Danielle Cruz GAS12

1. Family emergency preparedness

1)

2. Deadly Philippine quake hits Bohol and Cebu (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-

24530042)
a. WHEN:
i. 15 October 2013
b. WHAT HAPPNED:
i. Magnitude 7.2 earthquake hit the central Philippines. (Bohol and Cebu)
c. AFFECTS ON PEOPLE AND SURROUNDINGS:
i. 93 people have been reported dead
ii.
iii. Historic churches were among the many damaged buildings, and stampedes
were reported in two cities.
iv. Dozens of others are also being treated for injuries.
v. Lot of structural damage in the area, including to the bell tower of the Santo
Nino church in Cebu
3.
a.

Groundshaking

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Danielle Cruz GAS12

4.
a. Groundshaking
i. If an earthquake generates a large enough shaking intensity, structures like
buildings, bridges and dams can be severley damaged, and cliffs and sloping
ground destabilised. Perched or stacked objects may fall and injure or bury
anyone close by. In the largest earthquakes whole districts can be devastated by
the multiple consequences of ground shaking.
Groundshaking will vary over an area due to such factors as topography,
bedrock type, and the location and orientation of the fault rupture. These all
affect the way the seismic waves travel through the ground
b. Liquefaction
i. Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is
reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading. Liquefaction and related
phenomena have been responsible for tremendous amounts of damage in
historical earthquakes around the world.
Liquefaction occurs in saturated soils, that is, soils in which the space between
individual particles is completely filled with water. Prior to an earthquake, the
water pressure is relatively low--the weight of the buried soil rests on the
framework of grain contacts that comprise it. However, earthquake shaking can
disrupt the structure, the soil particles no longer support all the weight, and the
groundwater pressure begins to rise. The soil particles can move farther, and
become entrained in the water--the soil flows. Liquefied soil will force open
ground cracks in order to escape to the surface. The ejected material often
results in flooding and may leave cavities in the soil.
Whether and where liquefaction will take place depends on many factors. These
include the degree of saturation, the grain size distribution and consistency at a
site, the strength, duration, and frequency content of the shaking and even the
grain shape and depth of soil. There is much active research into the
mechanisms of liquefaction, because its effects can be so severe yet its process
remains imperfectly understood.
c. landslides
i. Groundshaking due to earthquakes destabilises cliffs and steep slopes, causing
landslides and rockfalls as a significant side-effect. Heavy rain and
unconsolidated or fractured rock are exacerbating factors.
d. tsunami
i. A tsunami is a series of waves or surges most commonly caused by an
earthquake beneath the sea floor. Tsunamis can cause great loss of life and

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Danielle Cruz GAS12

property damage in coastal areas. Very large tsunamis can cause damage to
coastal regions thousands of miles away from the earthquake that caused them.
e. surface rupture
i. Surface rupture is an offset of the ground surface when fault rupture extends to
the Earth's surface. Any structure built across the fault is at risk of being torn
apart as the two sides of the fault slip past each other.