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inhalant abuse
be recognized?
See page 4.
I
Through scientific research, we have
nhalants are volatile substances that produce chemical vapors
learned much about the nature and that can be inhaled to induce a psychoactive, or mind-altering,
extent of inhalant abuse, its pharma-
cology, and its consequences. This effect. Although other abused substances can be inhaled, the
research has brought the picture of term “inhalants” is used to describe a variety of substances whose
inhalant abuse in the Nation into focus
and pointed to the dangers and the main common characteristic is that they are rarely, if ever, taken
warning signs for parents, educators, by any route other than inhalation. This definition encompasses a
and clinicians. We hope this compila-
tion of the latest scientific information broad range of chemicals that may have different pharmacological
will help alert readers to inhalant abuse effects and are found in hundreds of different products. As a result,
and its harmful effects and aid efforts to
deal with this problem effectively. precise categorization of inhalants is difficult. One classification
system lists four general categories of inhalants — volatile solvents,
Nora D. Volkow, M.D.
Director aerosols, gases, and nitrites — based on the forms in which they are
National Institute on Drug Abuse often found in household, industrial, and medical products.
continued inside
Inhaled chemicals are possibly even death. At the least, Evidence from animal
absorbed rapidly into the they will feel less inhibited and studies suggests that a number
bloodstream through the lungs less in control. After heavy use of of commonly abused volatile
and are quickly distributed to inhalants, abusers may feel drowsy solvents and anesthetic gases
the brain and other organs. for several hours and experience a have neurobehavioral effects and
Within seconds of inhalation, lingering headache. mechanisms of action similar
the user experiences intoxication to those produced by CNS
along with other effects similar depressants, which include alcohol
to those produced by alcohol. How Do Inhalants and medications such as sedatives
Alcohol-like effects may include Produce Their and anesthetics.
slurred speech; the inability to A 2007 animal study indicates
coordinate movements; euphoria;
Effects? that toluene, a solvent found in
and dizziness. In addition, users Many brain systems may be many commonly abused inhalants
may experience lightheadedness, involved in the anesthetic, — including model airplane glue,
hallucinations, and delusions. intoxicating, and reinforcing effects paint sprays, and paint and nail
Because intoxication lasts of different inhalants. Nearly polish removers — activates the
only a few minutes, abusers all abused inhalants (other than brain’s dopamine system. The
frequently seek to prolong the nitrites) produce a pleasurable dopamine system has been shown
high by inhaling repeatedly over effect by depressing the CNS. to play a role in the rewarding
the course of several hours, which Nitrites, in contrast, dilate and effects of nearly all drugs of abuse.
is a very dangerous practice. With relax blood vessels rather than act
successive inhalations, abusers can as anesthetic agents.
suffer loss of consciousness and
For example, chronic abuse of liver, and kidneys. Although case reports note abnormalities
volatile solvents, such as toluene some inhalant-induced damage in newborns of mothers who
or naphthalene (the volatile to the nervous and other organ chronically abuse solvents, and
ingredient in mothballs), damages systems may be at least partially there is evidence of subsequent
the protective sheath around reversible when inhalant abuse is developmental impairment in
certain nerve fibers in the brain stopped, many syndromes caused some of these children. However,
and peripheral nervous system. by repeated or prolonged abuse no well-controlled prospective
This extensive destruction of are irreversible. study of the effects of prenatal
nerve fibers is clinically similar Abuse of inhalants during exposure to inhalants in humans
to that seen with neurological pregnancy also may place has been conducted, and it is
diseases such as multiple sclerosis. infants and children at increased not possible to link prenatal
The neurotoxic effects of risk of developmental harm. exposure to a particular chemical
prolonged inhalant abuse include Animal studies designed to to a specific birth defect or
neurological syndromes that simulate human patterns of developmental problem.
reflect damage to parts of the inhalant abuse suggest that Finally, a 2008 survey of over
brain involved in controlling prenatal exposure to toluene can 13,000 high school students has
cognition, movement, vision, and result in reduced birth weights, identified an association between
hearing. Cognitive abnormalities occasional skeletal abnormalities, disordered eating (defined as a
can range from mild impairment delayed neurobehavioral positive response to one or more
to severe dementia. development, and altered of three questions about engag-
Inhalants also are highly regulation of metabolism and ing in inappropriate behaviors for
toxic to other organs. Chronic body composition in males, as weight control during the past
exposure can produce significant well as food intake and weight 30 days) and inhalant use among
damage to the heart, lungs, gain in both sexes. A number of both male and female students.
Glossary
Anesthetic: An agent that causes insensitivity to Naphthalene: Volatile, active ingredient in mothballs.
pain and is used for surgeries and other medical
procedures. Toxic: Causing temporary or permanent effects
detrimental to the functioning of a body organ or group
Central nervous system: The brain and spinal cord. of organs.
Dementia: A condition of deteriorated mental Withdrawal: Symptoms that occur after chronic use of
function. a drug is reduced abruptly or stopped.
Dopamine: A brain chemical, classified as a
neurotransmitter, found in regions of the brain that
regulate movement, emotion, motivation, and pleasure.
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