Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Department of Education
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH
YEAR
HORTICULTURE NC II
Unit of Competency: PRODUCE FRUIT-BEARING CROPS
Module No. 1 Module Title: SELECTING AND PREPARING THE
SITE FOR PLANTING FRUIT-BEARING CROPS
1
MODULE I
Pre-Test:
Select the best answer by writing only the LETTER in your quiz
notebook.
1. Which of the following is NOT true about selecting the site for
planting fruit-bearing crops?
a. The site selected should not be far from suitable freight and
express depot.
b. Climate, soil, and water supply play an important role to attain
success in farming.
c. The ideal soil for growing fruit-bearing crops is an open, porous,
sandy and loam topsoil.
d. Heavy soil and clay soil should be selected for they are often
wet, cold and slow to dry up after the rains.
2
2. What is the most favorable type of soil for planting fruit-bearing
crops?
a. Clay
b. Loam
c. Sandy
d. Silt
3. Which is the best topography of the land for fruit-bearing crops?
a. Hilly
b. Level
c. Slightly sloping
d. Mountainous
4. Which of the following is NOT a desirable reason for fruit-bearing
crops to grow near bodies of water?
a. Fruit-bearing crops must have sufficient supply of water during
their development period.
b. Water modifies the temperature of the site.
c. Water is very vital especially for fruit-bearing crops planted in
the hillsides.
d. None of these
5. Which of the following is NOT considered in locating the position of
the trees in the orchard?
a. Exposure to sunlight
b. Availability of silos
c. Sufficiency of water
d. Direction of the wind
6. Which of the following is NOT true about laying out and staking?
a. Aesthetic beauty is attained
b. Crops are set at equal distances
c. Crops are located in their proper places
d. Crops are planted anywhere
7. What is the best tool to use in digging holes for planting fruit-
bearing crops?
a. bolo
b. crow bar
c. posthole digger
d. spade
8. Which of the following is NOT true when digging holes for planting
fruit-bearing crops?
a. Deep and wide enough to accommodate the root system
b. Just enough to fit in the roots
c. Separate topsoil from subsoil
d. Use appropriate digging tools
9. Which of the following implements is used in leveling the soil?
a. plow
b. harrow
c. crowbar
d. garden hoe
3
10. Which one is NOT be used in laying out and staking?
a. rope
b. steel tape
c. foot ruler
d. planting board
4
LESSON I
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
5
2. The existing conditions in the place for that should be suited to the
proper development of the business. This factor can be easily
grouped into two divisions, namely:
a. Factors affecting the growth and development of crops.
Climate. Climate influences fruit and tree crop farming. In
fact, most tree farmers at present understand that individual
farm crops or group of crops adapt to different climatic
conditions, soil, and water supply. Climate does not only
refer to rainfall but also sunshine, cloudiness, temperature,
humidity, wind and their variation. To some extent, rainfall
affects the choice of fruit-bearing crops to be grown.
Insufficient rainfall in some cases may prevent the
production of good tree crops.
Long light rains moisten the soil much more effectively
than heavy rains. Light rains deeply penetrate the soil. On
the other hand, heavy rains make puddles on the surface.
Thus water is not absorbed by the soil because it flows faster
than it penetrates the soil. The run off may cause serious
erosion on sloping field.
Temperature is the measurement of the coldness or
hotness of an object, and is therefore, has an effect on fruits.
In places where there is high temperature, fruits are ripened
prematurely. This results to this coloration of the skin and
unfavorable taste of the fruits. High temperature causes
injuries on tissues and scalding in some fruits.
Soil. Fruit-bearing crops can be grown in almost any kind of
soil but as much as possible, the soil should be selected and
must have at least the following essential qualities: good
texture, a fair amount of organic matter, and good drainage.
In most cases, the presence of any or all of these three
qualities in the land will give the fruit-bearing crops a good
start.
The ideal soil in growing fruit-bearing crops is an open,
porous, sandy and loam topsoil with an open, gravely
subsoil. Such a soil formation is dry and warm owing to the
fact that surface moisture leaches quickly. During rainy
season such soil remains to be remarkably warm.
Furthermore, a well drained soil of this kind cleans itself
quickly.
Heavy soil and clay soil should be avoided as they are
often wet, cold, and slow to dry up after the rain. Such soil
needs more cultivation and the growing of supplementary
crops is not advisable.
6
The loam type of soil is the most advantageous. This is
composed of ordinary soil or pulverized rocks mixed with
rotting plants and animal manure. These rotten materials
which contain much food nutrients are sticky but not as
sticky as clay. Mixed with sand, the combination produces a
soil type which is well-adapted to fruit-bearing crop growing.
A sloping site is preferable for tree crop growing. A
gentle slope generally provides fresh air and water drainage.
On the other hand, a very steep slope can be tilled with
difficulty and is likely to be wind-swept. Many fruit-bearing
orchards however, are planted on very steep hillsides or
rocky places. This orchards are rarely productive because
they cannot be cultivated or sprayed unless they heavily
manured and mulched.
Water. Fruit-bearing crop plantation located near large
bodies of water is favorable especially when planting is done
at hillsides.
Fruit-bearing crops must have sufficient supply of
water during their development period especially during dry
season. The water supply factor should not be overlooked in
determining the selection of site.
b. Factors that control marketing of production.
Facilities for Transportation. The site selected for fruit-
bearing crop production should be accessible to a suitable
freight and express depot to transport the products from the
farm to the consumer as quickly as possible.
Roads. Good roads are necessary and very important in the
site selected for fruit-bearing crops. Experienced fruit-
bearing crop growers know that market order and
consequent prices are influenced by the condition of such
roads. A fruit-bearing farm must be located where weather
conditions leave no destructive effects on the road.
• The Market to be Served. The market may be the general
market or the local market nearby. For the general market,
the grower should have an enterprise that will enable the
farmer to transport the produce. The local market does not
absorb as large quantity of fruit at a given time as the
general market. does this calls for a careful market survey by
the prospective grower before determining the size of the
orchard.
7
LET US REMEMBER
Fill in the blank with the correct word or group of words to make
each sentence complete. Write your answer in your test booklet.
1. The average condition of the atmosphere is called __________.
2. __________ is the most important climatic factor affecting the
distribution of plant species.
3. The physical feature of the land surface whether it is sloping,
rolling, flat or level is called __________.
4. The natural supply of water for the growth of the fruit-bearing crop
is called __________.
5. __________ deals with the contour of the land, its elevation or
depression, and other features of the terrain.
Visit the orchard of the school and observe the physical features.
Then accomplish the table below by checking. Then submit it to your
teacher for evaluation.
Conditions Observed Not Observed Remarks
1. Climate
2. Soil
3. Water
4. Transportation
5. Market
RESOURCES
map
area selected
picture of the different terrain of the land
REFERENCES
Modern Fruit Production
The Macmillan Company
8
LESSON 2
This lesson deals with the preparation of the land for fruit-bearing
crops, such as clearing, plowing and harrowing.
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
Land preparation
9
Objectives of plowing:
a. Give proper soil aeration.
b. Allow the easy penetration of water.
c. Make the soil favorable for the growth of seeds and plants.
d. Incorporate organic matter into the soil.
3. Harrowing
Harrowing can be best achieved if the soil is properly pulverized. It
is done 2-3 times depending upon the soil condition.
Objectives of harrowing:
a. Level the soil.
b. Prevent the growth of weeds by turning under the soil.
c. Allow proper decomposition of organic matter.
Relation to Plowing
The first harrowing is followed by the second plowing. The
second plowing is followed by another harrowing. The spaces where
water and air present in the soil are dependent on the soil texture.
An example in sandy soil that has larger but fewer pores than clay
soil. However, clay soil holds more water than sandy soil. Since
clay soil has more pores because of smaller particles and more
surfaces, it can hold water better than sandy soil.
Harrow
10
LET US REMEMBER
Land that is tilled and well prepared will result to excellent vigor of
plants and will ensure high crop yield.
1. Conduct an ocular inspection in the site you selected and find out
what clearing activities you will do. List down your findings for
proper scheduling of clearing activities to be done. Submit your
findings to your teacher.
2. Go to the tool room. Select and prepare the tools to be used in
clearing and preparing the land.
RESOURCES
o bolo o spade/shovel
o axe o plow and harrow
o spading fork o carabao
o crow bar o tractor with accessories
REFERENCE
11
LESSON 3
This lesson deals with laying out, staking and digging holes for
planting fruit-bearing crops. It includes the procedures in laying out,
staking, digging of holes and system of planting.
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
filler – a temporary plant usually small and early bearing one which
planted in between permanent plants
planting board – a device used in laying out the area for fruit-bearing
crops
12
1. The Square System
This system of planting is the most common because it is the
easiest and simplest to lay out and it makes operations easy by
mechanical means. It is done by setting a fruit tree seedling in each
corner of the square whatever the planting distance may be.
Np = A/S2
Where:
Np = number of plants
A = area
S2 = square of planting distance
Sample Problem:
An area of two hectares, that is 200 meters long and 100 meters wide, is
to be planted with mango seedlings with a distance of 10 m x 10 m. far
from each other. Compute for the number of seedlings to be planted.
Solution:
Np = A/S2
Np = 20,000 sq.m.
(10 m)2
Np = 20,000
100
Np = 200
13
2. The Quincunx System
This system of planting makes use of square with an additional or
fifth plant at the center called filler. Thus, a square system can be made
into quincunx by placing a tree at the middle of the square. There will be
maximum utilization of the area during the early growing and fruiting
years. However, when the trees grow bigger the area will be crowded.
Thus the removal of the fifth trees is necessary. Furthermore, carrying
out of different cultural operations mechanically is difficult especially if
the land is not flat.
Np = A /S2 + (L / S – 1) (W/ S - 1)
Where:
A = area
S2 = square of planting distance
L = length of the area
W = width of the area
Np = number of plants
Using the quincunx system for the sample problem given on the
number of mango seedlings to be planted
Np = 20,000/100 + (200/10 – 1) (100/10 – 1)
= 200 + (20-1) (10-1)
= 200 + (19) (9)
= 200 + 171
Np = 371
14
3. The Hexagonal System
In this system of planting, trees are planted equidistant to one
another from every direction to form an equilateral triangle. This
arrangement results in a greater number of trees per unit area than the
square system. However, it does not lend itself well to the use of fillers.
S2 x 0.866
Where:
A = area
S2 = square of planting distance
0.866 = constant
(102 x 0.866)
20,000
= ______________
86.6
Np = 231
15
4. The Contour or Terrace System
A special system may be developed by the grower to meet
conditions particularly in the hillsides where land is steep, the
topography is irregular, or the area is inclined. This is called the contour
system of planting. Its main purpose is to prevent or reduce soil erosion,
and in some instances, to conserve moisture between the tree rows.
Banana 3.0
Cashew 8.0
Chico 8.0
Citrus 7.0
Durian 10.0
Guava 6.0
Jackfruit 8.0
Lanzones 6.0
Mango 10.0
Mangosteen 8.0
Papaya 4.0
Pineapple 0.3
Rambutan 8.0
Coconut 8.0
Tools and Materials Used in Laying out, Staking and Digging of Holes
16
Laying out and Staking
1
crop farm of any size, it is necessary to have several of these planting
boards. Care should be taken to make them all exactly alike.
1. Slit method. Plunge grab hoe into the ground and pull handle to
make opening. Lift the candle to create a slit.
4. Side hole method. Place the plant against one side of the hole. Fill
hole with soil.
18
5. Cone method. Make hole large enough to be able to form a cone
inside. Form cone inside using the topsoil. Place the seedling on
top of the cone in such a way that the roots are spread out.
LET US REMEMBER
Select the best answer by writing only the letter of your answer in
your quiz notebook.
1. Which of the following methods of planting fruit-bearing crop is
widely used by farmers?
a. square c. hexagonal
b. quincunx d. rectangular
2. Which of the following methods of planting is a modified square?
a. rectangular c. square
b. hexagonal d. quincunx
3. The following are methods of planting fruit-bearing crops EXCEPT
a. hexagonal c. circular
b. rectangular d. triangular
4. The space saver method of planting in which plants are set at the
same distance is:
a. hexagonal c. quincunx
b. rectangular d. square
5. Which of the following plants best describes temporary plant?
a. filler c. annual
b. permanent d. unwanted
19
RESOURCES
string
planting board
post hole digger
crow
spade/shovel
REFERENCES
20
POST-TEST:
Select the best answer by writing only the LETTER of the correct
answer in your quiz notebook.
1. Which of the following is NOT a desirable reason for fruit-bearing
crops to grow near bodies of water?
a. Fruit-bearing crops must have sufficient supply of water during
the development period.
b. Water modifies the temperature of the site.
c. Water is very vital especially for fruit-bearing crops planted in
the hillsides.
d. None of these
2. Which is the best topography of the land for fruit-bearing crops?
a. Hilly
b. Level
c. Slightly sloping
d. Mountainous
3. Which of the following is NOT true about selecting the site for
planting fruit-bearing crops?
a. The site selected for fruit-bearing crop production should not be
far from suitable freight and express depot.
b. Climate, soil, and water supply play an important part to attain
success in farming.
c. The ideal soil for growing fruit-bearing crops is an open, porous,
sandy and loam topsoil.
d. Heavy soil or clay soil should be selected as they are often wet,
cold and slow to dry up after the rains.
4. Which of the following is NOT considered in locating the position of
the trees in the orchard?
a. Exposure to sunlight
b. Accessibility to farm silos
c. Availability of area
d. Direction of the wind
5. Which one is NOT advisable to use in laying out and staking?
a. rope
b. steel tape
c. foot ruler
d. planting board
6. What is the most advantageous type of soil for planting fruit-
bearing crops?
a. Clay
b. Loam
c. Sandy
d. Silt
21
7. What is the best tool to be used in digging holes for planting fruit-
bearing crops?
a. bolo
b. crow bar
c. posthole digger
d. spade
8. Which of the following is NOT true about laying out and staking?
a. Aesthetic beauty is attained
b. Crops are set at equal distances
c. Crops are located in their proper places
d. Crops are planted anywhere
9. Which of the following is NOT true when digging holes for planting
fruit-bearing crops?
a. Deep and wide enough to accommodate the root system
b. Just enough to fit in the roots
c. Separate topsoil from subsoil
d. Use appropriate digging tools
10. Which of the following implements is used in leveling the soil?
a. plow
b. harrow
c. crowbar
d. garden hoe
22
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
PAGE
23
References............................................................. 20
Post test................................................................ 21
24
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
Department of Education
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH
YEAR
HORTICULTURE NC II
Unit of Competency: PRODUCE FRUIT-BEARING CROPS
Module No. 2 Module Title: GROWING OF SEEDLINGS
1
MODULE II
PRE-TEST:
Read and answer each of the questions carefully. Write only the
letter of your answer in your quiz notebook.
2
2. What should you do to protect your propagating material from the
infection caused by soil borne diseases?
a. Analyze the soil.
b. Fertilize the soil.
c. Sterilize the soil.
d. Irrigate the soil.
3
8. One of the following is not a reason for treating your seeds before
planting them?
a. to allow after-ripening process
b. to hasten germination
c. to ensure seeds against seed-borne diseases
d. to determine the number of seeds to be planted in a certain area
4
LESSON 1
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
5
After the components are mixed thoroughly, the growing media
should be sterilized. Sterilization could be done by:
o burning organic materials above the soil,
o pouring boiling water into the soil,
o roasting the media using a half-cut drum with set fire under it, and
o using chemicals like formaldehyde at the concentration of 3-5 tbsp
per gallon of water and drenching the media in the solution.
After the soil media is sterilized, it is ready to be placed in the seed
beds, seed boxes or in the individual plastic bags.
1. Put small flat stones on top of each hole at the bottom of the seed
box.
2. Fill one half of the seed box with coarse sterilized soil.
3. Level and press the surface a little bit.
4. Place the fine, heated soil on the surface. Fill up to about 3
centimeters below the edge of the seed box.
5. Level the surface and press the soil again.
The same procedure is followed in filling in the individual plastic
bags except the first procedure.
LET US REMEMBER
6
RESOURCES
REFERENCES
7
LESSON 2
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
seed – a fertilized and ripened ovule which may develop into a young
plant by germination
variety – a group of cultivars which by species, by structural features and
by performances can be identified from one another
mother plant – a plant from which propagating materials are taken
viability – refers to the ability of seeds to germinate
8
Characteristics of Good Seeds
Good seeds are essential in the success of crop growing. The most
careful and efficient grower cannot achieve success in selecting good
seeds even if he gives the closest attention to all other factors of
production. Therefore, thorough and careful selection of seeds should be
observed.
Good seeds have the following characteristics:
1. Good seeds should be viable. The viability of seed refers to its power
to germinate and produce strong and healthy plants.
2. Good seeds must be fully matured. The embryo is fully developed in
ripe seed.
3. Good seeds are usually fresh. Crop plants differ greatly in length of
time. They retain their viability. Usually, the strength of
germination decreases after the seed reaches two years old.
4. Good seeds should be free from seed borne diseases. The grower
should test the presence of any disease in his seeds.
5. Good seeds should be true-to-type. This means that the seed is not
mixed with off-type seed or other varieties.
6. Good seeds should be damage-free. They should be free from any
damage done by insects or mechanical elements.
7. Good seeds should be free from weed seeds and other foreign
materials.
LET US REMEMBER
10
HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?
Select the best answer by writing only the LETTER of your answer
in your quiz notebook.
1. Which of the following is NOT true in selecting variety to plant?
a. It should thrive in your locality.
b. It should have quality and quantity produce.
c. It should be liked by the family and buyers.
d. It should depend upon the size and appearance of the seeds.
2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of good quality
seeds?
a. viable c. immature
b. clean d. true-to-type
3. Which is considered as the chief requisite of fruit-bearing crops of
commercial variety?
a. high quality and quantity
b. profitable
c. attractive appearance
d. productive and of good appearance
4. Why is there a need to plant more types and varieties of fruit-
bearing crops in backyard fruit growing?
a. It gives aesthetic beauty to the area.
b. It gives enough shade for the animals.
c. It provides continuous supply of fruits throughout the year.
d. It shows that the family members are fruit lovers.
5. Which of the following is NOT a major Philippine fruit-bearing
crop?
a. mango c. banana
b. citrus d. atis
Visit your school nursery and select variety to plant based on what
you have learned.
RESOURCES
school nursery textbook
seedling other reading materials
seeds modules
REFERENCES
11
LESSON 3
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
seed treatment – the operation applied to seeds to prevent them from the
attack of insect pests and diseases. It also hastens the seed
germination
dormancy – the rest period of seeds
viability – the ability of the seeds to germinate and continue their growth
until they have consumed their stored food.
12
Ways of hastening germination:
a. By soaking in water for 12 to 24 hours before sowing. This
method can be improved by soaking the seeds in water with a
temperature of 60°C to 65°C and keeping them in the water for
10 to 15 minutes.
b. By breaking the seed coat or by making the seed coat thin to
facilitate entrance of water into the embryo. These methods are
applied to seeds with hard seed coats.
c. By filing or by rubbing them against sand paper. This method is
called seed scarification. It is used for other seeds with hard
seed coats.
d. By treating seeds with sulfuric acid which makes the seed coat
thinner.
3. Treat seeds against seed-borne diseases and pests
a. Hot water treatment is done by dipping the seeds for few
minutes.
b. Chemical treatment is a very common method of disinfecting
seeds in the form of solution or water suspension or in the form of
dust. Seed dusting consists of coating the seed with the dust of a
certain kind of product like arasan and ceresan. This method is not
environmentally friendly.
Sowing of Seeds
13
In case of seed bed sowing, seeds of fruit-bearing crops are spaced
not so close to each other so as to give the seeds enough space to grow
until they are transferred to their permanent places.
Fruit-bearing crops such as mango, avocado, citrus, and chico
start from seeds, cuttings, and other means of vegetative propagation.
Many kinds of seeds may be drilled separately in nursery rows, tin
cans, or plastic bags where the trees are to remain for a year or more.
This treatment is suitable for jackfruit, santol, atis, avocado, rambutan,
lanzones, and duhat.
The seeds should be watered frequently to ensure the desired
growth of the seedlings.
LET US REMEMBER
14
RESOURCES
seeds
container
pail
basin
knife
chemicals
personal protective equipment
REFERENCES
15
POST TEST:
Read and answer each of the questions carefully. Write only the
letter of your answer in your quiz notebook.
1. Which of the following is the recommended growing media for fruit-
bearing crops?
a. equal parts of garden soil, compost, sieved sand and sawdust
b. 2 parts of coco coir, 1 part of compost, ½ part of sawdust and ½
part of garden soil
c. equal parts of garden soil, coco coir, sawdust/rice hulls and
compost
d. equal parts of loam soil, sand, sawdust/rice hulls and manure
8. One of the following is not a reason for treating your seeds before
planting them?
a. to allow after-ripening process
b. to hasten germination
c. to ensure seeds against seed-borne diseases
d. to determine the number of seeds to be planted in a certain area
17
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
PAGE
18
References............................................................. 14
Post test................................................................ 15
19
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
Department of Education
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH
YEAR
HORTICULTURE NC II
Unit of Competency: PRODUCE FRUIT-BEARING CROPS
Module No. 3 Module Title: TRANSPLANTING OF SEEDLINGS
0
MODULE III
Pre-Test:
Read carefully and answer each of the questions below. Select the
best answer from the choices given. Write the LETTER only of your
answer on your quiz notebook.
1. Which of the following best describes an organic fertilizer?
a. decomposed plant and animal wastes
b. any organic or inorganic material of any natural or synthetic
origin which is added to the soil for plant growth
c. does not contain organic material
d. all of the above
1
4. Which of the following is not a proper way of handling planting
materials?
a. lifting c. mud pudding
b. trimming d. hardening
2
LESSON 1
LET US STUDY
Let us define
fertilizer – organic or inorganic compound added to the soil to supply
nutrient elements for the normal growth of plants
organic fertilizer – fertilizer derived from plants and animals
inorganic fertilizer – fertilizers derived from minerals, atmospheric gases,
water and other materials
A fertilizer is any organic or inorganic material of natural or
synthetic origin which is added to the soil to supply certain elements
essential to plant growth. Fertilizer materials are used to increase growth
rate, yield and quality or nutrition value of plants.
As a rule, no fertilizer is needed at the time of planting. However, if
the area or field is depleted, basal application of organic fertilizer is
practiced. The organic fertilizer is placed at the bottom of the hole mixed
with previously removed top soil from the hole. If the area or field is
newly opened, applying basal fertilizer is no longer needed. This is
because the field that is newly opened for planting fruit-bearing crops is
very fertile.
After the first crop has become established and growth has begun,
apply a small amount of soluble nitrogen fertilizer is beneficial. This
fertilizer should be applied around the crop, about 15 to 30 cm from the
trunk. When poor growth is observed during the use of nitrogen, only
then should the other elements be used. Soil specialists in the locality
should be consulted for the best fertilizer suited to the crop but it would
be even better if we get advice from fruit-bearing crop growers in the
locality.
3
LET US REMEMBER
RESOURCES
fertilizer trowel
plastic containers pail
rake field
REFERENCES
4
LESSON 2
TRANSPLANT SEEDLINGS
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
Transporting of Seedlings
5
After the soil has been prepared and the field laid out, staked and
holes dug, the next step is to transplant the seedlings. Prior to
transplanting, application of basal fertilizer is done especially to areas
that are depleted with nutrients. Newly developed areas or fields,
however, do not need basal application of fertilizer in the sense that there
is a lot of accumulated organic matter in the field.
Organic matter such as chicken, horse, rabbit, cow and other
animal manures make an excellent soil conditioner aside from their
function to supply the essential plant food nutrients.
Transplanting of Seedlings
When to Plant
Procedure in Transplanting
1. Water the seedlings in seed box or seed bed before the seedlings
are pulled out so that the soil will be loosened and the seedlings
will not suffer from many broken roots.
2. Dig a shallow hole in the soil with the aid of a small bolo, trowel or
stick.
3. Place the seedling carefully into the hole of the same depth as it
was in the seed box or seed bed without disturbing the ball of earth
around the roots, or set it a little deeper than when it was in the
seed box.
6
4. Cover the hole until the mound of earth is formed around the stem.
5. Press down the soil with the hand carefully.
6. Water the newly transplanted seedlings immediately.
1. Lifting. Water the seedlings first. Then lift the seedling with the aid
of a trowel, shovel or similar tools.
7
b. Gunnysack
Dibbling
Planting is done with the help of a dibble or any pointed tool that
can be used to make holes in the soil. The process is called dibbling.
Steps in dibbling:
1. Plunge dibble at an angle, then push forward to upright position.
2. Place seedling against flat side of a planting hole.
3. Plunge dibble into ground three inches from seedling.
4. Pull handle of dibble to firm the soil at the bottom of the roots.
5. Push handle of dibble forward to pack the soil at the top of the
roots.
6. Plunge dibble into the ground three inches from the last hole to
close hole.
7. Fill the last hole by tramping the soil with your heel.
8. Stamp your feet around the seedling to eliminate air pockets.
8
2. Make a hole big enough to contain the seedlings with its ball of
earth.
3. Set plant with its ball of earth. Fill empty spaces thoroughly.
4. Level off soil around the stem of the plants.
LET US REMEMBER
9
HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?
RESOURCES
seedlings
trowel
sprinkler
packing materials
materials for shading the seedlings
field or site selected for transplanted seedlings
10
REFERENCES
11
LESSON 3
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
Methods of Irrigation
12
Cultivation and Weeding
1. Cultivation should be made where the soil is just moist but not too
wet. An ordinary hoe or trowel should be used for cultivating the
soil around the plant.
2. Cultivation should always be shallow. Deep cultivation is quite
harmful to the shallow roots of the plant.
3. Cultivation should be done as the need arises.
Application of Fertilizer
Tree Guards
Materials needed
o 4 pieces vertical post (wood) – 2" × 2" × 4 feet
o 8 pieces horizontal bar – 1" × 2" × 20"
o 32 pieces nail
13
Tools needed
o bolo/cross cut saw
o hammer
o crowbar
o sledge hammer
Steps in Constructing a Tree Guard
1. Prepare all the materials and tools.
2. Cut the wood according to specified size.
3. Sharpen the end of each four posts.
4. Nail the eight pieces of horizontal bars, two (2) pieces on each side.
Space the horizontal bar as needed.
5. Nail the bar on the post.
6. Dig four holes around the plants. See to it that the guard is
securely staked at the ground.
LET US REMEMBER
RESOURCES
sprinkler bolo
water pump wood
crowbar tie wire
hammer cross cut saw
nails posts
14
REFERENCES
15
POST-TEST:
Read carefully and answer each of the questions below. Select the
best answer from the choices given. Write only the LETTER of the correct
answer in your quiz notebook.
1. Which is NOT true about fertilizers?
a. It is made up of decomposed plant and animal wastes.
b. It is a material added to the soil to supply plant food element.
c. It is an inorganic material of synthetic origin added to the soil to
minimize plant growth.
d. None of these.
2. Which of the following best describes an organic fertilizer?
a. It contains decomposed plant and animal wastes
b. It is any organic or inorganic material of any natural or
synthetic origin
c. It does not contain organic material
d. all of the above
3. The process of transferring the seedlings from the nursery to the
field is
a. pricking c. transplanting
b. rouging d. hardening
4. The practice of gradually exposing the seedlings to full sunlight at
least a week before transplanting is
a. rouging c. hardening
b. pricking d. transplanting
5. Which of the following is not a proper handling of planting
materials?
a. lifting c. mud pudding
b. trimming d. hardening
16
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
PAGE
18
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
Department of Education
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH
YEAR
HORTICULTURE NC II
Unit of Competency: PRODUCE FRUIT-BEARING CROPS
Module No. 4 Module Title: GROWING OF FRUIT-BEARING
CROPS
0
MODULE IV
Pre-Test:
1
4. Which of the following is NOT true about pruning?
a. It controls the height, size and shape of the tree crown.
b. It removes undesirable branches.
c. It removes diseased branches and water sprouts.
d. It prevents the new growth of shoots.
5. What type of pruning is performed to retain the apical dominance
of the remaining branches?
a. heading-back c. thinning-out
b. top pruning d. blocking
6. Which chemicals are applied to fruit trees to promote flowering?
a. fertilizers c. inducers
b. insecticides d. pesticides
7. What is the traditional flower inducing method?
a. fertilizing c. smudging
b. burning d. smoking
8. What is the collective term for chemical materials used to control
and destroy pests?
a. insecticide c. herbicide
b. pesticide d. fungicide
9. Which term refers to chemical compounds used to kill insects?
a. pesticides c. insecticides
b. fungicides d. nematocides
10. What is the method of controlling insect pests and diseases that
adopt a system of crop rotation?
a. genetic c. biological
b. chemical d. cultural
11. Which does not belong to classifications of insecticides according to
formulation?
a. granules c. stomach poisons
b. wettable powder d. emulsifiable concentrate
12. How do stomach poisons kill insects?
a. entering through the alimentary canal
b. penetrating the body wall
c. entering through the respiratory system
d. translocation in the different insect body parts
13. What method of controlling insects is practiced by a farmer that
allows the existence of natural enemies of insect pests in his farm?
a. genetic
b. biological
c. chemical
d. cultural
14. Which of the following is a sucking insect?
a. termite
b. cutworm
c. mealy bug
d. white grub
2
15. Which of the following insects discharge foul odor and suck the sap
of plants?
a. thrips
b. stink bugs
c. click beetles
d. branch twig borer
16. What is the traditional flower inducing method of producing fire
under the tree to produce smoke?
a. fertilizing c. smudging
b. burning d. smoking
17. What is the collective term for chemical materials used to control
and destroy pests?
a. insecticide c. herbicide
b. pesticide d. fungicide
18. Which term refers to chemical compounds used to kill insects?
a. pesticides c. insecticides
b. fungicides d. nematocides
19. What is the method of controlling insect pests and diseases that
adopt a system of crop rotation?
a. genetic c. biological
b. chemical d. cultural
20. Which does not belong to classifications of insecticides according to
formulation?
a. granules c. stomach poisons
b. wettable powder d. emulsifiable concentrate
21. How do stomach poisons kill insects?
a. entering through the alimentary canal
b. penetrating the body wall
c. entering through the respiratory system
d. translocation in the different insect body parts
22. What method of controlling insects is practiced by a farmer that
allows the existence of natural enemies of insect pests in his farm?
a. genetic
b. biological
c. chemical
d. cultural
23. Which of the following is a sucking insect?
a. termite
b. cutworm
c. mealy bug
d. white grub
24. Which of the following insects discharge foul odor and suck the sap
of plants?
a. thrips
b. stink bugs
c. click beetles
d. branch twig borer
3
LESSON 1
APPLY FERTILIZER
LET US STUDY
Let Us Define
4
Kinds of Fertilizer
5
Determining the kind and rate of fertilizer to be applied in the
different stages of growth of fruit-bearing crops
Sample Problem
60 × 100
b. weight of ordinary superphosphate = = 300 kgs
20
30 × 100
c. weight of muriate of potash= = 50 kgs
60
6
The kind and rate of fertilizer to be applied in fruit-bearing crops is
not only considered based on the deficiency symptoms for lack of the
three major elements. The specific stages of growth of the plant should
also be considered. Based on the results of soil analysis, or any visual
indication of deficiency signs, rates can be used as a starting point.
Adjustments in rates can be made in later stages of crop development
depending on the actual appearance of the plants.
The following table shows the kind and rate of fertilizer application
in terms of NPK in the different growth stages of some fruit-bearing crops
including the method and time of application.
NPK in Method of Time of
Crop
g/tree/year Application Application
Mango
start of rainy
(non-bearing) 160-70-70 band application
season
(bearing) 210-210-210
band application
Banana 160-160-120 at radius of 60 2-4 splits
cm
Pineapple
1 month 60-50-150
4 months 55-0-0 band application
7 months 60-50-150
10 month 55-0-0
Coconut
1-2 years 84-40-180 onset of rainy
band application
3-4 years 168-0-360 season
5 years and up 336-40-480
LET US REMEMBER
7
2. Which of the following fertilizers contains only two of the three
major elements?
a. single fertilizer c. incomplete fertilizer
b. complete fertilizer d. commercial fertilizer
B. Problem Solving
Solve the following problem to determine the weight in kg of
fertilizer to be applied. Write the solution on your quiz notebook.
Calculate the number of kilograms of ammonium sulfate
(16% N), ordinary super phosphate (24% P2O5) and muriate of
potash (60% K2O) per hectare to meet the 90-40-40
recommendation.
C. Completing the table
Given the table below, fill in the missing data to complete the
table based on the recommended fertilizer guide for fruit-bearing
crops.
NPK in Method of Time of
Crop
g/tree/year Application Application
Mango
band application start of rainy
(non-bearing) 160-7-70
twice a year season
(bearing) 210+210+210
band application
Banana 160+160+120 at radius of 60 2-4 splits
cm
Pineapple
1 month 60-50-150
4 months 55+0+0 band application -
7 months 60+50+150
10 month 55+0+0
8
Coconut -
1-2 years 84+40+180 onset of rainy
band application
3-4 years 168+0+360 season
5 years and up 336+40+480
RESOURCES
fertilizer
container
sprinkler
water
shovel or trowel
REFERENCE
9
LESSON 2
PRUNE TREES
This lesson deals with the proper pruning of trees. It includes the
appropriate tools to be used in pruning and the ways to treat pruned
trees properly.
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
10
2. Thinning-out. This is the complete removal of any number of
branches. The remaining branches retain their apical dominance,
suppress the development of the lateral buds and grow into sturdy
boughs.
Objectives of Pruning
11
How Pruning is Done
LET US REMEMBER
Self-check:
12
LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED
Go to the school orchard and choose the trees that need pruning.
Prune the trees following the standard procedures.
RESOURCES
pruning saw
pruning knife
pruning shear
paint brush
paint or coal tar
ladder
REFERENCE
13
LESSON 3
INDUCE FLOWERS
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
14
The following factors should be taken into consideration for
successful flower inducing:
1. age of the tree
2. bearing history
3. vigor of the shoots
4. concentration of the flower inducer
5. weather condition
Spraying
Warning
Smudging
15
LET US REMEMBER
Self-check:
A. Write the missing word or group of words that will complete each of
the following sentences.
1. _________ refer to chemicals which are applied to fruit-bearing
crops to induce flowers.
2. The building of fire under the trees to produce smoke and
induce flowering is called ________.
3. A kind of gas produced by the smoke when in contact with
green leaves of the plants during the process of smudging is
called ________.
4. ________ is a chemical flower inducer commonly used by fruit
farmers particularly in mango production.
16
RESOURCES
REFERENCES
17
LESSON 4
This lesson deals with the different pests and diseases of fruit
crops. It includes the methods of controlling and applying the appropriate
pesticides.
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. identify insect pests and diseases of fruit-bearing crops;
2. determine the methods of controlling insect pests and diseases;
3. apply pesticides based on identified pests; and
4. observe safety precautions in applying pesticides.
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
18
The following are few of the major pests and diseases that affect the
fruit and plantation crop industries:
19
8. Cutworms. These are plump, soft-bodied worms, usually dull-
colored and covered with coarse hair or bristles. Cutworms
commonly curl their bodies when disturbed. Adults of these insects
turn into moths which are dull gray or brownish yellow and fly at
night. Cutworms are chewing insects that attack nearly all crops.
They cause severe damage by cutting off new plants and by
chewing leaves of old plants.
9. Nematodes. These are microscopic and wormlike pests which feed
on the roots of fruit crops. Plant roots infested with nematodes are
twisted and discolored so plants eventually die.
Major Diseases
20
5. Cadang-cadang disease of coconut. The disease is caused by
virus. The disease is associated with aging of trees in which the
leaves become progressively necrotic until the tree fails to produce
any more nuts. In the advanced stage the whole crown collapses.
Control is done by replacing cadang-cadang infected trees with new
seedlings. Young trees especially if receiving proper nourishment
are not readily infected with the disease. The law prohibits coconut
planting materials to be taken out of Bicol area to prevent the
spread of the disease.
Classifications of Insecticides
1. According to formulation
a. Dusts. These are dry powdered insecticides available in pure
forms or in mixtures of insecticides with inert powder
b. Wettable powders (WP). These are produced by impregnating
inert powder with an insecticide and then adding a wetting
agent so that the powder particles can be suspended in water
upon dilution. They leave a greater residue than a toxicant on
the sprayed surface.
c. Granules. These are free-flowing grains or inert materials either
mixed or impregnated with an insecticide. They do not need any
further dilution or mixing nor do they present drift problems
during application. They can be broadcast by hand.
d. Emulsifiable concentrates (EC). These are liquid mixtures or
toxicants (insecticide) in its solvent form (usually an aromatic
oil) and an emulsifying agent which makes it possible for small
droplets of the solvent carrying the toxicants to remain
dispersed through the water when they are diluted. Emulsions
penetrate porous materials, leaving the toxicant on the sprayed
surface.
21
3. According to methods of application.
a. Foliar insecticides. These are applied by spraying over the
surface of the plant, or as in the case of brown plant hoppers,
toward the base of the plant
b. Systemic insecticides. These are applied by broadcasting on or
incorporating into the soil where they are absorbed by plant
roots and translocated to other parts of the plant.
22
HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?
B. Fill in the blanks with the word or group of words that will
complete each sentence. Write your answer in your quiz notebook.
1. __________ is a method of controlling insect pests and diseases
by modifying a system of crop rotation.
2. The destruction of insect pests and diseases with the use of
chemicals is called __________.
3. __________ is a method of control by introducing natural
enemies of insect pests.
4. __________ is the removal of infested parts of the plant.
RESOURCES
pesticide pruning shears
sprayer ladder
REFERENCES
23
POST-TEST:
24
8. What is the collective term that refers to all chemical materials
used to control and destroy pests?
a. insecticide
b. pesticide
c. herbicide
d. fungicide
9. Which term refers to chemical compounds used to kill insects?
a. pesticides
b. fungicides
c. insecticides
d. nematocides
10. What is the method of controlling insect pests and diseases that
adopt a system of crop rotation?
a. genetic
b. chemical
c. biological
d. cultural
11. Which does not belong to the classifications of insecticides
according to formulation?
a. granules
b. wettable powder
c. stomach poisons
d. emulsifiable concentrate
12. How do stomach poisons kill insects?
a. entering through the alimentary canal
b. penetrating the body wall
c. entering through the respiratory system
d. translocation in the different insect body parts
13. What method of insect control is practiced by a farmer when he
allows the existence of natural enemies of insect pests in his farm?
a. genetic
b. biological
c. chemical
d. cultural
14. Which of the following is a sucking insect?
a. termite
b. cutworm
c. mealy bug
d. white grub
15. Which of the following insects discharge foul odor and suck the sap
of plants?
a. thrips
b. stink bugs
c. click beetle
d. branch twig borer
25
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
PAGE
26
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
Department of Education
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH
YEAR
HORTICULTURE NC II
Unit of Competency: PRODUCE FRUIT-BEARING CROPS
Module No. 5 Module Title: HARVESTING OF FRUITS
0
MODULE V
PRE-TEST:
2
LESSON 1
This lesson deals with the maturity indices of fruits. It includes the
methods of determining such maturity indices.
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
3
Maturity Indices for Some Representative Fruit Crops
LET US REMEMBER
Fruits that are harvested at the right stage of maturity will ensure
good quality harvest. It is therefore a necessity to consider the maturity
indices of fruit-bearing crops.
4
2. Which of the following refers to the harvesting of fruits beyond the
right time of harvesting.
a. premature harvesting
b. maturity
c. delayed harvesting
d. none of the above
3. Which of the following is not an index of maturity of fruits?
a. appearance of the fruit
b. age of the fruit
c. cracking of the skin
d. color of the skin
4. Harvesting at the right stage of maturity will _________.
a. ensure good quality of harvest
b. benefit the grower and consumer
c. increase marketability of fruits
d. all of the above
5. Mango fruits mature in ________ from flowering.
a. 90 to 100 days
b. 130 to 140 days
c. 90 to 120 days
d. 80 to 100 days
RESOURCES
orchard
reference materials
REFERENCES
5
LESSON 2
This lesson deals with the different methods and materials used in
harvesting fruits.
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
Time to Harvest
6
3. Characteristics of the fruit Some crops, although mature, appear
green during the rainy season and may not show change in color,
Therefore, the farmer should be guided by this natural behavior of
the plants in deciding the time of harvest.
The harvesting of fruits has not so far been mechanized, not like
other crops such as rice, sugarcane, corn and others. Fruits of fruit-
bearing crops are harvested using the hand picking method.
Harvesting of fruits should be done with utmost care. Fruits should
not be dropped to the ground to avoid damages. They should be picked
by hand with the use of the following materials:
1. picking pole with either a bag or basket at the end
2. a pole with a net and a hook at the end called “alawa” by
Pangasinenses
3. bamboo basket called “kaing” tied to a rope. This harvesting device
is brought by the climber on the tree to place the fruits he picks.
With the help of the rope the loaded basket is laid on the ground.
4. boxes and crates with liners
5. ladder
LET US REMEMBER
Hand picking of fruits should be done with utmost care using the
appropriate materials for harvesting to avoid bruises and damages on
fruits.
7
LET US APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED
RESOURCES
boxes
baskets or “kaing”
bamboo poles with catching nets or “alawa”
bamboo laders
rope
REFERENCE
8
POST-TEST:
9
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
PAGE
10
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
Department of Education
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH
YEAR
HORTICULTURE NC II
Unit of Competency: PERFORM POST HARVEST OPERATIONS
OF
FRUIT-BEARING CROPS
Module No. 6 Module Title: PERFORMING POST HARVEST
OPERATIONS OF FRUIT-BEARING CROPS
0
MODULE VI
Pre-Test:
1
3. An act of moving a product from the point of production to the
point of consumption is called ___________.
a. harvesting
b. transporting
c. marketing
d. post-harvest handling
4. A type of market where the farmer sells his product by bringing to
another town or municipality is called _____________.
a. local market
b. nearby town market
c. farm market
d. none of the above
5. Which of the following methods of marketing fruits is advisable
when the point of consumption is far from the point of production?
a. retailing
b. wholesaling
c. selling in the farm
d. selling though cooperatives
6. The people who get the biggest profit from fruit crop production are
the ____________.
a. farmers
b. businessmen
c. middlemen
d. retailers
7. Which of the following methods of post harvest handling of fruits
involves wiping of the product with a dry cloth?
a. grading
b. sorting
c. cleaning
d. transporting
8. Proper handling of harvested fruits must be observed in order to__.
a. increase its marketability
b. maintain the good quality of fruits
c. prevent so much damage in fruits
d. all of the above
9. The marketing method that involves an organization of people who
receive equal shares is____________.
a. wholesaling
b. retailing
c. cooperatives
d. none of the above
10. A method of marketing wherein products are sold directly to
consumers is called _____________.
a. wholesaling
b. retailing
c. cooperative
d. none of the above
2
LESSON 1
This lesson deals with the different post-harvest operations for fruit
crop production. It includes trimming and cleaning, sorting and grading,
and proper packaging and transporting.
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
LET US REMEMBER
RESOURCES
REFERENCES
MARKET FRUITS
This lesson deals with the different methods of marketing and ways
of maintaining the good quality of fruits.
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
LET US REMEMBER
7
HOW MUCH HAVE YOU LEARNED?
RESOURCES
REFERENCE
8
POST TEST:
9
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
PAGE
89
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
Department of Education
PUBLIC TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL
HIGH SCHOOLS
COMPETENCY-BASED
LEARNING MATERIAL
FOURTH
YEAR
HORTICULTURE NC II
Unit of Competency: PERFORM POST HARVEST OPERATIONS OF
FRUIT-
BEARING CROPS
Module No. 7 Module Title: KEEPING FARM RECORDS AND
ACCOUNTS
0
MODULE VII
PRE-TEST:
2
LESSON 1
This lesson deals with the different farm records and accounts.
LET US STUDY
Let us Define
3
1. Fixed costs. Costs incurred whether or not production takes place.
On a yearly basis, the fixed costs in fruit bearing crop production
would include land tax, government irrigation fee, depreciation and
interest charges on equipment such as tractor or irrigation pump
and the maintenance cost of work animals.
2. Variable costs. Costs vary depending on the quantities of
production. Land rent is a variable cost if there is shared
management. Seeds, fertilizers, insecticides, and hired labor are
also examples of variable costs.
3. Cash. This is the item that most farmers lack, especially before
starting the venture. Farmers result to borrowing money from
various sources to cover expenses for crop production. Interest of
borrowed money is considered cash. Hired labor is classified under
cash.
4. Non-cash. This refers to the interest on operating capital, if the
capital is not borrowed. Likewise, the farmer’s labor and family
labor are non-cash costs.
The kind of farm records to keep will depend upon what the farmer
wants to know about his business. The records should:
1. show the financial status of the business;
2. show whether the business is gaining or losing; and
3. help in determining which farm practices pay most.
The following records are recommended to farmers:
1. Inventory record refers to all the resources, especially property,
assets and others.
2. Record of accounts receivable consists of all the accounts to be
collected from persons owing the operator under certain terms and
conditions.
3. Record of accounts payable refers to all the accounts to be paid
by the farmer-operator to persons or firms for the resources that
are used in operating the business.
4. Daily cash expense record pertains to all the daily major expenses
incurred in the business operation.
5. Sales record is a record of all goods and products that are being
sold to consumers, be it in small or in large scale.
6. Miscellaneous expense record refers to the record of all
miscellaneous expenses incurred in operating the business, such
as maintenance and repairs, taxes and rent, interest of borrowed
money, and others.
4
Formats in Preparing Farm Records
A. Inventory Record
Beginning Ending
Inventory Inventory
Date Date
ITEM Description Ownership No. Value No. Value
TOTAL
DATE
Person or Firm Owing You Acquired Due Amount Terms
TOTAL
TOTAL
5
D. Daily cash expense record
Date Quantity Seeds Fertil Insec Weedicide Hired Labor Fue Food Transp Fees Other
Descriptio izers ticide s man Value l& ortatio s
n and s days Oil n
Unit Price
TOTAL
TOTAL
NON-CASH
Landlord’s share _____________
Services paid in kind _____________
Seeds produced &
used in the farm _____________
Unpaid family labor _____________
Depreciation _____________
Others _____________
B. Total Non-Cash Expenses _____________
RECEIPTS
D. Total Cash Receipts _____________
E. Total Non-Cash Receipts _____________
F. Total Receipts (D&E) _____________
NET INCOME :
G. Net Cash Income (D-A) _____________
H. Net Non-Cash Income (E-B) _____________
I. Total Net Income (G & H or (F & C) _____________
LET US REMEMBER
TOTAL
RESOURCES
reference
farm records
REFERENCE
Cheah Kok Kheong et.al. Modern Agriculture for Tropical Schools Oxforn
University Press: 1979
8
POST TEST
10
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
PAGE
11