Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
(2010)
(Review Paper)
1. INTRODUCTION
The construction industry has considerable potential to
drive economies. There is robust evidence to show that themselves to conflicts of interest. For example, a
an innovative and efficient construction industry professional discipline may decide to protect their
contributes to a stable global economy[1,2]. However, own professional interest rather than accept a duty
the construction industry is notoriously conservative of care to protect the industry[6]. Interestingly, such
and slow to adapt to change as illustrated by the failures have increased the erosion of discipline
following examples: boundaries, largely as a result of an increasing
- The construction industry has made several demand for multi-skilled professionals.
attempts to eliminate wastage, cost overruns,
mismanagement, and disputes. These failures have New technologies have the potential to provide
undermined public enthusiasm and support for the competitive advantages by increasing opportunities
industry[3,4]. and lowering costs[7]. Evolutionary developments in
- The industry has remained one of the slowest the construction industry can be viewed as a function
adopters of innovative technologies despite strong of Technology, Process and People[8]. Technology
evidence of the correlation between investment in refers to improved soft and hard methodologies. The
Information Technology (IT) and improved contruction process involves operational flows through
performance[5]. which construction development processes permeate
- The industry is, by and large, ineffective in (including project planning, design, construction,
fostering hammonious work environments. One of maintenance, management and disposal). Critical to
the single largest determinants of project failure these development processes are human resources that
may be that construction professionals expose formulate, maintain, manage and implement the
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O.A. Olatunji, W. Sher and N. Gu
technologies and processes. Figure 1 illustrates the BIM opens opportunities for multiple disciplines to
anatomy of construction development processes. share and exchange data[9]. Gao and Fischer[13] report
extensively on the dramatic growth in relevance, use,
People value and commercial opportunities of BIM in
contemporary construction.
Apart from the usual barriers which constrain
Construction change, an additional factor impeding BIM adoption is
an inherent conflict of interest within and between
discrete construction disciplines. BIMs potential to
Process Technology
facilitate multiple functions (e.g. preparing bills of
quatities automatically from BIM data) may be a
major disincentive to innovation as it straddles
professional boundaries which currently exist. This is
Figure 1. The anatomy of the construction development process
the crux of this paper–what opportunities and
challenges does BIM present to the quantity surveying
It has had a significant impact on the construction
profession?
industry. It has initiated improvements in design and
project monitoring and has lowered costs, and
improved accuracy, speed and safety. Arguably IT 2. BUILDING INFORMATION
provides the catalyst necessary to address some of the MODELLING SYSTEM
challenges of uncertainty, mismanagement and
Notwithstanding Schwegler[12] definition of BIM
disputes[9]. Interestingly, there is empirical evidence
(noted above), BIM means different things to different
which shows that IT applications for construction
people. A more all-encompassing description is
professional service delivery are continually being
provide by Succar[14] in Figure 2.
encouraged by the public through their high
Relevant literature highlights BIM as three- or
expectations for professionalism and improved ethical
four-dimensional drafting applications that generate
behaviour[10].
data-intensive plans[15]. In contrast to two dimensional
Quantity surveying is an important discipline
drawings where sets of lines and surface areas are
within the construction industry. A service
rendered through soft and hard intelligent features,
underpinning quantity surveying practice is the
BIM systems store data related to each ‘object’. The
measurement buildings and preparation of bills of
implication of this on the construction process is that
quantities. The Australian Institute of Quantity
construction designers and constructors are able to
Surveying[11] identifies measurement/quantification as
model real life situations before moving to site. Tse et
a basic ability required of a quantity surveyor. This
al.[9] note that this presents significant opportunities for
service remains an expectation of the quantity
the construction industry. Latham[3] reports that design
surveying profession regardless of the technologies
deficiencies and associated constructability constraints
and approaches used to achieve it. Measurement relies
are the single largest factors responsible for the poor
on coordinate data which are usually provided in the
performance of the construction industry. It is likely
form of construction drawings. Advances in drawing
that conflicts in design and construction may be
technology have the potential to impact on the ways in
favourably impacted upon by BIM.
which bills of quantities are prepared. Since the
BIM has the potential to automate measurement
advent of computer aided drawings (CAD),
and facilitate the preparation of accurate estimates[16].
researchers and practitioners have been working to
The Cooperative Research Centre for Construction
exploit CAD data to generate bills of quantities. Whilst
Innovation has reported successful attempts to produce
this holy grail has been realised in research
Bills of Quantities automatically using Industry
environments (for example, Cooperative Research
Foundation Class (IFC) data. There are many
Centre for Construction Innovation projects 2002-056-
possibilities for applications of BIM in the
C and 2005-008-C), commercial opportunities and
Architectural, Engineering and Construction (AEC)
challenges are still to be addressed. From a layman’s
industries, but a hallmark of BIM is that is should
perspective, Building Information Modeling (BIM)
allow contractors to receive design documents which
may be considered as the current state of art in CAD
incorporate accurate quantities and specified materials
developments. It is currently being implemented by a
in electronic format[17].
significant number of architectural and engineering
practices, and has the potential to revolutionise the
quantity surveying profession. An effective definition
of BIM is provided by Schwegler[12] as the process of
creating an information database for a project in which
lifecycle information is expressed in an interoperable
manner to create, engineer, estimate, illustrate and
construct a construction project.