Abnormal Psychology 7th Edition Oltmanns Test Bank

Abnormal Psychology 7th edition Oltmanns Test Bank
Full Download: https://testbankreal.com/download/abnormal-psychology-7th-edition-oltmanns-test-bank/
Chapter 3
Treatment of Psychological Disorders
Total Assessment Guide (T.A.G.)
Question
Topic Factual Conceptual Applied
Type
Overview Multiple Choice 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 15, 9, 12, 13, 14 5, 6, 10, 11
pp. 51-55 16, 17
Short Answer 114
Essay
Biological Multiple Choice 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 18, 19, 33 22, 23, 26, 29,
Treatments 28, 30, 32, 34 31
pp. 55-58 Short Answer 115
Essay 128
Psychodynamic Multiple Choice 35, 36, 38, 40, 43, 37, 41, 42, 44, 46 39
Psychotherapies 45, 47
Essay 130*
Cognitive- Multiple Choice 48, 49, 55, 58, 62, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 61, 69
Behavior 63, 65, 66, 67 56, 57, 59, 60, 64,
Therapy 68, 70, 71
pp. 60-63 Short Answer 117, 118, 119, 120,
121, 122
Essay 129
Humanistic Multiple Choice 72, 73 74, 75
Therapies Short Answer 123 124
pp. 63-64 Essay 130*
Research on Multiple Choice 76, 80, 84, 87, 89, 77, 81, 82, 83, 88, 78, 79, 85, 86,
Psychotherapy 90, 97 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 91, 92
pp. 64-70 99, 100
Short Answer 126, 127,
Essay 131, 132, 134 133
Couples, Multiple Choice 103, 107, 108, 112 101, 102, 104, 109
Family, and 105, 106, 110,
Group Therapy 111
Essay 135
Specific Multiple Choice 113
Treatments for Short Answer
Specific Essay
Disorders
p. 73
*This question covers two topics
104
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
This is sample only, Download all chapters at: testbankreal.com

Chapter 3: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
Multiple Choice
3.1.1. Most mental health professionals today identify themselves with
a. the psychodynamic paradigm.

b. the cognitive-behavioral paradigm.
c. the humanistic paradigm.
d. no single paradigm.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.1
Page Reference: 52
Topic: Overview
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. no single paradigm.
3.1.2. Trying to determine whether and to what extent psychotherapy is effective requires
a. psychotherapy process research.

b. psychotherapy outcome research.
c. eclectic psychotherapy research.
d. epidemiological research.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.2
Page Reference: 52
Topic: Overview
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. psychotherapy outcome research.
3.1.3. A clinician who uses research to select the most effective form of treatment is practicing
_________________ psychotherapy.
a. eclectic
b. outcome based
c. evidence-based
d. epidemiological
Difficulty: 1
105
Question ID: 3.1.3
Page Reference: 52
Topic: Overview
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. evidence-based
3.1.4. Which of the following best describes the evidence for how many people receive psychological
help of all those who need it?
a. Most people will receive help.

b. Only people with severe disturbances will receive help.
c. Most people will not receive help.
d. Only people with the most common disturbances will receive help.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.4
Page Reference: 52
Topic: Overview
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. Most people will not receive help.
3.1.5. Therapists representing the biological, psychodynamic, behavioral, and humanistic orientations
are discussing the case of Frances from the text. What common feature will these therapists see in this
case of depression?
a. All focus on her use of defense mechanisms.

b. All note her tendency to blame herself for troubles in her relationships.
c. All see how the basic cause of the depression can be traced to early childhood experiences.
d. All focus on the influence of her family as a causative agent in the development of her
depression.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.5
Page Reference: 53
Topic: Overview
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. All note her tendency to blame herself for troubles in her relationships.
3.1.6. In viewing the case of Frances presented in your text, a biologically oriented therapist would view
her interpersonal problems as
a. the cause of her depression.

b. the result of her depression.
c. irrelevant to her condition.
d. a separate problem requiring another diagnosis.
106
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.6
Page Reference: 53
Topic: Overview
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. the result of her depression.
3.1.7. What is the primary goal of psychodynamic therapy as presented in the case of Frances in the
textbook?
a. gaining insight into unconscious motivations

b. encouraging acceptance of individual responsibility
c. changing psychological experience with the use of medication
d. applying psychological research to foster learning of new behaviors
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.7
Page Reference: 53
Topic: Overview
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. gaining insight into unconscious motivations
3.1.8. Which form of treatment aims to gain insight into defenses and unconscious motivations and
relies on the interpretation of defenses?
a. behavioral
b. humanistic
c. biological
d. psychodynamic
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.8
Page Reference: 53
Topic: Overview
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. psychodynamic
3.1.9. What is a cognitive behavior therapist likely to do in treating Frances, whose battle with
depression was described in the text?
a. be very directive in getting her to look at her distorted thinking

b. reward her each time she gets through the day without feeling depressed
c. teach her a relaxation technique and slow breathing to help her deal with stress
d. use role-playing to demonstrate healthy and unhealthy interactions
Difficulty: 1
107
Question ID: 3.1.9
Page Reference: 54
Topic: Overview
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. be very directive in getting her to look at her distorted thinking
3.1.10. These are the notes of a therapist who is treating Frances whose case of depression was described
in the text: "Client assigned homework to monitor conflict with family and to try out new ways of relating
to them." The orientation of this therapist is probably
a. humanistic.
b. cognitive behavioral.
c. biological.
d. psychodynamic.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.10
Page Reference: 54
Topic: Overview
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. cognitive behavioral.
3.1.11. At a retreat for therapists, the group leader decides to use a few warm-up exercises to help
everyone get to know each other. She says, "I want all of the therapists who view their role as active and
directive in the back of the room." When she looks at the back of the room she finds that most of the
people back there follow which treatment approaches?
a. behavioral and humanistic

b. behavioral and biological
c. psychodynamic and behavioral
d. psychodynamic and biological
Difficulty: 3
Question ID: 3.1.11
Page Reference: 54
Topic: Overview
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. behavioral and biological
3.1.12. A therapist tells a patient that he is "not being genuine, not being himself." The therapist
encourages the patient to make life choices based on his true feelings. What is the therapist's most likely
theoretical framework?
a. behavioral
b. humanistic
c. biological
d. psychodynamic
108
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.12
Page Reference: 54
Topic: Overview
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. humanistic
3.1.13. During therapy to treat the depression experienced by Frances as described in your text, which
type of therapist would be nondirective but would focus the sessions on emotional issues?
a. behavioral
b. biological
c. humanistic
d. psychodynamic
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.13
Page Reference: 54
Topic: Overview
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: c. humanistic
3.1.14. A straightforward example of an eclectic approach to the case Frances presented in your text
would be to
a. combine psychotherapy with medication.

b. conduct outcome research.
c. conduct process research.
d. follow one specific paradigm of treatment.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.14
Page Reference: 54
Topic: Overview
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. combine psychotherapy with medication.
3.1.15. According to the textbook, how did the ancient practice of trephining seek to treat mental illness?
a. by performing sacrifices to appease the gods

b. by dunking the person in water to "cleanse the soul"
c. by chipping a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape
d. by confining patients in "insane asylums" as a form of punishment
Difficulty: 1
109
Question ID: 3.1.15
Page Reference: 54
Topic: Overview
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. by chipping a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape
3.1.16. Which of the following did Hippocrates recommend as treatments for mental illness?
a. exorcism, trephining, and wine

b. rest, exercise, and healthy diet
c. dunking in water, massage, and sleep
d. trephining, opium, and dream analysis
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.16
Page Reference: 54
Topic: Overview
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. rest, exercise, and healthy diet
3.1.17. Mental health professionals who strive to meet the mental health needs of members of various
ethnic minority groups need to be sensitive to the challenge of acculturation, which refers to
a. the preservation of each group's unique customs and values.

b. how members of each group understand themselves in terms of their own culture.
c. the process of learning and adopting the cultural patterns of the majority group.
d. depreciating of the customs and values of the majority group.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.17
Page Reference: 55
Topic: Overview
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. the process of learning and adopting the cultural patterns of the majority group.
3.1.18. The discovery of both a specific biological cause and an effective cure for general paresis
a. has been followed by many more similar successes.

b. has not been followed by similar success stories.
c. was never achieved despite decades of scientific study.
d. was finally achieved just within the past few years.
Difficulty: 1
110
Question ID: 3.1.18
Page Reference: 55
Topic: Biological Treatments
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. has not been followed by similar success stories.
3.1.19. When biological treatments are used for various mental disorders without knowing the specific
cause of the problem, such treatments focus on
a. prevention.
b. discovering the cause.
c. establishing the correct diagnosis.
d. symptom alleviation.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.19
Page Reference: 55
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. symptom alleviation.
3.1.20. Which form of treatment for certain mental disorders produces retrograde amnesia?
a. Free association
b. Bilateral Electro Convulsive Therapy
c. Unilateral Electro Convulsive Therapy
d. Forced cold baths
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.20
Page Reference: 56
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. Unilateral Electro Convulsive Therapy
3.1.21. What erroneous assumption led to the development of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
a. Schizophrenia prevented epileptic seizures.

b. Epileptic seizures prevented schizophrenia.
c. Schizophrenia resulted from failure to use both hemispheres.
d. ECT would result in memory loss that would cure schizophrenia.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.21
Page Reference: 56
111
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. Epileptic seizures prevented schizophrenia.
3.1.22. Agnes has been recently diagnosed as suffering a particularly severe form of depression. She was
admitted to the hospital and given the typical recommended electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) treatment.
What will her medical chart reveal about her treatment?
a. She was given one major unilateral treatment.

b. She was given mild shocks throughout two days of treatment.
c. A series of 6 to 12 ECT sessions was given over a few weeks.
d. A series of 15 to 25 sessions was given in a week followed by psychosurgery.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.22
Page Reference: 56
Skill: Applied
Answer: c. A series of 6 to 12 ECT sessions was given over a few weeks.
3.1.23. What is the major consideration in deciding whether to use unilateral versus bilateral
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for a patient suffering from severe depression?
a. patient's age
b. reducing memory loss
c. patient's family history of mental illness
d. reduction in patient's white cell blood count
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.23
Page Reference: 56
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. reducing memory loss
3.1.24. Compared to its use in the middle of the last century, today electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is
a. used far less frequently.

b. used far more frequently.
c. never used because of its severe side effects.
d. only used to treat schizophrenia.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.24
Page Reference: 56
112
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. used far less frequently.
3.1.25. What was one of the severe side effects of prefrontal lobotomies?
a. epilepsy
b. manic behavior
c. increased anxiety
d. absence of emotional responsiveness
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.25
Page Reference: 56
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. absence of emotional responsiveness
3.1.26. A medical records clerk was reviewing patient files when he came across one that had the name
of a procedure he did not recognize: cingulotomy. When he looked up the procedure he found that it is a
surgical procedure used in cases in which the diagnosis is
a. schizophrenia.
b. major depression.
c. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
d. antisocial personality disorder.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.26
Page Reference: 56
Skill: Applied
Answer: c. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
3.1.27. What is the major effect of antipsychotic medications given to people that do not suffer from
schizophrenia?
a. The drugs have no effect.

b. The people become addicted.
c. The drugs send them into a long, groggy sleep.
d. The drugs cause delusions and hallucinations.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.27
Page Reference: 56
113
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. The drugs send them into a long, groggy sleep.
3.1.28. When you walk into your next class you see the term “psychotropic medications” written on the
blackboard. You never know when such information might come in handy, so you look it up and find that
it refers to
a. special placebo pills used in drug research.

b. chemical substances that affect our psychological state.
c. chemical substances that cause a psychedelic experiences.
d. special drugs designed to "turn off" genes thought to cause mental disorders.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.28
Page Reference: 57
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. chemical substances that affect our psychological state.
3.1.29. While reading a medical article you come across the category of minor tranquilizers. The writer
then gives the term benzodiazepines as an example of the chemical group of drugs. What type of drugs
are being described?
a. antimanic
b. antianxiety
c. antipsychotic
d. antidepressants
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.29
Page Reference: 57
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. antianxiety
3.1.30. For an assignment you are asked to look up a group of drugs known as major tranquilizers. You
consult a drug handbook and find that another term for these drugs is
a. antianxiety.
b. antipsychotic.
c. antidepressant.
d. sedative hypnotic.
Difficulty: 2
114
Question ID: 3.1.30
Page Reference: 57
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. antipsychotic.
3.1.31. You are reading a case study of a patient who has been prescribed the following: Haldol, Clozaril,
and Thorazine. You recognize these drugs as belonging to the category called
a. antimanic.
b. antianxiety.
c. antipsychotic.
d. antidepressant.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.31
Page Reference: 57
Skill: Applied
Answer: c. antipsychotic.
3.1.32. Ted wants to learn about the effects of the drug Prozac. Under what heading would he find the
drug listed?
a. antimanic medications
b. antianxiety medications
c. antipsychotic medications
d. antidepressant medications
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.32
Page Reference: 57
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. antidepressant medications
3.1.33. Current evidence on the effects of psychotropic medications indicate that they
a. are effective cures for many disorders.

b. are effective cures only for mild disorders.
c. offer symptom relief but not a cure.
d. are not very effective and usually cause serious side effects.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.33
115
Page Reference: 58
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: c. offer symptom relief but not a cure.
3.1.34. Joseph Breuer's method of catharsis provided relief for psychological symptoms by helping
patients to
a. release previously unexpressed feelings.

b. overcome their anxiety through using systematic desensitization.
c. open up under the influence of "truth serum."
d. assess the irrational basis of their beliefs.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.34
Page Reference: 58
Topic: Psychodynamic Psychotherapies
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. release previously unexpressed feelings.
3.1.35. Free association refers to
a. the effectiveness of psychoactive medications.

b. a defense mechanism seen in personality disorders.
c. talking freely about whatever thoughts cross the mind.
d. the right of patients to associate with other patients.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.35
Page Reference: 58
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. talking freely about whatever thoughts cross the mind.
3.1.36. What did Sigmund Freud believe was the "true benefit" of free association?
a. induces hypnosis
b. increases drive levels
c. reveals aspects of the unconscious mind
d. encourages conversations concerning taboo topics
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.36
Page Reference: 58
116
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. reveals aspects of the unconscious mind
3.1.37. According to Freudian psychoanalysis it is sufficient to cure mental illness if the therapist were to
a. break down a person's defenses.

b. bring unconscious material into conscious awareness.
c. train patients to become more hypnotizable.
d. help patients accept themselves.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.37
Page Reference: 58
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. bring unconscious material into conscious awareness.
3.1.38. What is the meaning of the term interpretation from psychoanalysis?
a. a method used to induce catharsis in difficult cases

b. a general guideline for the therapist that is not shared with the patient
c. material the therapist shares with patients to help them understand their own behavior
d. statements the patient shares with the therapist that explain the troubling behavior
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.38
Page Reference: 58
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. material the therapist shares with patients to help them understand their own behavior
3.1.39. A psychoanalyst might suggest that Frances, whose case was presented in the text, is
demonstrating ______________ if she begins to treat the analyst in ways that suggest she feels about him
the way she felt about her father.
a. free association
b. transference
c. counter transference
d. resistance
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.39
Page Reference: 59
Skill: Applied
117
Answer: b. transference
3.1.40. Therapeutic neutrality is viewed as a key component of
a. psychoanalysis.
b. client-centered therapy.
c. in vivo desensitization.
d. rational-emotive therapy.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.40
Page Reference: 59
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. psychoanalysis.
3.1.41. Which of the following best exemplifies the psychoanalytic idea of countertransference?
a. catharsis brings emotional healing

b. a patient begins to use healthier defenses
c. a therapist begins to feel angry with the patient
d. a patient who is angry at his mother becomes angry at the therapist
Difficulty: 3
Question ID: 3.1.41
Page Reference: 59
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: c. a therapist begins to feel angry with the patient
3.1.42. In psychoanalytic therapy, what is supposed to happen to a patient's defenses?
a. They should be eliminated.

b. They should be left alone.
c. The healthier ones should be strengthened.
d. They should be replaced with resistance.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.42
Page Reference: 59
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: c. The healthier ones should be strengthened.
118
3.1.43. Which of the following is most accurate with regard to the outcome research on psychoanalysis?
a. Most outcome research has demonstrated the effectiveness of this form of therapy.
b. Very little research has been conducted looking at the outcome of this therapy.
c. When compared to other forms of therapy this one is usually found to be more effective.
d. The most effective form of therapy has been found to be psychoanalysis with drug therapy.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.43
Page Reference: 59
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. Very little research has been conducted looking at the effectiveness of this therapy.
3.1.44. For an assignment you are asked to create a poster that shows the similarities and differences
between psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapy. When you are finished, your poster shows that
psychodynamic therapy is
a. more directive.
b. more focused on the id.
c. likely to take longer to complete treatment.
d. likely to focus on original Freudian theory.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.44
Page Reference: 59
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. more directive.
3.1.45. The innovation in Freudian theory that emphasizes the person's way of dealing with reality is
known as
a. ego analysis.
b. transference therapy.
c. counter-transference therapy.
d. behavior therapy.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.45
Page Reference: 59
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. ego analysis.
119
3.1.46. If Harry Stack Sullivan could comment on the case of Frances presented in your text, he would
probably focus on
a. both her relationship with her mother and her feelings about her mother.
b. her relationship with her mother, but not her feelings about her mother.
c. her feelings about her mother, but not her relationship with her mother.
d. her sexual feelings for her father.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.46
Page Reference: 59
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. both her relationship with her mother and her feelings about her mother.
3.1.47. The theorist who elevated the need for warm, close relationships to the status of a basic human
need was
a. Sigmund Freud.
b. Erik Erikson.
c. Karen Horney.
d. John Bowlby.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.47
Page Reference: 59
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. John Bowlby.
3.1.48. Which of the following is NOT an essential feature of the experimental method?
a. hypothesis
b. independent variable
c. correlation
d. random assignment
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.48
Page Reference: 61
Topic: Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. correlation
120
3.1.49. John B. Watson's behaviorism can be seen as the forerunner of modern
a. classical conditioning therapy.

b. cognitive-behavior therapy.
c. new psycodynamic therapy.
d. attatchment therapy.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.49
Page Reference: 60
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. cognitive-behavior therapy.
3.1.50. What is a major difference between a psychoanalytic approach and a cognitive behavioral
approach to therapy?
a. Psychoanalytic approaches have been better researched.

b. Psychoanalytic therapy focuses on direct education of the patient.
c. Cognitive-Behavior Therapy focuses on change without offering a theory of human personality.
d. The course of Cognitive-Behavior Therapy depends on theoretical assumptions about the nature
of the pathology.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.50
Page Reference: 60
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: c. Cognitive-Behavior Therapy focuses on change without offering a theory of human

personality.
3.1.51. Which therapy emphasizes empirical evaluation and the application of psychological science to
treating clinical problems?
a. ego analysis
b. cognitive-behavior therapy
c. humanistic therapy
d. psychoanalytic therapy
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.51
Page Reference: 60
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. cognitive-behavior therapy
121
3.1.52. In an experiment, a researcher gives some patients psychotherapy, gives others medication, and
puts others on a waiting list. The researcher then measures how depressed the patients are feeling after six
months. What is the independent variable in this experiment?
a. number of patients
b. time span of six months
c. improvement in depression
d. kind of treatment received
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.52
Page Reference: 61
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. kind of treatment received
3.1.53. In an experiment, a researcher gives some patients psychotherapy, gives others medication, and
puts others on a waiting list. The researcher then measures how depressed the patients are feeling after six
months. What is the dependent variable in this experiment?
a. number of patients
b. time span of six months
c. improvement in depression
d. kind of treatment received
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.53
Page Reference: 61
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: c. improvement in depression
3.1.54. Random assignment is important to an experiment to ensure that
a. any differences found between the groups are caused by the independent variable.
b. any differences found between the groups are caused by the dependent variable.
c. the subjects in a study are a good representation of the larger population.
d. experimenter bias does not contaminate the results.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.54
Page Reference: 61
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. any differences found between the groups are caused by the independent variable.
122
3.1.55. In most psychology experiments a research finding is considered to be statistically significant if
the
a. hypothesis was supported.

b. participants were randomly assigned.
c. result would occur no more than 5% of the time by chance.
d. independent variable changed substantially during the experiment.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.55
Page Reference: 61
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. result would occur no more than 5% of the time by chance.
3.1.56. A research finding that does not generalize to circumstance different from those of the experiment
is lacking
a. internal validity.
b. external validity.
c. random assignment.
d. statistical significance.
Difficulty: 3
Question ID: 3.1.56
Page Reference: 61
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. external validity.
3.1.57. Under which of the following circumstances would a study of the effectiveness of different forms
of psychotherapy have high internal validity?
a. The results are statistically significant.

b. The independent variable is confounded with other factors.
c. The findings can be generalized to other types of patients.
d. Patient improvement can be attributed to the psychotherapy, and not to other factors.
Difficulty: 3
Question ID: 3.1.57
Page Reference: 61
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. Patient improvement can be attributed to the psychotherapy, and not to other factors.
123
3.1.58. All of the following are one of the three key elements of systematic desensitization EXCEPT
a. progressive muscle relaxation

b. constructing a hierarchy of fears
c. operant conditioning in the presence of the object of fear
d. learning to relax while confronting the feared stimulus
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.58
Page Reference: 60
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. operant conditioning in the presence of the object of fear
3.1.59. Systematic desensitization is based on the principles of
a. operant conditioning.
b. classical conditioning.
c. imitation learning.
d. cathartic learning.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.59
Page Reference: 60
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. classical conditioning.
3.1.60. The technique of flooding in the treatment of phobia utilizes what learning principle?
a. gradual exposure
b. extinction
c. contingency management
d. relaxation
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.60
Page Reference: 60
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. extinction
124
3.1.61. Sid wants to end his habit of smoking three packs of cigarettes a day; Ted wants to stop his
serious drinking problem. Which treatment might be used for both individuals?
a. aversion therapy
b. flooding
c. in vivo desensitization
d. systematic desensitization
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.61
Page Reference: 62
Skill: Applied
Answer: a. aversion therapy
3.1.62. A token economy system in a psychiatric hospital is an example of the application of
a. contingency management.
b. survival of the fittest.
c. dependency among patients.
d. supply and demand to therapy activities.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.62
Page Reference: 62
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. contingency management.
3.1.63. Contingency management involves changing the relationship between
a. one behavior and another.

b. a behavior and the stimulus that triggers it.
c. a behavior and its consequences.
d. what one thinks and how one acts.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.63
Page Reference: 62
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. a behavior and its consequences.
125
3.1.64. Assertiveness training and social problem solving are examples of
a. teaching clients new ways of behaving that are likely to be rewarded.

b. teaching clients new ways of thinking that are likely to be more rational.
c. short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy.
d. in vivo desensitization.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.64
Page Reference: 62
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. teaching clients new ways of behaving that are likely to be rewarded.
3.1.65. What is an attribution?
a. a personality trait
b. a defense mechanism
c. the perceived cause of something
d. a change that occurs over the course of psychotherapy
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.65
Page Reference: 62
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. the perceived cause of something
3.1.66. What is the major purpose of Meichenbaum's self-instruction training?
a. to help adults become more assertive

b. to teach depressed persons to change their attributions
c. to encourage patients to engage in collaborative empiricism
d. to assist children in learning to internalize rules of appropriate behavior
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.66
Page Reference: 63
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. to assist children in learning to internalize rules of appropriate behavior
126
3.1.67. Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy was developed specifically as a treatment for
a. anxiety.
b. depression.
c. impulsivity.
d. schizophrenia.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.67
Page Reference: 63
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. depression.
3.1.68. If a cognitive therapist trained by Beck were treating Frances, whose depression was presented in
your text, the therapist would probably
a. use role-playing to help her acquire some new behaviors.

b. challenge her tendency to blame herself.
c. teach her deep breathing and how to relax.
d. try to uncover her hidden motivations.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.68
Page Reference: 63
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. challenge her tendency to blame herself.
3.1.69. You are asked to compare Ellis's rational-emotive therapy (RET) and Aaron Beck's cognitive
therapy. After comparing the two you note that one difference is that the therapist in RET is likely to
a. use operant conditioning techniques.

b. require the client to keep a dream log.
c. directly challenge the rationality of the client's beliefs.
d. accept the client's irrationality.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.69
Page Reference: 63
Skill: Applied
Answer: c. directly challenge the rationality of the client's beliefs.
127
3.1.70. Which is a treatment for borderline personality disorder that includes an emphasis on
“mindfulness,” increased awareness of your feelings, thoughts, and motivations?
a. dialectical behavior therapy

b. cognitive-behavior therapy
c. neo-psychodynamic therapy
d. focused humanistic therapy
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.70
Page Reference: 63
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. dialectical behavior therapy
3.1.71. An argument that humanists have against psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral, and biological
therapists is that these other therapists
a. overlook the individual's ability to make choices.

b. place too much emphasis on free will.
c. do not put the needs of their clients first.
d. are too cold and judgmental in their dealings with their clients.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.71
Page Reference: 63-64
Topic: Humanistic Therapies
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. overlook the individual's ability to make choices.
3.1.72. Rogers viewed three qualities as essential in a therapist. Which of the following is NOT one of
those qualities?
a. warmth
b. emotional understanding
c. intelligence
d. empathy
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.72
Page Reference: 64
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. intelligence
128
3.1.73. A unique technique that Carl Roger's suggested for humanistic psychotherapists was
a. therapist self-disclosure.
b. client self-disclosure.
c. the use of positive reinforcement.
d. the use of thought analysis.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.73
Page Reference: 64
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. therapist self-disclosure
3.1.74. Client-centered therapy is closely associated with the concept of
a. empathy.
b. interpretation.
c. countertransference.
d. operant conditioning.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.74
Page Reference: 64
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. empathy.
3.1.75. In client-centered therapy the bond between therapist and client that is seen as central to the
process of therapy is known as the
a. therapy relationship.
b. transference relationship.
c. therapeutic bond.
d. therapeutic alliance.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.75
Page Reference: 64
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. therapeutic alliance.
3.1.76. What is a meta-analysis?
129
a. a case study
b. a form of psychoanalysis
c. a way of measuring changes in observable behaviors
d. a statistical technique for combining the results of many studies
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.76
Page Reference: 64
Topic: Research on Psychotherapy
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. a statistical technique for combining the results of many studies
3.1.77. Which of the following most accurately summarizes the results of outcome research on different
forms of psychotherapy?
a. Despite decades of research there is little evidence that psychotherapy is effective.

b. Psychotherapy is effective, and many types of psychotherapy share key 'active ingredients.’
c. Psychoanalytic treatment tends to be superior to other treatments because it is the only one that
seeks to uncover underlying causes of disorders.
d. Various forms of psychotherapy are so radically different that it is not possible to offer definitive
conclusions concerning their effectiveness.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.77
Page Reference: 64
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. Psychotherapy is effective, and many types of psychotherapy share key 'active
ingredients.’
3.1.78. The textbook lists several ways in which different forms of psychotherapy can harm clients that
includes all of the following EXCEPT
a. false accusations of child abuse.

b. creation of false memories.
c. increased substance abuse.
d. increased criminal recidivism.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.78
Page Reference: 66
Skill: Applied
Answer: d. increased criminal recidivism.
130
3.1.79. How does the effect size of psychotherapy compare to the effect size of the use of chemotherapy
in reducing the mortality associated with breast cancer?
a. The effect sizes are similar and small.

b. The effect sizes are similar and large.
c. The effect size for chemotherapy is larger.
d. The effect size for psychotherapy is larger.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.79
Page Reference: 64
Skill: Applied
Answer: d. The effect size for psychotherapy is larger.
3.1.80. Spontaneous remission refers to a patient getting
a. worse with therapy.

b. better with therapy.
c. worse without therapy.
d. better without therapy.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.80
Page Reference: 65
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. better without therapy.
3.1.81. Therapy outcome studies typically have a no-treatment control group, but results from such
studies can be difficult to interpret because
a. people waiting for therapy often seek counseling and advice from others.
b. it is not possible to randomly assign people to that group.
c. the control group patients usually improve more than the treated patients.
d. nobody wants to wait for therapy.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.81
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. people waiting for therapy often seek counseling and advice from others.
3.1.82. Which of these is an example of a placebo in medicine?
131
a. a test to diagnose a disorder
b. a pill with inactive ingredients
c. the beneficial effects of treatment
d. a medication designed to treat a disease
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.82
Page Reference: 66
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. a pill with inactive ingredients
3.1.83. Which best summarizes the views of the authors of the text about the placebo effect?
a. The placebo effect is itself a treatment—one that heals psychologically.

b. Using the placebo effect in psychotherapy would be considered unethical.
c. The placebo effect is benign, but never effective.
d. The placebo effect is a dangerous interference with the process of psychotherapy.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.83
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. The placebo effect is itself a treatment—one that heals psychologically.
3.1.84. Why are double-blind studies of medication effectiveness necessary?
a. A placebo is not a treatment.

b. If expectancies are too high, treatment might fail.
c. Physicians' expectations can influence patients' expectations.
d. Patients can't tell if a medication is real.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.84
Page Reference: 67
Skill: Factual
Answer: c Physicians' expectations can influence patients' expectations.
3.1.85. Your friend told you that she was a member of the placebo group in a recently completed study of
a new drug. What is your friend likely to have experienced?
a. She showed no improvement.
132
b. She received no treatment, or was put on a waiting list.
c. She received a treatment specifically designed for her disorder.
d. She received a treatment not thought to be specifically effective in treating her disorder.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.85
Page Reference: 67
Skill: Applied
Answer: d. She received a treatment not thought to be specifically effective in treating her
disorder.
3.1.86. What occurs in a double-blind study of medication?
a. Any placebo effect can be seen as a hoax.

b. There is a higher risk of expectation effects.
c. The doctor, but not the patient knows if the medication is a placebo.
d. Neither the patient nor the doctor knows if the medication is a placebo.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.86
Page Reference: 67
Skill: Applied
Answer: d. Neither the patient nor the doctor knows if the medication is a placebo.
3.1.87. According to the text, what is the best estimate of the number of people with a mental disorder
who improve without any professional treatment?
a. one-tenth
b. one-third
c. one-half
d. three-quarters
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.87
Page Reference: 67
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. one-third
3.1.88. When we ask whether the results of therapy outcome research under carefully controlled
conditions will be the same as the results that people experience in the real world, we are taking into
account the difference between
133
a. success and failure.
b. experimental groups and control groups.
c. treated and untreated groups.
d. efficacy and effectiveness.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.88
Page Reference: 67
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. efficacy and effectiveness.
3.1.89. Which of the following describes allegiance effects in psychotherapy?
a. Psychotherapists tend to use the form of therapy they encountered first in training.
b. Psychotherapists tend to use the forms of therapy they are reimbursed by insurance companies.
c. Patients tend to seek out those therapists who will give them "a break" when they bill for their
time.
d. Psychotherapy researchers tend to find evidence that their preferred form of therapy is more
effective than other forms.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.89
Page Reference: 67
Skill: Factual
Answer: d. Psychotherapy researchers tend to find evidence that their preferred form of therapy is
more effective than other forms.
3.1.90. A reporter for the local newspaper is deciding on a headline for an article describing the
Consumer Reports study of psychotherapy. Which of the following titles would most effectively capture
the findings?
a. "Psychotherapy: Consumer Rip-off"

b. "Psychotherapy: Consumers Generally Satisfied"
c. "The Success of Psychotherapy: It Takes Years"
d. "Consumers Pay for Friendship in Psychotherapy"
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.90
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. "Psychotherapy: Consumers Generally Satisfied"
134
3.1.91. Your friend is considering seeking psychotherapy and asks your advice on the type of therapist
she should consider. Based on the results of the Consumer Reports survey, what would you tell her?
a. Clinical psychologists were viewed as most effective because of their broad training.
b. Consumer satisfaction was equal with the three major types of mental health professionals.
c. Psychiatrists were viewed as most effective due to their ability to prescribe medication.
d. Social workers who emphasize family dynamics were generally viewed as the most effective.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.91
Page Reference: 68
Skill: Applied
Answer: b. Consumer satisfaction was equal with the three major types of mental health
professionals.
3.1.92. What were the findings of the Consumers Reports survey of psychotherapy effectiveness
concerning medications in treatment?
a. Medication adds little to psychotherapy.

b. Medication was superior to psychotherapy in treating clients.
c. Medication added significantly to the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
d. The use of medication detracted from the overall effectiveness of the psychotherapy.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.92
Page Reference: 68
Skill: Applied
Answer: a. Medication adds little to psychotherapy.
3.1.93. What factor best predicts when treatment is more or less likely to be effective?
a. the experience of the therapist

b. the orientation of the therapist
c. the nature of the client's problems
d. how much therapy the client can afford
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.93
Page Reference: 68
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: c. the nature of the client's problems
3.1.94. According to research, what types of clients are most likely to improve?
135
a. the most disturbed clients, after several years
b. the most disturbed clients, in the first few months
c. intelligent, successful people, after several years
d. intelligent, successful people, in the first few months
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.94
Page Reference: 68
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. intelligent, successful people, in the first few months
3.1.95. The fact that many studies show that different forms of treatment often appear to work equally
well can be attributed to the fact that
a. most people want to get better.

b. most people get better with or without treatment.
c. different treatments still share many common factors.
d. the research studies are very poorly done.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.94
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: c. different treatments still share many common factors.
3.1.96. Research comparing behavioral and psychoanalytic therapies has found that
a. behavior therapists offer fewer interpretations.

b. therapists' empathy only matters in psychoanalytic therapy.
c. psychodynamic therapy is more effective with severe cases.
d. clients see the therapist-client relationship as most important to outcome in both types of therapy.
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.96
Page Reference: 69
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. clients see the therapist-client relationship as most important to outcome in both types
of therapy.
3.1.97. Which of the following is related to positive outcomes across different approaches to therapy?
136
a. therapist supportiveness
b. not limiting goals to just a few areas
c. a well developed theoretical perspective
d. discouragement of the therapeutic alliance
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.97
Page Reference: 69
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. therapist supportiveness
3.1.98. Which of the following did Jerome Frank see as essential to the process of the persuasion that he
suggested was an essential part of therapy?
a. listening
b. instilling hope
c. making a diagnosis
d. involving family members
Difficulty: 2
Question ID: 3.1.98
Page Reference: 70
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. instilling hope
3.1.99. What interesting finding has emerged from the analysis of tapes of therapy sessions conducted by
Carl Rogers?
a. Much of the session focused on early childhood experiences.

b. Several specific behavioral procedures were used during the sessions.
c. Despite his opposition to psychoanalytic techniques he used dream analysis extensively.
d. Although he advocated a nondirective approach, he was subtly directive by empathizing with
some client statements but not others.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.99
Page Reference: 70
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: d. Although he advocated a nondirective approach, he was subtly directive by

empathizing with some client statements but not others.
137
3.1.100. The fact that researchers have found that clients tend to adopt beliefs similar to those of their
therapists is evidence that psychotherapy is a form of
a. social influence.
b. brain-washing.
c. faith healing.
d. collaborative enterprise.
Difficulty: 1
Question ID: 3.1.100
Page Reference: 70
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. social influence.
3.1.101. You are attending a convention of therapists and hear one of them talking about "improving
communication and negotiation skills." What is the most likely form of therapy this person practices?
a. couples therapy
b. Gestalt therapy
c. a token economy
d. stress reduction training
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 71
Topic: Couples, Family, and Group Therapy
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. couples therapy
3.1.102. During a couples therapy session with Frances and her husband, the therapist suggests that she
has been using "mind reading" again and that is not helping her in improving communication. Which of
the following is an example of what the therapist thinks needs work?
a. She has a tendency to put words in the mouths of others.

b. She fails to tell her husband of her wants in the hope that he will just know.
c. She uses too many non-verbal gestures when she speaks, which is distracting to listeners.
d. She often offers interpretations of her own behavior before the therapist has a chance to speak.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 71
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. She fails to tell her husband of her wants in the hope that he will just know.
138
3.1.103. Parent management training is designed to
a. provide support for teen mothers.

b. provide child care for mentally ill parents.
c. teach parents new skills for rearing troubled children.
d. educate professionals about the demands of parenting.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 71
Skill: Factual
Answer: c. teach parents new skills for rearing troubled children.
3.1.104. What is a common goal in systems approaches to family therapy?
a. to train parents in behavior management

b. to strengthen the alliance between parents
c. to encourage family members to express emotion
d. to point out how family behavior can cause psychopathology
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 71
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. to strengthen the alliance between parents
3.1.105. What is a widely held view among current theorists of family therapy?
a. Family relationships cause mental disorders.

b. Altering family functioning can improve the mental health of family members.
c. The child has to be a major focus of treatment.
d. Family therapy should not be used in conjunction with individual therapy.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 71
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. Altering family functioning can improve the mental health of family members.
3.1.106. Jason is attending a group in which he is learning specific information and skills that are
designed to improve his psychological well-being. Jason is probably attending
139
a. a Gestalt therapy group.
b. a psychoeducational group.
c. an encounter group.
d. a self-help group.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 72
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. a psychoeducational group.
3.1.107. Which term describes efforts to improve the environment in order prevent new cases of mental
illness from developing?
a. social ecology
b. primary prevention
c. tertiary prevention
d. secondary prevention
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 72
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. primary prevention
3.1.108. Programs that focus on the early detection of emotional problems so programs can be designed
to keep them from becoming more serious is a form of
a. primary prevention.
b. secondary prevention.
c. tertiary prevention.
d. wholistic prevention.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 72
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. secondary prevention
3.1.109. As a community psychologist you have been hired to design a violence prevention program for a
local school district. Your target population includes teenagers who have been convicted of violent
crimes. Therefore your program will, by necessity, involve
140
a. primary prevention.
b. secondary prevention.
c. tertiary prevention.
d. forensic prevention.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 73
Skill: Applied
Answer: c. tertiary prevention.
3.1.110. Many prevention programs in the field of mental health face an insurmountable obstacle in the
field's
a. unwillingness to spend money on prevention programs.

b. lack of a specific understanding of the cause of most mental disorders.
c. control by one group of theorists who do not believe in prevention.
d. inability to make a decision as to which mental illness to target first.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 73
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: b. lack of a specific understanding of the cause of most mental disorders.
3.1.111. Several women who have been victims of rape establish a crisis line for rape victims. What type
of prevention program does this crisis line represent?
a. primary
b. reactive
c. secondary
d. fundamental
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 72
Topic: Couples, Family and Group Therapy
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: c. secondary
3.1.112. What term is used to describe programs intended to reduce the adverse, indirect consequences of
mental illness?
141
a. primary prevention
b. tertiary prevention
c. quartile prevention
d. secondary prevention
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 73
Topic: Couples, Family and Group Therapy
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. tertiary prevention
3.1.113. The authors of your text express their strong belief that the choice of treatment should
a. be based on the therapist's years of experience.

b. be determined by the client's problems.
c. favor new experimental approaches.
d. not be an issue, since almost anything works.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 73
Topic: Specific Treatments for Specific Disorders
Skill: Factual
Answer: b. be determined by the client's problems.
142
Short Answer
3.2.114. With regard to psychotherapy, all ethnic minorities face the challenge of __________ , the
process of learning or adopting the cultural patterns of the majority group.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 55
Topic: Overview
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: acculturation
3.2.115. The most promising form of biological treatment in use today is __________, the use of
medications to treat mental disorders.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 56
Skill: Factual
Answer: psychopharmacology
3.2.116. The form of psychotherapy used by Sigmund Freud himself was called __________ .
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 58
Skill: Factual
Answer: psychoanalysis
3.2.117. The experimenter's prediction about the outcome of a given experiment is known as the
__________ .
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 61
Topic: Cognitive Behvior Therapy
Skill: Factial
Answer: hypothesis
143
3.2.118. In an experiment to compare the effects of a treatment to no treatment, the group receiving the
treatment is known as the __________ group.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 61
Skill: Factual
Answer: experimental
3.2.119. Joseph Wolpe developed an effective form of treatment for phobias designed to break the link
between object of fear and the experience of fear. His therapy is known as systematic __________.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 60
Skill: Factual
Answer: desensitization
3.2.120. The main goal of __________ __________ training is to teach clients new ways of behaving
that are both desirable and likely to be rewarded in everyday life.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 62
Skill: Factual
Answer: social skills
3.2.121. According to Albert Ellis emotional disorders are caused by __________ beliefs.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 63
Skill: Factual
Answer: irrational
3.2.122. According to the text recent years have witnessed the development of a __________ wave of
CBT based on broad principles such as acceptance and mindfulness.
144
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 63
Skill: Factual
Answer: third
3.2.123. Humanistic psychotherapy was conceived of as a __________ force to counter act flaws in
psychodynamic and cognitive behavior therapies.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 63
Skill: Factual
Answer: third
3.2.124. Carl Rogers suggested that three qualities made for a good therapist: warmth, genuineness and
particularly __________ .
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 64
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: empathy
3.2.125. __________ prevention tries to improve the environment or social situation so fewer new cases
of a mental problem get started.
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 72
Skill: Factual
Answer: Primary
3.2.126. A statistical procedure that allows researchers to combine the results from several studies on a
similar topic in a standardized way is known as __________ - __________ .
Difficulty: 2
145
Page Reference: 64
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: meta analysis
3.2.127. Prevention efforts that aim to improve the overall environment in order to reduce the incidence
of new cases of mental disorders in called what type of prevention? __________
Difficulty: 1
Page Reference: 72
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: primary
Essay
3.3.128. Discuss some of the major issues in the use of psychotropic drugs to treat mental disorders.
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (1) There is considerable evidence that indicates that various drugs are safe and effective
treatments for particular mental disorders. (2) These drugs offer symptom relief, but they do not offer a
cure for the underlying pathology. (3) All drugs have side effects, which is one of the major reasons that
many patients do not take their medications. (4) Many drugs must be taken for long periods of time. It
may be necessary to take the drugs for months, years, or sometimes for a lifetime.
3.3.129. Describe the technique of systematic desensitization.
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 60
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: Systematic desensitization, developed by Joseph Wolpe, has three key elements. The
first is relaxation training (usually progressive muscle relaxation) is used to induce a calm state through
the contraction and relaxation of all of the major muscle groups. The second component is the
construction of a hierarchy of fears ranging from very mild to very frightening stimuli. The third part is
the learning process, namely, the pairing of the feared stimulus with the relaxation response. Wolpe had
his clients carry out the pairing in their imagination. Evidence supports the effectiveness of this treatment
for fears and phobias, although the specific mechanism that leads to the fear reduction is not clear.
146
3.3.130. In what ways is humanistic therapy different from psychodynamic and behavioral therapies? In
what ways is humanistic therapy similar to psychodynamic and behavioral therapies?
Difficulty: 3
Skill: Applied
Answer: Humanistic therapy was promoted originally to counteract what were seen as overly
mechanistic and deterministic views of psychodynamic and behavioral approaches. Different: humanistic
therapy focuses on a genuine, reciprocal relationship as the treatment, not as the means for delivering
therapy. Similar to psychoanalytic: focus on uncovering hidden emotions. Similar to behavioral: focus on
the present.
3.3.131. Discuss the problems associated with using no-treatment control groups in experimental
research on treatment effectiveness.
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: In experimental research on psychotherapy, some clients are assigned to a no-treatment

control group. These people are part of a waiting list, so they will receive psychotherapy at some future
time. While waiting for therapy, people in no-treatment control groups often seek counseling and advice
from family members, friends, or religious leaders. Thus, any improvement in their condition may not be
due to spontaneous remission, but may be due to receiving informal psychological help.
3.3.132. What is the placebo effect, why is it important, and how do researchers deal with it in outcome
research?
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 66
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: The placebo effect refers to the powerful healing that can be produced by apparently
inert treatment. It is important because it has been repeatedly shown to be a factor that can produce many
of the benefits associated with physical and psychological treatments, thus making it difficult to
determine if an active ingredient in the treatments was effective. Researchers have to isolate these active
ingredients to determine whether they have effects beyond what the placebo effect alone could account
for. Researchers do this by including a placebo control group in their outcome studies, and then they use
double-blind procedures so that neither the patient nor the person treating the patient knows whether the
patient received the active ingredient or the placebo.
147
3.3.133. Describe the procedures used in the Consumer Reports study of psychotherapy. What are some
of the major findings of this study?
Difficulty: 2
Page Reference: 67
Skill: Applied
Answer: Consumer Reports surveyed nearly 3,000 respondents who had seen a mental health
professional in the past three years. These respondents were generally satisfied with the treatment. For
example, of those who were feeling "very poorly" at the beginning of treatment, 87 percent were feeling
"very good," "good," or at least "so-so" when they were surveyed. The survey found that psychologists,
psychiatrists, and social workers were essentially equal in treatment effectiveness. People who had
received psychotherapy along reported similar outcomes as those who had received psychotherapy plus
medication.
3.3.134. What are possible common factors in psychotherapy that might account for its effectiveness, and
why is it important to know about them?
Difficulty: 2
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: Studies indicate that clients' ratings of therapist warmth, empathy, and supportiveness
predicted successful outcomes. Several studies have found that the actual therapeutic procedures differ
during therapy, but the outcomes do not. One possible explanation for this is that while it may appear that
psychotherapies are different, the most significant therapeutic factors may be the same. Clients rate their
personal relationship with their therapists as the single most important aspect of both behavior therapy
and psychodynamic psychotherapy. A therapist's supportiveness is related to positive outcomes across
various approaches to treatment. It could be that not matter what the actual therapeutic procedures, the
heart of the therapeutic endeavor is the relationship between client and therapist. Another possible
common factor is that therapies all involve an element of social persuasion. No matter what the
procedures, it is implied, by the therapist, that the client should behave and feel differently. Frank has
defined psychotherapy as involving (1) a trained, socially sanctioned healer, whose healing powers are
accepted by the sufferer and by his social group or an important segment of it, (2) a sufferer who seeks
relief from the healer, (3) a circumscribed, more-or-less structured series of contacts between the healer
and the sufferer, through which the healer, often with the aid of a group, tries to produce certain changes
in the sufferer's emotional state, attitudes, and behavior. There is research evidence that the attitudes and
beliefs of the client do begin to match those of the therapist as the therapy progresses. Knowing about
common factors is important to help us to understand why many studies, like the Consumer Reports
study, often do not show much difference in effectiveness between various treatment approaches. These
common factors can also help us to understand why psychotherapy usually works.
3.3.135. Discuss the overall aims and strategies of community psychology.
148
Abnormal Psychology 7th edition Oltmanns Test Bank
Full Download: https://testbankreal.com/download/abnormal-psychology-7th-edition-oltmanns-test-bank/
Difficulty: 3
Page Reference: 72
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: Community psychology is a branch of psychology that aims to reduce the incidence and
severity of mental health problems by improving social conditions. This field believes that many social
factors play a role in the cause of mental illness. Examples include poverty, the stress of prejudice both
racial and sexual, and social stress. Primary prevention programs, such a Head Start, aim at a wide social
group before any problems are specifically identified. Secondary programs aim at target groups where
emerging social problems have been identified. Tertiary programs identify individuals who have already
developed problems, but attempts to provide supports and social improvements that will likely reduce
repeat problems.
149
This is sample only, Download all chapters at: testbankreal.com

More news on internet:
Acoustics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of all mechanical
waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound,
ultrasound and infrasound. A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an
acoustician while someone working in the field of acoustics technology may be
called an acoustical engineer. The application of acoustics is present in almost all
aspects of modern society with the most obvious being the audio and noise control
industries.
Hearing is one of the most crucial means of survival in the animal world, and
speech is one of the most distinctive characteristics of human development and
culture. Accordingly, the science of acoustics spreads across many facets of human
society—music, medicine, architecture, industrial production, warfare and more.
Likewise, animal species such as songbirds and frogs use sound and hearing as a
key element of mating rituals or marking territories. Art, craft, science and
technology have provoked one another to advance the whole, as in many other
fields of knowledge. Robert Bruce Lindsay's 'Wheel of Acoustics' is a well
accepted overview of the various fields in acoustics.[1]
The word "acoustic" is derived from the Greek word ἀκουστικός (akoustikos),
meaning "of or for hearing, ready to hear"[2] and that from ἀκουστός (akoustos),
"heard, audible",[3] which in turn derives from the verb ἀκούω (akouo), "I
hear".[4]
The Latin synonym is "sonic", after which the term sonics used to be a synonym
for acoustics[5] and later a branch of acoustics.[6] Frequencies above and below
the audible range are called "ultrasonic" and "infrasonic", respectively.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Early research in acoustics
1.2 Age of Enlightenment and onward
2 Fundamental concepts of acoustics
2.1 Definition
2.2 Wave propagation: pressure levels
2.3 Wave propagation: frequency
2.4 Transduction in acoustics
3 Acoustician
3.1 Education
4 Subdisciplines
4.1 Archaeoacoustics
4.2 Aeroacoustics
4.3 Acoustic signal processing
4.4 Architectural acoustics
4.5 Bioacoustics
4.6 Electroacoustics
4.7 Environmental noise and soundscapes
4.8 Musical acoustics
4.9 Psychoacoustics
4.10 Speech
4.11 Ultrasonics
4.12 Underwater acoustics
4.13 Vibration and dynamics
5 Professional societies
6 Academic journals
7 See also
8 Notes and references
9 Further reading
10 External links
History
Early research in acoustics
The fundamental and the first 6 overtones of a vibrating string. The earliest records
of the study of this phenomenon are attributed to the philosopher Pythagoras in the
6th century BC.
In the 6th century BC, the ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras wanted to know
why some combinations of musical sounds seemed more beautiful than others, and
he found answers in terms of numerical ratios representing the harmonic overtone
series on a string. He is reputed to have observed that when the lengths of vibrating
strings are expressible as ratios of integers (e.g. 2 to 3, 3 to 4), the tones produced
will be harmonious, and the smaller the integers the more harmonious the sounds.
If, for example, a string of a certain length would sound particularly harmonious
with a string of twice the length (other factors being equal). In modern parlance, if
a string sounds the note C when plucked, a string twice as long will sound a C an
octave lower. In one system of musical tuning, the tones in between are then given
by 16:9 for D, 8:5 for E, 3:2 for F, 4:3 for G, 6:5 for A, and 16:15 for B, in
ascending order.[7]
Aristotle (384–322 BC) understood that sound consisted of compressions and

rarefactions of air which "falls upon and strikes the air which is next to it...",[8] a
very good expression of the nature of wave motion.
In about 20 BC, the Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius wrote a treatise on the
acoustic properties of theaters including discussion of interference, echoes, and
reverberation—the beginnings of architectural acoustics.[9] In Book V of his De
architectura (The Ten Books of Architecture) Vitruvius describes sound as a wave
comparable to a water wave extended to three dimensions, which, when interrupted
by obstructions, would flow back and break up following waves. He described the
ascending seats in ancient theaters as designed to prevent this deterioration of
sound and also recommended bronze vessels of appropriate sizes be placed in
theaters to resonate with the fourth, fifth and so on, up to the double octave, in
order to resonate with the more desirable, harmonious notes.[10][11][12]
During the Islamic golden age, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973-1048) is believed to
postulated that the speed of sound was much slower than the speed of
light.[13][14]
Principles of acoustics have been applied since ancient times : A Roman theatre in
the city of Amman.
The physical understanding of acoustical processes advanced rapidly during and
after the Scientific Revolution. Mainly Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) but also Marin
Mersenne (1588–1648), independently, discovered the complete laws of vibrating
strings (completing what Pythagoras and Pythagoreans had started 2000 years
earlier). Galileo wrote "Waves are produced by the vibrations of a sonorous body,
which spread through the air, bringing to the tympanum of the ear a stimulus which
the mind interprets as sound", a remarkable statement that points to the beginnings
of physiological and psychological acoustics. Experimental measurements of the
speed of sound in air were carried out successfully between 1630 and 1680 by a
number of investigators, prominently Mersenne. Meanwhile, Newton (1642–1727)
derived the relationship for wave velocity in solids, a cornerstone of physical
acoustics (Principia, 1687).
Age of Enlightenment and onward

The eighteenth century saw major advances in acoustics as mathematicians applied
the new techniques of calculus to elaborate theories of sound wave propagation. In
the nineteenth century the major figures of mathematical acoustics were Helmholtz
in Germany, who consolidated the field of physiological acoustics, and Lord
Rayleigh in England, who combined the previous knowledge with his own copious
contributions to the field in his monumental work The Theory of Sound (1877).
Also in the 19th century, Wheatstone, Ohm, and Henry developed the analogy
between electricity and acoustics.
The twentieth century saw a burgeoning of technological applications of the large

body of scientific knowledge that was by then in place. The first such application
was Sabine’s groundbreaking work in architectural acoustics, and many others
followed. Underwater acoustics was used for detecting submarines in the first
World War. Sound recording and the telephone played important roles in a global
transformation of society. Sound measurement and analysis reached new levels of
accuracy and sophistication through the use of electronics and computing. The
ultrasonic frequency range enabled wholly new kinds of application in medicine
and industry. New kinds of transducers (generators and receivers of acoustic
energy) were invented and put to use.
Fundamental concepts of acoustics

Jay Pritzker Pavilion
At Jay Pritzker Pavilion, a LARES system is combined with a zoned sound

reinforcement system, both suspended on an overhead steel trellis, to synthesize an
indoor acoustic environment outdoors.
Definition
Acoustics is defined by ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 as "(a) Science of sound, including
its production, transmission, and effects, including biological and psychological
effects. (b) Those qualities of a room that, together, determine its character with
respect to auditory effects."
The study of acoustics revolves around the generation, propagation and reception
of mechanical waves and vibrations.
The fundamental acoustical process
The steps shown in the above diagram can be found in any acoustical event or
process. There are many kinds of cause, both natural and volitional. There are
many kinds of transduction process that convert energy from some other form into
sonic energy, producing a sound wave. There is one fundamental equation that
describes sound wave propagation, the acoustic wave equation, but the phenomena
that emerge from it are varied and often complex. The wave carries energy
throughout the propagating medium. Eventually this energy is transduced again
into other forms, in ways that again may be natural and/or volitionally contrived.
The final effect may be purely physical or it may reach far into the biological or
volitional domains. The five basic steps are found equally well whether we are
talking about an earthquake, a submarine using sonar to locate its foe, or a band
playing in a rock concert.
The central stage in the acoustical process is wave propagation. This falls within
the domain of physical acoustics. In fluids, sound propagates primarily as a
pressure wave. In solids, mechanical waves can take many forms including
longitudinal waves, transverse waves and surface waves.
Acoustics looks first at the pressure levels and frequencies in the sound wave and
how the wave interacts with the environment. This interaction can be described as
either a diffraction, interference or a reflection or a mix of the three. If several
media are present, a refraction can also occur. Transduction processes are also of
special importance to acoustics.
Wave propagation: pressure levels

Main article: Sound pressure
Spectrogram of a young girl saying "oh, no"

In fluids such as air and water, sound waves propagate as disturbances in the
ambient pressure level. While this disturbance is usually small, it is still noticeable
to the human ear. The smallest sound that a person can hear, known as the
threshold of hearing, is nine orders of magnitude smaller than the ambient
pressure. The loudness of these disturbances is related to the sound pressure level
(SPL) which is measured on a logarithmic scale in decibels.
Wave propagation: frequency

Physicists and acoustic engineers tend to discuss sound pressure levels in terms of
frequencies, partly because this is how our ears interpret sound. What we
experience as "higher pitched" or "lower pitched" sounds are pressure vibrations
having a higher or lower number of cycles per second. In a common technique of
acoustic measurement, acoustic signals are sampled in time, and then presented in
more meaningful forms such as octave bands or time frequency plots. Both of
these popular methods are used to analyze sound and better understand the acoustic
phenomenon.
The entire spectrum can be divided into three sections: audio, ultrasonic, and
infrasonic. The audio range falls between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz. This range is
important because its frequencies can be detected by the human ear. This range has
a number of applications, including speech communication and music. The
ultrasonic range refers to the very high frequencies: 20,000 Hz and higher. This
range has shorter wavelengths which allow better resolution in imaging
technologies. Medical applications such as ultrasonography and elastography rely
on the ultrasonic frequency range. On the other end of the spectrum, the lowest
frequencies are known as the infrasonic range. These frequencies can be used to
study geological phenomena such as earthquakes.
Analytic instruments such as the spectrum analyzer facilitate visualization and

measurement of acoustic signals and their properties. The spectrogram produced
by such an instrument is a graphical display of the time varying pressure level and
frequency profiles which give a specific acoustic signal its defining character.
Transduction in acoustics
An inexpensive low fidelity 3.5 inch driver, typically found in small radios
A transducer is a device for converting one form of energy into another. In an
electroacoustic context, this means converting sound energy into electrical energy
(or vice versa). Electroacoustic transducers include loudspeakers, microphones,
hydrophones and sonar projectors. These devices convert a sound pressure wave to
or from an electric signal. The most widely used transduction principles are
electromagnetism, electrostatics and piezoelectricity.
The transducers in most common loudspeakers (e.g. woofers and tweeters), are
electromagnetic devices that generate waves using a suspended diaphragm driven
by an electromagnetic voice coil, sending off pressure waves. Electret microphones
and condenser microphones employ electrostatics—as the sound wave strikes the
microphone's diaphragm, it moves and induces a voltage change. The ultrasonic
systems used in medical ultrasonography employ piezoelectric transducers. These
are made from special ceramics in which mechanical vibrations and electrical
fields are interlinked through a property of the material itself.
Acoustician
An acoustician is an expert in the science of sound.[15]
Education
There are many types of acoustician, but they usually have a Bachelor's degree or
higher qualification. Some possess a degree in acoustics, while others enter the
discipline via studies in fields such as physics or engineering. Much work in
acoustics requires a good grounding in Mathematics and science. Many acoustic
scientists work in research and development. Some conduct basic research to
advance our knowledge of the perception (e.g. hearing, psychoacoustics or
neurophysiology) of speech, music and noise. Other acoustic scientists advance
understanding of how sound is affected as it moves through environments, e.g.
Underwater acoustics, Architectural acoustics or Structural acoustics. Others areas
of work are listed under subdisciplines below. Acoustic scientists work in
government, university and private industry laboratories. Many go on to work in
Acoustical Engineering. Some positions, such as Faculty (academic staff) require a
Doctor of Philosophy.
Subdisciplines
These subdisciplines are a slightly modified list from the PACS (Physics and
Astronomy Classification Scheme) coding used by the Acoustical Society of
America.[16]
Archaeoacoustics
Main article: Archaeoacoustics
The Divje Babe flute

Archaeoacoustics is the study of sound within archaeology. This typically involves
studying the acoustics of archaeological sites and artefacts.[17]
Aeroacoustics
Main article: Aeroacoustics
Aeroacoustics is the study of noise generated by air movement, for instance via
turbulence, and the movement of sound through the fluid air. This knowledge is
applied in acoustical engineering to study how to quieten aircraft. Aeroacoustics is
important to understanding how wind musical instruments work.[18]
Acoustic signal processing

See also: Audio signal processing
Acoustic signal processing is the electronic manipulation of acoustic signals.
Applications include: active noise control; design for hearing aids or cochlear
implants; echo cancellation; music information retrieval, and perceptual coding
(e.g. MP3 or Opus).[19]
Architectural acoustics
Main article: Architectural acoustics
Symphony Hall Boston where auditorium acoustics began

Architectural acoustics (also known as building acoustics) involves the scientific
understanding of how to achieve a good sound within a building.[20] It typically
involves the study of speech intelligibility, speech privacy, music quality, and
vibration reduction in the built environment.[21]
Bioacoustics
Main article: Bioacoustics
Bioacoustics is the scientific study of the hearing and calls of animal calls, as well
as how animals are affected by the acoustic and sounds of their habitat.[22]
Electroacoustics
See also: Audio Engineering and Sound reinforcement system
This subdiscipline is concerned with the recording, manipulation and reproduction
of audio using electronics.[23] This might include products such as mobile phones,
large scale public address systems or virtual reality systems in research
laboratories.
Environmental noise and soundscapes

Main article: Environmental noise
See also: Noise pollution and Noise control
Environmental acoustics is concerned with noise and vibration caused by
railways,[24] road traffic, aircraft, industrial equipment and recreational
activities.[25] The main aim of these studies is to reduce levels of environmental
noise and vibration. Research work now also has a focus on the positive use of
sound in urban environments: soundscapes and tranquility.[26]
Musical acoustics
Main article: Musical acoustics
The primary auditory cortex is one of the main areas associated with superior pitch
resolution.
Musical acoustics is the study of the physics of acoustic instruments; the audio
signal processing used in electronic music; the computer analysis of music and
composition, and the perception and cognitive neuroscience of music.[27]
Psychoacoustics
Main article: Psychoacoustics
Psychoacoustics explains how humans respond to sounds.[28]
Speech
Main article: Speech
Acousticians study the production, processing and perception of speech. Speech
recognition and Speech synthesis are two important areas of speech processing
using computers. The subject also overlaps with the disciplines of physics,
physiology, psychology, and linguistics.[29]
Ultrasonics
Main article: Ultrasound
Ultrasound image of a fetus in the womb, viewed at 12 weeks of pregnancy

(bidimensional-scan)
Ultrasonics deals with sounds at frequencies too high to be heard by humans.
Specialisms include medical ultrasonics (including medical ultrasonography),
sonochemistry, material characterisation and underwater acoustics (Sonar).[30]
Underwater acoustics
Main article: Underwater acoustics
Underwater acoustics is the scientific study of natural and man-made sounds
underwater. Applications include sonar to locate submarines, underwater
communication by whales, climate change monitoring by measuring sea
temperatures acoustically, sonic weapons,[31] and marine bioacoustics.[32]
Vibration and dynamics

Main article: Vibration
This is the study of how mechanical systems vibrate and interact with their
surroundings. Applications might include: ground vibrations from railways;
vibration isolation to reduce vibration in operating theatres; studying how vibration
can damage health (vibration white finger); vibration control to protect a building
from earthquakes, or measuring how structure-borne sound moves through
buildings.[33]
Professional societies
The Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
The European Acoustics Association (EAA)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Institute of Acoustics (IoA UK)
The Audio Engineering Society (AES)
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Noise Control and Acoustics Division
(ASME-NCAD)
International Commission for Acoustics (ICA)
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Aeroacoustics (AIAA)
International Computer Music Association (ICMA)
Academic journals
Main category: Acoustics journals
Acta Acustica united with Acustica
Applied Acoustics
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (JASA)
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Express Letters (JASA-EL)
Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
Journal of Sound and Vibration (JSV)
Journal of Vibration and Acoustics American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Ultrasonics (journal)

Abnormal Psychology 7th Edition Oltmanns Test Bank

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Abnormal Psychology 7th Edition Oltmanns Test Bank

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Abnormal Psychology 7th edition Oltmanns Test Bank

Full Download: https://testbankreal.com/download/abnormal-psychology-7th-edition-oltmanns-test-bank/

Total Assessment Guide (T.A.G.)

This is sample only, Download all chapters at: testbankreal.com

3.1.1. Most mental health professionals today identify themselves with

a. the psychodynamic paradigm.

Answer: d. no single paradigm.

a. psychotherapy process research.

Answer: b. psychotherapy outcome research.

a. Most people will receive help.

Answer: c. Most people will not receive help.

a. All focus on her use of defense mechanisms.

a. the cause of her depression.

Answer: b. the result of her depression.

a. gaining insight into unconscious motivations

Answer: a. gaining insight into unconscious motivations

a. be very directive in getting her to look at her distorted thinking

Answer: a. be very directive in getting her to look at her distorted thinking

Answer: b. cognitive behavioral.

a. behavioral and humanistic

Answer: b. behavioral and biological

a. combine psychotherapy with medication.

Answer: a. combine psychotherapy with medication.

a. by performing sacrifices to appease the gods

Answer: c. by chipping a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape

a. exorcism, trephining, and wine

Answer: b. rest, exercise, and healthy diet

a. the preservation of each group's unique customs and values.

a. has been followed by many more similar successes.

Answer: b. has not been followed by similar success stories.

Answer: d. symptom alleviation.

Answer: c. Unilateral Electro Convulsive Therapy

a. Schizophrenia prevented epileptic seizures.

Answer: b. Epileptic seizures prevented schizophrenia.

a. She was given one major unilateral treatment.

Answer: c. A series of 6 to 12 ECT sessions was given over a few weeks.

Answer: b. reducing memory loss

a. used far less frequently.

Answer: a. used far less frequently.

Answer: d. absence of emotional responsiveness

Answer: c. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

a. The drugs have no effect.

Answer: c. The drugs send them into a long, groggy sleep.

a. special placebo pills used in drug research.

Answer: b. chemical substances that affect our psychological state.

Answer: d. antidepressant medications

a. are effective cures for many disorders.

Answer: c. offer symptom relief but not a cure.

a. release previously unexpressed feelings.

Answer: a. release previously unexpressed feelings.

3.1.35. Free association refers to

a. the effectiveness of psychoactive medications.

Answer: c. talking freely about whatever thoughts cross the mind.

Answer: c. reveals aspects of the unconscious mind

a. break down a person's defenses.

Answer: b. bring unconscious material into conscious awareness.

3.1.38. What is the meaning of the term interpretation from psychoanalysis?

a. a method used to induce catharsis in difficult cases

3.1.40. Therapeutic neutrality is viewed as a key component of

a. catharsis brings emotional healing

Answer: c. a therapist begins to feel angry with the patient

3.1.42. In psychoanalytic therapy, what is supposed to happen to a patient's defenses?

a. They should be eliminated.

Answer: c. The healthier ones should be strengthened.

Answer: a. more directive.

Answer: a. ego analysis.

Answer: d. John Bowlby.