SKP ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Tiruvannamalai – 606 611

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

LAB MANUAL FOR III – SEMESTER (Mech)

EE6365 - ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

NAME : ___________________________________

ROLL NO. : ___________________________________

YEAR & SEM : ___________________________________

 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY MANUAL
SAFETY RULES
1. SAFETY is of paramount importance in the Electrical Laboratories.
2. Electricity NEVER EXECUSES careless persons. So, exercise enough care and
attention in handling electrical equipment and follow safety practices in the
laboratory. (Electricity is a good servant but a badmaster).
3. Avoid direct contact with any voltage source and power line voltages. (Otherwise, any
such contact may subject you to electrical shock)
4. Wear rubber-soled shoes. (To insulate you from earth so that even if you accidentally
contact a live point, current will not flow through your body to earth and hence you
will be protected from electrical shock)
5. Wear laboratory-coat and avoid loose clothing. (Loose clothing may get caught on an
equipment/instrument and this may lead to an accident particularly if the equipment
happens to be a rotating machine)
6. Girl students should have their hair tucked under their coat or have it in a knot.
7. Do not wear any metallic rings, bangles, bracelets, wristwatches and neck chains.
(When you move your hand/body, such conducting items may create a short circuit or
may touch a live point and thereby subject you to electrical shock)
8. Be certain that your hands are dry and that you are not standing on wet floor. (Wet
parts of the body reduce the contact resistance thereby increasing the severity of the
shock)
9. Ensure that the power is OFF before you start connecting up the circuit.(Otherwise
you will be touching the live parts in the circuit)
10. Get your circuit diagram approved by the staff member and connect up the circuit
strictly as per the approved circuit diagram.
11. Check power chords for any sign of damage and be certain that the chords use safety
plugs and do not defeat the safety feature of these plugs by using ungrounded plugs.
12. When using connection leads, check for any insulation damage in the leads and avoid
such defective leads.
13. Do not defeat any safety devices such as fuse or circuit breaker by shorting across it.
Safety devices protect YOU and your equipment.
14. Switch on the power to your circuit and equipment only after getting them checked up
and approved by the staff member.
15. Take the measurement with one hand in your pocket. (To avoid shock in case you
accidentally touch two points at different potentials with your two hands)
16. Do not make any change in the connection without the approval of the staff member.
17. In case you notice any abnormal condition in your circuit ( like insulation heating up,
resistor heating up etc ), switch off the power to your circuit immediately and inform
the staff member.
18. Keep hot soldering iron in the holder when not in use.
19. After completing the experiment show your readings to the staff member and switch
off the power to your circuit after getting approval from the staff member.
20. While performing load-tests in the Electrical Machines Laboratory using the brake-
drums:

2
 a. Avoid the brake-drum from getting too hot by pour just enough water into the
brake drum at intervals; use the plastic bottle with a nozzle (available in the
laboratory ) to pour the water.(When the drum gets too hot, it will burn out the
braking belts)
b. Do not stand in front of the brake-drum when the supply to the load-test circuit
is switched off. (Otherwise, the hot water in the brake-drum will splash out on
you)
c. After completing the load-test, suck out the water in the brake-drum using the
plastic bottle with nozzle and then dry off the drum with a sponge which is
available in the laboratory.(The water, if allowed to remain in the brake-drum,
will corrode it)
21. Determine the correct rating of the fuse to be connected in the circuit after
understanding correctly the type of the experiment to be performed: no-load test or
full-load test, the maximum current expected in the circuit and accordingly use that
fuse-rating.(While an over-rated fuse will damage the equipment and other
instruments like ammeters and watt-meters in case of over load, an under-rated fuse
may not allow one even to start the experiment)
22. At the time of starting a motor, the ammeter connected in the armature circuit
overshoots, as the starting current is around 5 times the full load rating of the motor.
Moving coil ammeters being very delicate may get damaged due to high starting
current. A switch has been provided on such meters to disconnect the moving coil of
the meter during starting. This switch should be closed after the motor attains full
speed. Moving iron ammeters and current coils of wattmeters are not so delicate and
hence these can stand short time overload due to high starting current. No such switch
is therefore provided on these meters. Moving iron meters are cheaper and more
rugged compared to moving coil meters. Moving iron meters can be used for both a.c.
and d.c. measurement. Moving coil instruments are however more sensitive and more
accurate as compared to their moving iron counterparts and these can be used for d.c.
measurements only. Good features of moving coil instruments are not of much
consequence for you as other sources of errors in the experiments are many times
more than those caused by these meters.
23. Some students have been found to damage meters by mishandling in the
following ways:
a. Keeping unnecessary material like books, lab records, unused meters etc.
causing meters to fall down the table.
b. Putting pressure on the meter (especially glass) while making connections
or while talking or listening somebody.

Copy these rules in your Lab Record. Observe these yourself and help your friends to
observe.
I have read and understand these rules and procedures. I agree to abide by these rules
and procedures at all times while using these facilities. I understand that failure to follow
these rules and procedures will result in my immediate dismissal from the laboratory and
additional disciplinary action may be taken.

Signature Date Lab

3
GUIDELINES FOR LABORATORY NOTEBOOK
The laboratory notebook is a record of all work pertaining to the experiment. This
record should be sufficiently complete so that you or anyone else of similar
technical background can duplicate the experiment and data by simply following
your laboratory notebook. Record everything directly into the notebook during the
experiment. Do not use scratch paper for recording data. Do not trust your memory
to fill in the details at a later time.

1. Heading:
The experiment identification (number) should be at the top of each page.Your name
and date should be at the top of the first page of each day's experimental work.
2. Object:
A brief but complete statement of what you intend to find out or verify in the experiment
should be at the beginning of each experiment
3. Diagram:
A circuit diagram should be drawn and labeled so that the actual experiment circuitry could
be easily duplicated at any time in the future. Be especially careful to record all circuit
changes made during the experiment.
4. Equipment List:
List those items of equipment which have a direct effect on the accuracy of the data. It may
be necessary later to locate specific items of equipment for rechecks if discrepancies develop
in the results.
5. Procedure:
In general, lengthy explanations of procedures are unnecessary. Be brief. Short commentaries
alongside the corresponding data may be used. Keep in mind the fact that the experiment
must be reproducible from the information given in your notebook.
6. Data:
Think carefully about what data is required and prepare suitable data tables. Record
instrument readings directly. Do not use calculated results in place of direct data; however,
calculated results may be recorded in the same table with the direct data. Data tables should
be clearly identified and each data column labeled and headed by the proper units of measure.
7. Calculations:
Not always necessary but equations and sample calculations are often given to illustrate the
treatment of the experimental data in obtaining results.
8. Graphs:
Graphs are used to present large amounts of data in a concise visual form. Data to be
presented in graphical form should be plotted in the laboratory so that any questionable data
points can be checked while the experiment is still set up. The grid lines in the notebook can
be used for most graphs. If special graph paper is required, affix the graph permanently into
the notebook. Give all graphs a short descriptive title. Label and scale the axes. Use units of
measure. Label each curve if more than one on a graph.
9. Results:
The results should be presented in a form which makes the interpretation easy. Large
amounts of numerical results are generally presented in graphical form. Tables are generally
used for small amounts of results. Theoretical and experimental results should be on the same
graph or arrange in the same table in a way for easy correlation of these results.

10.Conclusion:
This is your interpretation of the results of the experiment as
an engineer. Be brief and specific. Give reasons for important discrepancies.

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 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

EE6365 - ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

1. Load test on DC Shunt & DC Series motor

2. O.C.C & Load characteristics of DC Shunt and DC Series generator

3. Speed control of DC shunt motor (Armature, Field control)

4. Load test on single phase transformer

5. O.C & S.C Test on a single phase transformer

6. Regulation of an alternator by EMF & MMF methods.

7. V curves and inverted V curves of synchronous Motor

8. Load test on three phase squirrel cage Induction motor

9. Speed control of three phase slip ring Induction Motor

10. Load test on single phase Induction Motor.

11. Study of DC & AC Starters

STAFF INCHARGE

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 INDEX
S.NO Name of the Experiment Marks Staff Sign

6
Expt. No. Date:
REGULATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY EMF
AND MMF METHOD
AIM:
The aim of the experiment is to predetermine the regulation of three phase alternator by
EMF and MMF methods.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

3Ф alternator Dc shunt motor

FUSE RATING:
125% of rated current (full load current)

For Dc shunt motor:

For Alternator:

7
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
APPARATUS
1. Ammeter (0-2)A MC 1
2. Ammeter (0-10)A MI 1
3. Voltmeter (0-600)V MI 1
4. Voltmeter (0-300)V MI 1
5. Rheostat 350Ω,2A Wire wound 1
6. TPST Switch - - 1
7. Tachometer - Digital 1
8. Connecting wires - As required

FORMULA USED:
EMF METHOD:
1. Armature resistance Ra = 1.6 x Rdc
Rdc = Resistance in dc supply
2. Synchronous impedance Zs = Open circuit voltage(E1(ph))/ Short circuit current(Isc)
(From the graph)
3. Synchronous impedance Xs = √(Zs2 – Ra2)
4. Open Circuit voltage Eo = √(Vrated CosФ + IaRa) 2+ (Vrated sinФ + IaXs)2(For
lagging power factor)
5. Open circuit voltage Eo = √Vrated + IaRa)2 + (IaXs)2 (For unity power factor)
6. Percentage regulation = Eo-Vrated / Vrated *100
(For both EMF and MMF method)

THEORY:
EMF METHOD:
i) Open circuit characteristics are plotted from the data obtained from the open
circuit test.
ii) Short circuit characteristics are drawn from the data given by the short circuit test.
It is a straight line passing through the origin.
Consider a field current If. The open circuit voltage corresponding to this field current is
Eo. When winding short circuited the terminal voltage is zero. Hence it may be assumed
that the whole of this voltage Eo is being used to circulate the armature short circuit
current Ia against the synchronous impedance Zs,
Eo= IaZs
iii) Knowing Ra and Xs, Vector diagram can be drawn for any load and any power
factor.

MMF METHOD:
This method also utilizes open and short circuit data and it is the converse of the emf
method in the sense, that armature leakage reactance is treated as an additional armature
reaction.
Now field ampere turn (AT) required to produce a voltage of V on full load is the
vector sum of the following.
i) Field AT required to produce rated voltage V on no load. This can be found from
open circuit curve.
ii) Field AT required to overcome the demagnetizing effect of armature reaction on
full load. This value is found from short circuit test. The field AT required to

8
 produce full load current on short circuit balances the armature reaction and the
impedance drop.
The impedance drop can be neglected because Ra is usually very small and Xs is also
small. Under short circuit power factor is almost zero lagging and the field AT are used
entirely to overcome the armature reaction which is wholly demagnetizing. AT on full load
are equal and opposite to the field AT required to produce full load current on short circuit.

PRECAUTIONS:
i) The motor field rheostat should be kept in minimum resistance position.
ii) The alternator field rheostat should be in maximum position.
iii) Initially all switches are in open position.

PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the Supply. Start the motor using 3 point starter.
3. Check the motor speed it should be run in its rated speed. To increase the motor speed
adjusts the motor field rheostat.
4. Conduct an open circuit test the TPST switch should be open.
5. Adjust the alternator field rheostat note down the field current and open circuit
voltage.
6. The same step should be followed up to its rated Voltage (415V).
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the Supply. Start the motor using 3 point starter.
3. Check the motor speed it should be run in its rated speed. To increase the motor speed
adjusts the motor field rheostat.
4. Conduct a short circuit test by closing the TPST switch.
5. Adjust the alternator field rheostat note down the field current and Short circuit
current.
6. Conduct a stator resistance test by giving connections as per the circuit diagram and
tabulate the voltage and current readings for various resistive loads.

HOW TO DRAW THE GRAPH FOR EMF METHOD:

i) Draw the open circuit characteristics curve (V vs. If).
ii) Draw the short circuit characteristics curve (short circuit current Vs If).
iii) From the graph find the open circuit voltage per phase ( E1(ph)) for the rated short
circuit current ( Isc).
iv) By using respective formulae find the Zs, Xs, Eo and percentage regulation.

HOW TO DRAW THE GRAPH FOR MMF METHOD:

i) Draw the open circuit characteristics curve (V vs. If).
ii) Draw the short circuit characteristics curve (short circuit current Vs If).
iii) Draw the line OL to represent If, which gives the rated generated voltage (V).
iv) Draw the line LA at an angle (90 +or –Ф) to represent If which gives the rated full
load current (Isc) on short circuit. {(90+Ф) for lagging power factor and (90-Ф) for
leading power factor.
v) Join the points O and A and find the field current (if) by measuring the distance OA
that gives the open circuit voltage (Eo) from the open circuit characteristics.
vi) Find the percentage regulation by using suitable formula.

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TABULAR COLUMN:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
Open
Field Open Circuit
Circuit
Current Phase
S.NO Line
(If) Voltage
Voltage(VL)
(amps) (Vph) (volts)
(volts)

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

S.NO Field Current (If) Short Circuit Current (Isc)
(amps) (amps)

RESULT:

Thus the three phase alternator regulation was calculated by using EMF and MMF
methods.
EMF Method =

MMF Method =

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 VIVA QUESTIONS:
1) What are synchronous machines?
The machines generating ac emf are called alternating or synchronous
generators. While the machine accepting input from ac supply to produce mechanical output
are called synchronous motors. Both these machines work at a specific constant speed called
synchronous speed and hence in general called synchronous machines.

2) Define voltage regulation. Name two methods used to determine voltage regulation
of alternators.
%Reg = E-Vrated / Vrated *100
Where E = No load voltage
Vrated = Rated voltage
Two methods to determine voltage regulation:
i) EMF method
ii) MMF method

3) What are the two types of alternators?

i) Non salient pole alternator
ii) Salient pole alternator.
4) State the principle of alternator.
When the rotor is rotated by the prime mover, the stator windings or
conductors are cut by the magnetic flux hence an emf is induced in the stator
conductors. (Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction).

5) Is EMF method an accurate method?

No, it is not an accurate method because the value of synchronous
impedance found is always more than the original value.

6) Write the emf equation of an alternator.

E = 4.44f ФTKcKd volts
Where, f = frequency in hertz
Ф = flux per pole
T = Number of turns in stator windings
Kc = Pitch factor
Kd = Distribution factor
7) What is known as Armature reaction?
The effect of armature flux on main flux is called as armature reaction.
8) What is meant by synchronous reactance?
Synchronous reactance Xs = Xl + Xa
Xl = leakage reactance
Xa = Armature reactance
9) Can a DC generator be converted into an alternator? How?
Yes, by providing two collector rings on end of the armature and connecting
these two rings to two points in the armature windings 180 degree apart.

10) What is the other name for EMF and MMF method?
The other name for EMF method is called as Synchronous impedance method
and MMF method is called as Ampere turn method.
EMF method – Pessimistic method
MMF method – Optimistic method

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Expt. No. Date:
V AND INVERTED V CURVES OF THREE PHASE
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
AIM:
The aim of the experiment is to draw the V and inverted V curves of three phase
synchronous motor.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

3Ф synchronous motor

FUSE RATING:
125% of rated current (full load current)

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APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
APPARATUS
1. Ammeter (0-10) A MI 1
2. Ammeter (0-2) A MC 1
3. Voltmeter (0-600) V MI 1
4. Wattmeter 600V,10 A UPF 2
5. Rheostat 350Ω,2A Wire wound 1
6. Tachometer - Digital 1
7. 3 Ф Auto transformer 415/(0-470)V - 1
8. Connecting wires - - As required

THEORY:
Synchronous motor is constant speed motor which are not self starting in nature, so
that we have to start this motor by any one of the following starting methods,
1. Pony motor method starting
2. Auto induction starting
3. DC exciter starting
4. Damper winding method of starting
By construction there is no difference between synchronous generator and
synchronous motor. It is capable of being operated under wide range of power factor,
hence it can be used for power factor correction.
The value of excitation for which back emf is equal to applied voltage is known as
1005 excitation. The other two possible excitations are over excitations and under
excitation if the back emf is more or less to the applied voltage respectively.
The variations of armature current with field current are in the form of V curves
and the variation of power factor with field current are in the form of Inverted V
curves.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The potential divider should be in the maximum position.
2. The motor should be started without any load.
3. Initially TPST switch is in open position.
4. Before switch ON the supply the Field coil switch kept in open position.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Close the TPST switch.
3. Start the motor by using synchronous starter.
4. Close the Field coil switch and note the Line current (It should be reduce).
5. By varying the field Variac note down the excitation current, armature current and the
power factor for various values of excitation.
6. The same procedure has to be repeated up to reaches it’s rated current.
7. Later the motor is switched off and the graph is drawn

GRAPH:
The graph is drawn for
1. Armature current Vs Excitation current
2. Power Factor Vs Excitation current

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TABULAR COLUMN:

S. W1 W2
VL IL IF PF
No Obs Act Obs Act

Formulae used:

Power P = W + W (Watts)
1 1 2
Where,
W1 - Actual Wattmeter reading in R-phase
W2 - Actual Wattmeter reading in B-phase

Power Factor (Cos Φ) = P / √3 V I

1 L L
Where,
P - Power
1
V - Load voltage
L

RESULT:

Thus the V and inverted V curves of three phase synchronous motor was plotted.

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VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define V and Inverted V curves.
The magnitude of armature current varies with excitation. If graph of armature current
drawn by the motor against field current is plotted then we get V curves.
If the power factor is plotted against field current then the shape of the graph looks
like an inverted V and are called as Inverted v curves.
2. When Synchronous motor is is said to receive 100% excitation?
The value of excitation for which back emf is equal to the applied voltage is known
as 100% excitation or when the power factor of the synchronous motor is unity.
Eb=V or cosФ =1
3. Define critical excitation.
When the excitation is changed, the power factor changes. The excitation for which
the power factor of the motor is unity is called critical excitation.
4. What do you mean by under excitation and over excitation?
When the excitation is adjusted in such a way that the magnitude of induced emf is
less than the applied voltage the excitation is called under excitation (lagging power
factor)
When the excitation is adjusted in such a way that the magnitude of induced emf is
greater than the applied voltage the excitation is called over excitation (leading power
factor).
5. What is synchronous capacitor?
When synchronous motor is over excited it takes leading power factor current. This
characteristic is similar to a normal capacitor which always takes leading power factor
current.
Hence over excited synchronous motor operating on no load condition is called as
synchronous condenser or synchronous capacitor. This is the property due to which
synchronous motor is used as a phase advancer or as a power improvement device.

6. What is hunting?
When synchronous motor is on no load, the stator and rotor pole axis coincide with
each other. When motor is loaded, the rotor pole axis falls back with respect to stator.
If the load connected to motor is suddenly changed by a large amount , the rotor tries
to take its new equilibrium position. But due to inertia of rotor, it cannot achieve
equilibrium instantaneously while achieving new position, it passes beyond its final
position corresponding to new load. This will produce more torque than demanded.
So the load angle is reduced and rotor swings in other direction.
Such oscillations of the rotor about its new equilibrium position, due to sudden
application or removal of load is called hunting.
7. Mention some application of synchronous motor.
1. Constant speed load service
2. Reciprocating compressor drives
3. Power factor correction
4. Voltage regulation of transmission lines
8. What could be the reasons if a synchronous motor fails to start?
It is usually due to the following reasons
1. Voltage may be to low
2. Some faulty connections in auxiliary apparatus
3. Too much starting load
4. Open circuit in one phase or short circuit
5. Field excitation may be excessive.

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9. A synchronous motor starts as usual but fails to develop its full torque. What could be
due to?
1. Exciter voltage may be too low
2. Field spool may be reversal
3. There may be either open or short circuit in the field
10. What are the various methods of starting synchronous motor?
1. Pony motor method starting
2. Auto induction starting
3. DC exciter starting
4. Damper winding method of starting
11. What significant characteristic of a synchronous motor is revealed by its V-curves?
The V curves of synchronous motor reveals the fact that its power factor is
controllable by means of its excitation.

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Expt. No. Date:
LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE
INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:
The aim of the experiment is to conduct the load test on three phase squirrel cage
induction motor and to draw the performance characteristics.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

3Ф Induction motor

FUSE RATING:
125% of rated current (full load current)

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
APPARATUS
1. Ammeter (0-10) A MI 1
2. Voltmeter (0-600) V MI 1
3. Wattmeter 600V,10 A UPF 2
4. Tachometer Digital 1
5. Connecting wires As required

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FORMULA USED:
1. Torque T =(S1~S2) X 9.81 N-M
Where S1, S2 = Spring balance readings in Kg
R = Radius of the brake drum in m.
2. Input power = (W1+W2 )watts
W1, W2 = wattmeter readings in watts
3. Output Power = 2ЛNT watts
60
N = Rotor speed in RPM
T = Torque in N-M
4. Percentage efficiency = ( Output power/Input power ) X 100
5. Percentage slip = (Ns-N)/Ns X 100
Ns = synchronous speed in rpm
N = speed of the motor in rpm
6. Power factor = (W1+W2 )/√3VLIL

THEORY:
Induction motor is a machine which converts AC electrical energy into mechanical energy.
In this motor the rotor does not receive electric power by conduction but by induction in
exactly as the secondary of 2 – winding transformer receives its power from the secondary.
That is why such motors are known as rotating transformer. When you give three phase
supply to the three phase stator winding then it is called as three phase induction motor.
The effect of applying load on the speed, slip, stator current, power factor, efficiency
and torque are discussed below:

EFFECT ON SPEED:
When the induction motor is on no load the speed is slightly below the synchronous speed.
The current due to induced emf in the rotor is responsible for torque production required at no
load, as the load is increased the rotor speed is slightly reduced. The emf induced in the rotor
and hence the current increases to produce higher torque required until the torque is equal to
the torque required by the load on the motor.

EFFECT ON SLIP:
Synchronous speed depends upon of frequency stator supply voltage and number of poles
for which that motor winding is made. Therefore if poles and frequency are constant,
synchronous speed is constant. Thus with increase in load on the motor, rotor speed
decreases, slip will increase.
%slip = (Ns – N /Ns) *100

EFFECT ON STATOR CURRENT:

Current drawn by the stator is determined by two factors. One component is the
magnetizing current required to maintain the rotating field. The second component produces
a field which is equal and opposites to that formed by the rotor currents. The rotor current
increases with loads, the stator current will also therefore increases with load.
Power factor of an induction motor on no load is very low because of the high value of
magnetizing current. With load the power factor increases because the power component of
the current is increased.

EFFECT ON TORQUE:
The torque will increases with increase in loads, with increase in output.\

18
 APPLICATIONS:
1. Squirrel cage induction motor having moderate starting torque and constant speed
characteristics preferred for driving fans, blowers, water pumps, grinders, lathe machine,
printing machines and drilling machines.
2. Slip ring induction motors can have high starting torque as high as maximum torque. Hence
they are preferred for lifts, hoists, elevators, cranes, compressors.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The motor should be started without any load.
2. The supply should not be switched OFF before the motor is unloaded.
3. While running on load, the brake drum is cooled by pouring cold water.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The TPSTS is closed and the motor is started using a starter.
3. At no load, the speed, current, voltage and power are noted down.
4. By applying the load gradually with the help of spring balance, Note down the speed,
Voltage, current, power and spring balance readings.
5. Repeat the same procedure up to rated current.
6. The load is released and the motor is switched off.
GRAPH:
1. Output Power Vs Speed
2. Output Power Vs Line current
3. Output Power Vs torque
4. Output Power Vs Power factor
5. Output Power Vs Efficiency
6. Output Power Vs %Slip

TABULAR COLUMN:
Radius of the Brake Drum: Multiplication Factor:
Thickness of the belt:

S. IL VL W1 W2 N S1 S2 S1~S2 T O/P η S PF
W1 +W2
No Obs Act Obs Act rpm Kg Kg Kg N-m Power % % CosФ

IL = Load current VL = Load Voltage W1, W2 = Wattmeter readings

W1 + W2 = Input power S1, S2 = Spring balance readings T = Torque
η = Efficiency S = Slip PF = Power factor

RESULT:

Thus the load test on three phase squirrel cage induction motor was conduct and the
performance characteristics are drawn.

19
VIVA OUESTIONS:
1. What is the function of slip rings and brush assembly in three phase induction motor?
Slip rings are used to connect external stationary circuit to the internal rotating
circuit. Hence in induction motor, the external resistances can be added with the help
of brushes and slip ring arrangement in series with each phase of rotor winding.
2. List the difference between squirrel cage rotor and slip ring rotor
S.no SLIP RING ROTOR SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR
1. Rotor consists of winding similar to the Rotor consists of bars which are short
stator winding. circuited at the ends with the help of
end rings.
2. Resistances can be added externally. External resistances cannot be added.
3. Define the term slip
Slip of the induction motor is defined as the difference between the synchronous
speed and actual speed of rotor expressed as a fraction of the synchronous speed.
4. How the direction of rotation of three phase induction motor can be reversed?
The direction of rotation of three phase induction motor can be reversed by
interchanging any two terminals of the three phase windings while connecting to the
three phase supply.
5. Under what condition, the slip in an induction motor is zero, one, negative and greater
than one.
a. Zero: when N = Ns, S=0 which is not possible for an induction motor.
b. One: when N = 0, S=1. At start motor is at rest and hence its speed N is zero.
c. Negative: When the rotor is running at a speed above synchronous speed, slip is
negative.
d. Greater than one: When the motor is rotated in opposite direction to that of
rotating field, slip is greater than 1. When slip is greater than one, the machine
works in breaking mode.
6. What are the fundamental characteristics of a rotating magnetic field?
a. The resultant of three alternating fluxes separated from each other by 120 degree
has constant amplitude of 1.5 Фm, where Фm is maximum amplitude of an
individual flux due to any phase.
b. The resultant always keeps on rotating with certain speed in space, and the speed
is given by Ns = 120f / P
7. What is induction generator?
When run faster than its synchronous speed, an induction motor runs as a generator
called as induction generator. Slip is negative.
8. What is the effect of slip on frequency, induced emf, current, power factor, Reactance,
Impedance?
a. Fr = Sf b.E2r = S E2 c.X2r = S X2 d.I2r = E2r / Z2r
e. Cos Ф 2r = R2 / Z2r d.Z2r = √ R2 2 + (S X2) 2
9. What are the types of three phase induction motor?
1. Squirrel cage induction motor.
2. Slip ring induction motor
10. Can N = Ns in three phase induction motor?
When rotor starts rotating it tries to catch the speed of rotating magnetic field.
If it catches the speed of rotating magnetic field, the relative motion between
rotor and RMF will vanish. In fact the relative motion is the main cause for the
individual emf in the rotor. So induced emf will vanish and hence there cannot be
rotor current and rotor flux which is essential to produce the torque on the rotor.
Eventually motor will stop. The induction motor never rotates at synchronous speed.

20
Expt. No. Date:
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:
The aim of the experiment is to conduct the load test on single phase induction motor
and to draw the performance characteristics.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

1Ф Induction motor

FUSE RATING:
125% of rated current (full load current)

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
APPARATUS
1. Ammeter (0-10) A MI 1
2. Voltmeter (0-300) V MI 1
3. Wattmeter 300V,10 A UPF 1
4. Tachometer Digital 1
5. Connecting wires As required

21
FORMULA USED:
1. Torque T =(S1~S2) R x 9.81 N-M
Where S1, S2 = Spring balance readings in Kg
R = Radius of the brake drum in m
2. Input power = (W) watts
3. Output Power = 2ЛNT / 60 watts
N = Rotor speed in RPM
T = Torque in N-M
4. Percentage efficiency = ( Output power/Input power ) x100
5. Percentage slip = (Ns-N)/Ns x100
Ns = synchronous speed in rpm
N = speed of the motor in rpm
6. Power factor = (W)/√3VLIL

THEORY:
Single phase motors are manufactured in fractional kilowatt range to be operated an
single phase supply and for use in numerous applications like ceiling fans, refrigerators, food
mixers, hair driers, portable drills, vaccum cleaners, washing machines etc.
A single phase induction motor has two main parts namely stator and rotor. A single
phase supply is connected to the stator winding. This produces an alternating current to the
stator winding. This current produces an alternating flux in the air gap between the stator and
the rotor. The alternating flux passes over the rotor conductors and induces an emf into it due
to transformer action. Due to this induced voltage, current starts flowing through the rotor
conductor. This current will then produces its own flux called the rotor flux. The main flux
produced by the stator winding interacts with the rotor flux to produce the torque. The rotor
flux gets produced due to the principle of induction hence the name of the motor is induction
motor. Single phase induction motors are not self starting like the dc motors.
Depending upon the method of starting, they are classified into,
i) Split phase induction motor
ii) Capacitor start induction motor
iii) Capacitor run induction motor
iv) Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor
v) Shaded pole induction motor

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The motor should be started without any load.
2. The supply should not be switched OFF before the motor is unloaded.
3. While running on load, the brake drum is cooled by pouring cold water.
PROCEDURE:
No load test:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The DPST switch is closed and the motor is started using Direct On Line starter.
3. At no load, the speed, current, voltage and power are noted down.
4. By applying the load gradually with the help of spring note down the voltage, speed,
current, power and spring balance readings.
5. The procedure will repeat for various load up to the rated current.
6. The load is released and the motor is switched off.

22
GRAPH:
1. Output Power Vs Speed
2. Output Power Vs Line current
3. Output Power Vs torque
4. Output Power Vs Power factor
5. Output Power Vs Efficiency
6. Output Power Vs %Slip
7. Torque Vs Speed

TABULAR COLUMN:
Radius of the Brake Drum: Multiplication Factor: W1 =

Thickness of the belt:

S. W1 O/P
IL VL N S1 S2 S1~S2 T η S PF
No Obs Act Power

IL = Load current
VL = Load Voltage
N = Speed of the Motor
S1, S2 = Spring balance readings
T = Torque
η = Efficiency
S = Slip
PF = Power factor

RESULT:

Thus the load test on single phase induction motor was conducted and the
performance characteristic was drawn.

23
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. A single phase induction motor is not self starting. Why?
When a single phase supply is connected across a single phase winding, a
pulsating magnetic field is produced. The force experienced by the upper conductors
of the rotor will be downward and the force experienced by the lower conductors will
be directed upward. The two sets of force will cancel and the rotor will experience no
torque. Hence the rotor will not rotate.
2. What is the rating of single phase machines? State its applications.
The rating of the single phase machine is from 1/8 to ¾ hp range. They are
widely used for fans, washing machines, refrigerators, blowers, centrifugal pumps
etc.
3. How will you change the direction of rotation of a split phase induction motor?
The direction of rotation of a split phase induction motor can be changed by
changing the direction of current either in the starting winding or in the running
winding.
4. What type of motor is used for ceiling fans?
Permanent magnet capacitor motor is used for ceiling fans.
5. Why single phase induction motor has low power factor?
The current through the running winding lags behind the supply voltage by a very
large angle. Hence the power factor is low in single phase induction motor.
6. What is the use of shading coil in the shaded pole motor?
The copper shading coil is used to produce rotating magnetic field moving from
the un-shaded to shaded portion of the pole. Hence the motor produces a starting torque.
7. Why are centrifugal switches provided on many single phase inductions motor?
The centrifugal switches are provided on many single phase induction motors,
because when the motor is running at 75% of the synchronous speed, the centrifugal switch
connected in the auxiliary winding operates and disconnect the auxiliary winding from the
supply.
8. What could be the reasons if a split phase motor runs too slow?
1. Wrong supply voltage and frequency
2. Overload
3. grounded starting and running windings
4. Short circuited or open winding in field circuit

9. What could be the reasons if a split phase motor fails to start and hums loudly?
It could be due to the starting windings being grounded or burnt out.
10. What is universal motor?
Universal motor is a series motor of rating less than 1Kw which is designed to
operated on both dc and ac supply. They are widely used for food mixers, vaccum cleaners,
hair driers, electric shavers, portable drills, sewing machines etc.

24
Expt. No. Date:
SPEED CONTROL OF THREE PHASE SLIP RING
INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM

To conduct Speed Control test on three-phase Slip Ring induction motor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

APPARATUS
1. Ammeter (0-10) A MI 1
2. Voltmeter (0-600) V MI 1
3. Rotor Resistance Starter - - 1
4. Connecting wires - - As required

CIRCUIT DIGRAM:

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

3Ф Slip Ring Induction Motor

Fuse Rating:

25% of Rated Current =

25
PRECAUTION

The motor should be start without any load.

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. The TPST’S is closed and the motor is started using Rotor Resistance starter.
3. Change the Resistance Tap Switch and measure the speed.
4. The above Step was varied for various tapings of resistance.
5. Gradually increase the resistance tap switch and the motor is switched off.
TABULATION FOR THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR (SLIP RING):

S. No Speed Resistance

MODEL GRAPHS:

RESULT:

Thus the Speed control of the three phase slip ring induction motor was performed
and the characteristics have been drawn.

26
 Expt. No. Date:
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS AND LOAD
CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF EXCITED DC SHUNT
GENERATOR

AIM:
To obtain the O.C.C & load test of the given self excited DC shunt generator and hence to
determine

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1. Voltmeter 0-300 V MC 1
2. Ammeter 0-2 A MC 1
3. Ammeter 0-20 A MC 1
4. Rheostat 350Ω, 2A - 2
5. Tachometer - Digital 1
6. Connecting Wires Req.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Dc shunt motor Dc shunt Generator

FUSE RATING:

27
 OCC Curve Load Characteristic Curve:

E, VL
E (V)
(V)
E vs Ia

VL vs IL

If (amps) Ia, IL (amps)

THEORY:

A D.C. generator requires an excitation circuit to generate an induced voltage. Depending on

whether the excitation circuit consumes power from the armature of the machine or from separately
required power supply, the generators may be classified as self excited or separately excited
generators respectively

PROCEDURE:

1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram in the shown figure.
2. Keeping the motor field rheostat in its minimum position, generator field rheostat in
maximum position; and the starter in its OFF position, the main supply is switched ON to the
circuit.
3. The motor is started using the 3-point starter by slowly and carefully moving the starter
handle from its OFF to ON position,
4. The motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting its rheostat and checked with the help of a
tachometer.
5. With the SPST switch open, the residual voltage is noted.
6. Now the SPST switch is closed and the Potential divider is varied in steps and at each step the
field current (If) and the corresponding induced EMF (Eg) are recorded in the tabular column.
This procedure is continued until the generator voltage reaches 120% of its rated value the
speed of the machine is maintained constant.
7. After the experiment is completed the various rheostats are brought back to their original
position in sequence and then main supply is switched OFF.

28
 8. The DPST switch on the load side is now closed and the load on the generator is
gradually increased in steps. At each step the speed of the generator is checked and
maintained constant at its rated value by adjusting the field rheostat of the motor.
After satisfying this condition at each step of loading, the terminal voltage (V L), field
current (If) and the load current (IL) are noted down in the tabular column.
9. This procedure is continued until the generator is loaded to 120% of its rated value.
TABULAR COLUMNS:
OCC
S. Field current If Generator voltage Eg
No. (amps) (volts)

MODEL CALCULATION:
To calculate critical resistance Rc and Critical speed NC
N Critical / N Rated = E critical / E Rated
Load Test:
S.NO. VL (V) IL (A) If(A) Ia(A) IaRa (V) Eg=VL+ Ia Ra (V)

RESULT:
The magnetization characteristics curve is drawn and the value of build up voltage is
obtained from graph. Critical Resistance and Critical speed are determined from the graph.

29
 Expt. No. Date:
LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM:
To conduct a direct load test on the given dc shunt motor to plot the following
performance characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.no. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

DC Shunt motor

FUSE RATING:

30
THEORY:
Load test on motor are performed to know about the efficiency, torque and speed
characteristics, which enable us to select an appropriate motor for on application.
The torque equation of a DC Motor is given by
Ta = 0.159 (PZ / A) * Ia N-m
P,Z,A being constant the equation reduces to Ta = K Ia
In a DC Shunt motor as is also a constant, then the torque is directly properties
armature current. The speed of a DC motor is given by N = K (V-IaRa) / 
Since  is constant, the speed is directly proportional to (V I a R a) As the load on
motor increases, the drop Ia Ra through increases is negligible as Ra is very small and the
speed is nearly constant. Hence a Dc shunt motor is considered as a constant speed motor. If
a DC shunt motor is started on load, it draws a heavy armature current, which in turn will
damage the machine itself. Hence DC shunt motors are always started on no-load.
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram .
2. Keeping the motor field rheostat in its minimum position and the starter in its OFF
position the main supply is switched ON to the circuit.
3. The motor is started using the three point starter by slowly and carefully moving the
starter handle from its OFF to ON position.
4. The motor is brought to its rated speed by gradually adjusting the field rheostat and
checked with the help of a tachometer.
5. Under this no load condition one set of readings namely, applied voltage (VL ), line
current (IL ), the two spring balance readings (F1 and F2 ) and motor speed (N) are
noted down in the tabular columns.
6. The load on the motor is increased in steps gradually and at each step, all the meter
readings and the motor speed are recorded in the tabular column. The above
procedure is repeated until the motor is loaded to 120% of its rated current.
TABULAR COLUMN:
VL IL IF S1 S2 S1-S2 T= (S1- N Ia=IL- I/p = O/p = =
(A) (A) (KG) (KG) (KG) S2)*R*9.81 (rpm) IF VL * IL 2Πnt (o/p /
(N-m) (A) 60 i/p)*100
(watt) (watt) (%)

31
MODEL GRAPH:

Electrical Characteristics Mechanical Characteristics

RESULT:
The direct load test has been conducted on DC shunt motor and the performance
characteristics are plotted.

32
 Expt. No. Date:
SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. SHUNT MOTOR
AIM :
To determine the variation of speed with (i) armature voltage (Rheostat control method) and
(ii) Field excitation (Flux control method).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SNO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

DC Shunt motor

FUSE RATING:

33
THEORY:

A dc motor is an electrical machine that takes electrical energy and converts it into
mechanical energy.

The speed of the dc motor is given by the relation

V- Ia Ra

N= ------------ rpm.

K

From the above relation, the speed of the dc shunt motor can be varied by varying,

1. The voltage V applied to armature.

2. The armature circuit resistance Ra and
3. The speed is nearly proportional to armature voltage if the armature drop is small, while it is
inversely proportional to the flux  .

PROCEDURE:
1. The no load current is approximately 15 % of full load current. So the fuse rating should be 15%
of full load current.
2. The type and range of all meters are selected according to the ratings of the motor.
3. The connections are made as per circuit diagram.
4. The armature rheostat is kept at maximum resistance position and the field rheostat is kept at
minimum resistance position initially.
5. The speed of the dc shunt motor is directly proportional to armature voltage and inversely
proportional to flux.
6. In the armature voltage control method the flux or field excitation is kept constant and armature
voltage is varied to obtain different speeds.
7. In the field control method the armature voltage is kept constant and flux is varied by varying the
field current to obtain different speeds

A. ARMATURE VOLTAGE CONTORL METHOD :

1. The motor is started by closing DPST switch, the motor starts running slowly.
2. As the armature rheostat resistance is reduced gradually the motor picks up speed.
3. The field current is kept at one constant value by adjusting the filed rheostat.
4. The armature voltage is a varied in steps by varying the armature rheostat and corresponding
speed is noted down in each step. The readings are taken for speeds below the rated value.

34
5. The experiment is repeated for different constant values of field current.
6. A set of graphs between armature voltage and speed are drawn for different constant values of
field current.
NOTE : The readings should be less than rated speed.

B. FLUX CONTROL METHOD :

1. In flux control method the armature voltage is kept at one constant value by adjusting the
armature rheostat.
2. The field current is varied in steps by varying the field circuit rheostat and the corresponding
speed is noted down in each case. The readings are tabulated.
3. A set of graphs between field current and speed are drawn for different values of armature
voltage.
NOTE : The readings should be more than rated speed.

OBSERVATION :
1. ARMATURE VOLTAGE CONTROL
If = If=

Va N Va N

2. FIELD CONTROL
Va = Va =

If N If N

RESULT :
The speed control experiment is conducted on dc shunt machine by (i)Armature
voltage control method and (ii) Field control method.

35
 Expt. No. Date:
LOAD TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
AIM:

To conduct a direct load test on the given single phase transformer to determine the
efficiency and regulation at different load conditions & predetermine the efficiency and
regulation at different load conditions by using open & short circuit test.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
S. No. Apparatus Type Range Quantity

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

DC Shunt motor

FUSE RATING:

36
 PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram as shown in figure.
2. Keeping the autotransformer in its; minimum position and the DPST switch in
open position; the main supply is switched ON.
3. By slowly and carefully operating the Auto transformer the rated voltage (230V)
is applied to the L.V side of the transformer.
4. Under this no-load condition one set of readings namely VH.V, IH.V,, W.V,, Vi.
.V,, Wi . .V, are recorded in the tabular column.
5. The DPST switch on the load side is now closed and the load is increased in
gradual steps and at each step all meter readings are noted down in the tabular
column.
6. The procedure is continued is completed, the load is decreased to its minimum the
auto transformer is brought, back to its original position and then the main supply
is switched OFF.

TABULAR COLUMN:
V L .V, (V) WL.V, (W) VH.V, (V) I H.V, (A) WH.V, (W) (%) %REG

FORMULA USED:

INPUT POWER = W1

OUTPUT POWER = V2 x I2
EFFICIENCY = OUTPUT
INPUT
%REGULATION = V2 – V2’ x 100
V2’
RESULT:

The direct load test has been conducted on the given 1-phase transformer and the percentage
efficiency and regulation are determined at different load condition and hence the efficiency and
regulation graphs are drawn.

37
 Expt. No. Date:
O.C. AND S.C. TESTS ON A SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
AIM:

To conduct the open circuit test and short circuit test on a single-phase transformer to find
the equivalent circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. Apparatus Type Range Quantity

38
SC Test:

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Single-Phase Transformer

Fuse Rating:

39
OC Test:

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Single-Phase Transformer

Fuse Rating:

40
THEORY:
The actual performance characteristics of transformers can be obtained by conducting
a direct load test on them. When this has to be performed on large rating transformers, the
loads of the required size may not be available, and the power consumed during this test will
be very large as the transformers are loaded up to 120% of their capacity. The time required
to perform such a test is also more. The same performance characteristics can be obtained by
comparatively easier methods, which are known as indirect methods or predetermination
techniques.
To predetermine the efficiency and regulation of transformers, the open circuit test {(to
determine the core loss (iron loss or constant loss)} and short circuit test [to determine the
full load copper loss (variable loss)] are carried out. Assuming the output and load power
factor, the efficiency at different loads are computed. The regulating on full load for different
assumed load power factors can also be computed. The data obtained from these tests are
also useful to find the equivalent circuit parameters. The results obtained from these tests are
almost closer to the actual values obtained by direct load test.
PROCEDURE:
O.C. TEST:
1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keeping the H.V. winding open and the autotransformer in its minimum position the
main supply is switched ON.
3. By slowly and carefully adjusting the autotransformer, the rated voltage (230V) is
applied to L.V. winding of the transformer.
4. Under this condition the ammeter (Io), Voltmeter (Vo) and Wattmeter (Wo) readings
a noted down.
After the experiment is completed, the autotransformer is slowly brought back to
minimum position and then the main supply is switched OFF
S.C. TEST:
1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Short circuiting the LV winding and keeping the autotransformer in its minimum
position, the main supply is switched ON.
3. By slowly and carefully vary the autotransformer up to the rated current.
4. Under this condition, the ammeter (ISC), the voltmeter (VSC) and the Wattmeter
(WSC) readings are noted down.

41
 After the experiment is completed, the autotransformer is brought back to its
minimum position and main supply is switched OFF.
TABULATION :
OC Test:
Primary Secondary Wattmeter
Current
Voltage Voltage Obs Act

SC Test:
Primary Primary Wattmeter
Current
Voltage Current Obs Act

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

RESULT:
Thus the open circuit test and short circuit test was conducted on single-phase
transformer and the equivalent circuit was drawn.

42
 Expt. No. Date:
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTOR

AIM:

To conduct a direct load test on the given DC series motor and to plot the following
performance characteristics.

1. Efficiency Vs Output
2. Toque Vs Output
3. Torque Vs Armature Current (Electrical characteristics)
4. Speed Vs Armature Current
5. Torque Vs Speed (Mechanical characteristics)
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1.

2.

3.

4.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

43
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
Single-Phase Transformer

Fuse Rating:

THEORY:

Load test on motors is performed to know about the efficiency, torque are speed
characteristics, which enable us to select and appropriate motor for an application. The
torque equation of a DC motor is given by

Ta =[9.55 PZ/A] Ia N –m,

P, Z and A being constants the equation reduces to Ta = K1 I a

In a DC series motor as  is directly proportional to Ia the above equation can be rewritten as

Ta = K2 Ia2. Hence the torque is directly proportional to square of the armature current. The
speed of DC series motor is given by N = Eg /K3 .As  is directly proportional to Ia and Eg
is approximately equal to the supply voltage and remains constant the equation can be written
as N = K4/ I a From the above relationship it is known that the speed is inversely proportional
to the armature current. When a series motor is started on no-load the armature current ( I a
) drawn by the motor being very small, the motor will develop dangerously high speed, which
will permanently damage the motor. To prevent this situation a series motor is always started
on load. Generally, as a precaution these motors are directly coupled to the load. From the
speed Vs torque characteristics shown in figure, it is clear that the machine is capable of
developing a very high starting torque. Hence these motors are suitable for electric traction
works,

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Check whether the motor is loaded.

2. The Starter should be in OFF position before switch ON the DPST Switch.

44
PROCEDURE:

1. Circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After ensuring that the machine has some safe load and keeping the starter in its
OFF position, the main supply is switched ON.
3. The motor is started using 2 – point starter by slowly and carefully moving the
starter handle from its OFF to ON position.
4. At this load condition all meter readings, spring balance readings and motor speed
are noted down in the tabular column.
5. The load on the motor is increased gradually in steps up to Full load Current. At
each start readings are noted down in the tabular column.
6. After the experiment is completed, the load is decreased to its initial safe load
condition and then the main supply is switched OFF.
CALCULATIONS:

r = C/2  Meters

r = ___________meters. (Where, C is Circumference of the Brake Drum)

1. The input to the motor = VL * IL Watts.

2. The torque developed by the motor is given by T = (S1 – S2 ) * r * 9.81 N-m
3. The output of the motor in watts = 2 NT / 60.
4. The efficiency of the motor = (Output / Input) * 100%

VL IL S1-S2 N T O/P I/P

S1 (kg) S2 (kg) %
(V) (A) (kg) (rpm) (Nm) (W) (W)

45
RESULT:

The direct load test has been conducted on the given DC series motor and the various
performance characteristics are plotted.

46
 Expt. No. Date:
LOAD TEST ON SERIES GENERATOR
AIM:-

To conduct load test on D.C Series Generator and to draw its internal and external
characteristics.

APPARATUS:
S.No Name of the Equipment Type Range Qty.
1 Ammeter M.C 0 – 20A 1No.
2 Voltmeter M.C 0 – 300V 1No.
3 Rheostat Wire wound 350 Ω/ 2A 1No.
4 Tachometer Digital 0 – 10,000 rpm 1No.
5 Resistive Loading Bank Resistive Type 5KW 1No.
6 Connecting wires - - Req.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Single-Phase Transformer

Fuse Rating:

47
THEORY:
In this Generator, because field windings are in series with the armature, they carry
full armature current IA . As IA is increased, flux and hence generated emf is also increased.
The extra exciting current necessary to neutralize the wreaking effect of armature reaction at
full load is given by the horizontal distance. It will be noticed that a series generator has
rising voltage characteristics.
The armature current, field current in a D.C series generator are equal. The series field
current is zero and the generator voltage is due to residual flux and residual voltage is very
low. However if the generator terminals are closed through a load resistance, the armature
current will flow which improves residual flux and thus residual voltage. Simultaneously
there is armature reaction, which causes, demagnetization which results in decrease of
terminal voltage. This terminal voltage increases the field current. Finally flux gets saturated
thus increase in load current. It causes decrease in terminal voltage due to increase in
armature reaction and voltage drops due to armature and series field and finally goes terminal
voltage to zero.
The internal characteristic is the relation between induced e.m.f. and armature current.
Similarly external characteristic is the relation between terminal voltage and load current.
Eg = Ia (Ra + Rse) + terminal voltage
PROCEDURE:

1) Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2) Give the supply to the motor by closing DPST switch.
3) Start the motor with the help of 3 – Point starter.
4) Adjust the motor to the rated speed by varying the motor field rheostat.
5) Apply the load on the generator and keep rated speed for each step of load.
6) Take all meter readings for each load up to rated current and Do the calculations
and draw the necessary graph.

TABULAR FORMS:
Ra= Ω Rse= Ω
S. No. Voltage ( V ) Load Current IL ( A ) Induced EMF ( Eg )
= V + IA(RA+RSE)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

48
Model Graph:

Result:

Load test on D.C Series Generator is conducted and its internal and external
characteristics are drawn.

49
 Expt. No. Date:
STUDY OF STARTERS
AIM:
To study the different kinds of D.C motor starters

APPARATUS REQUIRED :

S. No. Name of the apparatus Quantity

1 Two Point starter 1
2 Three Point starter 1
3 Four Point starter 1

THEORY :-
The value of the armature current in a D.C shunt motor is given by
Ia = (V – Eb) / Ra

Where V = applied voltage .

Ra= armature resistance.

Eb = Back .e.m.f.

In practice the value of the armature resistance for 2 to 3 h.p. motor is the order of 1
ohms and at the instant of starting the value of the back e.m.f. is zero volts. There fore under
starting conditions the value of the armature current is very high. This high inrush current at
the time of starting may damage the motor. To protect the motor from such dangerous
current the D.C motors are always started using starters.

The types of D.C motor starters are

i. Two point starters
ii. Three Point Starters
iii. Four Point starters

The functions of the starters are

i. It protects the Motor from High starting current.

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ii. It protects the motor from overloads.

 TWO POINT STARTERS :- It is used for starting a d.c. series motors which has
the problem of over speeding due to the loss of load from its shaft. Here for starting
the motor the control arm is moved in clock – wise direction from its OFF position to
the ON position against the spring tension. The control arm is held in the ON position
by the electromagnet E. The exciting coil o the hold-on electromagnet E is connected
in series with the armature circuit. If the motor loses its load, current decreases and
hence the strength of the electromagnet also decreases. The control arm returns to the
OFF position due to the spring tension, Thus preventing the motor from over
speeding. The starter also returns to the OFF position when the supply voltage
decreases appreciably. L and F are the two points of the starter which are connected
with the motor terminals.

 THREE POINT STARTER :- It is used for starting the shunt or compound motor.
The coil on the hold on electromagnet E is connected in series with the shunt field
coil. In the case of disconnection in the field circuit the control arm will return to its
OFF position due to spring tension. This is necessary because the shunt motor will
over speed if it loses excitation. The starter also returns to the OFF position in case of
low voltage supply or complete failure of the supply. The protection is therefore is
called No Volt Release (NVR).

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Over load protection :- when the motor is over loaded it draws a heavy current. This heavy
current also flows through the exciting coil of the over load electromagnet (OLR). The
electromagnet then pulls an iron piece upwards which short circuits the coils of the NVR
coil. The hold on ;magnet gets de-energized and therefore the starter arm returns to the OFF
position, thus protecting the motor against overload. L, A and F are the three terminals of the
three point starter.

 FOUR POINT STARTER :- The connection diagram of the four point starter is
shown in fig 3. In a four point starter arm touches the starting resistance, the current
from the supply is divided into three paths. One through the starting resistance and
the armature, one through the field circuit, and one through the NVR coil. A
protective resistance is connected in series with the NVR coil. Since in a four point
starter the NVR coil is independent of the of the field ckt connection, the dc motor
may over speed if there is a break in the field circuit. A D.C motor can be stopped by
opening the main switch. The steps of the starting resistance are so designed that the
armature current will remain within the current limits and will not change the torque
developed by the motor to a great extent.

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 B. A.C. STARTERS
1. AUTO – TRANSFORMER STARTING:

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 An auto transformer starter consists of an auto transformer and a switch as shown in
the fig. When the switch S is put on START position, a reduced voltage is applied across the
motor terminals. When the motor picks up speed, say to 80 per cent of its normal speed, the
switch is put to RUN position. Then the auto-transformer is cut out of the circuit and full
rated voltage gets applied across the motor terminals.
The circuit diagram in the fig is for a manual auto-transformer starter. This can be
made push button operated automatic controlled starter so that the contacts switch over from
start to run position as the motor speed picks up to 80% of its speed. Over-load protection
relay has not been shown in the figure. The switch S is air-break type for small motors and oil
break type for large motors. Auto transformer may have more than one tapping to enable the
user select any suitable starting voltage depending upon the conditions.
Series resistors or reactors can be used to cause voltage drop in them and thereby
allow low voltage to be applied across the motor terminals at starting. These are cut out of the
circuit as the motor picks up speed.

2. STAR- DELTA METHOD OF STARTING:

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 The starter phase windings are first connected in star and full voltage is connected
across its free terminals. As the motor picks up speed, the windings are disconnected through
a switch and they are reconnected in delta across the supply terminals. The current drawn by
the motor from the lines is reduced to as compared to the current it would have drawn if
connected in delta. The motor windings, first in star and then in delta the line current drawn
by the motor at starting is reduced to one third as compared to starting current with the
windings delta-connected.
In making connections for star-delta starting, care should be taken such that sequence
of supply connections to the winding terminals does not change while changing from star
connection to delta connection. Otherwise the motor will start rotating in the opposite
direction, when connections are changed from star to delta. Star-delta starters are available
for manual operation using push button control. An automatic star – delta starter used time
delay relays (T.D.R) through which star to delta connections take place automatically with
some pre-fixed time delay. The delay time of the T.D.R is fixed keeping in view the starting
time of the motor.

3. FULL VOLTAGE OR DIRECT –ON-LINE STARTING:

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 When full voltage is connected across the stator terminals of an induction motor, large
current is drawn by the windings. This is because, at starting the induction motor behaves as a
short circuited transformer with its secondary, i.e. the rotor separated from the primary, i.e.
the stator by a small air-gap.
At starting when the rotor is at standstill, emf is induced in the rotor circuit exactly
similar to the emf induced in the secondary winding of a transformer. This induced emf of the
rotor will circulate a very large current through its windings. The primary will draw very
large current from the supply mains to balance the rotor ampere-turns. To limit the stator and
rotor currents at starting to a safe value, it may be necessary to reduce the stator supply
voltage to a low value. If induction motors are started direct-on-line such a heavy starting
current of short duration may not cause harm to the motor since the construction of induction
motors are rugged. Other motors and equipment connected to the supply lines will receive
reduced voltage. In industrial installations, however, if a number of large motors are started
by this method, the voltage drop will be very high and may be really objectionable for the
other types of loads connected to the system. The amount of voltage drop will not only be
dependent on the size of the motor but also on factors

4. ROTOR RESISTANCE STARTER:

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In a slip-ring (wound rotor) induction motor, resistance can be inserted in the rotor circuit via
slip rings ,so as to increase the starting torque.

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