Annotated List of Works Cited

Primary Sources

“Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler.” Learning History, 2017, www.learning-history.com/benito-

mussolini-italian-dictator/.

This is a photograph of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler. These two dictators supported

fascism and were allies during World War II. This picture can be seen under the "Role in

WWII" menu on the website.

“Benito Mussolini and Pietro Gasparri Signing the Lateran Treaty in

1929.” wathappened2todayinhistory, Rome, 11 Feb. 2014,

wathappened2dayinhistory.wordpress.com/2014/02/11/february-11th-the-lateran-treaty-

is-signed-the-vatican-city-is-created/.

This is a picture of Benito Mussolini and Pietro Gasparri signing the Lateran Treaty. It

was signed on February 11th, 1929, in the Lateran Palace. This picture can be found

under the "Ruling Italy" menu on the website.

“Benito Mussolini Giving a Speech in 1935.” Time, 2015, time.com/3825940/mussolini-report-

1945/.

This is a picture of Benito Mussolini giving a speech in 1935. This was when he was a

fascist dictator and had absolute power over Italy. This picture is under the "Tragedy"

menu on the website because the picture shows when Mussolini started leading Italy into

multiple wars.
“Benito Mussolini Quotes (Author of The Doctrine of Fascism).” Goodreads, Goodreads,

www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/221166.Benito_Mussolini.

This is a web page that has a quote from Benito Mussolini when he was dictator of Italy.

The quote states that it is better to be dictator, or very powerful, for a short period of time

than to be a normal person that doesn't have any power for a long period of time. This

quote is under the "Tragedy" menu on the website.

“Benito Mussolini Quotes.” BrainyQuote, Xplore,

www.brainyquote.com/quotes/benito_mussolini_158718.

This is a web page that has a quote from Benito Mussolini in 1932. The quote states that

fascism is a great accomplishment that should rule the world someday. The quote is

under the "Triumph" menu on the website.

“Benito Mussolini Reviewing Troops.” Slate, Slate Group, 29 Oct. 2017,

www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fascism/2017/01/our_slate_academy_on_fasci

sm_starts_with_italy_and_the_rise_of_mussolini.html.

This is a picture of Benito Mussolini reviewing Italian troops with Hitler's deputy. This

picture was taken in 1937 in Rome. This picture is under the "Tragedy" menu on the

website.
“Germany and Italy Signing the Pact of Steel.” History Key, 22 May 1939,

historykey.com/germany-italy-sign-pact-steel-may-22-1939/.

This is a picture of the countries Germany and Italy signing the Pact of Steel in 1939. The

Pact of Steel was a military alliance between Germany and Italy during World War II.

This picture is on the "Role in WWII" menu on the website.

“Mussolini at Palazzo Venezia.” The Guardian, Palazzo, 2011,

www.theguardian.com/travel/2011/jul/13/top-10-historical-landmarks-rome.

This is a picture of Benito Mussolini at Palazzo Venezia. He is looking out from the

building at a crowd of people as the dictator of Italy. This picture was used under the

"Ruling Italy" page on the website.

Mussolini, Benito. “The Doctrine of Fascism Benito Mussolini (1932).” Generalplan Ost -

General Plan East,

www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/reading/germany/mussolini.htm.

This is a primary source document written by Mussolini. It is called "The Doctrine of

Fascism," which provides the key ideas of fascism, and explains why it is important to

the Italian government. This information was used under the "Fascism" menu on the

website.
Soloway, Benjamin, editor. “Mussolini and Followers Hung in Giulino, Italy.” Foreign Policy,

The Slate Group, 28 Apr. 2015, foreignpolicy.com/2015/04/28/did-the-brutal-death-of-

mussolini-contribute-to-hitlers-suicide/.

This is a photograph taken in 1945 after the execution of Benito Mussolini and some of

his followers. It shows their bodies hung upside down in public display. This was after

Mussolini was caught by Italian partisans as he was trying to escape the country after

being defeated in World War II. This picture was put under the "Plot Against Mussolini"

menu on the website.

“The Lateran Treaty.” Yumpu, 11 Feb. 2013, www.yumpu.com/en/lateran.

This is a picture of the first page of the Lateran Treaty. It shows the beginning page of

the treaty that strengthened the relationship between the Vatican City and Italy. This

picture is under the "Ruling Italy" menu on the website.

Secondary Sources

“1922 Mussolini and Fascists Take Over Italy.” YouTube, YouTube, 20 Jan. 2012,

youtu.be/tDYtKsTjIWA.

This is a video about Mussolini and the Fascist Party taking over the country of Italy. It

shows many primary source videos of the takeover along with a description of what was

happening. This was placed under the "Fascism" menu of the website.
“Benito Mussolini.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 3 Jan. 2018,

www.biography.com/people/benito-mussolini-9419443.

This is a short bibliography of Benito Mussolini's life. It explains Mussolini's childhood,

fascism, and his role in World Wars I and II. This information is used in the “Fascism,”

“Rise to Power”, and “Role in WWII” menus of the website.

“Benito Mussolini.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 29 Oct. 2009,

www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/benito-mussolini.

This source is an article that summarizes Benito Mussolini's life. This article provided

information about Mussolini being a socialist, his rise to power, his relationship with

Hitler, and how he died. This information is used in the “Plot Against Mussolini,” “Role

in WWII,” and “Rise to Power” menus of the website.

“Benito Mussolini Timeline.” World History Project, worldhistoryproject.org/topics/benito-

mussolini.

This source is a list of major events related to Benito Mussolini. Some of these events

include the signing of the Pact of Steel and Hitler and Mussolini declaring war on the

United States. This information is used under the "timeline" section of the website.
“Biography: Benito Mussolini.” Ducksters Educational Site, Technological Solutions, Inc., Nov.

2018, www.ducksters.com/history/world_war_ii/benito_mussolini.php.

This is a short article on Benito Mussolini's life from when he was born to when he died.

Most of the article is about Mussolini as a dictator and his impact on Italy and the whole

continent of Europe. This information was used under the "Impact on Italy" menu on the

website.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopedia. “Lateran Treaty.” Encyclopedia Britannica,

Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 7 Oct. 2014, www.britannica.com/event/Lateran-Treaty.

This is a brief article about the Lateran Treaty and the effects it had on Italy. It explains

what the Lateran Treaty did to Italy and the Vatican City and how it had a huge religious

effect on the country of Italy. This information was used under the "Ruling Italy" menu

on the website.

“Democracies and Dictatorships in Europe, 1938-1940.” University of Oregon,

pages.uoregon.edu/mccole/HIST303Spring2012/lecturenotes/week5class1.html.

This is a map of 1938-1940 Europe showing the countries’ borders and their forms of

government. The map shows which countries were democracies and which were

dictatorships. This map in under the "Triumph" menu of the website.

“European Powers in World War II.” Britannica, media1.britannica.com/eb-media/94/89994-

004-D773A8B5.gif.

This is a map of the European powers during World War II. This specifically shows the

powers of the European countries in 1942, including the axis powers, territories controlled

by the axis powers, neutral countries, major battles, and allied territory. This map was put

under the "Impact on Italy" menu on the website.

Ewhelan, and Admin. “How Did Mussolini Become Prime Minister of Italy?” How Did Public

Sanitation Develop? - DailyHistory.org, 27 June 2017, 12:48,

dailyhistory.org/How_did_Mussolini_become_Prime_Minister_of_Italy%3F.

This is an article about how Benito Mussolini became the Prime Minister of Italy. It

explains many subjects relating to this, like his background, the rise of communism, fascist

propaganda, and the March on Rome. This information was used under the "Rise to

Power" menu on the website.

“Fascism Sign.” OpedNews, 2017, www.opednews.com/articles/A-Global-Counter-to-the-Gl-by-

Andrew-Schmookler-Antifascism_Character-And-Values_Democracy_Donald-Trump-

170112-313.html.

This is a picture of a warning sign about fascism. The pictures shows a guy being struck

down by an authority and has a caption that says "free thinking is strictly prohibited." This

picture is used under the "Fascism" menu of the website.

Hibbert, Christopher, and John Foot. “Benito Mussolini.” Encyclopædia Britannica,

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 17 Oct. 2018, www.britannica.com/biography/Benito-

Mussolini#ref5088.

This is a detailed biography about Benito Mussolini and what he did throughout his life

and how it affected the rest of the world. This biography focusses mainly on him ruling

Italy and being the dictator of a fascist government. This information was used under the

"Ruling Italy" menu on the website.

“Hitler and Mussolini.” Nazi Germany, 29 June 2018, alphahistory.com/nazigermany/hitler-and-

mussolini/.

This is an article about the relationship between Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler. It

provides many details about how Mussolini and Hitler share similarities and allied together

for World War II. This information was used under the "Role in World War II" menu on

the website.

“Mussolini - Emerging Dictator.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 24 Feb. 2017,

www.biography.com/video/mussolini-emerging-dictator-20753987958.

This is a video about how Mussolini emerged as a dictator. It is about a minute and a half

long and shows primary source pictures of Mussolini during the time when he was

becoming dictator of Italy. This picture is under the "Rise to Power" menu on the

website.
“Mussolini.” Gettyimages, 1999, www.gettyimages.com/license/171081970.

This is a portrait of Benito Mussolini as the Italian dictator in 1940. This colored portrait

shows Mussolini in his military uniform. It. This photo was used under the “Thesis”

menu on the website.

Smith, Steve. “This Is How Il Duce First Came to Power.” Thoughtco., Dotdash, 13 June 2017,

www.thoughtco.com/benito-mussolini-1779829.

This is an article mainly about how Benito Mussolini first came into power and

controlled Italy. It also includes a brief biography about his life, but it was primarily

about how he rose to power and became the leader of an important European country.

This information was used under the "Rise to Power" menu on the website.