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Q = UA { . A c< rf oc D~
U ex N · rz ex N · D2
Equation 2a
Equation 2b
However, empirical data shows that flow rate to be
directly proportional to diameter and speed change. The
following was proposed by A.J. Stepanoff and suggest csJ
its validity for a considerable range of specific speeds 2 .
Q c<: N · D2
Equation 2c
Where:
Q= Flow Rate, kg/s A= Impeller exit area, m2
N =Rotational Speed, rpm D = Impeller diameter, m
r = Impeller radius, m
AH = a(U··CJ
Equation 3a
lilt oc (N ·D) 2
Equation 3b
Power, P being defined as a product of flow and head
is then represented by referring to Equations 2c and 3b:
P = ·Q·!J.H
Equation 4a
Equation 4b
Equations 2c, 3b and 4b all represent the general
Affinity Laws applicable for pumps 3 It should be noted
that other forms of these laws exist by either holding
one of the variables on the right side of these equations
constant or implementing correction constants, which
would be elaborated further in Section 4 of this article.
4.0 EVALUATION OF FAN LAWS Reducing impeller diameter on the other hand does
not significantly cost any of t he before mentioned side
4.1 Effect of Scaling I Similitude effects besides the higher capital cost; if performed
In order to accurately apply Affinity Laws. G ullich suggested properly and within the allowable range. Most literatures
that geometrical and dynamic similarity be maintained; to would suggest the upper limit of the allowable range to
be more specific. all wetted parts are sealed in the same be 20% of maxim um diameter. whereas some propose it
ratio whilst ensuring constant Euler. Froude and Reynolds to be up to 30% of maximum impeller diameter. However.
number C6l. The effects of Froude4 and Reynolds 5 number in practice it is often t rimmed to about 3% - 5%6 o nly of
for pumps are however. generally negligible unless detailed maximum impeller diameter. Further impeller trim beyond
loss investigation is required. Jacques and Florjancic the allowable range might cause co nsiderable efficiency
both added to these recommendations by implying that drop and unstable pump performance due to increase in
Affinity Laws can be applied accurately by maintaining energy loss to turbulent flow. In addition. if the impeller to
pumps efficiency. specific and suction specific speed r4l. casing ratio exceeds the pump design limit. an excessive
3
C l. Jacques further suggested that only the same impeller increment of specific vane loading would occu r. resulting
and not one geometrically similar be used for scaling as in re-circulation flow distribution pattern across the impeller
manufacturing variation on wetted parts surface properties exit to become highly unstable increasing t he tendenc y of
will affect the accuracy of Affinity Laws r41 (refer Section back flow in the pump especially in high energy and dou ble
4.1.1 for further information). suction flow pumps Cll.
By paraphrase. conservation of fluid impeller exit angle Also Affinity Laws can be easily applied to estimate the
before and after modifications would ensure the accuracy amount of trim requi red for a desired flow prope rty with a
of Affinity Laws. The requirements outlined are to ensure caveat that the results by using this Law does not accu rately
that flow kinematics are maintained which prevents reflect actual physical data. Reasons fo r t his occurre nce
variation in slip. As illustrated beforehand in Section are breached to the geometrical similitude. before and after
3.2. observation suggests that variation in impeller outer the impeller trim. Factors which contribute to this incl ude
diameter and rotational speed are major factors which failure of geometrical impeller trim to vary proportionally
govern corresponding change in the pumps performance. with:
The following sub-sections will elaborate the effect of Impeller surface roughness (commonly negligible with
variation in these parameters on pump performance. the exception to application of Affinity Law in hig h head
or flow operations (3))
4.1.11mpeller Diameter Variation
Impeller width and internal leakage clearan ces
It is common practice with most pump vendors to
Impeller to casing ratio
construct impellers to be slightly larger than theoretically
These mentioned factors cause increase in slip. wh ich
computed. as rated flow within 80% - 110% of BEP is
evidently changes the angle of relative fluid exit velocity.
generally acceptable rn If required pump performance
Due to this. im peller diameters a re often trimmed in
modifications are carried out by trimming the impeller
phases of small increments and re-tested until desired flow
or throttling the flow. This practice provides a buffer for
conditions are achieved. Each time the impeller is t rimmed
the minor effects neglected during detailed engineering
it would require to be re-balanced which could results in
calculations and also safeguard against under tolerance
costly modifications.
in contractual terms. Developing an impeller to its exact
A silver lining to the setbacks introduced by the usage of
theoretical calculated size might prove to be detrimental
Affinity Laws was proposed by Bloch and Bud ris as illustrated
commercially and to the delivery schedule. if the flow
by Figure 2; a correction chart for im peller diameter trim
properties end up not meeting process requirements and
to compensate for hyd rau lic mismatches and mechanical
remanufacturing is required.
imperfections C8l;C9l Validity of th is chart has been tested with
However. one should take note that throttling the flow
two separate pump vendor performance curves and init ial
would mean the pump is over-sized. leading to detrimental
observation shows that improvement of accu racy ranging
effects. and to name a few:
between 0.2 to approximately 10%. More importa ntly. usage
Higher manufacturing and operation cost
of the correction facto r as indicated in Figure 3 and Figure 4
Higher energy consumption as the pump would be
prevents impeller over cut. which is not correctable unless
running on part load (due to reduced pump efficiency)
by change of impeller or variation of rotational speed. The
Higher maintenance cost and frequency (due to
question that lies here is what if the driver is not va ria ble
premature wear)
speed. which is the common case in most scenarios where
Possibility of pulsation (if inducers or suction impellers
impeller trimming is practiced . Do note however. even with
are used to reduce the higher NPSHr of a larger pump)
the usage of the correction factor t he exact required trim is
Higher possibility of seal failure
not indicated with negligible effects. this is especially the
Hig her vibrations a nd noise leve ls (d ue to part load
case when refe rri ng to Figure 3. This is highly likely owed
operation) (J)
to the high flow of this pu mp in which the usage of these
law s is hig hly not recommended as addressed later. Note
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24 I JURUTERA June2013
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70
FtJur~ !5: A ffinl:y Laws (Pump vendorA) for rotational $po~d VllriaUon APPENDIX A : BIBLIOGRAPHY
(SI Specific Speed: 17 8)
(1 I Nelson, William E. (ED). CentrKugal Pump Handbook Volum• 1 .
5: Tips on P ump Elfic~ncy.
accurate ly. constant pump effi ciency is required. This (21 Karassik, Igor J., et ~1. P ump Handbook, 31fi edn. United S toles
of I'm erica : McGraw Hill, 2001 .
however is not seen in practice. being supported from a large
study of commercial pumps by H.H. Anderson suggesting [31 Sulzer Brotheno Llrrited. Sulzer Centrifugal Pump Handbook,
3rd edn. Winterthur. SW!zerlond: SUlzer Brothers limned, 1987.
that centrifugal pump efficiency as a function of multiple
variables. one of which is rotational speed(ll. Though for (4] Chaure11e, JKCJJeL PumpSyslemAnalfssandSiz ing, 511>Mn
sJ.: fue Oel!i!l" Inc., 2003.
small speed changes the effects that cause inaccuracy to
Affinity Laws are more than often negligible as illustrated on [5] Nelik, Leu. CMtrlu11111 & Rotary Pumps, Fundamentals wl!h
Figure S. A pump m anufacturer had introduced a m ethod Applea/ion. Unled Steles of America: CRC PressLCC. 1999.
shown in Equation 5 to estimate the new pump efficiency (6) Gullich, J.f. Cfntn'fugil Pumps. Berlin, Germany : Springer
after speed variation !'OJ. Verlag, 2008.