Scanned by CamScanner

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner

Summary notes taken from DAS Principles of Geotechnical
Engineering
• What is effective stress?
The total stress, σ, is divided in two parts:
1. A portion carried by water in the continuous void spaces. This portion acts
with equal intensity in all directions (pore water pressure u).
2. The rest of the total stress is carried by the soil solids at their points of
contact. The sum of the vertical components of the forces developed at the
points of contact of the solid particles per unit cross-sectional area of the soil
mass is called effective stress (σ’).

Stresses in Saturated Soil with Seepage

• UPWARD SEEPAGE

KK 1



Note: At zero effective stress, the hydraulic gradient is critical and the stability of
the soil is lost. This is referred to as boiling or quick condition.

KK 2


• DOWNWARD SEEPAGE

KK 3



• How to determine the amount of effective stress increase at the middle of
the clay layer due to foundation?

KK 4

 • Vertical Stress caused by Line Load

• Vertical stress caused by Line Load of Finite Length

KK 5



KK 6


• Vertical Stress caused by Strip Load (Finite Width & Infinite Length)

KK 7


• Vertical stress below a Uniformly Loaded Circular Area

A) For determining Δσ at any depth z below center of flexible loaded circular area

KK 8


B) For determining Δσ at any depth z located at radial distance r measured
horizontally from the center of the loaded area

KK 9



• Vertical Stress caused by Rectangularly Loaded Area

KK 10



KK 11



Consolidation
• Soil settlement caused by:
- Immediate settlement: caused by elastic deformation of dry soil and of moist/saturated
soils without any change in moisture content.
- Primary consolidation settlement: result of a volume change in saturated cohesive soils
because of the expulsion of water that occupies the void spaces.
- Secondary consolidation settlement: observed in saturated cohesive soils and is the
result of plastic adjustment of soil fabrics. It follows the primary consolidation settlement
under a constant effective stress.

One-dimensional Laboratory consolidation test by Terzaghi
- Soil specimen placed inside metal ring with two porous stones. Load is applied and
compression is measured by gauge. Specimen usually kept under water for the test. Then
the load is doubled and the compression measurements continue. Then, the dry weight is
determined. Stage I consists of initial compression (preloading); Stage II is primary
consolidation, during which excess pore water pressure is gradually transferred into
effective stress by expulsion of pore water; Stage III is secondary consolidation, which
occurs after complete dissipation of excess pore water pressure (some deformation of
specimen takes places, plastic readjustment of soil fabric).

Void Ratio-Pressure Plots

KK 12



• Definitions of clay based on stress history:

1) Normally consolidated: The present effective overburden pressure is the maximum
pressure to which the soil has been subjected in the past.
2) Overconsolidated: The present effective overburden pressure is less than that which
the soil has experienced in the past. The maximum effective stress past pressure is
called preconsolidation pressure.

KK 13




Casagrande’s procedure to determine preconsolidation pressure 𝝈'𝒄
from the lab e-log σ’ plot:

KK 14




Calculating Settlement for One-Dimensional Primary Consolidation


• For normally consolidated clays that have e-log σ’ relationship, primary settlement:

- 𝑪𝒄 is the slope of the e-log σ’ plot and is defined as compression index
- For undisturbed clays, 𝑪𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗(𝑳𝑳 − 𝟏𝟎) where LL is the liquid limit (%)
- H is the height of the clay layer

• For overconsolidated clays:

A) 𝝈/𝒐 + 𝜟𝝈/ ≤ 𝝈/𝒄

𝑪𝒔 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒, 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒍𝒍 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒙.

B) 𝝈/𝒐 + 𝜟𝝈/ ≥ 𝝈/𝒄

KK 15



Settlement from Secondary Consolidation

• At end of primary consolidation there is some settlement observed due to plastic
adjustment of soil fabrics (creep)

KK 16



• Average degree of consolidation (U) for entire depth of clay layer

• Calculating time factor

𝑐O is the coefficient of consolidation
t is the time
𝐻QR is the drainage path (H for single drainage, H/2 for double drainage)

• Coefficient of consolidation

S
𝑐O = where k is hydraulic conductivity
TU VW

KK 17

 • Determining the coefficient of consolidation using Logarithm of Time
Method and Square Root of Time Method

1) Logarithm of Time Method

KK 18



2) Square-Root-of-Time Method

KK 19



KK 20



Shear Strength of Soil
• Shear strength of soil mass is the internal resistance per unit area that soil mass can offer
to resist failure & sliding along any plane inside it

Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criteria

Shear stress on failure plane:

c’ =0 for sand & inorganic silt

c’=0 for normally consolidated clay
For normally consolidated clay, φ’=20-30

For over consolidated, φ’ decreases


• Significance of failure envelope?

- If normal stress & shear stress plot at A,

shear failure won’t occur along that plane
- If at B (falls on failure envelope), shear
failure occurs along plane.
- State of stress at C cannot exist (already
would’ve failed)

KK 21


Inclination of the Plane of Failure caused by Shear

Inclination of failure plane in soil with major principal plane:

𝝈/𝟏 : 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝒎𝒂𝒋𝒐𝒓 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝝈/𝟑 : 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒐𝒓 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

Plot of Mohr’s circle for state of

stress in (a)
Line fgh is the failure envelope
Radial line ab defines the major
principal plane (CD in [a]) and
radial line ad defines the failure
plane (EF in [a])
Angle <bad = 2𝜃 = 90 + 𝜑

Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria restated in terms of stresses:

KK 22



Laboratory Determination of Shear Strength Parameters

• Direct Shear Test

- Metal shear box in which soil specimen is placed
- Soil specimen square or circular
- Box split horizontally into halves
- Normal force applied from top of shear box, and shear force applied by moving one half of
box relative to the other to cause failure in the soil specimen.
- In stress controlled tests, shear force applied in equal increments until specimen fails.
After the application of each increment load, shear displacement of the top half of the box
is measured by horizontal dial gauge. Change in height of specimen obtained from
readings of dial gauge that measures vertical movement of upper loading plate.
- In strain controlled tests, a constant rate of shear displacement is applied to one half of
the box by a motor that acts through gears.

KK 23




• Triaxial Test
- Provides information on stress-strain behavior, provides more uniform stress conditions
than direct shear test with its stress concentration along the failure plane.

- Soil specimen incased by rubber membrane & placed inside plastic cylindrical chamber
usually filled with water/glycerin.
- Specimen subjected to confining pressure by compression of fluid in chamber.
- To cause shear failure in specimen, axial stress is applied through a vertical loading ram
(deviator stress). Stress is added either by: application of dead weights in equal
increments until the specimen fails or application of axial deformation at a constant rate
by hydraulic loading press (strain controlled test).











KK 24




- 3 standard triaxial tests:

1) Consolidated-drained test or drained test (CD test)
- Specimen first subjected to all-around confining pressure, 𝜎d , by compression of chamber
fluid. Slow rate of deviator stress application allows complete dissipation of any pore
water pressure that developed.

KK 25




2) Consolidated undrained test (CU test)
- Most common type
- Specimen first consolidated by all-around chamber fluid pressure that results in drainage.
After pore water pressure is dissipated, deviator stress on specimen increased to cause
shear failure. During this phase of test, drainage line is closed, so pore water pressure will
increase.

3) Unconsolidated-undrained test or undrained test (UU test)
- Drainage from soil specimen not permitted during application of chamber pressure 𝜎d
- Test specimen sheared to failure by application of deviator stress with no drainage
allowed
- Pore water pressure in soil specimen will increase
- 𝑐e is the undrained shear strength

KK 26




Unconfined Compression Test on Saturated Clay
- Unconfined compression test is special type of unconsolidated-undrained test commonly
used for clay specimens
- Confining pressure 𝜎d =0
- At failure, the total minor principal stress is 0 and the total major principal stress is 𝜎f

∗ q i is the unconfined compression strength














KK 27


Rankine’s Theory of Active & Passive Earth Pressures
• Plastic equilibrium in soil refers to the condition in which every point in a soil mass is on
the verge of failure

Rankine’s Active State

KK 28


Rankine’s Passive State

KK 29


• Rankine’s active earth pressure distribution against a retaining wall
with cohesive soil backfill.

KK 30


• Rankine’s passive earth pressure distribution against a retaining wall
with cohesive soil backfill.

KK 31



• Rankine’s active earth-pressure distribution against retaining wall
with partially submerged cohesionless soil backfill supporting a
surcharge

KK 32

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner