Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
6
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
7
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
8
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
9
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
10
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
11
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
axial
transverse plane
12
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
13
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
14
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
15
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
16
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
17
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
18
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
19
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
20
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
21
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
22
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
23
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
24
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
25
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
26
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
27
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
28
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
29
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
30
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
31
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
32
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
33
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
34
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
35
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
36
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
37
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
38
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
39
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
40
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
41
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
42
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
43
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
44
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
45
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
46
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
fringe field
stray field
47
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
48
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
49
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
51
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
52
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
53
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
54
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
55
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
56
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
57
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
58
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
59
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
60
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
63
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
isotope
MR-PET examination: Isotopes are atoms with Commonly used isotopes
An important property of identical atomic numbers include:
atoms is their atomic number but different atomic masses.
• carbon-11 or 11C
(number of protons in the Although isotopes have the
nucleus). An atom's atomic same chemical properties as • nitrogen-13 or 13N
number determines its other atoms of their element,
• oxygen-15 or 15O
chemical properties. Similarly, they have very different
an atom's atomic mass number nuclear properties. • fluorine-18 or 18F (see also
is defined as the total number For example, although many fluorodeoxyglucose)
of nucleons (protons and isotopes are stable, some
neutrons) in the atom. isotopes have unstable nuclei
and are radioactive. The
isotopes used in PET scans
are all radioactive and decay
rapidly.
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jet effect
Image quality: Spin dephasing
for complex flow patterns such
as turbulences. The degree of
signal loss and the size of low-
signal regions depend on the
flow patterns and pulse
sequence used. This effect
must be taken into account
when evaluating the extent of
vascular stenosis.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
68
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
69
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
70
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
71
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
72
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
73
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
74
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
75
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
76
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
77
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
MR cardiology
MR application: The advan- Data records acquired across • Manual or semi-automatic
tages of cardiac MR include: cardiac phases enable movie segmentation of the inner
display of the heartbeat. and outer cardiac walls of the
• free selection of image
left ventricle, and the inner
planes and FOVs Subsequent quantitative
wall of the right ventricle:
evaluation of cardiac studies
• high tissue contrast ED and ES images or the
enables, for example, the
complete cardiac cycle.
• temporal and spatial following:
resolution • Evaluation of myocardial wall
• Calculation of ventricular
thickness; changes in wall
Multiple cardiac slices can be volume, myocardial mass,
thickness (between the ED
acquired along the respective and functional parameters
and ES phase or during the
slice plane. In this way,
cardiac cycle) are evaluated
complete anatomical display of
for each sector
the heart in all three dimen-
sions is provided.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
PAT
MRI measurement technique: With the k-space-based A prerequisite for PAT is the
PAT is the generic term for methods (for example: use of array coils as well as the
parallel imaging techniques. SMASH, GRAPPA), the PAT calculation of the coil profile of
Other terms for PAT include reconstruction is performed all array coil elements (for
“Parallel Imaging” and “Partial prior to the Fourier transform. example: via autocalibration).
Parallel Acquisition”.
PAT shortens the measurement The most important advan-
Two groups of PAT are differen- time without degrading image tages of PAT: shorter breath-
tiated: with the image-based resolution. The lower number hold times, higher temporal
methods (for example: SENSE, of measurement lines reduces resolution of dynamic mea-
mSENSE), the PAT reconstruc- the signal-to-noise. surements and sharper images
tion is performed following the with echo-planar imaging
Fourier transform. (by reducing the echo train).
iPAT
iPAT2
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PAT factor
Measurement parameters: For iPAT2, the PAT factor is the
The PAT factor is a measure of product of the two PAT factors
the phase-encoding steps in the phase-encoding and the
reduced through PAT. partitions direction. Example:
Example: for a PAT factor of 2, a PAT factor of 4 in the phase-
every other step is skipped. encoding direction and a PAT
This cuts the measurement factor of 3 in the partitions
time in half. direction results in a total PAT
factor of 12.
95
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
²&RURQDO
$QWHULRU$
7UDQVYHUVH
+HDG+
²6DJLWWDO 6DJLWWDO
5LJKW5 /HIW/
&RURQDO
3RVWHULRU3
²7UDQVYHUVH
)HHW)
96
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
97
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
98
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
99
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
100
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
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phase-encoding gradient
MR measurement: Magnetic The amplitude of the phase- In a magnitude image,
field gradient switched in the encoding gradient changes the gray scale of a pixel
phase-encoding direction. incrementally from excitation corresponds to the magnitude
to excitation. of the MR signal at that
For this reason, each row of location. In the phase image,
phase-encoding step
raw data has different phase each pixel gray scale repre-
MR measurement: Phase information. sents the respective phase
encoding of an MR image between 180 and 180.
normally requires that there
phase image Spin ensembles can be
are as many excitations and
distinguished from stationary
signal acquisitions as there Image reconstruction: In
tissue in phase images.
are image matrix rows addition to regular magnitude
Stationary spins have the same
(for example, 256 or 512). images, phase images can also
phase, moving spins have
be reconstructed from the raw
differing phases depending on
data measured.
their velocity.
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103
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
105
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
106
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
107
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
108
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109
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110
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111
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112
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
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scout
localizer
122
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123
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MR components: Coils that Image quality: Areas in the Image quality: Relationship
create weak additional image that do not visualize a between the intensity of signal
magnetic fields in various signal, that is, they are black. and noise. Ways to improve
spatial directions. Used to There are different reasons SNR include:
improve the homogeneity in for signal elimination:
• increasing the number of
the main magnetic field. Metal artifacts, susceptibility
averages
artifacts, flow effects, and
• first order shim:
saturation effects. • increasing the measurement
gradient coils are used
volume (although spatial
Flow effects may occur with
• second order shim: resolution degrades)
fast flow when using spin-echo
specific shim coils are used
sequences. After half • using special coils and local
the echo time, the bolus has coils
shim current flown out of the slice com-
• smaller bandwidth
pletely. Since it is no longer
Magnetic field: During shim,
acquired by the slice-selective • shorter echo time
shim currents flowing through
180 pulse, it no longer
the system’s shim coils are • thicker slice
produces a spin echo: blood
changed interactively in order
appears black in the image.
to optimize the shim quality.
signal
MR signal
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 123 Abbr.
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138
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146
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148
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true trueFISP
MR-PET examination: When MRI measurement technique: The FISP and PSIF signal are
the tracer decays it emits a The TrueFISP gradient-echo generated simultaneously.
positron. As a result of the sequence provides the highest Due to the superimposition
positron annihilation, two signal of all steady-state of both signals, TrueFISP is
photons are emitted at an sequences. The contrast is a sensitive to inhomogeneities
angle of 180°. If these two function of T1/T2. However, in the magnetic field. The
photons are detected within with a short TR and a short TE, images may contain interfer-
the coincidence window, the T1 portion remains con- ence stripes. For this reason,
a line of response (LOR) is stant. The images are primarily TR should be as short as
reconstructed. This is a true T2-weighted. possible, and a shim has to
or true event. be performed.
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155
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156
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157
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UTE
MRI measurement technique:
Pulse sequences with
ultrashort echo times (UTE)
that are 10 to 20 times shorter
than conventional ones. This
allows for the display of tissue
components with a short T2
(for example, membranes,
compact bone substance) that
could appear as dark only due
to their small signal portion.
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160
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volume-rendering technique
3D VRT
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164
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165
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3D shim Magnetic field: 3D shim enables the shim volume to be limited (local shim).
A 3D volume (VOI) is defined. The local magnetic field distribution is deter-
mined in this volume, resulting in the calculation of
the shim currents.
A 3D shim provides for a more precise result than a MAP shim used
with older MR systems and therefore for a better fat saturation.
For spectroscopy, it provides a better starting value for the interactive shim.
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168
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169
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170
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UTE ultrashort TE
173
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