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Filioque
Filioque (Ecclesiastical Latin: [filiˈɔkwe]) is a Latin term added to the original Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed
(commonly known as the Nicene Creed), and which has been the subject of great controversy between Eastern and
Western Christianity. The Latin term Filioque describes the Holy Spirit as proceeding from both the Father and the
Son, (not from the Father only). In the Nicene Creed it is translated by the English phrase "and [from] the Son"[1]:
or in Latin:
Whether that term Filioque is included, as well as how it is translated and understood, can have important
implications for how one understands the doctrine of the Holy Trinity, which is central to the majority of Christian
churches. For some, the term implies a serious underestimation of the Father's role in the Trinity; for others, denial of
what it expresses implies a serious underestimation of the role of the Son in the Trinity. Over time, the term became a
symbol of conflict between Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity, although there have been attempts at
resolving the conflict. Among the early attempts at harmonization are the works of Maximus the Confessor, who
notably was canonised independently by both Eastern and Western churches.
The Filioque is included in the form of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed used in most Western Christian churches,
first appearing in the 6th century.[2] It was accepted by the popes only in 1014 and is rejected by the Eastern Orthodox
Church, Oriental Orthodox Churches and Church of the East. It is not in the original text of this Creed, attributed to
the second ecumenical council, Constantinople I (381), which says that the Holy Spirit proceeds "from the Father",
without additions of any kind, such as "and the Son" or "alone";[3] the Latin text now in use in most Western Churches
speaks of the Holy Spirit as proceeding "from the Father and the Son".
Differences over this doctrine and the question of papal primacy have been and remain primary causes of schism
between the Eastern Orthodox and Western churches.[4][5] The term has been an ongoing source of conflict between
Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity, contributing, in major part, to the East–West Schism of 1054 and
proving to be an obstacle to attempts to reunify the two sides.[6]
Contents
Controversy
History
New Testament
Church fathers
Cappadocian Fathers
Alexandrian Fathers
Latin Fathers
Modern Roman Catholic theologians
Nicene and Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creeds
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Controversy
The controversy referring to the term Filioque involves four separate disagreements:
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Although the disagreement about the doctrine preceded the disagreement about the insertion into the creed, the two
disagreements became linked to the third when the pope approved insertion of the term into the Niceno-
Constantinopolitan Creed, in the 11th century. Siecienski writes that "Ultimately what was at stake was not only God's
trinitarian nature, but also the nature of the Church, its teaching authority and the distribution of power among its
leaders."[7]
Hubert Cunliffe-Jones identifies two opposing Eastern Orthodox opinions about the Filioque: a "liberal" view and a
"rigorist" view. The "liberal" view sees the controversy as being largely a matter of mutual miscommunication and
misunderstanding. In this view, both East and West are at fault for failing to allow for a "plurality of theologies". Each
side went astray in considering their theological framework as the only one that was doctrinally valid and applicable.
Thus, neither side would accept that the dispute was not so much about conflicting dogmas as it was about different
theologoumena or theological perspectives. While all Christians must be in agreement on questions of dogma, there is
room for diversity in theological approaches.[8]
However, this "liberal" view is vehemently opposed by those Eastern Orthodox whom Cunliffe-Jones identifies as
holding a "rigorist" view. According to standard Eastern Orthodox position, as pronounced by Photius, Mark of
Ephesus and 20th century Eastern Orthodox theologians such as Vladimir Lossky, the Filioque question hinges on
fundamental issues of dogma and cannot be dismissed as simply one of different theologoumena. Many in the
"rigorist" camp consider the Filioque to have resulted in the role of the Holy Spirit being underestimated by the
Western Church and thus leading to serious doctrinal error.[8]
In a similar vein, Siecienski comments that, although it was common in the 20th century to view the Filioque as just
another weapon in the power struggle between Rome and Constantinople and although this was occasionally the case,
for many involved in the dispute, the theological issues outweighed by far the ecclesiological concerns. According to
Siecienski, the deeper question was perhaps whether Eastern and Western Christianity had wound up developing
"differing and ultimately incompatible teachings about the nature of God". Moreover, Siecienski asserts that the
question of whether the teachings of East and West were truly incompatible became almost secondary to the fact that,
starting around the 8th or 9th century, Christians on both sides of the dispute began to believe that the differences
were irreconcilable.[9]
From the view of the West, the Eastern rejection of the Filioque denied the consubstantiality of the Father and the Son
and was thus a form of crypto-Arianism. In the East, the interpolation of the Filioque seemed to many to be an
indication that the West was teaching a "substantially different faith". Siecienski asserts that, as much as power and
authority were central issues in the debate, the strength of emotion rising even to the level of hatred can be ascribed to
a belief that the other side had "destroyed the purity of the faith and refused to accept the clear teachings of the fathers
on the Spirit's procession".[9]
History
New Testament
In John 15:26 (http://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John+15:26–15:26&version=nrsv) Jesus says of the Holy Spirit:
"But when the Helper comes, whom I will send to you from the Father, the Spirit of truth, who proceeds from the
Father, he will bear witness about me."
from both" the Father and the Son.[11] Other texts that have been used include Galatians 4:6 (http://bible.oremus.or
g/?passage=Galatians+4:6–4:6&version=nrsv), Romans 8:9 (http://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans+8:9–8:9&v
ersion=nrsv), Philippians 1:19 (http://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Philippians+1:19–1:19&version=nrsv), where the
Holy Spirit is called "the Spirit of the Son", "the Spirit of Christ", "the Spirit of Jesus Christ", and texts in the Gospel of
John on the sending of the Holy Spirit by Jesus (14:16 (http://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John+14:16–14:16&version
=nrsv), 15:26 (http://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John+15:26–15:26&version=nrsv), 16:7 (http://bible.oremus.org/?
passage=John+16:7–16:7&version=nrsv)).[10] Revelation 22:1 (http://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation+22:1–2
2:1&version=nrsv) (possibly written by John, who identifies the Water of Life as the Holy Spirit in John 7:39 (http://bi
ble.oremus.org/?passage=John+7:39–7:39&version=nrsv)) states that the river of the Water of Life in Heaven is
"flowing from the throne of God and of the Lamb" (the Lamb is Christ, cf. John 1:29 (http://bible.oremus.org/?passag
e=John+1:29–1:29&version=nrsv)), which may be interpreted as the Holy Spirit proceeding from both the Father and
the Son.
Siecienski asserts that "the New Testament does not explicitly address the procession of the Holy Spirit as later
theology would understand the doctrine", although there are "certain principles established in the New Testament that
shaped later Trinitarian theology, and particular texts that both Latins and Greeks exploited to support their
respective positions vis-à-vis the Filioque".[12] In contrast, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen says that Eastern Orthodox believe
that the absence of an explicit mention of the double procession of the Holy Spirit is a strong indication that the
Filioque is a theologically erroneous doctrine.[13]
Church fathers
Cappadocian Fathers
Basil of Caesarea wrote: "Through the one Son (the Holy Spirit) is joined to the Father".[14] He also said that the
"natural goodness, inherent holiness, and royal dignity reaches from the Father through the only-begotten (διὰ τοῦ
Μονογενοῦς) to the Spirit".[15] However, Siecienski comments that "there are passages in Basil that are certainly
capable of being read as advocating something like the Filioque, but to do so would be to misunderstand the inherently
soteriological thrust of his work".[16]
Gregory of Nazianzus distinguished the coming forth (προϊεον) of the Spirit from the Father from that of the Son from
the Father by saying that the latter is by generation, but that of the Spirit by procession (ἐκπρόρευσις),[17] a matter on
which there is no dispute between East and West, as shown also by the Latin Father Augustine of Hippo, who wrote
that although biblical exegetes had not adequately discussed the individuality of the Holy Spirit,
they predicate Him to be the Gift of God, [and they infer] God not to give a gift inferior to Himself.
[From that, they] predicate the Holy Spirit neither as begotten, like the Son, of the Father; [ ] nor [ ] of
the Son, [ and] they do not affirm Him to owe that which He is to no one, [except] to the Father, [ ] lest
we should establish two Beginnings without beginning [ ] which would be an assertion at once [ ] false
and [ ] absurd, and one proper not to the catholic faith, but to the error of [Manichaeism].[18][19]
The one (i.e. the Son) is directly from the First and the other (i.e., the Spirit) is through the one who is
directly from the First (τὸ δὲ ἐκ τοῦ προσεχῶς ἐκ τοῦ πρώτου) with the result that the Only-begotten
remains the Son and does not negate the Spirit's being from the Father since the middle position of the
Son both protects His distinction as Only-begotten and does not exclude the Spirit from His natural
relation to the Father.[20]
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Alexandrian Fathers
Cyril of Alexandria provides "a host of quotations that seemingly speak of the Spirit's 'procession' from both the Father
and the Son". In these passages he uses the Greek verbs προϊέναι (like the Latin procedere) and προχεῖσθαι (flow
from), not the verb ἐκπορεύεσθαι, the verb that appears in the Greek text of the Nicene Creed.[21]
Epiphanius of Salamis is stated by Bulgakov to present in his writings "a whole series of expressions to the effect that
the Holy Spirit is from the Father and the Son, out of the Father and the Son, from the Father and out of the Son, from
Both, from one and the same essence as the Father and the Son, and so on". Bulgakov concludes: "The patristic
teaching of the fourth century lacks that exclusivity which came to characterize Orthodox theology after Photius under
the influence of repulsion from the Filioque doctrine. Although we do not here find the pure Filioque that Catholic
theologians find, we also do not find that opposition to the Filioque that became something of an Orthodox or, rather,
anti-Catholic dogma."[22][a]
Regarding the Greek Fathers, whether Cappadocian or Alexandrian, there is, according to Siecienski, no citable basis
for the claim historically made by both sides, that they explicitly either supported or denied the later theologies
concerning the procession of the Spirit from the Son. However, they did enunciate important principles later invoked
in support of one theology or the other. These included the insistence on the unique hypostatic properties of each
Divine Person, in particular the Father's property of being, within the Trinity, the one cause, while they also
recognized that the Persons, though distinct, cannot be separated, and that not only the sending of the Spirit to
creatures but also the Spirit's eternal flowing forth (προϊέναι) from the Father within the Trinity is "through the Son"
(διὰ τοῦ Υἱοῦ).[24]
Latin Fathers
Siecienski remarked that, "while the Greek fathers were still striving to find language capable of expressing the
mysterious nature of the Son's relationship to the Spirit, Latin theologians, even during Cyril's lifetime, had already
found their answer – the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son (ex Patre et Filio procedentem). The
degree to which this teaching was compatible with, or contradictory to, the emerging Greek tradition remains, sixteen
centuries later, subject to debate."[25]
Before the creed of 381 became known in the West and even before it was adopted by the First Council of
Constantinople, Christian writers in the West, of whom Tertullian (c. 160 – c. 220), Jerome (347–420), Ambrose (c.
338 – 397) and Augustine (354–430) are representatives, spoke of the Spirit as coming from the Father and the
Son,[10] while the expression "from the Father through the Son" is also found among them.[26][27][28]
In the early 3rd century Roman province of Africa, Tertullian emphasises that Father, Son and Holy Spirit all share a
single divine substance, quality and power,[29] which he conceives of as flowing forth from the Father and being
transmitted by the Son to the Spirit.[30] Using the metaphor the root, the shoot, and the fruit; the spring, the river, and
the stream; and the sun, the ray, and point of light for the unity with distinction in the Trinity, he adds, "The Spirit,
then, is third from God and the Son, ..."
In his arguments against Arianism, Marius Victorinus (c. 280–365) strongly connected the Son and the Spirit.[31]
In the mid-4th century, Hilary of Poitiers, wrote of the Spirit "coming forth from the Father" and being "sent by the
Son";[32] as being "from the Father through the Son";[33] and as "having the Father and the Son as his source";[34] in
another passage, Hilary points to John 16:15 (http://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John+16:15–16:15&version=nrsv)
(where Jesus says: "All things that the Father has are mine; therefore I said that [the Spirit] shall take from what is
mine and declare it to you"), and wonders aloud whether "to receive from the Son is the same thing as to proceed from
the Father".[35]
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In the late 4th century, Ambrose of Milan asserted that the Spirit "proceeds from (procedit a) the Father and the Son",
without ever being separated from either.[36] Ambrose adds, "[W]ith You, Almighty God, Your Son is the Fount of Life,
that is, the Fount of the Holy Spirit. For the Spirit is life ..." [37]
"None of these writers, however, makes the Spirit's mode of origin the object of special reflection; all are concerned,
rather, to emphasize the equality of status of all three divine persons as God, and all acknowledge that the Father alone
is the source of God's eternal being."[38]
Pope Gregory I, in Gospel Homily 26, notes that the Son is "sent" by the Father both in the sense of an eternal
generation and a temporal Incarnation. Thus, the Spirit is said to be "sent" by the Son from the Father both as to an
eternal procession and a temporal mission. "The sending of the Spirit is that procession by which It proceeds from the
Father and the Son."[39] In his Moralia in Iob, initially composed while he was apocrisarius at the imperial court of
Constantinople and later edited while Pope of Rome, Gregory wrote, "But the Mediator of God and men, the Man
Christ Jesus, in all things has Him (the Holy Spirit) both always and continually present. For the same Spirit even in
substance is brought forth from Him (quia et ex illo isdem Spiritus per substantiam profertur.) And thus, though He
(the Spirit) abides in the holy Preachers, He is justly said to abide in the Mediator in a special manner, for that in them
He abides of grace for a particular object, but in Him He abides substantially for all ends."[40] Later in his Dialogues,
Gregory I took the Filioque doctrine for granted when he quoted John 16:7 (http://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John+
16:7–16:7&version=nrsv),and asked: if "it is certain that the Paraclete Spirit always proceeds from the Father and the
Son, why does the Son say that He is about to leave so that [the Spirit] who never leaves the Son might come?"[41] The
text proposes an eternal procession from both Father and the Son by the use of the word "always" (semper). Gregory
I's use of recessurum and recedit is also significant for the divine procession because although the Spirit always
proceeds (semper procedat) from the Father and the Son, the Spirit never leaves (numquam recedit) the Son by this
eternal procession.[42]
Traditionally, the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed is attributed to the First Council of Constantinople of 381, whose
participants, primarily Eastern bishops,[45] met, decided issues (legates of Pope Damasus I.[46] were present). Only in
the second half of the 6th century did the West recognize Constantinople I as ecumenical.[47]
The Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed is not documented earlier than the Council of Chalcedon (451),[48] which
referred to as "the creed ... of the 150 saintly fathers assembled in Constantinople" in its acts.[49] It was cited at
Chalcedon I on instructions from the representative of the Emperor who chaired the meeting and who may have
wished to present it as "a precedent for drawing up new creeds and definitions to supplement the Creed of Nicaea, as a
way of getting round the ban on new creeds in" Ephesus I canon 7.[48] The Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed was
recognized and received by Leo I at Chalcedon I.[50][51] Scholars do not agree on the connection between
Constantinople I and the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, which was not simply an expansion of the Creed of
Nicaea, and was probably based on another traditional creed independent of the one from Nicaea.[52]
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It speaks of the Holy Spirit "proceeding from the Father" – a phrase based
on John 15:26 (http://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John+15:26–15:26&version=nrsv).
The Greek word ἐκπορευόμενον (ekporeuomenon) refers to the ultimate source from which the proceeding occurs, but
the Latin verb procedere (and the corresponding terms used to translate it into other languages) can apply also to
proceeding through a mediate channel.[53] Frederick Bauerschmidt notes that what Medieval theologians disregarded
as minor objections about ambiguous terms, was in fact an "insufficient understanding of the semantic difference"
between the Greek and Latin terms in both the East and the West.[54][b] The West used the more generic Latin term
procedere (to move forward; to come forth) which is more synonymous with the Greek term προϊέναι (proienai) than
the more specific Greek term ἐκπορεύεσθαι (ekporeuesthai, "to issue forth as from an origin").[54] The West
traditionally used one term and the East traditionally used two terms to convey arguably equivalent and
complementary meaning, that is, ekporeuesthai from the Father and proienai from the Son.[54]Template:Thiselton
Moreover, the more generic Latin term, procedere, does not have "the added implication of the starting-point of that
movement; thus it is used to translate a number of other Greek theological terms."[38] It is used as the Latin
equivalent, in the Vulgate, of not only ἐκπορεύεσθαι, but also ἔρχεσθαι, προέρχεσθαι, προσέρχεσθαι, and προβαίνω
(four times) and is used of Jesus' originating from God in John 8:42 (https://www.esv.org/John+8:42), although at
that time Greek ἐκπορεύεσθαι was already beginning to designate the Holy Spirit's manner of originating from the
Father as opposed to that of the Son (γέννησις — being born).[55]
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Heathenism or from Judaism, or from any heresy whatsoever, shall be deposed, if they be bishops or
clergymen; [ ] and if they be laymen, they shall be anathematized. [ ][56][c]
Ephesus I canon 7 was cited at the Second Council of Ephesus (449) and at the Council of Chalcedon (451), and was
echoed in the Chalcedon definition.[57] This account in the 2005 publication concerning the citing by Eutyches of
Ephesus I canon 7 in his defence was confirmed by Stephen H. Webb in his 2011 book Jesus Christ, Eternal God.[58]
Ephesus I canon 7, against additions to the Creed of Nicaea, is used as a polemic against the addition of Filioque to the
Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed,[59][60] In any case, while Ephesus I canon 7 forbade setting up a different creed as a
rival to that of Nicaea I, it was the creed attributed to Constantinople I that was adopted liturgically in the East and
later a Latin variant was adopted in the West. The form of this creed that the West adopted had two additions: "God
from God" (Deum de Deo) and "and the Son" (Filioque).[61] Strictly speaking, Ephesus I canon 7 applies "only to the
formula to be used in the reception of converts."[62]
Philippe Labbé remarked that Ephesus I canons 7 and 8 are omitted in some collections of canons and that the
collection of Dionysius Exiguus omitted all the Ephesus I canons, apparently considered that they did not concern the
Church as a whole.[63]
[ ] no one shall [ ] bring forward a different faith [ ], nor to write, nor to put together, nor to excogitate,
nor to teach it to others. [Those who] either [ ] put together another faith, or [ ] bring forward or [ ] teach
or [ ] deliver a different Creed [ ] to [those who] wish to be converted [ ] from the Gentiles, or Jews or
any heresy whatever, if they be Bishops or clerics let them be deposed, [ ] but if they be monks or laics:
let them be anathematized. [ ][64]
Various professions of faith confessed the doctrine during the patristic age. The Fides Damasi (380 or 5th century), a
profession of faith attributed to Pseudo-Damasus or Jerome, includes a formula of the doctrine.[68][e] The Symbolum
Toletanum I (400), a profession of faith legislated by the Toledo I synod, includes a formula of the doctrine.[70] The
Athanasian Creed (5th century), a profession of faith attributed to Pseudo-Athanasius, includes a formula of the
doctrine.[71]
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The generally accepted first found insertion of the term Filioque into the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, in
Western Christianity, is in acts of the Toledo III synod (589),[72] nearly two centuries later, but it may be a later
interpolation.[73][f]
That the Holy Spirit "proceeds" from the Father and the Son in the sense of the Latin word procedere and the Greek
προϊέναι (as opposed to the Greek ἐκπορεύεσθαι) was taught by the early 5th century by Cyril of Alexandria in the
East.[10][76] The Athanasian Creed, probably composed as early as the mid 5th-century,[77] and a dogmatic epistle of
Pope Leo I,[78][g] who declared in 446 that the Holy Spirit proceeds from both Father and Son.[50]
Although the Eastern Fathers were aware that the procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father and the Son was
taught in the West, they did not generally regard it as heretical.[79] According to Sergei Bulgakov "a whole series of
Western writers, including popes who are venerated as saints by the Eastern church, confess the procession of the
Holy Spirit also from the Son; and it is even more striking that there is virtually no disagreement with this theory."[80]
In 447, Leo I taught it in a letter to a Spanish bishop and an anti-Priscillianist council held the same year proclaimed
it.[78] The argument was taken a crucial step further in 867 by the affirmation in the East that the Holy Spirit proceeds
not merely "from the Father" but "from the Father alone".[81][82]
The Filioque was inserted into the Creed as an anti-Arian addition,[83][84][85] by Toledo III, at which King Reccared I
and some Arians in his Visigothic Kingdom converted to orthodox, catholic Christianity.[86][87][h] The Toledo XI synod
(675) included the doctrine but not the term in its profession of faith.[88]
Other Toledo synods "to affirm Trinitarian consubstantiality" between 589 and 693.[89]
The Filioque clause was confirmed by subsequent synods in Toledo and soon spread throughout the West, not only in
Spain, but also in Francia, after Clovis I, king of the Salian Franks, converted to Christianity in 496; and in England,
where the Council of Hatfield (680), presided over by Archbishop of Canterbury Theodore of Tarsus, a Greek,[90]
imposed the doctrine as a response to Monothelitism.[91]
However, while the doctrine was taught in Rome, the term was not professed liturgically in the Creed until 1014.[51]
In the Vulgate the Latin verb procedere, which appears in the Filioque passage of the Creed in Latin, is used to
translate several Greek verbs. While one of those verbs, ἐκπορεύεσθαι, the one in the corresponding phrase in the
Creed in Greek, "was beginning to take on a particular meaning in Greek theology designating the Spirit's unique
mode of coming-to-be ... procedere had no such connotations".[55]
Although Hilary of Poitiers is often cited as one of "the chief patristic source(s) for the Latin teaching on the filioque",
Siecienski says that "there is also reason for questioning Hilary's support for the Filioque as later theology would
understand it, especially given the ambiguous nature of (Hilary's) language as it concerns the procession."[92]
However, a number of Latin Church Fathers of the 4th and 5th centuries explicitly speak of the Holy Spirit as
proceeding "from the Father and the Son", the phrase in the present Latin version of the Nicene Creed. Examples are
what is called the creed of Pope Damasus I,[93] Ambrose of Milan ("one of the earliest witnesses to the explicit
affirmation of the Spirit's procession from the Father and the Son"),[93] Augustine of Hippo (whose writings on the
Trinity "became the foundation of subsequent Latin trinitarian theology and later served as the foundation for the
doctrine of the filioque").[55] and Leo I, who qualified as "impious" those who say "there is not one who begat, another
who is begotten, another who proceeded from both [alius qui de utroque processerit]"; he also accepted the Council of
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Chalcedon, with its reaffirmation of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, in its original "from the Father" form,[94] as
much later did his successor Pope Leo III who professed his faith in the teaching expressed by the Filioque, while
opposing its inclusion in the Creed.[91]
Thereafter, Eucherius of Lyon, Gennadius of Massilia, Boethius, Agnellus, Bishop of Ravenna, Cassiodorus, Gregory of
Tours are witnesses that the idea that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Son was well established as part of the
(Western) Church's faith, before Latin theologians began to concern themselves about how the Spirit proceeds from
the Son.[95]
Pope Gregory I is usually counted as teaching the Spirit's procession from the Son, although Byzantine theologians,
quoting from Greek translations of his work rather than the original, present him as a witness against it, and although
he sometimes speaks of the Holy Spirit as proceeding from the Father without mentioning the Son. Siecienski says
that, in view of the widespread acceptance by then that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son, it would
be strange if Gregory did not advocate the teaching, "even if he did not understand the filioque as later Latin theology
would — that is, in terms of a 'double procession'."[96]
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differences between the Latin and Greek languages were an obstacle to mutual understanding, since "they cannot
reproduce their idea in a language and in words that are foreign to them as they can in their mother-tongue, just as we
too cannot do".[107]
Claims of authenticity
At the end of the 8th and the beginning of the 9th century, the Church of Rome was faced with an unusual challenge
regarding the use of Filioque clause. Among the Church leaders in Frankish Kingdom of that time a notion was
developing that Filioque clause was in fact an authentic part of the original Creed.[108] Trying to deal with that problem
and its potentially dangerous consequences, the Church of Rome found itself in the middle of a widening rift between
its own Daughter-Church in Frankish Kingdom and Sister-Churches of the East. Popes of that time, Hadrian I and Leo
III, had to face various challenges while trying to find solutions that would preserve the unity of the Church.[109]
First signs of the problems were starting to show by the end of the reign of Frankish king Pepin the Short (751-768).
Use of the Filioque clause in the Frankish Kingdom led to controversy with envoys of the Byzantine Emperor
Constantine V at the Synod of Gentilly (767).[110][111][112] As the practice of chanting the interpolated Latin Credo at
Mass spread in the West, the Filioque became a part of the Latin Rite liturgy throughout the Frankish Kingdom. The
practice of chanting the Creed was adopted in Charlemagne's court by the end of the 8th century and spread through
all of his realms, including some northern parts of Italy, but not to Rome, where its use was not accepted until
1014.[85][87]
Serious problems erupted in 787 after the Second Council of Nicaea when Charlemagne accused the Patriarch Tarasios
of Constantinople of infidelity to the faith of the First Council of Nicaea, allegedly because he had not professed the
procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father "and the Son", but only "through the Son". Pope Hadrian rejected those
accusations and tried to explain to the Frankish king that pneumatology of Tarasios was in accordance with the
teachings of the holy Fathers.[113][114][j] Surprisingly, efforts of the pope had no effect.
True scale of the problem became evident during the following years. The Frankish view of the Filioque was
emphasized again in the Libri Carolini, composed around 791-793.[k] Openly arguing that the word Filioque was part
of the Creed of 381, the authors of Libri Carolini demonstrated not only the surprising lack of basic knowledge but
also the lack of will to receive right advice and council from the Mother-Church in Rome. Frankish theologians
reaffirmed the notion that the Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son, and rejected as inadequate the teaching
that the Spirit proceeds from the Father through the Son.[115][114] That claim was both erroneous and dangerous for
the preservation of the unity of the Church.
In those days, another theological problem appeared to be closely connected with the use of Filioque in the West. In
the late 8th century, a controversy arose between Bishop Elipandus of Toledo and Beatus of Liébana over the former's
teaching (which has been called Spanish Adoptionism) that Christ in his humanity was the adoptive son of God.
Elipandus was supported by Bishop Felix of Urgel. In 785, Pope Hadrian I condemned the teaching of Elipandus. In
791, Felix appealed to Charlemagne in defense of the Spanish Adoptionist teaching, sending him a tract outlining it.
He was condemned at the Synod of Regensburg (792) and was sent to Pope Hadrian in Rome, where he made of
profession of orthodox faith, but returned to Spain and there reaffirmed Adoptionism. Elipandus wrote to the bishops
of the territories controlled by Charlemagne in defence of his teaching, which was condemned at the Council of
Frankfurt (794) and at the Synod of Friuli (796). The controversy encouraged those who rejected Adoptionism to
introduce into the liturgy the use of the Creed, with the Filioque, to profess belief that Christ was the Son from
eternity, not adopted as a son at his baptism.[116][117]
At the Synod of Friuli, Paulinus II of Aquileia stated that the insertion of Filioque in the 381 Creed of the First Council
of Constantinople was no more a violation of the prohibition of new creeds than were the insertions into the 325 Creed
of the First Council of Nicaea that were done by the First Council of Constantinople itself. What was forbidden, he
said, was adding or removing something "craftily ... contrary to the sacred intentions of the fathers", not a council's
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addition that could be shown to be in line with the intentions of the Fathers and the faith of the ancient Church.
Actions such as that of the First Council of Contantinople were sometimes called for in order to clarify the faith and do
away with heresies that appear.[118][119][120] The views of Paulinus show that some advocates of Filioque clause were
quite aware of the fact that it actually was not part of the Creed.[119]
Political events that followed additionally complicated the issue. According to John Meyendorff,[121] and John
Romanides[122] the Frankish efforts to get new Pope Leo III to approve the addition of Filioque to the Creed were due
to a desire of Charlemagne, who in 800 had been crowned in Rome as Emperor, to find grounds for accusations of
heresy against the East. The Pope's refusal to approve the interpolation of the Filioque into the Creed avoided arousing
a conflict between East and West about this matter. During his reign (r. 795–816), and for another two centuries, there
was no Creed at all in the Roman rite Mass.
Reasons for the continuing refusal of the Frankish Church to adopt the positions of the Church of Rome on necessity
of leaving Filioque outside of Creed remained unknown. Faced with another endorsement of the Filioque clause at the
Frankish Council of Aachen (809) pope Leo III denied his approval and publicly posted the Creed in Rome without the
Filioque, written in Greek and Latin on two silver plaques, in defense of the Orthodox Faith (810) stating his
opposition to the addition of the Filioque into the Creed.[123][115][124] Although Leo III did not disapprove the Filioque
doctrine, the Pope strongly believed the clause should not be included into the Creed.[110][38][123][l] In spite of the
efforts of the Church of Rome, the acceptance of the Filioque clause in the Creed of the Frankish Church proved to be
irreversible.
In 808 or 809 apparent controversy arose in Jerusalem between the Greek monks of one monastery and the Frankish
Benedictine monks of another: the Greeks reproached the latter for, among other things, singing the creed with the
Filioque included.[38][125][126] In response, the theology of the Filioque was expressed in the 809 local Council of
Aachen.[38][126][127]
Photian controversy
Around 860 the controversy over the Filioque broke out in the course of the disputes between Patriarch Photios I of
Constantinople and Patriarch Ignatius of Constantinople. In 867 Photius was Patriarch of Constantinople and issued
an Encyclical to the Eastern Patriarchs, and called a council in Constantinople in which he charged the Western
Church with heresy and schism because of differences in practices, in particular for the Filioque and the authority of
the Papacy.[128] This moved the issue from jurisdiction and custom to one of dogma. This council declared Pope
Nicholas anathema, excommunicated and deposed.[129]
Photius excluded not only "and the Son" but also "through the Son" with regard to the eternal procession of the Holy
Spirit: for him "through the Son" applied only to the temporal mission of the Holy Spirit (the sending in
time).[130][103][131] He maintained that the eternal procession of the Holy Spirit is "from the Father alone".[132] This
phrase was verbally a novelty,[133][134] however, Eastern Orthodox theologians generally hold that in substance the
phrase is only a reaffirmation of traditional teaching.[133][134] Sergei Bulgakov, on the other hand, declared that
Photius's doctrine itself "represents a sort of novelty for the Eastern church".[135] Bulgakov writes: "The Cappadocians
expressed only one idea: the monarchy of the Father and, consequently, the procession of the Holy Spirit precisely
from the Father. They never imparted to this idea, however, the exclusiveness that it acquired in the epoch of the
Filioque disputes after Photius, in the sense of ek monou tou Patros (from the Father alone)";[136] Nichols summarized
that, "Bulgakov finds it amazing that with all his erudition Photius did not see that the 'through the Spirit' of
Damascene and others constituted a different theology from his own, just as it is almost incomprehensible to find him
trying to range the Western Fathers and popes on his Monopatrist side."[137]
Photius's importance endured in regard to relations between East and West. He is recognized as a saint by the Eastern
Orthodox Church and his line of criticism has often been echoed later, making reconciliation between East and West
difficult.
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At least three councils – Council of Constantinople (867), Fourth Council of Constantinople (Roman Catholic) (869),
and Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox) (879) – were held in Constantinople over the actions of
Emperor Michael III in deposing Ignatius and replacing him with Photius. The Council of Constantinople (867) was
convened by Photius to address the question of Papal Supremacy over all of the churches and their patriarchs and the
use of the Filioque.[138][139][140][141]
The council of 867 was followed by the Fourth Council of Constantinople (Roman Catholic), in 869, which reversed
the previous council and was promulgated by Rome. The Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox), in
879, restored Photius to his see. It was attended by Western legates Cardinal Peter of St Chrysogonus, Paul Bishop of
Ancona and Eugene Bishop of Ostia who approved its canons, but it is unclear whether it was ever promulgated by
Rome.[142]
It was only in 1014, at the request of King Henry II of Germany, who was in Rome for his coronation as Holy Roman
Emperor and was surprised by the different custom in force there, that Pope Benedict VIII, who owed to Henry II his
restoration to the papal throne after usurpation by Antipope Gregory VI, had the Creed, with the addition of Filioque,
sung at Mass in Rome for the first time.[85] In some other places Filioque was incorporated in the Creed even later: in
parts of southern Italy after the Council of Bari in 1098[143] and at Paris seemingly not even by 1240,[144] 34 years
before the Second Council of Lyon defined that the Holy Spirit "proceeds eternally from the Father and from the Son,
not as from two principles but from a single principle, not by two spirations but by a single spiration".[145][146]
Since then the Filioque phrase has been included in the Creed throughout the Latin Rite except where Greek is used in
the liturgy,[51][147]. Its adoption among the Eastern Catholic Churches has been discouraged.[148]
East–West controversy
Eastern opposition to the Filioque strengthened after the 11th century East–West Schism. According to the synodal
edict, a Latin anathema, in the excommunication of 1054, against the Greeks included: "ut Pneumatomachi sive
Theomachi, Spiritus sancti ex Filio processionem ex symbolo absciderunt"[149] ("as pneumatomachi and theomachi,
they have cut from the Creed the procession of the holy Spirit from the Son"). The Council of Constantinople, in a
synodal edict, responded with anathemas against the Latins:"[150] ("And besides all this, and quite unwilling to see that
it is they claim that the Spirit proceeds from the Father, not [only], but also from the Son — as if they have no evidence
of the evangelists of this, and if they do not have the dogma of the ecumenical council regarding this slander. For the
Lord our God says, "even the Spirit of truth, which proceeds from the Father (John 15:26)". But parents say this new
wickedness of the Spirit, who proceeds from the Father and the Son.")
Two councils that were held to heal the break discussed the question.
The Second Council of Lyon (1274) accepted the profession of faith of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos: "We believe
also ⟨in⟩ the Holy Spirit, fully, perfectly and truly God, proceeding from the Father and the Son, fully equal, of the
same substance, equally almighty and equally eternal with the Father and the Son in all things."[151] and the Greek
participants, including Patriarch Joseph I of Constantinople sang the Creed three times with the Filioque clause. Most
Byzantine Christians feeling disgust and recovering from the Latin Crusaders' conquest and betrayal, refused to accept
the agreement made at Lyon with the Latins. Michael VIII was excommunicated by Pope Martin IV in November
1281,[152] and later died, after which Patriarch Joseph I's successor, Patriarch John XI of Constantinople, who had
become convinced that the teaching of the Greek Fathers was compatible with that of the Latins, was forced to resign,
and was replaced by Patriarch Gregory II of Constantinople, who was strongly of the opposite opinion.[153]
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Lyons II did not require those Christians to change the recitation of the creed in their liturgy.
Lyons II stated "that the Holy Spirit proceeds eternally from the Father and the Son, not as from two principles, but
one, not from two spirations but by only one," is "the unchangeable and true doctrine of the orthodox Fathers and
Doctors, both Latin and Greek."[145] So, it "condemn[ed] and disapprove[d of] those who [ ] deny that the Holy Spirit
proceeds eternally from Father and Son or who [ ] assert that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son as
from two principles, not from one."[38][145]
The Eastern Church refused to consider the agreement reached at Florence binding, since the death of Joseph II had
for the moment left it without a Patriarch of Constantinople. There was strong opposition to the agreement in the East,
and when in 1453, 14 years after the agreement, the promised military aid from the West still had not arrived and
Constantinople fell to the Turks, neither Eastern Christians nor their new rulers wished union between them and the
West.
Reformation
Although the Protestant Reformation challenged a number of church doctrines, they accepted the Filioque without
reservation. However, they did not have a polemical insistence on the Western view of the Trinity. In the second half of
the 16th century, Lutheran scholars from the University of Tübingen initiated a dialogue with the Patriarch Jeremias II
of Constantinople. The Tübingen Lutherans defended the Filioque arguing that, without it, "the doctrine of the Trinity
would lose its epistemological justification in the history of revelation." In the centuries that followed, the Filioque was
considered by Protestant theologians to be a key component of the doctrine of the Trinity, although it was never
elevated to being a pillar of Protestant theology.[155] Zizioulas characterize Protestants as finding themselves "in the
same confusion as those fourth century theologians who were unable to distinguish between the two sorts of
procession, 'proceeding from' and 'sent by'."[156]
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Roman Catholicism
The Roman Catholic Church holds, as a truth dogmatically defined since as far back as Leo I in 447, who followed a
Latin and Alexandrian tradition, that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son.[78] It rejects the notion
that the Holy Spirit proceeds jointly and equally from two principles (Father and Son) and teaches dogmatically that
"the Holy Spirit proceeds eternally from the Father and the Son, not as from two principles but as from one single
principle".[145][51] It holds that the Father, as the "principle without principle", is the first origin of the Spirit, but also
that he, as Father of the only Son, is with the Son the single principle from which the Spirit proceeds.[100]
It also holds that the procession of the Holy Spirit can be expressed as "from the Father through the Son". The
agreement that brought about the 1595 Union of Brest expressly declared that those entering full communion with
Rome "should remain with that which was handed down to (them) in the Holy Scriptures, in the Gospel, and in the
writings of the holy Greek Doctors, that is, that the Holy Spirit proceeds, not from two sources and not by a double
procession, but from one origin, from the Father through the Son".[100][148]
The Roman Catholic Church recognizes that the Creed, as confessed at the First Council of Constantinople, did not add
"and the Son", when it spoke of the Holy Spirit as proceeding from the Father, and that this addition was admitted to
the Latin liturgy between the 8th and 11th centuries.[50] When quoting the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, as in the
2000 document Dominus Iesus, it does not include Filioque.[157] It views as complementary the Eastern-tradition
expression "who proceeds from the Father" (profession of which it sees as affirming that he comes from the Father
through the Son) and the Western-tradition expression "who proceeds from the Father and the Son", with the Eastern
tradition expressing firstly the Father's character as first origin of the Spirit, and the Western tradition giving
expression firstly to the consubstantial communion between Father and Son; and it believes that, provided this
legitimate complementarity does not become rigid, it does not affect the identity of faith in the reality of the same
mystery confessed.[100]
The monarchy of the Father is a doctrine upheld not only by those who, like Photius, speak of a procession from the
Father alone. It is also asserted by theologians who speak of a procession from the Father through the Son or from the
Father and the Son. Examples cited by Siecienski include Basilios Bessarion,[158] Maximus the Confessor,[159]
Bonaventure,[160] and the Council of Worms (868),[161] The same remark is made by Jürgen Moltmann.[m] The
Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity (PCPCU) also stated that not only the Eastern tradition, but also the
Latin Filioque tradition "recognize that the 'Monarchy of the Father' implies that the Father is the sole Trinitarian
Cause (αἰτία) or Principle (principium) of the Son and of the Holy Spirit".[51]
The Roman Catholic Church recognizes that, in the Greek language, the term used in the Niceno-Constantinopolitan
Creed (ἐκπορευόμενον, "proceeding") to signify the proceeding of the Holy Spirit cannot appropriately be used with
regard to the Son, but only with regard to the Father, a difficulty that does not exist in other languages.[51] For this
reason, even in the liturgy of Latin Rite Catholics, it does not add the phrase corresponding to Filioque (καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ)
to the Greek language text of the Creed containing the word ἐκπορευόμενον.[51] Even in languages other than Greek, it
encourages Eastern Catholic Churches that in the past incorporated Filioque into their recitation of the Niceno-
Constantinopolitan Creed to omit it.[163]
Anglicanism
The Anglican Tradition sees the Filioque clause as ‘an interpolation, irregularly put in the text of the Creed and devoid
of any canonical authorization’. This led to the Moscow Agreed Statement 1976 of the Anglican–Orthodox Theological
Dialogue and subsequent statements referring to the inappropriateness of its insertion in the Creed. Following the
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Moscow Agreed Statement of 1976, Anglicans agree that “The Filioque clause should not be included in this
Creed.”[164]
The 1978 and 1988 Lambeth Conferences advised the Anglican Communion to omit printing the Filioque in the
Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed.[165]
In 1993, a joint meeting of the Anglican Primates and Anglican Consultative Council, passed a resolution urging
Anglican churches to comply with the request to print the liturgical Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed without the
Filioque clause.[166]
The recommendation was not specifically renewed in the 1998 and 2008 Lambeth Conferences and has not been
implemented.[167]
In 1985 the General Convention of The Episcopal Church (USA) recommended that the Filioque clause should be
removed from the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, if this were endorsed by the 1988 Lambeth Council.[168]
Accordingly, at its 1994 General Convention, the Episcopal Church reaffirmed its intention to remove the Filioque
clause from the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed in the next revision of its Book of Common Prayer.[169] The
Episcopal Book of Common Prayer was last revised in 1979, and has not been revised since the resolution.
The Scottish Episcopal Church no longer prints the Filioque clause in its modern language liturgies.
Protestantism
Among 20th century Protestant theologians, Karl Barth was perhaps the staunchest defender of the Filioque doctrine.
Barth was harshly critical of the ecumenical movement which advocated dropping the Filioque in order to facilitate
reunification of the Christian churches. Barth's vigorous defense of the Filioque ran counter to the stance of many
Protestant theologians of the latter half of the 20th century who favored abandoning the use of the Filioque in the
liturgy.[170][171]
The Moravian Church, a Protestant church with some roots in Eastern Orthodoxy, have never used the Filioque.
Eastern Orthodoxy
The Eastern Orthodox interpretation is that the Holy Spirit originates, has his cause for existence or being (manner of
existence) from the Father alone as "One God, One Father",[172] Lossky insisted that any notion of a double procession
of the Holy Spirit from both the Father and the Son was incompatible with Eastern Orthodox theology. For Lossky,
this incompatibility was so fundamental that "whether we like it or not, the question of the procession of the Holy
Spirit has been the sole dogmatic grounds of the separation of East and West".[173][174] Eastern Orthodox scholars who
share Lossky's view include Dumitru Stăniloae, Romanides, Christos Yannaras,[175] and Michael Pomazansky. Sergei
Bulgakov, however, was of the opinion that the Filioque did not represent an insurmountable obstacle to reunion of
the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches.[173]
In this view, the Son and the Spirit are both one with God and in no way separated from Him. Thus, the Divine Unity
consists of the Father, with His Son and His Spirit distinct from Himself and yet perfectly united together in Him,[172]
and the Filioque confuses the theology as it was defined at the councils at both Nicaea and Constantinople.[176]
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statement "The Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son" can be understood in an orthodox sense if it is clear
from the context that "procession from the Son" refers to the sending forth of the Spirit in time, not to an eternal,
double procession within the Trinity Itself which gives the Holy Spirit existence or being. Hence, in Eastern Orthodox
thought, Maximus the Confessor justified the Western use of the Filioque in a context other than that of the Niceno-
Constantinopolitan Creed.[177][n] and "defended [the Filioque] as a legitimate variation of the Eastern formula that the
Spirit proceeds from the Father through the Son".[79]
... it is said not that [the Holy Spirit] has existence from the Son or through the Son, but rather that [the
Holy Spirit] proceeds from the Father and has the same nature as the Son, is in fact the Spirit of the Son
as being One in Essence with Him.
According to Metropolitan Hierotheos (Vlachos) of Nafpaktos, an Eastern Orthodox tradition is that Gregory of Nyssa
composed the section of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed referring to the Holy Spirit adopted by the Second
Ecumenical Council at Constantinople in 381.[o] Siecienski doubts that Gregory of Nyssa would have endorsed the
addition of the Filioque, as later understood in the West, into the Creed, notwithstanding that Gregory of Nyssa
reasoned "there is an eternal, and not simply economic, relationship of the Spirit to the Son".[179]
The Father is the eternal, infinite and uncreated reality, that the Christ and the Holy Spirit are also eternal, infinite
and uncreated, in that their origin is not in the ousia of God, but that their origin is in the hypostasis of God called the
Father. The double procession of the Holy Spirit bears some resemblance[q] to the teachings of Macedonius I of
Constantinople and his sect called the Pneumatomachians in that the Holy Spirit is created by the Son and a servant of
the Father and the Son. It was Macedonius' position that caused the specific wording of the section on the Holy Spirit
by St Gregory of Nyssa in the finalized Nicene creed.[182][r]
The following are some Roman Catholic dogmatic declarations of the Filioque which are in contention with Eastern
Orthodoxy:
1. The Fourth Council of the Lateran (1215): "The Father is from no one, the Son from the Father only, and the Holy
Spirit equally from both."[183]
2. The Second Council of Lyon, session 2 (1274): "[We confess faithfully and devoutly that] the Holy Spirit proceeds
eternally from Father and Son, not as from two principles, but as from one, not by two spirations, but by one
only."[145]
3. The Council of Florence, session 6 (1439): "We declare that when holy doctors and fathers say that the holy Spirit
proceeds from the Father through the Son, this bears the sense that thereby also the Son should be signified,
according to the Greeks indeed as cause, and according to the Latins as principle of the subsistence of the Holy
Spirit, just like the Father."[184]
4. The Council of Florence, session 8 in Laetentur Caeli (1439), on union with the Greeks: "The Holy Spirit is
eternally from Father and Son; He has his nature and subsistence at once (simul) from the Father and the Son.
He proceeds eternally from both as from one principle and through one spiration. ... And, since the Father has
through generation given to the only-begotten Son everything that belongs to the Father, except being Father, the
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Son has also eternally from the Father, from whom he is eternally born, that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the
Son."[185]
5. The Council of Florence, session 11 (1442), in Cantate Domino, on union with the Copts and Ethiopians: "Father,
Son and holy Spirit; one in essence, three in persons; unbegotten Father, Son begotten from the Father, holy
Spirit proceeding from the Father and the Son; ... the holy Spirit alone proceeds at once from the Father and the
Son. ... Whatever the holy Spirit is or has, he has from the Father together with the Son. But the Father and the
Son are not two principles of the holy Spirit, but one principle, just as the Father and the Son and the holy Spirit
are not three principles of creation but one principle."[186]
6. In particular the condemnation,[38] made at the Second Council of Lyons, session 2 (1274), of those "who
[presume to] deny that the Holy Spirit proceeds eternally from the Father and the Son or who [rashly dare to]
assert that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son as from two principles, not from one."[145]
In the judgment of these Orthodox, the Roman Catholic Church is in fact teaching as a matter of Roman Catholic
dogma that the Holy Spirit derives his origin and being (equally) from both the Father and the Son, making the
Filioque a double procession.[s][188] This is the very thing that Maximus the Confessor was stating in his work from the
7th century that would be wrong and that the West was not doing.[122]
They perceive the West as teaching through more than one type of theological Filioque a different origin and cause of
the Holy Spirit; that through the dogmatic Roman Catholic Filioque the Holy Spirit is subordinate to the Father and
the Son and not a free, independent and equal to the Father hypostasis that receives his uncreatedness from the origin
of all things, the Father hypostasis. Trinity expresses the idea of message, messenger and revealer, or mind, word and
meaning. Eastern Orthodox Christians believe in one God the Father, whose person is uncaused and unoriginate, who,
because He is love and communion, always exists with His Word and Spirit.[t][u]
God has existences (hypostases) of being; this concept is translated as the word "person" in the West.[191] Each
hypostasis of God is a specific and unique existence of God.[191] Each has the same essence (coming from the origin,
without origin, Father (God) they are uncreated).[191] Each specific quality that constitutes an hypostasis of God, is
non-reductionist and not shared.[191] The issue of ontology or being of the Holy Spirit is also complicated by the
Filioque in that the Christology and uniqueness of the hypostasis of Jesus Christ would factor into the manifestation of
the Holy Spirit. In that Jesus is both God and Man, which fundamentally changes the hypostasis or being of the Holy
Spirit, as Christ would be giving to the Holy Spirit an origin or being that was both God the Father (Uncreated) and
Man (createdness).
The immanence of the Trinity that was defined in the finalized Nicene Creed. The economy of God, as God expresses
himself in reality (his energies) was not what the Creed addressed directly.[192] The specifics of God's
interrelationships of his existences, are not defined within the Nicene Creed.[192] The attempt to use the Creed to
explain God's energies by reducing God existences to mere energies (actualities, activities, potentials) could be
perceived as the heresy of semi-Sabellianism by advocates of Personalism, according to Meyendorff.[193][194] Eastern
Orthodox theologians have complained about this problem in the Roman Catholic dogmatic teaching of actus
purus.[195]
Modern theology
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Modern Orthodox theological scholarship is split, according to William La Due, between a group of scholars that hold
to a "strict traditionalism going back to Photius" and other scholars "not so adamantly opposed to the filioque".[173]
The "strict traditionalist" camp is exemplified by the stance of Lossky who insisted that any notion of a double
procession of the Holy Spirit from both the Father and the Son was incompatible with Orthodox theology. For Lossky,
this incompatibility was so fundamental that, "whether we like it or not, the question of the procession of the Holy
Spirit has been the sole dogmatic grounds of the separation of East and West".[173][174] Bulgakov, however, was of the
opinion that the Filioque did not represent an insurmountable obstacle to reunion of the Eastern Orthodox and
Roman Catholic churches,[173] an opinion shared by Vasily Bolotov.[196]
Not all Orthodox theologians share the view taken by Lossky, Stăniloae, Romanides and Pomazansky, who condemn
the Filioque.[197] Kallistos Ware considers this the "rigorist" position within the Orthodox Church.[198] Ware states that
a more "liberal" position on this issue "was the view of the Greeks who signed the act of union at Florence. It is a view
also held by many Orthodox at the present time". He writes that "according to the 'liberal' view, the Greek and the
Latin doctrines on the procession of the Holy Spirit may both alike be regarded as theologically defensible. The Greeks
affirm that the Spirit proceeds from the Father through the Son, the Latins that He proceeds from the Father and from
the Son; but when applied to the relationship between Son and Spirit, these two prepositions 'through' and 'from'
amount to the same thing."[199] The Encyclopedia of Christian Theology lists Bolotov,[170] Paul Evdokimov, I. Voronov
and Bulgakov as seeing the Filioque as a permissible theological opinion or "theologoumenon".[170] Bolotov defined
theologoumena as theological opinions "of those who for every catholic are more than just theologians: they are the
theological opinions of the holy fathers of the one undivided church", opinions that Bolotov rated highly but that he
sharply distinguished from dogmas.[200]
It is a difference of theological opinions which was dogmatized prematurely and erroneously. There is no
dogma of the relation of the Holy Spirit to the Son and therefore particular opinions on this subject are
not heresies but merely dogmatic hypotheses, which have been transformed into heresies by the
schismatic spirit that has established itself in the Church and that eagerly exploits all sorts of liturgical
and even cultural differences.[201]
Karl Barth considered that the view prevailing in Eastern Orthodoxy was that of Bolotov, who pointed out that the
Creed does not deny the Filioque and who concluded that the question had not caused the division and could not
constitute an absolute obstacle to intercommunion between the Eastern Orthodox and the Old Catholic Church.[202]
David Guretzki wrote, in 2009, that Bolotov's view is becoming more prevalent among Orthodox theologians; and he
quotes Orthodox theologian Theodore Stylianopoulos as arguing that "the theological use of the filioque in the West
against Arian subordinationism is fully valid according to the theological criteria of the Eastern tradition".[203]
Yves Congar stated in 1954 that "the greater number of the Orthodox say that the Filioque is not a heresy or even a
dogmatic error but an admissible theological opinion, a 'theologoumenon' "; and he cited 12th century bishop Nicetas
of Nicomedia; 19th century philosopher Vladimir Solovyov; and 20th century writers Bolotov, Florovsky, and
Bulgakov.[204]
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Two of the present-day churches derived from the Church of the East, the Assyrian Church of the East and the Ancient
Church of the East, do not use "and the Son" when reciting the Nicene Creed. A third, the Chaldean Catholic Church, a
sui iuris Eastern Catholic Church, has recently, at the request of the Holy See, removed "and the Son" from its version
of the Nicene Creed.[163]
Linguistic issues
Ware suggests that the problem is of semantics rather than of basic doctrinal differences.[197][208] The English
Language Liturgical Consultation commented that "those who strongly favor retention of the Filioque are often
thinking of the Trinity as revealed and active in human affairs, whereas the original Greek text is concerned about
relationships within the Godhead itself. As with many historic disputes, the two parties may not be discussing the
same thing."[209]
In 1995, the PCPCU pointed out an important difference in meaning between the Greek verb ἐκπορεύεσθαι and the
Latin verb procedere, both of which are commonly translated as "proceed". It stated that the Greek verb ἐκπορεύεσθαι
indicates that the Spirit "takes his origin from the Father ... in a principal, proper and immediate manner", while the
Latin verb, which corresponds rather to the verb προϊέναι in Greek, can be applied to proceeding even from a mediate
channel. Therefore, ἐκπορευόμενον ("who proceeds"), used in the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed to signify the
proceeding of the Holy Spirit, cannot be appropriately used in the Greek language with regard to the Son, but only
with regard to the Father, a difficulty that does not exist in Latin and other languages.[51]
Metropolitan John Zizioulas, while maintaining the explicit Orthodox position of the Father as the single origin and
source of the Holy Spirit, declared that PCPCU (1995) shows positive signs of reconciliation. Zizioulas states: "Closely
related to the question of the single cause is the problem of the exact meaning of the Son's involvement in the
procession of the Spirit. Gregory of Nyssa explicitly admits a 'mediating' role of the Son in the procession of the Spirit
from the Father. Is this role to be expressed with the help of the preposition δία (through) the Son (εκ Πατρός δι'Υιού),
as Maximus and other Patristic sources seem to suggest?" Zizioulas continues: "The Vatican statement notes that this
is 'the basis that must serve for the continuation of the current theological dialogue between Catholic and Orthodox'. I
would agree with this, adding that the discussion should take place in the light of the 'single cause' principle to which I
have just referred." Zizioulas adds that this "constitutes an encouraging attempt to clarify the basic aspects of the
'Filioque' problem and show that a rapprochement between West and East on this matter is eventually possible".[180]
In 1986, Theodore Stylianopoulos provided an extensive, scholarly overview of the contemporary discussion.[212] Ware
said that he had changed his mind and had concluded that "the problem is more in the area of semantics and different
emphases than in any basic doctrinal differences": "the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father alone" and "the Holy
Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son" may both have orthodox meanings if the words translated "proceeds"
actually have different meanings.[213] For some Orthodox, then, the Filioque, while still a matter of conflict, would not
impede full communion of the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches if other issues were resolved. But 19th century
Russian Slavophile theologian Aleksey Khomyakov considered the Filioque as an expression of formalism, rationalism,
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pride and lack of love for other Christians,[v] and that it is in flagrant contravention of the words of Christ in the
Gospel, has been specifically condemned by the Orthodox Church, and remains a fundamental heretical teaching
which divides East and West.
Romanides too, while personally opposing the Filioque, stated that Constantinople I was not ever interpreted "as a
condemnation" of the doctrine "outside the Creed, since it did not teach that the Son is 'cause' or 'co-cause' of the
existence of the Holy Spirit. This could not be added to the Creed where 'procession' means 'cause' of existence of the
Holy Spirit."[215]
Most Oriental Orthodox churches have not added the Filoque to their creeds but the Armenian Apostolic Church has
added elucidations (http://www.armenianchurchlibrary.com/files/creed.pdf) to the Nicene Creed.[216] Another
change made to the text of the Nicene Creed by both the Latins and the Greeks is to use the singular "I believe" in place
of the plural "we believe", while all the Churches of Oriental Orthodoxy, not only the Armenian, but also the Coptic
Orthodox Church of Alexandria,[217] the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church,[218] the Malankara Orthodox
Church,[219] and the Syriac Orthodox Church,[220] have on the contrary preserved the "we believe" of the original text.
The PCPCU states that, according to Maximus, the phrase "and from the Son" does not contradict the Holy Spirit's
procession from the Father as first origin (ἐκπόρευσις), since it concerns only the Holy Spirit's coming (in the sense of
the Latin word processio and Cyril of Alexandria's προϊέναι) from the Son in a way that excludes any idea of
subordinationism.[51][w]
Orthodox theologian and Metropolitan of Pergamon, John Zizioulas, wrote that for Maximus the Confessor "the
Filioque was not heretical because its intention was to denote not the ἐκπορεύεσθαι (ekporeuesthai) but the προϊέναι
(proienai) of the Spirit".[180]
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Zizioulas also wrote that "Maximus the Confessor insisted, however, in defence of the Roman use of the Filioque, the
decisive thing in this defence lies precisely in the point that in using the Filioque the Romans do not imply a "cause"
other than the Father. The notion of "cause" seems to be of special significance and importance in the Greek Patristic
argument concerning the Filioque. If Roman Catholic theology would be ready to admit that the Son in no way
constitutes a "cause" (aition) in the procession of the Spirit, this would bring the two traditions much closer to each
other with regard to the Filioque."[180] This is precisely what Maximus said of the Roman view, that "they have shown
that they have not made the Son the cause of the Spirit – they know in fact that the Father is the only cause of the Son
and the Spirit, the one by begetting and the other by procession".
The PCPCU upholds the monarchy of the Father as the "sole Trinitarian Cause [aitia] or principle [principium] of the
Son and the Holy Spirit".[51] While the Council of Florence proposed the equivalency of the two terms "cause" and
"principle" and therefore implied that the Son is a cause (aitia) of the subsistence of the Holy Spirit, the PCPCU
distinguishes "between what the Greeks mean by 'procession' in the sense of taking origin from, applicable only to the
Holy Spirit relative to the Father (ek tou Patros ekporeuomenon), and what the Latins mean by 'procession' as the
more common term applicable to both Son and Spirit (ex Patre Filioque procedit; ek tou Patros kai tou Huiou
proion). This preserves the monarchy of the Father as the sole origin of the Holy Spirit while simultaneously allowing
for an intratrinitarian relation between the Son and Holy Spirit that the document defines as 'signifying the
communication of the consubstantial divinity from the Father to the Son and from the Father through and with the
Son to the Holy Spirit'."[222]
Roman Catholic theologian Avery Dulles wrote that the Eastern fathers were aware of the currency of the Filioque in
the West and did not generally regard it as heretical: Some, such as Maximus the Confessor, "defended it as a
legitimate variation of the Eastern formula that the Spirit proceeds from the Father through the Son".[79]
Pomazansky and Romanides[215] hold that Maximus' position does not defend the actual way the Roman Catholic
Church justifies and teaches the Filioque as dogma for the whole church. While accepting as a legitimate and
complementary expression of the same faith and reality the teaching that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father
through the Son,[100] Maximus held strictly to the teaching of the Eastern Church that "the Father is the only cause of
the Son and the Spirit":[223] and wrote a special treatise about this dogma.[215][177] The Roman Catholic Church cites
Maximus as in full accord with the teaching on the Filioque that it proposes for the whole Church as a dogma that is in
harmony with the formula "from the Father through the Son",[51] for he explained that, by ekporeusis, "the Father is
the sole cause of the Son and the Spirit", but that, by proienai, the Greek verb corresponding to procedere (proceed) in
Latin, the Spirit comes through the Son.[51] Later again the Council of Florence, in 1438, declared that the Greek
formula "from the Father through the Son" was equivalent to the Latin "from the Father and the Son", not
contradictory, and that those who used the two formulas "were aiming at the same meaning in different
words".[224][225][226][227]
Per Filium
Recently, some Orthodox theologians have proposed the substitution of the formula ex Patre per Filium / εκ του
Πατρός δια του Υιού (from the Father through the Son) instead of ex Patre Filioque (from the Father and the Son).[228]
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Western churches have arrived at the position that, although the Filioque is doctrinally sound, the way that it was
inserted into the Nicene Creed has created an unnecessary obstacle to ecumenical dialogue. Thus, without abandoning
the Filioque, some Western churches have come to accept that it could be omitted from the Creed without violating
any core theological principles. This accommodation on the part of Western Churches has the objective of allowing
both East and West to once again to share a common understanding of the Creed as the traditional and fundamental
statement of the Christian faith.
Anglican Communion
Three Lambeth Conferences (1888, 1978 and 1988) have recommended that the Filioque be dropped from the Nicene
Creed by churches that belong to the Anglican Communion.
The 1930 Lambeth Conference initiated formal theological dialogue between representatives of the Anglican and
Orthodox churches.[232] In 1976, the Agreed Statement of the Anglican-Orthodox Joint Doctrinal Commission
recommended that the Filioque should be omitted from the Creed because its inclusion had been effected without the
authority of an Ecumenical Council.[233]
In 1994, the General Convention of The Episcopal Church resolved that the Filioque should be deleted from the Nicene
Creed in the next edition of the Prayer Book.[234] The enthronement ceremonies of three recent archbishops of
Canterbury (Robert Runcie, George Carey, Rowan Williams) included recitations of the Nicene Creed that omitted the
Filioque; this has been considered to have been "a gesture of friendship toward Orthodox guests and their
Communions".[235]
At the end of October 2017 theologians from the Anglican Communion and Oriental Orthodox Churches signed an
agreement on the Holy Spirit. This is the culmination of discussions which began in 2015. The statement of agreement
confirms the omission of the Filioque clause[164]
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The Filioque was discussed at the 62nd meeting of the North American Orthodox–Catholic Theological Consultation,
in 2002. In October 2003, the Consultation issued an agreed statement, The Filioque: a Church-dividing issue?,
which provides an extensive review of Scripture, history, and theology.[38] The recommendations include:
1. That all involved in such dialogue expressly recognize the limitations of our ability to make definitive assertions
about the inner life of God.
2. That, in the future, because of the progress in mutual understanding that has come about in recent decades,
Orthodox and Catholics refrain from labeling as heretical the traditions of the other side on the subject of the
procession of the Holy Spirit.
3. That Orthodox and Catholic theologians distinguish more clearly between the divinity and hypostatic identity of the
Holy Spirit (which is a received dogma of our Churches) and the manner of the Spirit's origin, which still awaits full
and final ecumenical resolution.
4. That those engaged in dialogue on this issue distinguish, as far as possible, the theological issues of the origin of
the Holy Spirit from the ecclesiological issues of primacy and doctrinal authority in the Church, even as we pursue
both questions seriously, together.
5. That the theological dialogue between our Churches also give careful consideration to the status of later councils
held in both our Churches after those seven generally received as ecumenical.
6. That the Catholic Church, as a consequence of the normative and irrevocable dogmatic value of the Creed of
381, use the original Greek text alone in making translations of that Creed for catechetical and liturgical use.
7. That the Catholic Church, following a growing theological consensus, and in particular the statements made by
Pope Paul VI, declare that the condemnation made at the Second Council of Lyons (1274) of those "who presume
to deny that the Holy Spirit proceeds eternally from the Father and the Son" is no longer applicable.
In the judgment of the consultation, the question of the Filioque is no longer a "Church-dividing" issue, which would
impede full reconciliation and full communion. It is for the bishops of the Catholic and Orthodox Churches to review
this work and to make whatever decisions would be appropriate.[38]
Summary
While the Filioque doctrine was traditional in the West, being declared dogmatically in 447 by Pope Leo I, the Pope
whose Tome was approved at the Council of Chalcedon,[238] its inclusion in the Creed appeared in the anti-Arian
situation of 7th-century Spain. However, this dogma was never accepted in the East. The Filioque, included in the
Creed by certain anti-Arian councils in Spain,[239] was a means to affirm the full divinity of the Son in relation to both
the Father and the Spirit.[84][240][241]
A similar anti-Arian emphasis also strongly influenced the development of the liturgy in the East, for example, in
promoting prayer to "Christ Our God", an expression which also came to find a place in the West,[242][243] where,
largely as a result of "the Church's reaction to Teutonic Arianism", " 'Christ our God' ... gradually assumes precedence
over 'Christ our brother' ".[244] In this case, a common adversary, namely Arianism, had profound, far-reaching effects,
in the orthodox reaction in both East and West.
Church politics, authority conflicts, ethnic hostility, linguistic misunderstanding, personal rivalry, forced conversions,
large scale wars, political intrigue, unfilled promises and secular motives all combined in various ways to divide East
and West.
The doctrine expressed by the phrase in Latin (in which the word "procedit" that is linked with "Filioque" does not
have exactly the same meaning and overtones as the word used in Greek) is definitively upheld by the Western Church,
having been dogmatically declared by Leo I,[50] and upheld by councils at Lyon and Florence[8] that the Western
Church recognizes as ecumenical, by the unanimous witness of the Latin Church Fathers (as Maximus the Confessor
acknowledged) and even by Popes who, like Leo III, opposed insertion of the word into the Creed.[245][246]
That the doctrine is heretical is something that not all Orthodox now insist on. According to Ware, many Orthodox
(whatever may be the doctrine and practice of the Eastern Orthodox Church itself) hold that, in broad outline, to say
the Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son amounts to the same thing as to say that the Spirit proceeds from the
Father through the Son, a view accepted also by the Greeks who signed the act of union at the Council of Florence.[199]
For others, such as Bolotov and his disciples, the Filioque can be considered a Western theologoumenon, a theological
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opinion of Church Fathers that falls short of being a dogma.[170][200] Bulgakov also stated: "There is no dogma of the
relation of the Holy Spirit to the Son and therefore particular opinions on this subject are not heresies but merely
dogmatic hypotheses, which have been transformed into heresies by the schismatic spirit that has established itself in
the Church and that eagerly exploits all sorts of liturgical and even cultural differences."[201]
See also
Social trinitarianism
Notes
a. The longer form of the creed of Epiphanius (374) included the doctrine: ἄκτιστον, ἐκ τοῦ πατρὸς ἐκπορευόμενον
καὶ ἐκ τοῦ υἰοῦ λαμβανόμενον ("uncreated, who proceeds from the Father and is received from the Son").[23]
b. Congar (1959, pp. 30–31) points out that provincialism – about theological terms which shape ideas in source
languages but do not map to exact terms in target languages, including: prosōpon, hypostasis, and substantia –
contributes to "estrangement on the level of thought and mutual understanding."
c. Ephesus I canon 7 was translated into English in the late 19th century in Percival (1900, pp. 231–234) and
translated in the late 20th century in Tanner (1990, pp. 65–66
(http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0835/_P12.HTM))
d. Indications of "filioque language can also be found in certain early Syriac sources," according to Plested (2011).
e. None of the creeds from the different stages in the Church's life can be considered superseded or irrelevant.[69]
f. An additional profession of faith in the acts of Toledo III, The Profession of Faith of King Reccaredus, included the
doctrine but not the term: "Spiritus aeque Sanctus confitendus a nobis et praedicandus est a Patre et Filio
procedere et cum Patre et Filio unius esse substantiae."[74]
g. "The Holy Ghost is from the Father and the Son, neither made, nor created, nor begotten, but proceeding". In the
original Latin: "Spiritus Sanctus a Patre et Filio: non factus, nec creatus, nec genitus, sed procedens".
h. While Reccared I converted to Catholicism, his successor Liuva II reverted to Arianism.[86]
i. Boulnois (2003, pp. 106–107) notes that some ascribe an opinion about the Filioque to Cyril of Alexandria by
"quotations grouped in anthologies" without analysis or context. The reason Cyril asserted a dependence was
"the continuity between economy and theology" in his analysis of the relationship between the Son and the Holy
Spirit. Cyril's reasons "correspond to different mechanisms" within the Trinity "which break up the simplistic
opposition between the Latin schema of the triangle and the Greek model of the straight line." Boulnois thinks it is
"impossible to classify Cyril unilaterally by applying [ ] a later conflict which, [ ] is largely alien to him."
j. Charlemagne's legates claimed that Tarasius, at his installation, did not follow the Nicene faith and profess that
the Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son, but confessed rather his procession from the Father through the
Son (Mansi 13.760). The Pope strongly rejected Charlemagne's protest, showing at length that Tarasius and the
Council, on this and other points, maintained the faith of the Fathers (ibid. 759–810).
k. Following this exchange of letters with the pope, Charlemagne commissioned the Libri Carolini (791–793) to
challenge the positions both of the iconoclast council of 754 and of the Council of Nicaea of 787 on the veneration
of icons. Again because of poor translations, the Carolingians misunderstood the actual decision of the latter
Council.[38]
l. "Leo III defended the Filioque outside the Creed.
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m. Similarly Moltmann observes that "the filioque was never directed against the 'monarchy' of the Father" and that
the principle of the "monarchy" has "never been contested by the theologians of the Western Church". If these
statements can be accepted by the Western theologians today in their full import of doing justice to the principle of
the Father's "monarchy", which is so important to Eastern triadology, then the theological fears of Easterners
about the filioque would seem to be fully relieved. Consequently, Eastern theologians could accept virtually any of
the Memorandum's alternate formulae in the place of the filioque on the basis of the above positive evaluation of
the filioque which is in harmony with Maximos the Confessor's interpretation of it. As Zizioulas incisively
concludes: The "golden rule" must be Maximos the Confessor's explanation concerning Western pneumatology:
by professing the filioque our Western brethren do not wish to introduce another αἴτον in God's being except the
Father, and a mediating role of the Son in the origination of the Spirit is not to be limited to the divine Economy,
but relates also to the divine οὐσία.[162]
n. Pomazansky wrote that "Maximus the Confessor ... justified [the Westerners] by saying that by the words 'from
the Son' [the Westerners] intended to indicate that the Holy Spirit is given to creatures through the Son, that He is
manifested, that He is sent — but not that the Holy Spirit has His existence from Him."[177]
o. In icons of the Second Ecumenical Council, St. Gregory is presented as the recording clerk of the Synod, "and, as
is believed, was the one who gave the final form to the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed and formulated the
article about the Holy Spirit: 'And in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life; Who proceedeth from the Father;
Who with the Father and the Son is worshipped and glorified, Who spake by the Prophets' ".[178]
p. In the Byzantine period, the Orthodox side accused the Latin-speaking Christians, who supported the Filioque, of
introducing two Gods, precisely because they believed that the Filioque implied two causes – not simply two
sources or principles – in the Holy Trinity. The Greek Patristic tradition, at least since the Cappadocian Fathers
identified God with the person of the Father, whereas St. Augustine seems to identify him with the one divine
substance (the deitas or divinitas).[180]
q. Photius states in section 32 "And Again, if the Spirit proceeds from the Father, and the Son likewise is begotten of
the Father, then it is in precisely this fact that the Father's personal property is discerned. But if the Son is
begotten and the Spirit proceed from the Son (as this delirium of theirs would have it) then the Spirit of the Father
is distinguished by more personal properties than the Son of the Father: on the one hand as proceeding from the
equality of the Son and the Spirit, the Spirit is further differentiated by the two distinctions brought about by the
dual procession, then the Spirit is not only differentiated by more distinctions than the Son of the Father, but the
Son is closer to the Father's essence. And this is so precisely because the Spirit is distinguished by two specific
properties. Therefore He is inferior to the Son, Who in turn is of the same nature as the Father! Thus the Spirit's
equal dignity is blasphemed, once again giving rise to the Macedonian insanity against the Spirit."[176]
r. "However, the chief of the heretics who distorted the apostolic teaching concerning the Holy Spirit was"
Macedonius I of Constantinople, in the 4th century, who found followers "among former Arians and Semi-Arians.
He called the Holy Spirit a creation of the Son, and a servant of the Father and the Son. Accusers of his heresy
were" Church Fathers like Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nazianzus, Athanasius of Alexandria, Gregory of Nyssa,
Ambrose, Amphilochius of Iconium, Diodorus of Tarsus, "and others, who wrote works against the heretics. The
false teaching of Macedonius was refuted first in a series of local councils and finally at" Constantinople I. "In
preserving Orthodoxy," Nicaea I completed the Nicaean Symbol of Faith "with these words: 'And in the Holy Spirit,
the Lord, the Giver of Life, Who proceedeth from the Father, Who with the Father and the Son is equally
worshiped and glorified, Who spake by the Prophets', as well as those articles of the Creed which follow this in
the Nicaean-Constantinopolitan Symbol of Faith."[182]
s. Lossky wrote: "If the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father alone, as the hypostatic cause of the consubstantial
hypostases, we find the 'simple Trinity', where the monarchy of the Father conditions the personal diversity of the
Three while at the same time expressing their essential unity."[187]
t. In the Byzantine period the Orthodox side accused the Latin speaking Christians, who supported the Filioque, of
introducing two Gods, precisely because they believed that the Filioque implied two causes – not simply two
sources or principles – in the Holy Trinity. The Greek Patristic tradition, at least since the Cappadocian Fathers
identified God with the person of the Father, whereas, Augustine seems to identify him with the one divine
substance (the deitas or divinitas).[180]
u. Gregory Palamas asserted, in 1351, "that the Holy Spirit 'has the Father as foundation, source, and cause', but
'reposes in the Son' and 'is sent – that is, manifested – through the Son'. (ibid. 194) In terms of the transcendent
divine energy, although not in terms of substance or hypostatic being, 'the Spirit pours itself out from the Father
through the Son, and, if you like, from the Son over all those worthy of it', a communication which may even be
broadly called 'procession' (ekporeusis)."[189]
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v. Lossky wrote that for Khomyakov, "legal formalism and logical rationalism of the Roman Catholic Church have
their roots in the Roman State. These features developed in it more strongly than ever when the Western Church
without consent of the Eastern introduced into the Nicean Creed the filioque clause. Such arbitrary change of the
creed is an expression of pride and lack of love for one's brethren in the faith. 'In order not to be regarded as a
schism by the Church, Romanism was forced to ascribe to the bishop of Rome absolute infallibility.' In this way
Catholicism broke away from the Church as a whole and became an organization based upon external authority.
Its unity is similar to the unity of the state: it is not super-rational but rationalistic and legally formal. Rationalism
has led to the doctrine of the works of superarogation, established a balance of duties and merits between God
and man, weighing in the scales sins and prayers, trespasses and deeds of expiation; it adopted the idea of
transferring one person's debts or credits to another and legalized the exchange of assumed merits; in short, it
introduced into the sanctuary of faith the mechanism of a banking house."[214]
w. "The Filioque does not concern the ἐκπόρευσις of the Spirit issued from the Father as source of the Trinity,"
according to PCPCU (1995), "but manifests his προϊέναι (processio) in the consubstantial communion of the
Father and the Son, while excluding any possible subordinationist interpretation of the Father's monarchy".
x. Lossky wrote that "Whether we like it or not, the question of the procession of the Holy Spirit has been the sole
dogmatic grounds for the separation of East and West. All the other divergences which, historically, accompanied
or followed the first dogmatic controversy about the Filioque, in the measure in which they too had some dogmatic
importance, are more or less dependent upon that original issue. ... If other questions have arisen and taken the
first place in more recent inter-confessional debates, that is chiefly because the dogmatic plane on which the
thought of theologians operates is no longer the same as it was in the medieval period."[174]
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ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership (http://www.oxforddnb.co
m/help/subscribe#public) required.)
2. Grudem, Wanye (1994). Systematic Theology (https://books.google.com/books?
id=2DUPWk9ng3wC&pg=PA246). Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-31028670-7.
3. RCA 2002, p. 70.
4. Larchet 2006, p. 188.
5. WCCFO 1979.
6. Congar 1959, p. 44; Meyendorff 1987, p. 181; NAOCTC 2003.
7. Siecienski 2010, pp. 4–5.
8. Cunliffe-Jones 2006, pp. 208–209.
9. Siecienski 2010, pp. 4–6.
10. ODCC 2005, "Double Procession of the Holy Spirit".
11. Maximus the Confessor, Letter to Marinus (PG 91:136), cited in Meyendorff (1987, p. 93)
12. Siecienski 2010, p. 17.
13. Kärkkäinen 2010, p. 276.
14. Basil of Caesarea De Spiritu Sancto 18.45 (NPNF2 8:28), in Anderson (1980, p. 72)
15. Basil of Caesarea De Spiritu Sancto 18.47 (NPNF2 8:29–30), in Anderson (1980, p. 75)
16. Siecienski 2010, p. 40.
17. Gregory of Nazianzus Oratio 39 12 (NPNF2 7:356), in Daley (2006, p. 133)
18. Augustine of Hippo, De fide et symbolo 9.19 (NPNF1 3:329–330).
19. Augustine of Hippo, De Trinitate 15.26.47 (NPNF1 3:225); Elowsky 2009, p. 225, "The Spirit of both is not
begotten of both but proceeds from both"
20. Gregory of Nyssa, Ad Ablabium (PG 45:133; NPNF2 5:331–336); Siecienski 2010, p. 43
21. Siecienski 2010, pp. 48–49.
22. Bulgakov 2004, pp. 81–82.
23. Epiphanius of Salamis, Ancoratus, cap. 120 (DH 2012, n. 44; NPNF2 14:164–165).
24. Siecienski 2010, pp. 33–34.
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164. "Historic Anglican – Oriental Orthodox agreement on the Holy Spirit signed in Dublin" (http://www.anglicannews.or
g/news/2017/11/historic-anglican-oriental-orthodox-agreement-on-the-holy-spirit-signed-in-dublin.aspx).
anglicannews.org. 2 November 2017. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
165. Lambeth Conference 1978, res. 35.3; Lambeth Conference 1988, res. 6.5.
166. ACC 1993, res. 19.
167. See, for instance, The Nicene Creed – texts (http://www.churchsociety.org/issues_new/doctrine/creeds/iss_doctrin
e_creeds_nicenetext.asp)
168. "General Convention Sets Course For Church 19 September 1985" (http://www.episcopalarchives.org/cgi-bin/EN
S/ENSpress_release.pl?pr_number=85176). Episcopalarchives.org. 19 September 1985. Retrieved 25 April
2013.
169. "Resolution 1994-A028, "Reaffirm Intention to Remove the Filioque Clause From the Next Prayer Book." " (http://
www.episcopalarchives.org/cgi-bin/acts/acts_resolution.pl?resolution=1994-A028). Episcopalarchives.org.
Retrieved 25 April 2013.
170. ECT 2005, "Filioque".
171. Guretzki 2009, p. 12.
172. Hopko & n.d.(a), "One God, One Father (http://oca.org/orthodoxy/the-orthodox-faith/doctrine/the-holy-trinity/one-g
od-one-father)".
173. LaDue 2003, p. 63.
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Further reading
Bradshaw, David. Aristotle East and West: Metaphysics and the Division of Christendom. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2004, pp. 214–220.
Farrell, Joseph P. God, History, & Dialectic: The Theological Foundations of the Two Europes and Their Cultural
Consequences (http://dialectic.wordpress.com/ghd/). Bound edition 1997. Electronic edition 2008.
Groppe, Elizabeth Teresa. Yves Congar's Theology of the Holy Spirit. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
See esp. pp. 75–79, for a summary of Congar's work on the Filioque. Congar is widely considered the most
important Roman Catholic ecclesiologist of the twentieth century. He was influential in the composition of several
Vatican II documents. Most important of all, he was instrumental in the association in the West of pneumatology
and ecclesiology, a new development.
Haugh, Richard. Photius and the Carolingians: The Trinitarian Controversy. Belmont, MA: Nordland Publishing
Company, 1975.
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John St. H. Gibaut, "The Cursus Honorum and the Western Case Against Photius", Logos 37 (1996), 35–73.
Habets, Myk, ed. (2014). Ecumenical perspectives on the Filioque for the 21st century (https://books.google.com/
books?id=v9TeBAAAQBAJ). T&T Clark theology. London; New York: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-
56750072-4.
Jungmann, Joseph. Pastoral Liturgy. London: Challoner, 1962. See "Christ our God", pp. 38–48.
Likoudis, James. Ending the Byzantine Greek Schism. New Rochelle, New York: 1992. An apologetic response to
polemical attacks. A useful book for its inclusion of important texts and documents; see especially citations and
works by Thomas Aquinas, O.P., Demetrios Kydones, Nikos A. Nissiotis, and Alexis Stawrowsky. The select
bibliography is excellent. The author demonstrates that the Filioque dispute is only understood as part of a
dispute over papal primacy and cannot be dealt with apart from ecclesiology.
Marshall, Bruce D. "Ex Occidente Lux? Aquinas and Eastern Orthodox Theology", Modern Theology 20:1
(January 2004), 23–50. Reconsideration of the views of Aquinas, especially on deification and grace, as well as
his Orthodox critics. The author suggests that Aquinas may have a more accurate perspective than his critics, on
the systematic questions of theology that relate to the Filioque dispute.
Reid, Duncan. Energies of the Spirit: Trinitarian Models in Eastern Orthodox and Western Theology. Atlanta,
Georgia: Scholars Press, 1997.
Smith, Malon H. And Taking Bread: Cerularius and the Azyme Controversy of 1054. Paris: Beauschesne, 1978.
This work is still valuable for understanding cultural and theological estrangement of East and West by the turn of
the millennium. Now, it is evident that neither side understood the other; both Greek and Latin antagonists
assumed their own practices were normative and authentic.
Webb, Eugene. In Search of The Triune God: The Christian Paths of East and West. Columbia, MO: University of
Missouri Press, 2014.
Ware, Timothy (Kallistos). The Orthodox Way. Revised edition. Crestwood, New York: 1995, pp. 89–104.
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