M7.4 - BK - v5.0 - 20190105 - Data Handling

7
CLASS
SPARK MATHS
WORKBOOK
LEARN PLAY PRACTICE

2
MATHS
DATA HANDLING
CLASS
7
Recommended time: 5 to 7 hours
Winspark Innovations Learning Pvt. Ltd.

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CONTENTS
1. MEAN 7
2. MEDIAN AND MODE 43
3. INTRODUCTION TO PROBABILITY 76
1 MEAN
SCAN HERE TO ENTER APP ZONE
7
SPARK
Every great legend begins with a spark
Have you ever

wondered?
You receive marks in 5 different

subjects. Why do you take the
average of the marks?
ta k e an
How to all your
ra g e of
av e ?
marks
2
ule in 1 or
d e a o f this mod
i
r o d u c e the main
In t
lines.
Copyright © 2017-18 Winspark Innovations Learning Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.
THE BIG IDEA
We take an average of numbers to give a

representative value of a diverse data set.
Can you know your exact marks of

every subject from knowing the
average?
EXPLAIN
Observation is one of the greatest powers in the universe
Hi kids, today we will explore the area of statistics and

learn about collecting, organizing and representing
data for better analysis. We will also learn about the
most widely used representative value called arithmetic
mean.
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to understand
the various aspects of data handling along with the
method to calculate the average or arithmetic mean of a
given set of values.
1. Statistics and data

Information can be represented in different ways. Statistics is the branch of
mathematics that deals with the representation of information using numerical
figures called data.
Let us take a look at some of the key definitions to help us understand better:
DEFINITION
Data: A collection of numerical figures giving some particular type

of information is called data.
EXAMPLE
• The marks obtained by 5 students can be represented as
87, 63, 90, 45, 85
• The average temperature recorded for a week can be represented as

35°C, 40°C, 38°C, 36°C, 39°C
All this data collected in the original form without any

rearrangement or processing is called the raw data.
TIP
2. Organization of data
Data can be organized in different ways to represent information:
DEFINITION
Array: Arranging the numerical figures of a data in ascending or

descending order is called an array.
EXAMPLE
• The marks obtained by 5 students can be represented in an array as:

45, 63, 85, 87, 90
• The average temperature recorded for a week can be represented as

35°C, 36°C, 38°C, 39°C, 40°C
DEFINITION
Tabulation of data: Arranging the data systematically in the form

of a table is called the tabulation of data.
EXAMPLE
Average
Day of the week
Temperature
Monday 35°C
Tuesday 40°C
Wednesday 38°C
Thursday 36°C
Friday 39°C
DEFINITION
Observation: Each numerical figure in a data is called an

observation.
Frequency: The number of times a particular observation
occurs is called its frequency.
EXAMPLE
Consider the data showing the number of children in 10 families as:

2, 0, 1, 3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 0, 2
Number of
Frequency
children
0 2
1 3
2 4
3 1
A better way to calculate the frequency is to arrange the data in

TIP an array first.
3. Representative value
Consider the temperature forecast for a day that we see every day in the newspaper.
As the temperature varies throughout the day, how can a single value represent the
temperature for the entire day?
This is where the concept of representative value is useful.
DEFINITION
A representative value of a series of measurement is the one which

we think is the closest to the real value of the said measurement.
Representing a single value for a large amount of data makes it easy to study,
analyze and interpret the collection of data.
There are several types of representative values that are used for data handling
such as:
• Arithmetic Mean (Average)
• Range
• Median
• Mode
Let us take a look at the most widely used representative value i.e. Arithmetic
Mean (or Average).
4. Arithmetic Mean
The arithmetic mean (or mean) of a data indicates the average of the given
collection of data. It is equal to the sum of all the values in the group of data
(observations) divided by the total number of values.
For n values in a set of data namely as x1, x2, x3…… xn, the mean of the data is
given by:
Mean = x1 + x2 + x3 + ……… + xn
n
EXAMPLE
The height of the students in a class are given as follows:
140cm, 142cm, 150cm, 143cm, 149cm, 141cm.
What is the average height of the students in the class?’
The average height of the students is actually the arithmetic mean of all the heights
grouped together.
Therefore,
Average = Mean = 140 + 142 + 150 + 143 + 149 + 141 = 865 = 144.1
6 6
Therefore, the average height of the students in the class is 144.1cm.
Arithmetic mean is the most common measure of the central

tendency or the central value of a collection of data.
TIP
When each term in the collection of data is increased/decreased by
a certain number, the arithmetic mean also increases/decreases by
TIP
the same number. Similarly, when each term is multiplied/divided
by a certain number, the mean is also multiplied/divided by the
same number.
5. Mean of tabulated data
If x1, x2, x3…… xn, are n observations, and f1, f2, f3….. fn represent the
corresponding frequencies of n observations, then the mean of the data is
given by:
Mean = f1x1 + f2x2 + f3x3 + ……… + fnxn

f1 + f2 + f3 +……. + fn
= ∑(fi.xi)
∑fi
EXAMPLE
A dice is thrown 20 times and the following scores were recorded:

6, 3, 2, 4, 5, 5, 6, 1, 3, 3, 5, 6, 6, 1, 3, 3, 5, 6, 6, 2
Find the mean score of the dice.
To find the mean score, we need to prepare a frequency table of the scores.
Score on the dice Frequency

fi.xi
(xi) (fi)
1 2 1×2=2
2 2 2×2=4
3 5 3 × 5 = 15
4 1 4×1=4
5 4 5 × 4 = 20
6 6 6 × 6 = 36
Mean score = ∑(fi.xi)
∑fi
= (2 + 4 + 15 + 4 + 20 + 36)
(2 + 2 + 5 + 1 + 4 + 6)
= 81
20
= 4.05
Therefore, the average score is 4.05.
If the values in a collection are measured in different

units, change the units to same and then calculate
REMEMBER the mean.
• Statistics is the branch that deals with the representation

of information in the form of numbers.
SUMMARY • Data is a collection of numerical figures representing
some type of information.
• Data obtained in the original form is called raw data.
• Data arranged in ascending or descending order is called
an array.
• Arranging data in the form of a table is called tabulation
of data.
• Each numerical figure in a data is called an observation.
• The number of times a particular observation occurs in a
set of data is called its frequency.
• The representative value is a single value that represents
the entire collection of values.
• Arithmetic mean or average is equal to the sum of all the
observations divided by the total number of observations.
• The mean of a collection of data with values denoted by xi
and frequencies denoted by fi can be represented as mean
= ∑(fi.xi)
∑fi
PRACTICE PRACTICE
Master what you have learned
easy
1. Which of the following can be categorized as data?

a) The daily maximum temperature of a city.
Data Not Data

b) Harry Potter book
Data Not Data

c) Marks of students of a class.
Data Not Data
d) The conversation between you and your mom.
Data Not Data
e) The daily stock price of a company gathered over a month.
Data Not Data
f) Runs scored by MS Dhoni in various formats of cricket
Data Not Data
2. List 3 common examples of data that you collect in your daily life:
1)
2)
3)
16
3. Given below is the data for the ‘Spark Cup’ Football tournament.
Answer the question that follows:
Team Won Lost Draw Points
1 Stoney Island 2 7 1 7
2 Black Plateau 8 2 0 24
3 Timber Town 3 5 2 11
4 Greeney Grassland 5 5 0 15
5 Blue Beachtown 5 4 1 16
a) Which team got the highest points?
b) Which team played the maximum number of matches that

resulted in a draw?
c) Which team won half of its matches and lost the other half?
d) Which team lost more matches than the matches won?
e) Which two teams lost the same number of matches?
f) Which two teams won the same number of matches?
4. Togo has been assigned some tasks by his teacher. He is not sure
which data should he collect to perform these tasks. Help him
choose the right set:
17
a) The maximum score in mathematics in class finals exams.
Marks scored by all students
Attendance records of all students
Marks in mathematics for all students
Marks in final math exam for all students
b) Number of senior citizens in your locality.

Age of all the people in the locality
Number of people living in the locality
Age of all the people in the city
Address of the people in your locality
c) The winning record of an Indian cricket team in matches in

foreign countries.
Score by Indian cricket team in all matches
Results of matches played by India
Scores by the Indian cricket team in matches played in

foreign countries
Results of matches played by the Indian cricket team played
in a foreign country
d) Total votes secured by a candidate in the elections.
Number of votes polled at the polling booth
Details of each vote polled at the polling booth
Detail of each vote polled in the constituency
Number of votes polled in the constituency
18
5. Togo’s teacher gave him the following information —
“I have evaluated your maths answer sheets. You have secured 97
marks while Zoka has secured 98. Jhus could manage 83 marks
but Poha got 57. Pemba got 72 and Zinka got only 48. Thankfully,
Daka scored 92.”
a) Organize this information into a table
b) The teacher wants to see the information of the weakest

students first. Create a table to help her!
19
c) The teacher wants to see the results of students in
alphabetical order. Create a table to help her!
d) The teacher wants to use the information of the strongest

students first. Organize the information accordingly.
6. Fill in the blanks:

a) A collection of numerical figures giving some particular
information is called ________________________.
b) Data obtained in original form is called

________________________ (raw / systematic) data.
c) Arranging numerical figure of data in ascending or descending

order is called ________________________ (table / array / chart).
20
d) Arranging data in systematic form is called
________________________ (tabulation / organization / collection).
e) Each numerical figure in data is called ________________________

(observation / number / value).
f) The number of times a particular observation occurs is called

________________________ .
7. Find the average of the following numbers:

a) 550 and 850 b) 5000, 7000 and 8000
Average = Average =
c) 2782 and 3266 d) 7952, 7872 and 7768
Average = Average =
21
normal
8. Given below are some statements regarding averages. Choose all

the statements that are true:
a) The average age of the employees of this company is 28 years.
The age of all employees is 28 years old
The age of many employees may be around 28 years old,

some may be older and some may be younger
28 is the representative value of the age of an employee of
the company
b) Togo plays for an average of 3 hours a day.

Togo sometimes plays more than 3 hours and sometimes
less than 3 hours
Togo usually plays around 3 hours a day
3 hours a day is the representative value or the central

value to give an idea about the hours spent by Togo on a
play
c) The average temperature for the week was 25°C.

The temperature was 25°C every day of the week
The temperature could be 24°C, 23°C, 26°C on some days,

with 25°C as the central value
The temperature could be 0°C and 50°C in the week as their

average is 25°C
22
9. Find out the arithmetic mean of the following set of
observations:
a) 30, 40, 35, 25, 50 b) 6000, 7500 and 9000

Sum of observations Sum of observations
= 30 + 40 +35 + 25 + 50 =
= 180 =
Number of observations Number of observations
= 5 =
Sum of Sum of
observations observations
Arithematic = Arithematic =
Mean Number of Mean Number of
observations observations
= 180
= 36 = =
5
c) 680, 730, 590, 830, 770 d) 2040, 2800, 2450, 2650,

Sum of observations 3100, 2500
= Sum of observations
=
=
=
Number of observations
=
=
Sum of
observations Sum of
Arithematic =
Mean Arithematic =
observations Number of
Mean
observations
= =
= =
23
10. Find out the arithmetic mean of the following:
a) MS Dhoni scored the following runs in a tournament —
36, 109, 82, 0, 57, 128, 19
Find the mean runs scored by him.
b) The height of the students in the music class are as follows:

128cm, 133cm, 125cm, 136cm, 130cm, 121cm
Find the mean height of the students.
c) The marks scored by students in the science class were:

83, 65, 76, 94, 58, 84
Find the mean marks of the class.
24
d) The temperature of Stoney Creek for a week was as follows:
35°C, 37°C, 36°C, 35°C, 35°C, 34°C
Find the mean temperature of the city for the week.
11. Given below is the number of rooms in various houses of Stoney

Island:
2, 7, 7, 5, 3, 7, 7, 5, 4, 3, 4, 4, 7, 3, 7, 5, 3, 5, 2, 7
a) Arrange the data in ascending order.
b) Create a frequency table for the data. Use tally marks to keep a
count.
Number of room Tally Marks Frequency
c) What is the highest frequency of the number of rooms at Stoney

Creek?
25
12. Given below is the data on the age of employee of The Spark
Company:
36, 36, 27, 28, 34, 34, 35, 29, 28, 27, 32, 32, 36, 35, 28, 36, 27, 27, 34,
32,27, 28, 36, 27, 27, 28, 34, 35
a) Create a frequency table to represent the data.
b) Which age has the highest frequency?
c) People of what age are most commonly found at this company?
d) People of what age are of the least strength amongst the

employees of the company?
26
13. a) Find the mean of the largest and smallest numbers of 4, 5, and
6 digits.
b) Find the mean of the first seven natural numbers.
c) Find the mean of the first seven prime numbers.
d) Find the mean of all the factors of 90.
27
super
14. a) The mean of 5 numbers is 275. If four of the numbers are

358, 145, 292 and 225, find the fifth number.
b) The mean height of 6 students is 142cm. The height of the

students has been mentioned in the table below. Togo’s
height is missing from the table. Find it.
Student Height
Zoka 154cm
Poha 133cm
Zinka 139cm
Pemba 146cm
Jhus 129cm
Togo ?
28
15. Captain Spark is calculating the mean income of the scientist
at his lab. The monthly income of 8 of his scientist is:
120000, 133000, 128000, 120000, 150000, 100000, 98000,
145000.
He knows that the mean salary of 10 employees is 126000. if
Zoka and Togo are the two missing scientists and they have
the same salary, find out how much do they earn.
16. Roxy measured the height of 5 students in 2016 and found the
following:
Student Height a) What is the mean height of the

Togo 128 cm students?
Zoka 132 cm
Poha 118 cm
Jhus 135 cm
Zinka 125 cm
29
b) If the height of each student increased by 3 cm in 2017, find
out the new height in the table below:
Student Height (2016) Height (2017)
c) What is the mean height of the students in 2017?
d) What is the difference in the mean height of the students in

2017 and in 2016?
e) Is the increase in mean the same as the increase in each data point?
Yes No
f) Can we say that if a number is added to each observation, the

mean increases by that number?
Yes No
g) Show these using mathematics. You write the height in 2017

as the sum of height in 2016 and the increase in height.
30
17. Given below is the list of prices of 6 cars available on Planet
Spark:
Car Price (in Gems)
Supersonic Car 84,000

Tyreless Car 76,000
Flying Car 98,000
Gearless Car 106,000
Solar Car 92,000
Water Car 120,000
a) Find the mean price of the cars available on Planet Spark.
b) Due to the change in the tax laws, the price of each car got
reduced by 15,000 Gems. Create a table with the new prices
of the cars.
Car Old Price (in New Price (in

Gems) Gems)
Supersonic Car
Tyreless Car
Flying Car
Gearless Car
Solar Car
Water Car
31
c) Calculate the new mean price for cars in Planet Spark.
d) What is the difference in the mean price of the car before and
after the tax changes?
e) Is the reduction in the mean same as the reduction in the

price for each car?
Yes No
f) Can we say that if a number is subtracted from each

observation, the mean will be reduced by the same number?
Yes No
g) Show these using mathematics. You may express the new

price as old price minus the reduction in price.
18. Roxy, Captain Spark, and Vashu invested 10000, 15000 and 8000
gems respectively in a mutual fund.
a) Find out the mean invested amount by the three people.
32
b) The next year, the amount invested by each of them got
doubled. Find out the new amount with each and the new
mean.
c) How many times did the mean increase?
d) In the year after that, the amount invested by each tripled.

What was the new mean?
e) How many times did the mean increase from the initial amount?
f) Can we say that if each observation is multiplied by the same

number, the mean also is multiplied by the same?
Yes No
33
g) Show these using mathematics. Express the new amounts as
a product of the old amount and the increase factor.
19. The pollution created by the cities of Stoney Creek, Greeney

Grasslands, and Black Plateau were 132 ppm, 60 ppm, and 150 ppm
respectively in 2014.
a) Find the mean value of the pollution in these cities.
b) In 2015, the cities used pollution control measures and the

pollution is each city wet down by half. Find the new mean.
c) By what factor did the mean change?
34
20. Togo wants to keep a summary of the properties of the arithmetic
mean. Help him complete the blanks.
a) If each term of the mean is increased by ‘x’ then the mean
will _________________________________________.
b) If each term of the mean is decreased by ‘y’ then the mean
will __________________________________________.
c) If each term of the mean is multiplied by ‘a’ then the mean
will __________________________________________.
d) If each term of the mean is divided by ‘b’ then the mean will
__________________________________________.
21. The mean of 7537, 7783, 6967 and 8123 is 7602.5.
a) Find out the mean of 7737, 7983, 7167 and 8323.
b) Find out the mean of 7457, 7703, 6887 and 8043.
c) Find out the mean of 22611, 23349, 20901 and 24369.
d) Find out the mean of 1507.4, 1556.6, 1393.4 and 1624.6.
35
Olympiad
22. Given below is the weight (in Kg) of 14 students in a class:

38, 44, 38, 46, 38, 38, 41, 44, 46, 38, 41, 40, 38, and 44.
a) Calculate the mean by using the formula:

Sum of observations
Mean =
b) Draw a frequency table for the weight of the students and the
number of students. Use tally marks.
Weight Tally Marks Frequency
c) 44 repeats 3 times while taking the sum of observation, will

you be better off doing 44x3, instead of 44 + 44 +44?
Yes No
d) Find out the mean again, but instead of adding repeated

numbers, write them down as a product of the number and the
frequency.
36
e) Can we say that if x1 x2 and x3 are 3 numbers and they have a
frequency of f1 f2 and f3, the mean can be written as—
X 1 f1 + x 2 f2 + x 3 f3
Total observation
Yes No
f) Can we say that if f1 f2 and f3 are the frequency of 3 numbers,

the total observations can be written as f1 + f2 + f3?
Yes No
Why?
g) Write down the formula for calculating the mean of 4 numbers

x1, x2, x3 and x4 occurring at a frequency f1, f2, f3 and f4
h) Write down the general formula for calculating the mean for n
observations x1, x2, x3 … xn with frequency f1, f2, f3 … fn
23. The table below shows the number of chairs in the home of people.
No. of Chairs 4 5 6 8 10
No. of People 36 7 15 13 9
37
a) Prepare the frequency table for the data
No. of chairs No. of people
f1 x x1
(x1) (f1)
Total Sfi = Sfi x xi =
b) What is the total number of observations? What formula did

you use to calculate it?
c) What is the sum of all observations? What formula did you use
to calculate it?
d) Calculate the mean using the sum of observations and the

total observations calculated in the previous parts.
e) Calculate the mean using the formula —

S (fi X xi)
Mean =
Sfi
f) What is the mean value of the different number of chairs (xi)?
38
g) How is the mean found in part f different from the mean
found in part e?
h) Is the mean found in part e more affected by the number with

the highest frequency?
Yes No
Why?
24. Given below is the number of vehicles in a family and the number
of vehicles for the City of Black Plateau on Planet Spark:
No. of Vehicles 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 180 78 165 114 72 33 11
a) Draw the frequency table for the same.
No. of vehicles frequency

f1 x x1
(x1) (f1)
Total
39
b) Find the mean number of vehicles at Black Plateau.
c) The government distributed a free bicycle to every home.

What will be the new mean number of vehicles at every home?
25. Given below is the number members in a home and their

frequency for the city of Windy Wandolf:
No. of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Members
Frequency 124 380 290 432 224 183 23 19 3 7
a) Draw the frequency table and find the mean.
b) Due to the war, 1 person from each household went to fight

the enemy. What was the new mean number of members in a
family?
40
26. The mean of 7 numbers is 653. However, it was realized that one
of the numbers was incorrectly used as 749 when its actual value
was 755. What would be the correct mean of the numbers?
27. The mean of 183 numbers is 87343. If three numbers increased in

their value by 142, 78 and 146 respectively, what will be the new
mean?
41
SHARE
SHARE YOUR ACHIEVEMENTS!
I was supposed to learn:
What I actually learnt:
I am still confused about:
I rate myself:
42
2 MEDIAN AND MODE
43
SPARK
Every great legend begins with a spark
Have you ever

wondered?
The marks of students in your class are

as follows:
90 90 50 55 55 50 50
Will the mean be a good

indicator of the central
value of marks?
Which students are

taking the mean away
from the central value?
Can you give another example in which

students with very low marks will take the
mean of the class down?
2
ule in 1 or
d e a o f this mod
i
r o d u c e the main
In t
lines.
44
THE BIG IDEA
Mean is not a very good indicator of central value

when there are some extremely high or low values
A shopkeeper sold the following

number of shirts:
Size Shirts sold
36 3
38 7
40 21
42 208
44 27
46 9
What size of shirt should he buy to

stock up?
45
EXPLAIN
Hi kids, until now you learned about the basic

concepts of data handling and how to calculate the
arithmetic mean. Today we will learn about two
more representative values, namely median, and
mode.
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to

understand the different representative values
and calculate the range, mean, median, and mode
of any set of given data.
1. Range
The range is the difference between the highest and the lowest values in a
given set of observations. It gives us an idea of the spread of the observations.
The range can be found by subtracting the lowest observation from the highest
observation.
Range = Highest Observation - Lowest Observation
EXAMPLE
A student scores 87, 83, 90, 82, 85 marks in 5 tests over a course of a full
semester. Then the range of his scores can be calculated as:
Range = Highest score - Lowest score

= 90 - 82 = 8
Since range uses only the smallest and the largest

value in a set, it can be misleading sometimes. For
R E M E M B E R e.g. in the example of scores, if the student was sick
for a test and scored only 10 marks instead of 87,
then the range would be 90 - 10 = 80 which does not
reflect a good performance and is hence misleading.
46
2. Mode
As you already learned, there are different kinds of representative values for a
given set of data like arithmetic mean. Let us learn about another
representative value known as the mode.
DEFINITION
The Mode is the value of the observation that occurs

most frequently in a collection of data.
EXAMPLE
• The scores (out of 50) of 10 students in a math test are 42, 35, 42, 49, 48,
24, 35, 42, 19, 43. Then, the mode of the scores is 42 as it occurs
maximum(3) number of times.
• The number of books sold by a shopkeeper in a week is given by 5, 2, 3, 2,

5, 6, 1. The mode of the number of books sold is 5 and 2.
• The weights of the people in a group are given by 52kg, 48kg, 72kg, 80kg,
63kg. There is no mode in this case as all the weights appear once.
3. Mode of large data

Counting the number of observations in a large dataset can be difficult. In
such a case, it is easier to tabulate the data. A tabulation can be done by
putting tally marks and finding the frequency.
EXAMPLE
Let us try to find the mode of the number of members in a family in a large
society:
3, 4, 2, 3, 2, 3, 5, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 2, 4, 5, 2, 3, 3, 4, 2, 3, 5, 2, 3, 4, 3, 3, 3, 4, 2
To find the mode, let us tabulate the data:
47
Number of
Tall bars Number of families
members
2 9
3 12
4 6
5 3
Looking at the table, we can quickly figure out that 3 is the mode and has
occurred the highest number of times.
Therefore, most families have 3 members.
4. Median
DEFINITION
Median refers to the value which lies in the middle of

the data (when arranged in an ascending or descending
order) with half of the observations above it and the
other half below it.
To find the median of a set of data:

1. Arrange the observations in ascending or descending order.
2. Find the middle value.
• Case 1 - Odd number of values
Incase of odd number of values, the median will simply be the
middle value in the set of data.
• Case 2 - Even number of values

Incase of even number of values, there are two middle values in
the set of data. Therefore, the median will be the center of
these two middle values or the mean of the two middle values.
Median = (Value 1 + Value 2)/2.
Incase of even number of values, the median does not

belong to the set of given data.
TIP
48
EXAMPLE
• Case 1 - Odd number of observations

The weights of 11 students (in kg) are:
40, 41, 52, 46, 58, 60, 55, 43, 52, 44, 62
To calculate the median weight:

1. Arrange the weights in ascending order:
40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 50, 52, 55, 58, 60, 62
2. Since the total number of weights are odd (11), therefore the
median is the middle value in the set.
40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 50, 52, 55, 58, 60, 62
Therefore, Median weight = 50kg
• Case 2 - Even number of observations

The scores of 10 students in an exam are:
88, 92, 75, 81, 66, 96, 83, 72, 69, 77
To calculate the median score:

1. Arrange the scores in ascending order:
66, 69, 72, 75, 77, 81, 83, 88, 92, 96
2. Since the total number of scores are even (10), therefore to

calculate the median take the mean of two middle values.
66, 69, 72, 75, 77, 81, 83, 88, 92, 96
Median = (77+ 81)/2 = 158/2 = 79
Therefore, the Median score = 79.
Mean, Median and Mode are all representative values

of a group of data that lie between the maximum and
REMEMBER minimum values of the data. They are also called the
measures of the central tendency.
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• The Range is the difference between the highest
and the lowest observation and gives a measure of
the spread of the data.
SUMMARY
• The Mode is the value that occurs the maximum
number of times in a set of data.
• Mode of a large dataset can be found by tabulating
the data, putting tally marks and finding the
frequency.
• Median is the middle value in a set of data
dividing it into two equal halves.
• Median of the odd number of observations is the
middle observation after arranging the
observations in ascending or descending order.
• Median of the even number of observations is the
mean of the two middle observations after
arranging the observations in ascending or
descending order.
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PRACTICE
PRACTICE
easy
1. Given below are some numbers. Find out the range of the data:
a) 5 5 5 7 7 8 11 11 14 17 17 17 17 21 21 24 24 26 27
27 29
Lowest Value Highest Value
Range = Highest Value – Lowest Value

= - =
b) 732 845 777 653 920 764 892 803 761 743 592 673 782
701

= - =
c) 192 203 265 133 307 282 209 234 342 291 225 399 254
87 222

= - =
d) 7623 7712 7819 7231 7547 8001 7193 7727 6862 7129
7923 7523

= - =
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2. Given below are the temperatures from different times of the
year for 4 different cities. Arrange them on the number line and
find the range of temperature for the cities:
a) Stoney Creek
23 27 32 25 28 21 26
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Range = - =
b) Greeney Grasslands
42 43 34 17 23 45 37
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Range = - =
c) Black Desert
-2 4 11 23 38 45 47
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Range = - =
d) Shallow Creek
-9 -7 -3 0 5 -8 3
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Range = - =
e) Which place has the maximum range of temperature and which

has the minimum?
Maximum Range at the city:
Minimum Range at the city:
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3. Given below are some numbers. Find out the number that occurs
the most number of time. This number is called the mode:
a) 6 11 6 8 7 6 7 8 6 10 6 7 6 6 8 6 8 7 6 7 6 10 9 6 6
6 7
Number occurring the maximum times:
Mode =
b) 3 4 2 4 3 4 3 4 4 5 2 4 1 2 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 1 4 2 3
4 4 5
Mode =
c) 20 30 40 20 20 20 50 30 20 30 20 40 30 20 40 20 30 50 40 40
20 20 30 30 20 40 50 20 30 40 20 20 20 30 30 40 20 30 50 50
20 40 20 30 20
Can you easily find the number that occurs the maximum times?
Yes No
Draw the frequency table for the data
Number Tally Marks Frequency
Mode =
4. You have the prices of 9 different kinds of smartphones (in

thousand Gems) given for 3 different cities on Planet Spark.
Arrange them in ascending order and find the middle value that
divides the prices into two groups:
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a) 23 25 29 19 32 28 17 11 37
Numbers in ascending order:
Position 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Position at which middle value is found:
Below Middle Value Middle Value Above Middle Value
b) 45 23 19 27 11 33 27 35 41
Position 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
c) 72 68 65 47 51 58 67 80 39
Position 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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5. You have the prices of 8 different kinds of laptops (in thousand Gems)
given for 3 different cities on Planet Spark. Arrange them in
ascending order and find the two middle values that divide the prices
into two groups. Find the average of these middle values:
a) 84 78 67 81 56 62 74 58
Position 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Positions at which middle values are found: and
Lower half Upper half
Median = Average of the Middle Values =
b) 77 68 53 82 72 69 62 81
Position 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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c) 55 42 61 47 61 38 48 52
Position 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6. Fill in the blanks:

a) The value that appears the most number of times in a data set
is known as ________________ (Mean / Median /Mode).
b) If there are odd number of observations, the median of n
observations is at _________________ position / positions.
c) If there are even number of observations, the median of n
observations is at _________________ position / positions.
d) There will be two middle observations in case the number of
observations is ____________ (odd / even) and the median is the
_________________ of the observations.
e) The median is always greater than the mean. ____________
(True / False).
f) The mode of a series of data can be only one number. _______
(True / False).
56
normal
7. Given below is the size of the shoe of children of a class at The

Spark School. Draw the frequency table using Tally Marks and
find the Mode:
6 5 5 4 6 4 6 6 3 6 4 6 5 4 5 6 7 5 6 3
6 5 4 4 3 4 7 6 6 6 4 6 6 6 4 6 5 5 6 6
a) Shoe Size Tally Marks Frequency
b) Mode =
c) If you had to order shoes of one size for the class, which size
will you order?
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8. The Black Desert on Planet Spark is a place that experiences
extreme weather, while the Golden Beach experiences more
balanced weather. Given below are the average temperatures for
each month for the two places:
Black Desert Golden Beach

Month Average Temperature Average Temperature
January - 4.6 ⁰C 26.2 ⁰C
February 3.5 ⁰C 27.7 ⁰C
March 16.9 ⁰C 28.9 ⁰C
April 23.2⁰C 27.4 ⁰C

May 31.7 ⁰C 31 ⁰C
June 41.5 ⁰C 32.3 ⁰C
July 36.2 ⁰C 32.1 ⁰C
August 24.3 ⁰C 30.3 ⁰C
September 21.8 ⁰C 29.4 ⁰C

October 16.5 ⁰C 27.3 ⁰C
November 5.7 ⁰C 26.1 ⁰C
December -8.3 ⁰C 25.4 ⁰C
a) Find the annual range of temperature at Black Desert.
b) How would you classify the range of temperature?

High Range Medium Range Low Range
c) What do you interpret from your previous answer?
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d) Find the annual range of temperature at Golden Beach.
e) How would you classify the range of temperature?

High Range Medium Range Low Range
f) What do you interpret from your previous answer?
9. Find the mode of the following data set:
75 75 100 100 100 50 100 75 25 25 75

75 75 75 25 50 50 25 75 100 100 100
75 25 50 75 75 50 100 50 100 50 75
10. Given below is a list of the age of all the employees in Captain
Spark’s lab:
53 47 24 42 28 76 36 45 44 45 52
a) Arrange the ages in ascending order.
59
b) How many observations are present (n)?
c) Is ‘n’ even or odd?
Even Odd
d) What will be the formula to calculate the observation containing

the median value?
n and n+1 (n + 1)
2 2 2
e) What observation will have the median value in this case?
f) In the boxes below, write down the median value and the
observations to the left and right.
Less than median Median More than the median
g) If another employee aged 58 joins the lab, write down the ages
of the employees in ascending order:
h) What is the new number of observations present (n)?
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i) Is the number of observation even or odd?
Even Odd
j) What will be the formula used to calculate the observation

containing the median value?
n and n+1 (n + 1)
2 2 2
k) Find out the median value.
n th
observation =
2
th
(n + 1)
observation =
2
+
=
Median (average of the two) =
2
l) In the boxes below, arrange the ages relative to the median.
th th th th
n n (n + 1) (n + 1)
Less than median Median
2 2 2 2
More than median
11. Given below is the average salary received by the Spark School of
Management (SSM) located at Stoney Island on Planet Spark. All
values are in Million Gems:
7.7 6.3 7.8 6.4 7.9 4.2 6.8 6.5 5.6
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a) Arrange the salaries in ascending order.
b) What is the median salary of the students?
c) If the person with the salary of 7.9 Million Gems declined the
offer and pursued entrepreneurship, what is the median
salary of the remaining students?
12. Given below is the height (in cm) of the students in Togo’s class:
127 131 126 130 139 129 127 134 126 132 135 128 127
a) Find the mean height of the students in Togo’s class.
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b) Find the median height of the students.
c) What is the difference in mean and median values?
d) What is the range of heights of students in the class?
13. Given below is the screen size of smartphones (in inches) used by
the scientists at the space station at Planet Spark.
4 4.5 3 5 4.5 5 3 6 5 4.5 4 4 7 4.5 3 4 4 5 6 6 7
4 5 4.5 4 5 6 4.5 4 4.5 4.5 6 5 5 5 4 7 4.5 4 5
a) Find out the mode screen size of the smartphones.
b) If the space station decides to give a smartphone to each

scientist, what size of the phone should it order?
c) If it is decided to order 2 sizes of smartphone screens, 30 of

one type and 10 of another type, what sizes should be ordered?
30 units of screen size inches
10 units of screen size inches
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super
14. Given below are the number of members in every house on the
‘Haunted Street’ of Stoney Creek:
5 7 5 4 4 5 1 2 3 4 6 4 3 1 4
a) Find the mean of the number of members in a house.
b) Find the range of the number of members in a house.
c) Find the median.
d) What is the mode?
e) Find the difference between.
Mean and median :
Mean and mode :
Mode and median :
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f) If you were conducting a survey to collect data on the family
size on Haunted Street, what data will you use and why?
Mean Median Mode
Why?
g) If you wanted to know what is the most common number for

family members, what data will you use and why?
Mean Median Mode
Why?
h) If you wanted to know the middle value of data, without

worrying about the extreme values of 1 and 7, what data will
you use and why?
Mean Median Mode
Why?
15. Find the median of the following:

a) First 11 natural numbers.
65
b) First 11 whole numbers.
c) First 10 natural numbers.
d) First 10 whole numbers.
e) First 10 odd numbers.
f) First 10 prime numbers.
g) First 15 even numbers.
h) First 15 composite numbers.
66
16. Given below is the heights of buildings (in meters) at Space Square
in Stoney Creek of Planet Spark:
183 161 152 191 127 142 182 285 168
482 173 147 136 139 309 153 581
a) Find the mean height of the buildings.
b) Find the median height of the buildings.
c) Which data will you use to get a representative height of a

building in the Space Square?
Mean Median
Why?
17. Captain Spark checked the data for the coat size for the male
scientists at his space station:
42 42 40 42 38 42 44 38 44
40 42 46 42 38 44 42 42 38
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a) What is the mean of the coat sizes?
b) What is the median size of coats?
c) What is a better data point to order lab coats of the same

size for the scientists?
Mean Median
Why?
d) What is the mode of the coat sizes at the space station?
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e) Now that you have calculated the mode of the data, what
will you use to order coats of the same size?
Mean Median Mode
Why?
18. Given below is the population (in lakhs) of 14 cities on Planet

Spark:
13 23 17 19 3 15 18
7 14 35 15 9 42 16
a) Captain Spark wants to divide the cities into two groups

named ‘High Population’ and ‘Low Population’. He needs to
find a middle value that divides the two groups.
Mean Median Mode
Why?
b) Calculate this middle value.
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c) Place the values of the ‘High Population’ and ‘Low Population, in
the correct boxes below.
Low Population Middle value High Population
19. Look at the data for the weight (in kg) of the members in Roxy’s
yoga class in the graph below:
52 54 57 62 60 60 60 58 55 55
a) Captain Spark wants to divide the cities into two groups

named ‘High Population’ and ‘Low Population’. He needs to
find a middle value that divides the two groups.
Mean Median Mode
Why?
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b) Find out the central value of the weight.
c) Given below is the data for weight (in kg) members in

Captain Spark’s gym class.
50 55 62 71 70 68 72 110
What data will you use to measure the central value of the
value of the weights?
Mean Median Mode
Why?
d) Find out the central value of the weights.
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Olympiad
20. Togo: How do I find the median of discrete series of data?

Captain Spark: The method remains the same:
i. Arrange the data in ascending order.
ii. Find the value of ‘n’ or the total number of observations
by summing the frequency.
iii. Using ‘n’, find the observation at which the median will
be found.
iv. In case of even numbers, take care that the two
numbers can lie in different rows/sets.
Find the median of the following set:
Marks
obtained (xi)
25 16 23 19 21 17 20
Number of
students(fi)
1 7 4 8 5 11 10
a) Arrange the data in ascending order.

Marks
obtained (xi)
Number of
students(fi)
b) Create the cumulative frequency table.

Marks obtained (xi) Frequency (fi) Cumulative
Frequency
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c) Value of ‘n’ = Σ fi =
Is ‘n’ even or odd?
Even Odd
d) Find the term number(s) where the observations will be found.
e) Find the median.
21. Togo : Is there a way to calculate the mode if the mean and median
are given?
Captain Spark: We cannot find the exact values, but there is an
empirical formula:
Mode = 3 X (Median) – 2 X (Mean)
a) Marks
obtained
23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16
Number of
students
2 3 5 7 9 8 3 2
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Marks Frequency Cumulative fi x xi
obtained (xi) (fi) Frequency
Σ fi = Σ fi X xi =
Median =
Mean =
b) Using the empirical formula, find the mode of the data.
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I rate myself:
75
3 INTRODUCTION TO
PROBABILITY
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EXPLAIN
Hi kids, today we will learn about the concept of

probability. We come across several situations
that involve uncertainty of some kind. Probability
is all about finding that uncertainty and
assigning a measure to it.
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to
understand what probability is and how to
calculate the probability of occurrence of an event
under given conditions.
1. Probability
We often come across statements like:

“There is a good chance of rain today”
“Most probably I will go tomorrow”
“I doubt there are any cookies left”
The words ‘chance’, ‘probably’, ‘doubt’ etc show the uncertainty or
likelihood of the occurrence of an event. This is what probability is all
about. Directly, or indirectly, probably plays a role in all our everyday
activities.
DEFINITION
Probability is the study of chance or the likelihood

of an event happening.
Let us take a look at some of the terms related to probability:
• Experiment: An operation which can produce some well-

defined outcomes, is called an experiment.
Each outcome is called an event.
77
• Random Experiment: An operation in which all possible
outcomes are known and the exact outcome cannot be
predicted in advance is called a random experiment.
• Trial: By trial, we mean performing a random experiment.
EXAMPLE
1. Rolling of dice: A dice is a solid cube having 6 faces, marked with numbers 1, 2,
3, 4, 5 and 6 on each face respectively. When we roll dice, we can observe the
following:
• Rolling of the dice is a random experiment.
• The number that appears on the upper face is the outcome of the
experiment.
• The chance of a particular number appearing on the upper face is its
probability.
2. Tossing of a coin: A coin has two faces namely Heads (H) and Tails (T). If we
toss a coin in the air, it can fall down with any face resting on the ground.
Therefore, we observe the following:
• Tossing of the coin is a random experiment.
• The side that appears on the upper face is the outcome of the
experiment.
• The chance of a particular side showing up is its probability.
2. Calculating probability
DEFINITION
The probability of an event A is the number of ways the

event A can occur divided by the total number of possible
outcomes.
Consider an event A, then the probability of occurrence of A can be represented as:
P(A) = Number of ways event A can occur

Total number of possible outcomes
The probability of an event P(A), is always a

number between 0 and 1.
REMEMBER
78
An event which can never happen has a probability of 0. Likewise, an
event which is sure to happen has a probability of 1.
TIP
EXAMPLE
A glass jar contains 6 red, 5 green, 8 blue, and 3 yellow marbles. If a single
marble is chosen at random from the jar, what is the probability of choosing
a red marble? A green marble? A blue marble? A yellow marble?
Here picking a single marble is a random experiment with 4 possible

outcomes - red, green, blue, and yellow.
As we know, the probability of an event A is given by:
P(A) = Number of ways event A can occur

Total number of possible outcomes
Here the total number of outcomes is the total number of marbles in the jar
= 6 + 5 + 3 + 8 = 22.
Therefore,
P(red) = Number of ways to choose red = 6 = 3

Total number of marbles 22 11
P(green) = Number of ways to choose green = 5

Total number of marbles 22
P(blue) = Number of ways to choose blue = 8 = 4

Total number of marbles 22 11
P(yellow) = Number of ways to choose yellow = 3

Total number of marbles 22
Since, P(blue) > P(red) > P(green) > P(yellow), therefore, blue marble has the
maximum chance of being chosen and yellow marble the least.
If there are two events A and B such that P(A) > P(B), it
means that the probability of occurrence of event A is more
TIP than the probability of occurrence of event B.
79
If there are two events A and B such that P(A) = P(B), then
events A and B are called equally likely and have the same
TIP probability of occurrence.
• Probability is the likelihood of the occurrence of an

event.
• An experiment is an operation involving chance or
SUMMARY
probability that leads to results called outcomes.
• Each outcome is called an event.
• A random experiment is an experiment in which all
possible outcomes are known but the exact outcome
cannot be predicted in advance.
• The probability of an event can be calculated by
dividing the number of ways an event can occur by
the total number of possible outcomes.
• Probability is always a number between 0 and 1
including 0 and 1.
80
PRACTICE
PRACTICE
easy
1. Captain Spark: Look at the diagram below and attempt the

questions that follow:
The sun will not A tail on a coin The sun will rise
rise
Impossible Even chance Certain
Unlikely Likely
a) Probability is the measure of how likely it would happen. You might

have heard it is called ______________ (event/chance).
b) Low Probability means something is _______________ (likely/ unlikely)
to happen.
c) High probability means something is ______________ (unlikely/likely)
to happen.
d) Togo spins the board of numbers shown below:
What is her chance of spinning the numbers in the boxes below?
Match each box to the correct word.
An odd number certain

3 1
5 3 2 likely
8 6
A number less than
4 7 impossible
9
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2. Fill in the blanks using the words:
more likely, even chance, less likely, impossible
a)
Zoka is _________________ to pick a square marble
and ______________________ to pick a circular
marble.
b)
Zoka has an _______________ to pick either a
circular marble or a square marble.
c)
It is _______________ to pick a square marble.
d)
Zoka is _________________ to pick a triangular
marble and ______________________ to pick a
circular marble.
82
3. A coin is flipped ten times. After every two heads, a tail occurs.
Place a tick accordingly in the table below:
Head Tail
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
a) How many tails are there?

b) How many heads are there?
c) What is the total number of heads and tails?
4.
a) The total number of sections of the square:
b) The number of striped sections:
c) The number of colored sections:
d) The number of uncolored sections:
83
5. Zinka throws a six-sided dice 10 times. The table below shows
the number that appeared each time. Now, attempt the following
questions:
Number a) How many times“6” appeared?

on dice
1 6 b) How many times “5” appeared?
2 5 c) How many times “4” appeared?

3 3 d) How many times “3” appeared?
4 5
e) How many times “2” appeared?
5 1
f) How many times “1” appeared?
6 1
g) What is the total number of outcomes?
7 2
8 4
9 3
10 6
6. For each statement, tick whether it is true or false.
a) Events that have many possibilities can have a probability

between 0 and 1.
True False
b) Events that have no chance of happening have probability 1.

True False
c) Events that are bound to happen have probability 1.
True False
d) Probabilities can be expressed as fractions, decimals or

percentages.
True False
e) Probability of occurrence of an event E is defined as
P(E) = number of trials in which E occurs True False
total number of trials
84
normal
7. A bag contains 100 marbles. 14 of them are red marbles and the
others are blue marbles.
a) Number of red marbles:
b) Number of blue marbles: 100 = 14
c) Total number of marbles in the bag:
d) Probability that Lizzi will pick a red marble is:
P(R) = number of red marbles

=
total number of marbles
e) Probability that Lizzi will pick a blue marble is:
P(B) = number of blue marbles

=
total number of marbles
8. A box contains eatables of which 4 are toffees, 12 are chocolates

and 5 are chewing gums:
a) Total number of eatables in the box are: 4 + 5 + 12 =
b) Number of toffees in the box:
c) Number of chocolates in the box:
d) Number of chewing gums in the box:
e) Zoka picks an eatable at random from the box. What is the

probability that the eatable picked is a toffee?
85
P(t) = number of toffees =
total number of eatables
f) What is the probability that the eatable picked is chocolate?
P(C) = number of chocolates =

g) What is the probability that the eatable picked is a chewing

gum?
P(CG) = number of chewing gums

=
9. The table below shows the result when Simba rolled a dice five
times:
a) How many 1’s occurred?

1
b) How many 2’s occurred?
2 c) How many 3’s occurred?
d) How many 4’s occurred?

3
e) How many 5’s occurred?
4 f) How many 6’s occurred?
g) Total number of trials:

5
h) What is the probability that a “2”
will occur?
P(2) = number of 2’s =

total number of trials
86
10. The number line below shows numbers from 1 to 15:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
a) How many odd numbers are there?
b) How many even numbers are there?
c) How many prime numbers are there?
d) How many numbers are there altogether?
e) If Zinka picks a number at random, what is the probability

that it will be a prime number?
P(Pr) = number of primes =

total numbers
f) If Daka picks a number at random, what is the probability

that it will be an odd number?
P(O) = number of odds =

total numbers
g) If Poha picks a number at random, what is the probability

that it will be an even number?
P(E) = number of evens =

total numbers
87
11. A coin is tossed 150 times and tail is obtained 48 times.
a) Number of tails obtained:
b) Number of heads obtained: 150 48
c) Total number of times the coin is tossed:
d) What is the probability of getting a head?
P(H) =
e) What is the probability of getting a tail?
P(T) =
12. A dice is thrown 400 times and the outcomes are shown below:
Outcome 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 13 51 72 93 89 82
a) How many times did “1” occur?
b) How many times did “2” occur?
c) How many times did “3” occur?
d) How many times did “4” occur?
e) How many times did “5” occur?

f) How many times did “6” occur?
g) Total number of trials:
P(5) =
h) What is the probability of getting a “5”?
i) What is the probability of getting a “2”?

P(2) =
88
13. The cards pictured below are placed in a bag.
1 5 9 10 2 6 2 2 9
Poha picks a card at random from the bag.

a) What is the total number of cards in the bag?
b) What is the probability that Poha will pick a card numbered ‘9’?
P(9) =
c) What is the probability that Poha will pick a card numbered ‘2’?
P(2) =
d) What is the probability that Poha will pick a card numbered ’10’?
P(10) =
14. In the word ‘BANANA’,

a) Which letter would be most likely picked at a random?
b) Which letter would be least likely picked at a random?

c) How many letters are there in total?
d) How many ‘A’s are there in the word?
e) How many ‘B’s are there in the word?
f) What is the probability of getting an ‘A’, if

a letter is picked at random? P(A) =
g) What is the probability of getting a ‘B’, if a

letter is picked at random? P(B) =
89
super
15. Two coins are tossed simultaneously and the results are shown
below:
TH, HT, HH, TT
a) What is the probability of getting two heads?
P(HH) =
b) What is the probability of getting two tails?
P(TT) =
c) What is the probability of getting a tail on the first coin and a

head on the second coin?
P(TH) =
d) What is the probability of getting a tail on the second coin and

a head on the first coin?
P(HT) =
16. A coin and a six-sided dice are thrown simultaneously 8 times

and the results are shown below:
90
Number of trials Result shown Number shown
on coin on dice
1 H 2
2 T 3
3 H 6
4 H 5
5 T 4
6 T 6
7 H 2
8 T 3
a) What is the probability of getting heads and a 2?
P(H2) =
b) What is the probability of getting a tail and a 3?
P(T3) =
c) What is the probability of getting a head and a 5?
P(H5) =
d) What is the probability of getting a head and a 1?
P(H1) =
17. A bag contains cards numbered from 1 to 20. Togo picks a card
at random from the bag.
a) How many cards does the bag contain? cards.
b) Which cards have a number

that is divisible by two? Write
them down?
91
c) How many cards are in the bag that have a number divisible by
two?
cards.
d) What is the probability that the card picked at random will have
a number divisible by two?
P(div by 2) =
e) What is the probability that the card picked at random will have
an even number?
P(even) =
18. Two six-sided dice are thrown simultaneously 6 times. The table
below shows the results:
Number shown on Number shown on Sum

1st dice 2nd dice
1
6
92
a) Complete the fourth column by writing down the sum obtained
from both the dices.
b) What is the total number of trials?
c) What is the probability that the sum on both the dice is ‘4’?
P(sum is 4) =
d) What is the probability that the sum on both the dice is ‘6’?
P((sum is 6) =
e) What is the probability that the sum is an odd number?
P((sum is odd) =
19. A company manufactures 150 shirts. It was found that 62

shirts were defective. A shirt was picked at random:
a) What is the probability that the shirt picked is defective?
b) How many shirts were not defective?
c) What is the probability that the shirt picked is not defective?
93
Olympiad
20. A two-digit number greater than 82 is written down at random.

a) Write down all the possible outcomes.
A number is selected at random.

b) Find the probability that the number selected is odd.
c) Find the probability that the number selected is divisible by 3.
d) Find the probability that the number selected is divisible by 8.
21. A fair coin and a fair dice are thrown at the same time.
a) List all the possible outcomes.
94
b) Find the probability of obtaining a head and a number 3.
c) Find the probability of obtaining a tail and an even number.
22. A dice is thrown 7 times and the results are shown below:
6, 2, 1, 3, 3, 2, 5
a) Calculate the square of each result and write it down below.
b) Find the probability that the square of the number is even.
c) Find the probability that the square of the number is odd.
d) Find the probability that the square of the number is ‘16’.
95
23. A bag contains 120 fruits of the type - apples, oranges, and
mangoes. It has 32 apples and an equal number of oranges and
mangoes.
a) Calculate the number of oranges and mangoes in the bag.
b) What is the probability that fruit picked at random from the bag
is a mango?
c) What is the probability that fruit picked at random from the bag
is not a mango?
24. On Tuesday, the probability that I will miss my bus is 1 .

7
a) Find the probability that I will catch my bus on Tuesday.
b) Find the probability that I will not travel by bus on Tuesday.
96
25. In a class of 20 pupils, 16 are boys and 4 are girls. Girls travel to
school by car while boys travel by bus.
a) Find the probability that a child selected at random travels by

bus.
b) Find the probability that a child selected at random is a female.
c) Find the probability that a child selected at random walks to

school.
26. A pyramid has sides numbered 1, 1, 2, 2, 5. It is to be used as dice.
a) Find the probability that the score on the dice is a prime number.
b) Find the probability that the score on the dice is greater than 1.
97
c) Find the probability that the score on the dice is less than or
equal to 2.
1
27. When a particular dice is thrown, the probability of a score of six is
1 3
The probabilities of scores of two, three, four and five are each.
6
a) Find the probability of scoring one.
b) Explain the significance of the answer to part (a).
c) How many sides do this dice have and what is the number on
each side?
98
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Search for the Planet Spark app

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2. MEDIAN AND MODE 43

SCAN HERE TO ENTER APP ZONE

Have you ever

You receive marks in 5 different

We take an average of numbers to give a

Can you know your exact marks of

Hi kids, today we will explore the area of statistics and

1. Statistics and data

Data: A collection of numerical figures giving some particular type

• The average temperature recorded for a week can be represented as

All this data collected in the original form without any

Array: Arranging the numerical figures of a data in ascending or

• The marks obtained by 5 students can be represented in an array as:

• The average temperature recorded for a week can be represented as

Tabulation of data: Arranging the data systematically in the form

Observation: Each numerical figure in a data is called an

Consider the data showing the number of children in 10 families as:

A better way to calculate the frequency is to arrange the data in

A representative value of a series of measurement is the one which

Therefore, the average height of the students in the class is 144.1cm.

Arithmetic mean is the most common measure of the central

5. Mean of tabulated data

Mean = f1x1 + f2x2 + f3x3 + ……… + fnxn

A dice is thrown 20 times and the following scores were recorded:

Score on the dice Frequency

Therefore, the average score is 4.05.

If the values in a collection are measured in different

• Statistics is the branch that deals with the representation

1. Which of the following can be categorized as data?

Data Not Data

Data Not Data

Data Not Data

d) The conversation between you and your mom.

Data Not Data

e) The daily stock price of a company gathered over a month.

Data Not Data

f) Runs scored by MS Dhoni in various formats of cricket

Data Not Data

a) Which team got the highest points?

b) Which team played the maximum number of matches that

d) Which team lost more matches than the matches won?

e) Which two teams lost the same number of matches?

f) Which two teams won the same number of matches?

Attendance records of all students

Marks in mathematics for all students

Marks in final math exam for all students

b) Number of senior citizens in your locality.

Number of people living in the locality

Age of all the people in the city

Address of the people in your locality

c) The winning record of an Indian cricket team in matches in

Results of matches played by India

Scores by the Indian cricket team in matches played in

d) Total votes secured by a candidate in the elections.

Number of votes polled at the polling booth

Details of each vote polled at the polling booth

Detail of each vote polled in the constituency