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Durability

long-term performance

Capacity to perform satisfactorily


for a specified period
Grading performance when new

Grading and durability performance


when old

700 yr old grain store

Recycled timber - 500 yrs old


Durability Issues
 Hazard - biological or physical

 Natural durability of timber

 Treatment of Timber

 Design for Durability

 Fire
Durability

Biological/ Physical TIMBER


Hazards Species
Weathering
Design Detailing Natural durability
Fire of heartwood
minimises
Chemical
exposure
to hazards Treatment
Fungi enhances
Termites / borers durability
Marine of sapwood

Maintenance ensures
protection remains functional
Biological/Physical Hazards
Weathering - degradation due to weather
• rain
• sunlight
Chemicals - timber performs well relative to steel/concrete
• resistant to degradation for pH>2 and pH<10
• softwoods marginally better than hardwoods
Fire - burning
• strength during fire
• insulation of walls
• prevention of spread

Fungi
Biological
Termites/borers
Hazard
Marine organisms
Classification
Hazard Levels
Hazard Exposure Service Biological
Class Conditions Hazard
H1 Inside above Fully Protected Borers Only
ground Well ventilated
H2 Inside above Protected from Borers and
ground Wetting nil leaching Termites
H3 Outside above Moderate wetting Decay borers
ground and leaching & termites
H4 Outside in Severe wetting Severe decay,
ground & leaching borers & termites
H5 Ground contact Extreme wetting, Very severe decay,
leaching &/or critical borers and termites
use
H6 Marine waters Prolonged immersion Marine wood
Nth & Sth in sea water borers and decay

H6SW Marine waters Prolonged immersion Marine wood


Sth only in sea water borers and decay
Natural Durability (Heartwood)
Class Durability Species
1 Highly Ironbark
Extractives and durable Tallowwood
Cypress
growth Turpentine
Forest red gum
characteristics 2 Durable Spotted gum
affect Blackbutt
Western cedar
natural durability River red gum
of timber species Stringy bark (yellow & white)
3 Moderately Brush box
durable Rose/flooded gum
Sydney blue gum
Silver topped stringybark
4 Non-durable Douglas fir
Hoop pine
Radiata pine
Mountain ash/ Tasmanian oak
unidentified timbers
Long-term
Performance of Timber
Can match natural durability with environmental
hazard to estimate long-term performance of
untreated timber heartwood
Natural Heartwood Service Life (years)
Durability
Class
H1 Fully H3 Above H5 In
Protected exposed Ground
Class 1 50+ 50+ 25+

Class 2 50+ 30 15 - 25

Class 3 50+ 15 8 - 15

Class 4 50+ 5-8 <5


DURABILITY ISSUES
 Natural durability of timber
 Treatment regime specified
 Isolation from pests
Design
 Isolation from moisture
detailing
 Protection from weathering Selection
 Finishing and maintenance of

Species Connections
Product Grade
Treatment of timber in
PROTECTED ENVIRONMENTS
(H1 and H2)
Primary elements All species

Sapwood Sapwood allowed


excluded H1 treatment for lyctus-susceptible sapwood (NSW, Qld)
No treatment H2 treatment in termite prone areas where specified

Secondary elements All species

Sapwood Sapwood allowed


excluded H1 treatment for lyctus-susceptible sapwood (NSW, Qld)
No treatment
Treatment of timber in
ELEVATED EXPOSED
ENVIRONMENTS (H3)
Primary and secondary elements Class 1 & 2 species

Sapwood Sapwood allowed


excluded H3 treatment of
No treatment sapwood

Primary and secondary elements Class 3 & 4 species

Sapwood Sapwood allowed


excluded
H3 treatment
H3 treatment
or better
or better
Treatment of timber
IN-GROUND (H4 and H5)
Primary and secondary elements Class 1 & 2 species

Sapwood Sapwood allowed


excluded H4/H5 treatment
No treatment

Primary and secondary elements Class 3 & 4 species

Sapwood Sapwood allowed


excluded H4/H5 treatment
H4/H5 treatment
COMMON PRESERVATIVES

TYPE HAZARD LEVEL


H1 H2 H3 H5 H6
Water Boron 4
CCA 4 4 4 4 4
ACQ 4 4 4
Solvent LOSP 4 4 4
Double CCA + 4
Creosote Boron dipping
TREATMENTS
For all chemically treated wood,
 use and dispose of timber correctly

 penetration of heartwood is limited

 a little better penetration through ends

CCA LOSP
‘wet’ process timber mc unchanged
timber needs to be dimensional stability
redried •clear
•greenish appearance •limited water repellency
•may be difficult to glue

Both are pressure


treatment processes
Pressure Treatment Processes
 Involves some or all of:
 Placing wood in pressure treatment vessel

 Drawing vacuum to suck out moisture


 Holding vacuum for a time to allow moisture to move

 Adding treatment chemicals in solvent


 Pressurising vessel to force chemicals into wood
 Holding pressure for a time to
allow chemicals into wood
 Removal of chemical
 Removal of wood
 Redrying
TREATMENTS - penetration in
pressure processes
Good penetration of sapwood
Poor penetration of most heartwood
treated
sapwood treated
thin treated sapwood
heartwood
case
Treated sawn section

Treated round log


DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION
PRINCIPLES
FOR DURABILITY
 Isolate timber from insects
 for termites, chemical barriers /
physical barriers between ground and timber
 Protect timber from water
 fungi require moisture content of wood >20%

 swelling, shrinkage can cause cracks

 Protect timber from heat


 direct sunlight can cause

excessive drying, shrinkage


 direct sunlight breaks down

wood / cellulose
 light colour paints are best
ISOLATE TIMBER
FROM PESTS
 Barriers
 no direct path from

ground to timber
 chemical / physical
Stone barriers

Termimesh, granoguard
Chemical ant caps, etc
blanket

ant caps
ISOLATE TIMBER
FROM PESTS
 Inspect
 barriers can be penetrated or bridged
 inspect barrier for signs of penetration (galleries)
 inspect wood for signs of infestation (galleries)

All buildings
need inspection
ant caps
PROTECT TIMBER
FROM WATER - posts
 Protect important timber from Not a good
ponded water end detail

 Elevate timber posts above water


or wet surfaces
 Detail connections to
avoid trapped water

ventilation

clearance
PROTECT TIMBER
FROM WATER - other details

 Protect timber from rain


 good paint/Copper Napthanate seal

 end-grain caps

 roofs/verandahs

 Ensure water can run off exposed


timber surfaces Replaceable
capping rail/
 grade or slope upper surface sloping
 Give timber good ventilation
 Avoid condensation
PROTECT TIMBER
FROM WATER
simple detailing is better!

 44 
Replaceable
face plate

Create details that have minimum


opportunity to trap water!
PROTECTED

PROTECT TIMBER H1/H2

FROM WEATHERING
Hot sun can dry timber,
EXPOSED
cause shrinkage, cracking. H3 30º
 use top quality
- paints, stains, water
repellents
 opaque systems work
best
light colours cooler,
less weathering
MAINTAIN PROTECTION
FROM WEATHERING
Hot sun can dry timber,
cause shrinkage, cracking.
 repair & maintain paints, seals regularly

• clear finish stains : 3 - 5 year maintenance


• light colour paints : 7 - 10 year maintenance
 see detailing for protection from water
EXPOSED MEMBERS
 Grade - fewest inclusions,
splits, nicks in upper surface Top Bottom
 Orientation - heart towards bottom

 Glues - must use/specify exterior glues
 Moisture content-
 protect from moisture if possible
 seasoned products close to equilibrium for
most of Aust.
 allow for shrinkage when using unseasoned
timber

 Size - minimise surface area


Fire Resistance
 Fire Resistance Level (FRL) -
fire time for satisfactory performance (minutes)
 Structural behaviour - can carry fire load

 Fire Compartment intact - before flames break through

 Insulation - temperatures across partition OK

 eg FRL= 90/60/60 performance (minutes)


 Can carry fire load for 90 minutes

 Fire Compartment intact for 60 minutes

 Temperatures across partition OK

for 60 minutes

Fire separations
FRL by insulation
 Protection of timber
 Aim to prevent timber getting hot enough to start to

burn
 Achieved by using
 Fire rated plasterboard

 Fire rated seals - eg “Firestop”


Fire load capacity
 Fire loads ~ working loads
 Charring of timber at constant rate
 Reduced cross section must carry “Fire load”
 Can treat with fire retardants
 Can paint with intumescent paints
Summary
Timber can be durable
 Correctly specify species and treatment
to match function and environment
 Keep timber dry

 Protect timber from weathering

 Detail connections to avoid trapped water

 Use corrosion resistant fasteners

 Isolate timber from termites -


inspect regularly
 Maintain timber regularly -
use good quality paints, stains, WRP’s
 Protect structural timber from fire

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