                         ‫א‬

‫ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺍﻍ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻭﻅﻑ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻜﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻗﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺤﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻤﺱ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻴﺨﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﻤﺢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺤﺴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻻﺘﺴﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻻﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻟﺘﺎﻜﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻅﻬﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻤﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎﺀ ‪against the‬‬
‫‪ ،sky‬ﻭﻻﺒﺩ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺭﺍﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻼﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬
‫‪ ،radiation of bright surfaces‬ﻭﻴﺭﺍﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﺍﻴﻀﺎ ﺸﻜل ﻅل ﺍﻻﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺘﺎﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ‪.‬‬

‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﻗﻊ ‪ Geometry‬ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﻼل ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﺭ ﻭﻭﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﻘﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺼل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻭﻤﻼﺌﻤﺘﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ‪ local‬ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ ‪ Climate‬ﻭﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﺍ ﻫﺎﻤﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻴﺢ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﻼ ﻜﻡ ﺘﻠﻌﺏ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻫﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻫﺎﻤﻴﻥ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎل ”‪.“Safety and Aesthetic Purposes‬‬
 ‫‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬

‫ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ”‪“Lighting Network‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ”‪“Roads‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻅﺎﺭ ”‪“Parking‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺩﺍﺨل ”‪“Pedestrian and Entry Lighting‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﺔ ”‪“Architectural Lighting‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﻨﺩﺴﻜﻴﺏ ”‪“Landscape Lighting‬‬ ‫•‬

‫”‪“Lighting Network‬‬ ‫‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬

‫ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ”‪“Perimeter Spaces‬‬

‫• ﺘﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒ ﹰﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺇﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺨﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ”‪“Transition Spaces‬‬

‫• ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻤﺜل ﻤﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻲ ﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻅﺎﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺃﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ ‪ 3‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ”‪“Control Spaces‬‬

‫• ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻭﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﺤﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺒﻌﻨﺎﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺌﻘﺔ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭﻩ‪.‬‬

‫‪Reception spaces‬‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل‬

‫• ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﺒﺩﻭﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻭﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻭﻅﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺌﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﺌﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﻺﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻟﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻲ ”‪ “Up Lighting‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻔل‬
‫”‪“Down Lighting‬‬
 ‫’‪‘Roads‬‬ ‫א‪‬‬

‫• ﺘﻜﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻋﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺓ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻭﻟﺫﺍ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﻋﺒﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﺼل ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺓ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﺼل‬
‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺘﻭﺒﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻲ ﺃﻜﻔﺄ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻭل‬
‫ﻭﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻋﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ ﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪‬א‪‬א‪“Parking”‬‬

‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻷﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻅﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺼﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻐﻁﻴﺔ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﺘﻌﻜﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺭﻏﻭﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻅﺎﺭ ﻤﺜل ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻅﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻼ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻴ ﹰ‬
 ‫‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪“Pedestrian and Entry Lighting”‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻋﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴل‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﺍﺨل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺸﺎﺓ‪.‬‬
“Architectural Lighting”‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪“Landscape Lighting”‬‬

‫ﻼ ﻫﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﺎﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﻴﺸﻜل ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻼﻨﺩﺴﻜﻴﺏ ﻟﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻼﻨﺩﺴﻜﻴﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻤﺜل ﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﺸﺠﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‪.‬‬
 ‫א‪‬א‪“Lighting Design Standards” ‬‬

‫ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﺒﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻭﻤﺘﻰ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺄﻫﻭﻻ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻴل ﻤﻌﺎ ﺃﻡ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﺭ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻜﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ‬
‫ﻭﺘﻭﺠﻴﻬﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺘﻼﺀﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﺒﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻭﻤﻠﻤﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻭﻤﺼﺩﺭﻩ ﻭﺸﺩﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎ ﻓﺎﻨﻪ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻺﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺘﻘﺎﺱ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻭﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺤﺭﻜﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ‪-:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻸﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ ‪-:‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻯ ”‪“Major Athletic Events‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻯ ‪“Major Cultural or Civic‬‬ ‫•‬
‫”‪Events‬‬

‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻟﻸﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ ‪-:‬‬

‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫• ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺘﻭﺒﻴﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫• ﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺤﻴﺎﺀ‬
‫• ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻓﻴﻬﻴﺔ‬
‫• ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﻟﻸﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺘﻪ ‪-:‬‬
‫• ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻨﻬﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
 Lux (Ix): The International Standard (SI)
measure of incident light. It is equal to one
lumen uniformly distributed over an area of
one square meter

Efficacy : A measure of how efficiently

a lamp converts electric power (watts)
into light energy (lumens) without
regard to the effectiveness of its
illumination. It should not be assumed
that a lamp which has high efficacy
will give better illumination than a less
efficient lamp
‫‪MAJOR AND MINOR ROADS ARE DISTINCT, AND‬‬
‫‪PEDESTRIAN‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺓ‬
 ‫ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺭﻏﻭﺏ ﺘﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻏﻭﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻜﺘل ﺍﻷﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻅﻼﻻ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺭﻏﻭﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺯﻭﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻋﻠﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﺎﻴﺠﺏ ﺇﻀﺎﺀﺘﻪ ﻭﻤﺎﻻ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺇﻀﺎﺀﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻹﺒﻬﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻜﻥ‬

‫ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜل ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬

‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ‬
 ‫ﺃﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺓ‬

‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻏﻔﺎﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ؛ ﻤﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻙ ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻴﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﺘﺸﻐﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ‪.‬‬