659365  tan  0.0659365 linear equations with indicated interval: Continue
x3  0.0659365  0.0660322 the process until two consecutive iterates will
agree to three decimal places.
x3  0.0000957
a) f  x   x  3x  1  0  0,1
3
on
c). f  x   x  2 x  1, xo  0
3

Sol: Given f  x   x  3 x  1  0............ 1

3

Sol: Given f  x   x  2 x  1................ 1

3
Differentiating with respect to x, we get
Differentiating with respect to x, we get d
f  x  d
x3  3 dxd x  dxd 1
f  x 
dx dx
d d
x 2
3 d
x 1
d
dx dx dx dx
f   x   3x 2 d
x  3 1  0
f   x   3x x  2 1  0
2 d dx
dx
f   x   3x 2  3..........................................  2 
f   x   3x  2..........................................  2 
2
Newton Rephson formula is given by
Newton Rephson formula is given by f  xi 
f  xi  xi 1  xi 
xi 1  xi  f   xi 
f   xi 
Putting the value of f  x  and f   x  we have
Putting the value of f  x  and f   x  we have
xi3  3xi  1
x  2 xi  1
3 xi 1  xi  ..........................................  A
xi 1  xi  i
..........................................  A  3xi2  3
3xi2  2 For First iteration put i  0 in equation (A), we get
For First iteration put i  0 in equation (A), we get x03  3x0  1
x03  2 x0  1 x01  x0  Put xo  0
x01  x0  Put xo  0 3x02  3
3x02  2
 0  3 0 1
3

 0  2  0 1  0
3
x1
x1  0 
3 0  3
2
3 0  2
2

1 1 1
x1  0 
2
x1  0  
3 3
1
x1 
2
x1  0.3333333
x1  0.5 For Second iteration put i  1 in equation (A)
For Second iteration put i  1 in equation (A) x13  3x1  1
x11  x1  Put x1  0.3333333
x13  2 x1  1 3x12  3
x11  x1  Put x1  0.5
3x12  2  0.3333333  3  0.3333333  1
3

x2  0.3333333 
 0.5   2  0.5   1
3
3  0.3333333  3
2
x2  0.5 
3  0.5   2
2

0.0370370
0.125  1  1 x2  0.3333333 
x2  0.5  3.3333333
0.75  2
x2  0.3333333  0.011111111
0.125
x2  0.5  x2  0.3222222
2.75
x2  0.5  0.0454545 For Third iteration put i  2 in equation (A)

x2  0.45454545
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 Exercise 11.1
Chapter 11

x23  3x2  1 x23  2 x22  x2  1 Put x  2.5525519

x21  x2  Put x2  0.3222222 x21  x2  2
3x22  3 3x22  4 x2  1
 2.5525519  2  2.5525519   2.5525519  1
3 2

 0.3222222  3  0.3222222   1
3
x3  2.5525519 
x3  0.3222222  3  2.5525519   4  2.5525519  1
2

3  0.3222222   3
2
0.0476113
x3  2.5525519 
0.0001221 8.3363555
x3  0.3222222 
3.3114815 x3  2.5525519  0.0057113
x3  0.3222222  0.0000369 x3  2.5468406
x3  0.3221854 For Fourth iteration put i  3 in equation (A)
For Fourth iteration put i  3 in equation (A) x33  2 x32  x3  1
x31  x3  Put x3  2.5468406
x33  3 x3  1 3x32  4 x3  1
x31  x3  Put x3  0.3221854
3 x32  3  2.5468406  2  2.5468406   2.5468406  1
3 2

x4  2.5468406 
3  2.5468406   4  2.5468406  1
 0.3221854  3  0.3221854  1
2
3

x4  0.3221854  0.0001847
3  0.3221854   3
2
x4  2.5468406 
8.2718287
0
x4  0.3221854  x4  2.5468406  0.0000223
3.3144102
x4  0.3221854  0 x4  2.5468183
x4  0.3221854 c). 3
x  3  x 1 on 3, 2
b) f  x   x  2 x  x  1  0  3, 2  Sol: Given 3 x  3  x  1
3 2
on
Sol: Given f  x   x  2 x  x  1  0...... 1 x  3  x 1  0 3
3 2 Or
Differentiating with respect to x, we get Let f  x   3 x  3  x  1  0
f  x   x3  2 x 2  x  1 Differentiating with respect to x, we get
f  x  f  x   x  3  dxd x  dxd 1
1

x3  2 dxd x 2  dxd x  dxd 1

d d d d 3
dx dx dx dx

f   x   3x 2 x  2  2 x  dxd x  1  0 f   x   13  x  3  1  0
2
d 3
dx

f   x   3x 2  4 x  1..........................................  2  f   x   13  x  3 3  1..........................................  2
2

Newton Rephson’s formula is given by Newton Rephson formula is given by

f  xi  f  xi 
xi 1  xi  xi 1  xi 
f   xi  f   xi 
Putting the value of f  x  and f   x  we have Putting the value of f  x  and f   x  we have
xi3  2 xi2  xi  1  x  3  xi  1 ..................................... A
1
3

xi 1  xi  ..........................................  A  xi 1  xi  i  
3  xi  3
2

3xi2  4 xi  1 1
1 3

For First iteration put i  0 in equation (A), we get For First iteration put i  0 in equation (A), we get
 x0  3 3  x0  1
1
x03  2 x02  xo  1
x01  x0  Put xo  3 x01  x0  Put xo  3
3x02  4 x0  1 1
 x  3 
2
3
 1
3 0
 3  2  3   3  1
3 2

 3  3   3  1
1

x1  3  3

3  3  4  3  1
2
x01  3 
3  3  3
2
1
1 3

5
x1  3   2.6428571 0.1828794
14 x1  3 
For Second iteration put i  1 in equation (A), 0.8990488
x1  2.79568568
x13  2 x12  x1  1
x11  x1  Put x1  2.6428571 For Second iteration put i  1 in equation (A)
3x12  4 x1  1
 x  3  x1  1 Put x  2.79568568
1
3

 2.6428571  2  2.6428571   2.6428571  1

3 2
x11  x1  1 1
3  x1  3  1
2
x2  2.6428571  1 3

3  2.6428571  4  2.6428571  1
2

 2.795685  3   2.795685  1
1

0.8473032
3

x11  2.795685 
x2  2.6428571 
3  2.79568568  3
2
1
1 3

9.3826531
0.00023652869
x2  2.6428571  0.0903053 x2  2.79568568 
0.896700733
x2  2.5525519 x2  2.795421903
For Third iteration put i  2 in equation (A) For Third iteration put i  2 in equation (A)

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 Exercise 11.2
Chapter 11

 x2  3  x2  1 Put x  2.795421903 xi  1
1
3

x21  x2  2 xi 1  xi 
3  x2  3  1
xi .xi2
2
1 3

 x  3  x2  1
1
xi  1
xi 1  xi 
3

x21  x2  2 xi1
3  x2  3  1
2
1 3

xi 1  xi  xi  xi  1
 2.79542  3   2.79542   1
1
3

x3  2.79542  xi 1  xi  xi2  xi
3  2.7954219  3  1
2
1 3

0.00080702291
xi 1  2 xi  xi2 ..........................................  A
x3  2.7954219  For First iteration put i  0 in equation (A), we get
0.896686904
x3  2.794521895 x01  2 x0  x02 Put xo  2
x1  2  2    2 
2
Q7. Can Newton-Rephson iterative method by
used for the following functions? x1  4  4
a). f  x   9 x 4  16 x 3  36 x 2  96 x  60, xo 
4 x1  0
3 For Second iteration put i  1 in equation (A)
Sol: Given f  x   9 x  16 x  36 x  96 x  60 x11  2 x1  x12 Put x1  0
4 3 2

Differentiating with respect to x, we get x2  2  0    0 

2
d
f  x  9 d
x  16
4 d
x  36
3 d
x  96
2 d
x  60
d
dx dx dx dx
x2  0 dx dx

f  x   9  4 x  dx x  16  3x  dx x  36  2 x  dx x  96  0 Now we cannot proceed any more

 3 d 2 d d

f   x   36 x 3  48 x 2  72 x  96............................  2  Because every iteration has become same answer

4 Trapezoidal rule:
Put x0  b
x
3 I   f  x  dx  Tn   fo  2 f1  2 f 2   2 f n1  f n 
4 4 4
3
4
2
a
2
f     36    48    72    96
3 3 3 3 ba
Where x  and a  xo , xn  xo  n.x,
4  64   16 
  24  4   96
f     36    48 
n
3  27   9 
and xn  b which is last knot
4  64   16 
f     36    48    24  4   96 We find xo , x1 , x2 ,..., xn1, xn and their
3  27   9 
 4  256 256 corresponding values fo , f1 , f 2 ,..., f n1 , f n
f      96  96
3 3 3
Simpson’s rule:
4
f    0 b
x
3 I   f  x  dx  S2 n   f o  4  f1  f3   f 2 n1 
Thus Newton Raphson method fails, because when a
3 
we put in formula 2  f 2  f 4   f 2 n2   f 2 n 
f  xi 
xi 1  xi  ba
0 Where x  and a  xo , xn  xo  n.x,
2n
It will become undefined, so we stop the process
and x2n  b which is last knot
1
b). f  x   1  , xo  2 We find xo , x1 , x2 ,..., x2n1 , x2n and their
x
1 corresponding values fo , f1 , f 2 ,..., f 2n1, f 2n
Sol: Given f  x   1  , xo  2
x
x 1
Exercise 11.2
Or f  x  Q1. Use the trapezoidal rule to approximate the
x
value of each definite integral. Round the answer
Differentiating with respect to x, we get
to the nearest hundredth and compare your result
d
dx f  x   dxd 1  dxd x 1 with the exact value of the definite integral:
f   x   0    x 2  dxd x
3


a). I  x dx n4
2

f   x   x ..........................................  2 
2 1
3
Newton Rephson formula is given by Sol: Given I   x dx n4
2

f  xi 
xi 1  xi 
1

f   xi 
b

Putting the value of f  x  and f   x  we have

Compare with I   f  x
a
dx we get

a  1, b  3, f  x   x2

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 Exercise 11.2
Chapter 11
ba b
Now x 
n
putting the values Compare with I   f  x
a
dx we get
3 1 2 1
x    x   0.5 x2
4 4 2 a  0, b  1, f  x  1
Put i  0 corresponding value of function 2
xo  a  1 f o  f  xo   12  1 Now x  b  a putting the values
n
Put i  1 corresponding value of function 1 0 1
x   x   0.25
x1  xo  1.x 4 4
Put i  0
f1  f  x1   1.52
corresponding value of function
x1  1  1 0.5 
f o  f  xo   02
1
f1  f 1.5  2.25
2
x1  1  0.5 xo  a  0 fo  f  0  0  1
x1  1.5 fo  f  0  1
Put i  2 corresponding value of function Put i  1 corresponding value of function
x2  xo  2.x
f 2  f  x2   22 x1  xo  1.x f1  f  x1   0.252
1
x2  1  2  0.5 
2

f2  f  2  4 x1  0  1 0.25  f1  f  0.25  0.03125  1

x2  1  1
x2  2 x1  0.25 f1  f  0.25  1.03125
Put i  3 corresponding value of function Put i  2 corresponding value of function
x3  xo  3.x x2  xo  2.x f 2  f  x2   0.52  1
2

x3  1  3  0.5  f3  f  x3   2.52 x2  0  2  0.25  f 2  f  0.5  0.125  1

x3  1  1.5 f3  f  2.5  6.25 x2  0  0.5
f 2  f  0.5  1.125
x3  2.5 x2  0.5
Put i  4 corresponding value of function Put i  3 corresponding value of function
x4  xo  4.x x3  xo  3.x f3  f  x3   0.752
2 1
x4  1  4  0.5  f 4  f  x4   3 2
x3  0  3  0.25  f3  f  0.75   0.28125  1
x4  1  2 f 4  f  3  9 x3  0.75 f3  f  0.75   1.28125
x4  3  b Put i  4 corresponding value of function
Trapezoidal rule for n  4 f 4  f  x4   12  1
x4  xo  4.x
2

x
3
I   x 2 dx  T4   f o  2 f1  2 f 2  2 f3  f 4  x4  0  4  0.25 f 4  f 1  0.5  1
1
2
putting x4  1  b f 4  f 1  1.5
0.5 Trapezoidal rule for n  4
I 1  2  2.25   2  4   2  6.25   9 
2  x
I  T4   fo  2 f1  2 f 2  2 f3  f 4  putting
I  0.25 1  4.5  8  12.5  9 2
I  0.25 35
0.25
I 1  2 1.03125  1.125  1.28125   1.5
2 
I  8.75
3
I  0.125 9.375  1.171875
Exact   x 2 dx 1
 x2 
1
Exact     1 dx
0 
2
3 3
x 1 3 3 1
E  3  1  x3 13   03 
3 3 E  x    1    0 
1 6 0 6  6 
1 1
E   27  1   26 1 7
E   1   1.166667
3 3 6 6
E  8.67 Error = Exact – Approximate
Error = Exact – Approximate Error = 1.171875 – 1.166667
Error = 8.67 – 8.75 Error = 0.00508
Error = 0.08 3
c). I  1 dx
1
 x2   x
n6
b). I     1 dx n4
1
3
0 
2 1
 2 1

Sol: Given I   x dx n6
Sol: Given I    x  1 dx n4
1
b
0 
2
Compare with I   f  x  dx we get
a

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 Exercise 11.2
Chapter 11
3
1
a  1, b  3, f  x  Exact  
1
dx
x 1
x
ba
Now x  E   ln x 1   ln 3  ln1
3
putting values
n
3 1 2 1 E  ln 3  0  1.098612
x   
6 6 3 Error = Exact – Approximate
Put i  0 corresponding value of function Error = 1.106746-1.098612
1 Error = 0.008134
f o  f  xo  
xo  a  1
2
1
f o  f 1  1
d). I  
0
1  x 2 dx n6

Put i  1 corresponding value of function 2

x1  xo  1.x f1  f  x1  
1 Sol: Given I  
0
1  x 2 dx n6
4
1 3 b
x1  1  1 
3 4 3
f1  f   
Compare with I   f  x
a
dx we get
4 3 4
x1 
3 a  0, b  1, f  x   1  x2
Put i  2 corresponding value of function ba
Now x  putting the values
x2  xo  2.x 1
f 2  f  x2   5 n
1 20 1
x2  1  2  
3
x  
3 5 3 6 3
f2  f    Put i  0 corresponding value of function
x2  35
3 5
f o  f  xo   1   0 
2
Put i  3 corresponding value of function
x3  xo  3.x
1 xo  a  0 fo  f  0  1
x3  1  3  13  f3  f  x3  
2 fo  f  0  1
x3  2
Put i  1 corresponding value of function
Put i  4 corresponding value of function
f1  f  x1   1   13 
2
1
x4  xo  4.x f 4  f  x4   x1  xo  1.x
f1  f  13   1  19
7
x4  1  4  13  1
3
x1  0  1 
7 3
x4  7 f4  f    3 f1  f  13   109
3
3 7 1
Put i  5 corresponding value of function x1  f1  f  13   10
3
3
x5  xo  5.x f5  f  x5  
1 Put i  2 corresponding value of function
8
f 2  f  x2   1   23 
2
1 3
x5  1  5   x2  xo  2.x
3 8 3
f5  f    f 2  f  23   1  94
3 8 1
x5 
8 x2  0  2  
3 3 f 2  f  23   139
Put i  6 corresponding value of function 2
x6  xo  6.x x2  f 2  f  23   313
1 3
1 f 6  f  x6   Put i  3 corresponding value of function
x6  1  6   3
3 x3  xo  3.x
f3  f  x3   1  1
2
x6  3  b
1
Trapezoidal rule for n  6 x3  0  3    1 f3  f 1  2
x 3
I  T4   f o  2  f1  f 2  f3  f 4  f5   f 6  Put i  4
2  corresponding value of function
f 4  f  x4   1   43 
2
putting
1
x4  xo  4.x
I 3
1  2  34  53  12  73  83   13  f 4  f  43   1  169
2 1
x2  0  4  
1  2789  2789 3 f 4  f  43   259
I  
6  420  2520 4
x2  f 4  f  43   53
I  1.106746 3
Put i  5 corresponding value of function

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 Exercise 11.2
Chapter 11

f 5  f  x5   1   53 
2 Put i  1 corresponding value of function
x5  xo  5.x
f1  f  x1   1
1 f5  f  53   1 25 x1  xo  1.x 1  0.2 
2

x5  0  5   9

3 f5  f  53   34
9
x1  0  1 0.2  f1  f  0.2   1
1 0.04
5
x5  f5  f  53   34
3 x1  0.2 f1  f  0.2   1
3 1.04
Put i  6 corresponding value of function Put i  2 corresponding value of function
x6  xo  6.x f 6  f  x6   1   2 
2
x2  xo  2.x f 2  f  x2   1
1  0.4 
2

1 x2  0  2  0.2 
x6  0  6   f6  f  2  1  4 f 2  f  0.4   1
3 x2  0  0.4 1 0.16

x6  2  b f6  f  2  5 f 2  f  0.4   1
x2  0.4 1.16

Trapezoidal rule for n  6 Put i  3 corresponding value of function

x f3  f  x3  
I  T4   f o  2  f1  f 2  f3  f 4  f5   f 6 
1

2  x3  xo  3.x 1  0.6 
2

putting x3  0  3  0.2  f3  f  0.6   1

1 0.36

 
1
I 31  2 10  13
 2  53  34
5 x3  0.6 f3  f  0.6   1
2 3 3 3  1.36

1 Put i  4 Corresponding value of function

I  17.79702
6 f 4  f  x4   1
x4  xo  4.x 1  0.8 
2

I  2.96617
2 x4  0  4  0.2  f 4  f  0.8   1
1 0.64
Exact   1  x dx 2
x4  0.8 f 4  f  0.8   1
1.64
0
0 1 Put i  4 corresponding value of function
E  1  x 2  1dx   x 1  x 2 dx x5  xo  5.x f5  f  x5   1 2
1 1
1 0
2 x5  0  5  0.2  f5  f 1  1
x 1  x2 1 11
E  ln x  x 1
2

2 2 x5  1  b f5  f 1  1
0 2

2 1  22 1 0 1  02 1 Trapezoidal rule for n  5

E  ln 2  22  1   ln 0  02  1 x
2 2 2 2 I  T4   f o  2  f1  f 2  f3  f 4   f5  putting
2 
1 1
E 5  ln 2  5  0  ln1
2 2 I
0.2 
2 
1  2 1.04
1
 1.16
1
 1.36
1
 1.64
1
 12  

E  2.23606  0.72188 I  0.18.801945
E  2.95794 I  0.8801945
Error = Exact – Approximate 1
1
Error = 2.96617-2.95764 Exact   dx
Error = 0.002293 0 1  x2
E  sinh 1  x 
1 1
1
e) I   1  x2
dx n5 0
0
1
E  sinh 1
1  sinh 1  0   0.881373587
Sol: Given I  1
 0 1  x2
dx n5 Error = Exact – Approximate
b
Error = 0.8813736-0.8801945
Compare with I  f  x  dx we get
 a
Error = 0.0011791
Q2. Use the Simpson’s rule to approximate the
1
a  0, b  1, f  x  value of each definite integral. Round the answer
1  x2 to the nearest hundredth and compare your result
ba with the exact value of the definite integral:
Now x  putting the values 4
n

a). I  x dx n3
2
1 0 1
x   x   0.2 2
5 5 4
Put i  0 corresponding value of function Sol: Given I  x dx  n3
2

f o  f  x0   1
2
1  0 
2
b

xo  a  0 fo  f  0  1
1 0
Compare with I   f  x
a
dx we get
fo  f  0  1 a  2, b  4, f  x   x2

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 247
 Exercise 11.2
Chapter 11
ba Error = Exact – Approximate
Now x  putting the values Error = 18.666667-18.666667
2n
42 2 1 Error = 0
x   
2  3 2  3 3  x2 
3

Put i  0 corresponding value of function 2  3  1 dx

b). I   n4

xo  a  2 f o  f  xo   22  4 3
 x2 
Put i  1 corresponding value of function Sol: Given I     1 dx n4
2 
3
x1  xo  1.x b

x1  2  1 1
3  f1  f  x1    
7 2
3
Compare with I   f  x dx we get

 73   499
a
x1  2  13 f1  f x2
x1  7 a  2, b  3, f  x  1
3 3
Put i  2 corresponding value of function ba
x2  xo  2.x Now x  putting the values
2n
x2  2  2  13  f 2  f  x2    83 
2
3 2 1
x   x 
x2  2  23 f2  f  83   649 2  4 8
x2  83 Put i  0 corresponding value of function
Put i  3 22
corresponding value of function f o  f  xo   1
x3  xo  3.x 3
xo  a  2 4
fo  f  2    1
x3  2  3  13  f3  f  x3    3
2
3
x3  2  1 f 3  f  3  9 fo  f  2  
1
x3  3 3
Put i  1 corresponding value of function
Put i  4 corresponding value of function
x1  xo  1.x
x4  xo  4.x f1  f  x1   13  178   1
2

x1  2  1 1

x4  2  4  13  f 4  f  x4    103   178   13  289
64   1
2
f1  f
8

x1  2  18
x4  2  43 f4  f  103   1009 f1  f  178   192
97
x1  178
x4  10
Put i  2 corresponding value of function
3
Put i  5 corresponding value of function
x2  xo  2.x
x5  xo  5.x f 2  f  x2   13  94   1
2

x2  2  2  8 
1
x5  2  5  13  f5  f  x5    113  f 2  f  94   13  16  1
2
81

x  2  1
x5  2  3 f5  f  113   121 f 2  f  94   16
5 2 4 11

9 9
x
x5  113 2 4
Put i  3 Corresponding value of function
Put i  6 corresponding value of function
x3  xo  3.x
x6  xo  6.x f3  f  x3   13  198   1
2

x3  2  3  18 
x6  2  6  13  f 6  f  x6    4  f3  f  198   13  361
64   1
2

x3  2  8 3
x6  2  2 f 6  f  4   16 f3  f  198   192
169
x3  198
x6  4  b
Put i  4 corresponding value of function
Simpson’s rule for n  3
x4  xo  4.x
x f 4  f  x4   13  52   1
4 2
I   x 2 dx  S 23   f o  4  f1  f 3  f 5  2  f 2  f 4   f 6 
3 x4  2  4  8 
1
2
f 4  f  52   13  254   1
1
  49 121   64 100   x  2  1
I  3 4  4   9   2     16 
4 2
f 4  f  52   12
13
3  9 9   9 9   x4  25

1
I  168  18.666667 Put i  5 corresponding value of function
9 x5  xo  5.x
f5  f  x5   13  218   1
2
4
Exact   x dx 2
x5  2  5  8 
1

2 f5  f  218   13  44164   1
x  2  5

f5  f  218   64
4
x 3
4 3
2  168
3 5 8 83
E    x  21
3 2 3 3 9 5 8

E  18.666667 Put i  6 corresponding value of function

Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 248
 Exercise 11.2
Chapter 11
x6  xo  6.x 1
f 6  f  x6   13  114   1 f o  f  xo  
2

x6  2  6  18  xo  a  1 1
f6  f      1
11 1 121
f o  f 1  1
x6  2  34
4 3 16

f6  f  114   73 Put i  1 corresponding value of function

x6  114 48
x1  xo  1.x 1
Put i  7 corresponding value of function f1  f  x1  
1
4
x7  xo  7.x x1  1  1  3
f 7  f  x7   13  238   1
2

x7  2  7  8  3 4 3
1
f1  f   
f 7  f  238   13  529
64   1 4 3 4
x7  2  78 x1 
f 7  f  238   192
337 3
x7  238 Put i  2 corresponding value of function
Put i  8 corresponding value of function x2  xo  2.x 1
x8  xo  8.x f 2  f  x2   5
     
2
1 1
x2  1  2  
1
f f x 3 3
x8  2  8  18 
8 8 3

f8  f  3  13  9   1  
3 5 3
f2  f   
x8  2  1 5 3 5
f8  f  3  3  1  2 x2 
x8  3  b 3
Simpson’s rule for n  4 Put i  3 corresponding value of function
3
 x2  x x3  xo  3.x
I     1 dx  S2 4   f o  4  f1  f3  f5  f 7 
3  1 1
2
3  x3  1  3   f3  f  x3  
2  f 2  f 4  f 6   f8   3 2
x3  2
1
1  97 169 83 337 
I  8   4     Put i  4 corresponding value of function
3 8  192 192 64 192 
x4  xo  4.x 1
 11 13 73   f 4  f  x4   7
2      2  1
 16 12 48   x4  1  4   3

3 7 3
3
 x2  1  635  635 f4  f   
I     1 dx  S2 4   7 3 7
2
3  24  24  576 x4 
3
I  1.102431 Put i  5 corresponding value of function
3
 x2  x5  xo  5.x
Exact     1 dx f5  f  x5   8
1
2 
3 1
3 x5  1  5   3

x3  33   23  3 8 3
E  x    3    2 f5  f   
9 2 9  9  x5 
8 3 8
10 3
E   1.111111 Put i  6 corresponding value of function
9 x6  xo  6.x
Error = Exact – Approximate
1 1
Error = 1.111111-1.102431
x6  1  6   f 6  f  x6  
Error = 0.008680 3 3
3
1 x6  3  b
c). I   x dx
1
n3
Simpson’s rule for n  3
x
3
3 1
1 I   dx  S23   f o  4  f1  f3   f5 
Sol: Given I   x dx
1
n3
1
x 3 
b 2  f 2  f 4   f 6 
Compare with I   f  x
a
dx we get 1
  3 1 3   3 3  1
I  S6  3 1  4      2     
1 3  4 2 8   5 7  3
a  1, b  3, f  x  1  2077  2077
x I  S6   
ba 9  210  1890
Now x  putting the values
n I  1.098942
3 1
3
2 1 1
Exact   dx  ln  x  1
3
x   x  
2  3 6 3 1
x
E  ln  3  ln 1  1.098612
Put i  0 corresponding value of function
Error = Exact – Approximate
Khalid Mehmood Lect: GDC Shah Essa Bilot Available at http://www.MathCity.org Page 249
 Exercise 11.2
Chapter 11
Error = 1.098612-1.098942 x8  xo  8.x
f8  f  x8   e21
Error = 0.000330 x8  0  8  18 
1 f  f 1  e2
 x8  1 8
d). I  e 2x
dx n4
0 Simpson’s rule for n  4
1
x
1
Sol: Given I  e2 x dx 
0
n4 I   e2 x dx  S2 4 
0
3 
 f o  4  f1  f3  f5  f 7 

b
2  f 2  f 4  f 6   f8 
Compare with I   f  x dx we get
   
1
I  1  4 e 4  e 4  e 4  e 4 2 e 2  e1  e 2  e 2 
1 3 5 7 1 3
a 8

a  0, b  1, f  x   e2 x 3 
1
1
Now x 
ba
putting the values
I   e 2 x dx  S 2 4  76.670325
0
24
2n
1 0 1 I  3.194597
x   x  1
2  4 8 Exact   e 2 x dx
Put i  0 corresponding value of function 0

2x 1
f o  f  x0   e 2 0 E
e

1 2
e  e0 
2 2
xo  a  0 f o  f  0   e0 0

E  3.194528
fo  f  0   1 Error = Exact – Approximate
Put i  1 Corresponding value of function Error = 3.194597 – 3.194528
x1  xo  1.x Error = 0.000069
f1  f  x1   e  8 
2 1

x1  0  1 
1
1
e). I   1
dx n2
 18   e
8
f1  f 2  x  x2
1
4
x1  1
8
0
1
Sol: Given I  1
Put i  2 Corresponding value of function  0
2  x  x2
dx n2

x2  xo  2.x
f 2  f  x2   e  4 
b
2 1
Compare with I  f  x  dx we get
x2  0  2  18  
 14   e
a
f2  f
1
2
1
x2  1
4 a  0, b  1, f  x 
2  x  x2
Put i  3 corresponding value of function
ba
x3  xo  3.x 2 83  Now x  putting the values
f3  f  x3   e 2n
x3  0  3  18  1 0 1
 83   e x   x 
3
f3  f
2  2
4

x3  3
8 4
Put i  4 corresponding value of function Put i  0 corresponding value of function
x4  xo  4.x 1
f 4  f  x4   e  2  f o  f  x0  
2 1

x4  0  4  18  xo  a  0 2   0   0
2

x4  1
f4  f  12   e1 fo  f  0 
1
2 2
Put i  5 corresponding value of function Put i  1 corresponding value of function
x5  xo  5.x 2  1
f5  f  x5   e f1  f  x1  
5
8

x5  0  5   2   4    14 
2
1
x1  xo  1.x 1

 85   e
8 5
f5  f
x1  0  1 14 
4

x5  5
8 f1  f  14  
1
Put i  6 corresponding value of function 2  14  161
x1  1
4
x6  xo  6.x 2 34  f1 
16 1

1

f 6  f  x6   e
x6  0  6  18 
32  4 1 37
37 16 16

 34   e Put i  2 corresponding value of function

3
f6  f 2

x6  3
1
f 2  f  x2  
4
Put i  7 Corresponding value of function 2   2    12 
2
x2  xo  2.x 1
x7  xo  7.x 2 34 
f 7  f  x7   e x2  0  2  14  1
x7  0  7  18  f2  f  12  
2  12  14
   e4 x2 
7
f7  f 7 1
x7  7 8 2
4 1 1
f2   
8
Put i  8 corresponding value of function 11 8 2 1
4
11
4
Put i  3 corresponding value of function

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 Exercise 11.2
Chapter 11
1 Q3. A quarter circle of radius 1 has the equation
f3  f  x3  
2   34    
3 2
y  1  x 2 for 0  x  1 , which mean that
x3  xo  3.x 4

1
1

x3  0  3  14  f3  f  34   0 1  x dx  4 , n  4 approximate the
2

2  34  169
x3  3
4 definite integral on the left by trapezoidal rule that
1 1 16
f3  32 12  9
 53
 equals to the right side when   3.1
53

16 16 1
Put i  4 corresponding value of function
1
Sol: Given  1  x 2 dx 
4
, n4
f 4  f  x4  
0

2  1  1
2 b

x4  xo  4.x Compare with I   f  x dx we get

1
x4  0  4  14  f 4  f 1 
a

2 11 a  0, b  1, f  x   1  x2
x4  1 1
f4  ba
4 Now x  putting the values
n
Simpson’s rule for n  2
1 0 1
1
1 x   x 
I  dx  S2 2 4 4
0
2  x  x2 Put i  0 corresponding value of function
x
 f o  4  f1  f3  2  f 2   f 4  f o  f  x0   1   0 
2
I
3  xo  a  0
1
1  16 16   4  1  fo  f  0  1  1
I  4   4    2   
3 2  37 53   11  4  Put i  1 corresponding value of function
f1  f  x1   1   14 
2
1
I  4.414549627 x1  xo  1.x
12
I  0.367879135 x1  0  1 14  f1  f  14   1  161
1
1 x1  1
f1  16 1
 15
Exact   2
4 16 4
dx
0
x  x2 Put i  2 corresponding value of function
f 2  f  x2   1   12 
1 2

E
1
dx x2  xo  2.x
 x  2  x   12    12   2   12 
2 2 2
0 x2  0  2  14  f2  f  12   1  14
1
E
1
dx x2  1
2 f2  4 1
 3

x  
4 2
0
1 2
2 2 1
4 Put i  3 corresponding value of function
f3  f  x3   1   34 
1 2
1
E dx x3  xo  3.x
 x  12   74
2
0
x3  0  3  14  f3  f  34   1  169
1
1 x3 
E f3  
3 16 9 7
dx
 
4
x  
2 16 4
0
1 2
2  2
7
Put i  4 corresponding value of function
f 4  f  x4   1  1
1 2
2  x 1  x4  xo  4.x
E tan 1  7 2 
7  2 0 x4  0  4  14  f 4  f 1  1  1
2  1  1  12  
1 0  2
1  x4  1 f4  0  0
E  tan  7   tan  7  
7   2   2   Trapezoidal rule for n  4
x
2  1  32   12   I  T4   f o  2  f1  f 2  f3   f 4  putting
E   1 2 
tan  7 tan  7 
7   2   2  
   0
1
I  4 1  2 15
4  2 
3 7

2  1  3  2 4
1  1  
E  tan    tan   1
7  7  7  I  5.991418136
8
E  0.3679068 
Error = Exact – Approximate I  0.748927267
Error = 0.3679068 – 0.36787913 4
Error = 0.0000155 Q4. A quarter circle of radius 1 has the equation
y  1  x 2 for 0  x  1 , which mean that

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 Exercise 11.2
Chapter 11
1
 x6  xo  6.x

0
1  x 2 dx 
4
, n  4 approximate the
x6  0  6  18 
definite integral on the left by Simpson’s rule that x6  3

equals to the right side when   3.1

4

f 6  f  x6   1   34 
2
1

 1  x dx  n4
2
Sol: Given ,
0
4 f6  f  34   1  169
b
Compare with I   f  x dx we get f 6  16169  47
a Put i  7 corresponding value of function
a  0, b  1, f  x   1  x2 f 7  f  x7   1   78 
2
x7  xo  7.x
ba
Now x  putting the values x7  0  7  18  f7  f  78   1  64
49
2n
1 0 1 x7  7
8 f7  64  49
 15
x   x  64 8

2  4 8 Put i  8 corresponding value of function

Put i  0 corresponding value of function f8  f  x8   1  1
2
x8  xo  8.x
f o  f  x0   1   0 
2

xo  a  0 x8  0  8  18  f8  f 1  1  1
fo  f  0  1  1 x8  1 f8  0  0
Put i  1 corresponding value of function Simpson’s rule for n  4
x1  xo  1.x f1  f  x1   1   
1 2 1
x
8
I   1  x 2 dx  S2 4   f o  4  f1  f3  f5  f 7 
3 
x1  0  1 18  f1  f  18   1  641 0

2  f 2  f 4  f 6   f8 
x1  18 f1  64 1
 63

  2    0
64 8 1

Put i  2 corresponding value of function I  1  4

8 63
 53
 39
 15 15
 3
 7

3 8 8 8 8 4 2 4

f 2  f  x2   1   14 
2 1
x2  xo  2.x I   1  x 2 dx  S8 
1
18.65909
24
x2  0  2  18  f2  f  14   1  161
0

I  0.777462113
x2  1
4 f2  16 1
 15 Q5. width of an irregularly shaped dam is
16 4
Put i  3 corresponding value of function measured at 5-m intervals, with result indicated in
figure given below. Use Simpson’s rule to estimate
f3  f  x3   1   83 
2
x3  xo  3.x the area of the face of the dam
Hint:
x3  0  3  18  f3  f  83   1  649
x : xo  0, x1  5 x2  10 x3  15 x4  20
x3  83 f3  64 9
 53
64 8 f : fo  9, f1  15 f2  20 f3  27 f4  30
Put i  4 corresponding value of function x  5, n2
f 4  f  x4   1   12 
2
x4  xo  4.x x
S4   f o  4  f1  f3   2 f 2  f 4 
3 
x4  0  4  18  f4  f  12   1  14 Putting the values
x4  1
f4  4 1
 5
S4  9  4 15  27   2  20   30 
3
2 4 2
Put i  5 corresponding value of function 3
x5  xo  5.x S4  411.66m2 412m2

x5  0  5  18 
x5  85
f5  f  x5   1   85 
2

f5  f  85   1  64
25

f5  64  25
64  39
8
Put i  6 corresponding value of function

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