X.

ANSWERING QUESTION
1. Explained the characteristic of sodium peroxide!
Answer:
Sodium peroxide is the inorganic compound with the formula
Na2O2. This yellowish solid is the product of sodium ignited in excess
oxygen. Sodium peroxide is a yellow-white to yellow granular solid.
mixtures with combustible material are readily ignited by friction, heat, or
contact with moisture. may vigorously decompose under prolonged
exposure to heat, causing the rupture of the containers. It has boiling point
657°C, melting point 460°C. It soluble in acid and insoluble in alkali. It
has density 2,8 g/cm3. It can absorb water and carbon dioxide from air.
It is a strong base. This metal peroxide exists in several hydrates
and peroxyhydrates including Na2O2·2H2O2·4H2O, Na2O2·2H2O,
Na2O2·2H2O2, and Na2O2·8H2O. The octahydrate, which is simple to
prepare, is white, in contrast to the anhydrous material. Sodium peroxide
crystallizes with hexagonal symmetry. Upon heating, the
hexagonal form undergoes a transition into a phase of unknown symmetry
at 512 °C. With further heating above the 675 °C melting point, the
compound decomposes to Na2O, releasing O2.
2 Na2O2 → 2 Na2O + O2

Sodium peroxide can be prepared on a large scale by the reaction of

metallic sodium with oxygen at 130–200 °C, a process that
generates sodium oxide, which in a separate stage absorbs oxygen:

4 Na + O2 → 2 Na2O
2 Na2O + O2 → 2 Na2O2

It may also be produced by passing ozone gas over solid sodium

iodide inside a platinum or palladium tube. The ozone oxidizes the
sodium to form sodium peroxide. The iodine can be sublimed by mild
heating. The platinum or palladium catalyzes the reaction and is not
attacked by the sodium peroxide.
 Sodium peroxide hydrolyzes to give sodium hydroxide and hydrogen
peroxide according to the reaction:

Na2O2 + 2 H2O → 2 NaOH + H2O2

Sodium peroxide was used to bleach wood pulp for the production
of paper and textiles. Presently it is mainly used for specialized laboratory
operations, e.g., the extraction of minerals from various ores. Sodium
peroxide may go by the commercial names of Solozone and Flocool. In
chemistry preparations, sodium peroxide is used as an oxidizing agent. It
is also used as an oxygen source by reacting it with carbon dioxide to
produce oxygen and sodium carbonate; it is thus particularly useful in
scuba gear, submarines, etc. Lithium peroxide has similar uses.

2Na2O2 + 2CO2 → 2Na2CO3 + O2

2. Explained about the characteristic, manufacture, and the uses of sodium!

Characteristic of sodium are:
 Sodium at standard temperature and presssure is a soft silvery
metal
 Sodium combines with oxygen in air and forms grayish white
sodium oxide useless immersed in oil or inert gas
 It can be cut with a knife
 Sodium is a good conductor of electricity and heat because it has
only one electron in its valence shell, resulting in weak metallic
bonding and free electrons, which carry energy.
 The melting (98 °C) and boiling (883 °C) points of sodium are
lower than those of lithium but higher than those of the heavier
alkali metals potassium, rubidium, and caesium, following periodic
trends down the group.
 A positive flame test for sodium has a bright yellow color.
 Sodium has density 0,97 g.cm-3 at 20°C
 Though metallic sodium has some important uses, the major
applications for sodium use compounds; millions of tons of sodium
chloride, hydroxide, and carbonate are produced annually. Sodium
chloride is extensively used for anti-icing and de-icing and as a
preservative; examples of the uses of sodium bicarbonate include baking,
as a raising agent, and sodablasting. Along with potassium, many
important medicines have sodium added to improve their bioavailability;
though potassium is the better ion in most cases, sodium is chosen for its
lower price and atomic weight. Sodium hydride is used as a base for
various reactions (such as the aldol reaction) in organic chemistry, and as a
reducing agent in inorganic chemistry.

Metallic sodium is used mainly for the production of sodium

borohydride, sodium azide, indigo, and triphenylphosphine. A once-
common use was the making of tetraethyllead and titanium metal; because
of the move away from TEL and new titanium production methods, the
production of sodium declined after 1970. Sodium is also used as an
alloying metal, an anti-scaling agent, and as a reducing agent for metals
when other materials are ineffective. Note the free element is not used as a
scaling agent, ions in the water are exchanged for sodium ions. Sodium
plasma ("vapor") lamps are often used for street lighting in cities, shedding
light that ranges from yellow-orange to peach as the pressure increases. By
itself or with potassium, sodium is a desiccant; it gives an intense blue
coloration with benzophenone when the desiccate is dry. In organic
synthesis, sodium is used in various reactions such as the Birch reduction,
and the sodium fusion test is conducted to qualitatively analyse
compounds. Sodium reacts with alcohol and gives alkoxides, and when
sodium is dissolved in ammonia solution, it can be used to reduce alkynes
to trans-alkenes. Lasers emitting light at the sodium D line are used to
create artificial laser guide stars that assist in the adaptive optics for land-
based visible light telescopes
To manufacture sodium, It can be got from many ways such as:

 Using electrolysis, the same process that Humpry Davy used to isolate
the element nearly 200 years ago. Electrolysis is particularly useful for
breaking down compounds that are too stable to break apart through
chemical reaction or by heating them.
 Using a Down’s cell, the starting point for extracting sodium is
sodium chloride, or common salt. It is melted and placed in a down’s
cell. The Downs cell uses a carbon anode and an iron cathode.
The electrolyte is sodium chloride that has been heated to the liquid
state. Although solid sodium chloride is a poor conductor of
electricity, when molten the sodium and chloride ions are mobilized,
which become charge carriers and allow conduction of electric
current.
 Metallic sodium was first produced commercially in the late 19th
century by carbothermal reduction of sodium carbonate at 1100 °C, as
the first step of the Deville process for the production of aluminium:

Na2CO3 + 2 C → 2 Na + 3 CO

 The high demand of aluminium created the need for the production of
sodium. The introduction of the Hall–Héroult process for the
production of aluminium by electrolysing a molten salt bath ended the
need for large quantities of sodium. A related process based on the
reduction of sodium hydroxide was developed in 1886.