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If the rotating beam endurance limit is known at room temperature, then use
Reliability factor, ke
The discussion presented here accounts for the scatter of
data. Data presented by Haugen and Wirching show
standard deviations of endurance strengths of less than 8
percent. Thus the reliability modification factor to account
for this can be written as
Miscellaneous-Effects Factor kf
Residual stresses.
Heat treatments.
Corrosion.
Electrolytic plating.
Metal spraying.
Cyclic frequency.
Frettage corrosion
Corrosion
It is to be expected that parts that operate in a
corrosive atmosphere will have a lowered fatigue
resistance.
Mean or static stress
Alternating stress
Electrolyte concentration
Dissolved oxygen in electrolyte
Material properties and composition
Temperature
Cyclic frequency
Fluid flow rate around specimen
Local crevices
Electrolytic plating.
Metal spraying.
Cyclic frequency.
Frettage corrosion.
Stress Concentration and
Notch Sensitivity
The maximum stress is, in fact
Sf = 23.9 ksi
Example
Figure shows a rotating shaft simply supported in ball
bearings at A and D and loaded by a nonrotating force F
of 6.8 kN. Using ASTM “minimum” strengths, estimate
the life of the part.
(a) Shaft drawing showing all dimensions in millimeters; all fillets 3-mm
radius. The shaft rotates and the load is stationary; material is machined
from AISI 1050 cold-drawn steel.
Solution
Maximum moment:
D/d = 1.1875
r/d = 0.09375
Kt = 1.65
Solution
Sut in ksi Sut = 100 ksi (1ksi = 6.89 MPa)
√a = 0.0622√in
√a = 0.313√mm
1.65 1
K f 1
1 0.313 / 3
Kf = 1.55
Solution
Bending stress at B:
MB = R1x = 225(F)(250)/550
= 695.5 N-m
Section modulus is:
d 3
s I /c 3.217 x103 mm 3
32
The reversing stress is, assuming infinite life
MB
Kf 335.1MPa
I /c
The stress is greater than Se and less than Sy.
Means finite life and no yield on the firsts
cycles
Solution
For finite life: f = 0.844, from figure 6-18
a = 335.1 MPa
N = 68x103 cycles
Fatigue Analysis – Part 2
Samuel Charca, Ph.D.
Characterizing Fluctuating
Stresses
Fluctuating stresses in machinery often take the form
of a sinusoidal pattern because of the nature of some
rotating machinery. However, other patterns, some
quite irregular, do occur.
Characterizing Fluctuating
Stresses
Fatigue Failure Criteria for
Fluctuating Stress
Now that we have defined the various
components of stress associated with a
part subjected to fluctuating stress, we
want to vary both the midrange stress and
the stress amplitude, or alternating
component, to learn something about the
fatigue resistance of parts when subjected
to such situations
Fatigue Failure Criteria for
Fluctuating Stress
Modified
Goodman diagram
showing all the
strengths and the
limiting values of
all the stress
components for a
particular
midrange stress.
Haigh Diagram
Results of a fatigue test using non-zero
mean stress on a alternating stress vs. mean
stress, with lines with constant life. This plot
is incorrectly called modified Goodman
diagram
Haigh Diagram
Since the test required to generate a Haigh
diagram can be expensive, several empirical
relationship have been developed
Master fatigue diagram created for AISI 4340 steel having Sut = 158 and
Sy = 147 kpsi. The stress components at A are σmin = 20, σmax = 120,
σm =70, and σa =50, all in kpsi. (Source: H. J. Grover, Fatigue of Aircraft
Structures, U.S. Government Printing Office,Washington, D.C., 1966, pp.
317, 322. See also J. A. Collins, Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design,
Wiley, New York, 1981, p. 216.)
Failure Criteria
Fatigue diagram showing various criteria of failure. For each
criterion, points on or “above” the respective line indicate failure.
Some point A on the Goodman line, for example, gives the
strength Sm as the limiting value of σm corresponding to the
strength Sa, which, paired with σm, is the limiting value of σa.
Constant life fatigue diagram
Safety Factor
Constant life fatigue diagram
The following generalization can be made when
discussing cases of tensile mean stress
Example
A component undergoes a cycles stress with a
maximum value of 110 ksi and a minimum value of
10 ksi. The component is made from a steel, with a
ultimate strength, Su, of 150 ksi and endurance
limit, Se, of 60 ksi and a fully reversed stress 1000
cycles, S1000, of 110 ksi. Using the Goodman
relationship, determine the life on the component
Solution
Determine the stress amplitude and mean stress