Lecture Five Outline

Life in the Emerging Urban Society

The Second Industrial Revolution

Manufacturing and Energy

The rise of corporations, monopolies, and cartels

Middle Classes

Social Position of Women

Separate Spheres and the cult of domesticity

Employment Patterns

Barriers

“Dover Beach” Matthew Arnold 1856

The first industrial revolution included advances first, in Textiles, then in Coal and Iron, then Steam.

The second industrial revolution focused on Steel, chemicals, and electricity.

Steel: stronger, more malleable than IRON // Could be produced cheaply, in large quantities /

dominated by Germany and Americans

Chemicals: fertilizers, paper, soap / dyes, petroleum / everyday life – cleansers, laundry detergent,
hygiene

Electricity: large power stations / inventions – the light bulb / transportation: subways, trams
The Rise of Corporations

Legal arrangement: investment of many individuals in one company

In US: textile mills, railroads

advantage: increased capital = more machinery

Monopolies: the only supplier of a particular commodity

Cartels: Agreement between competing firms to fix prices and eliminate competition

Middle Classes: distinctions

Upper middle class

Bankers, factory and mine owners

Middle class

Lawyers, shopkeepers, doctors, small entrepreneurs, schoolteachers

“white collar” workers: the petite bourgeoisie

Secretaries

Retail clerks

Lower-level bureaucrats

Working Classes

Skill

Wage

Gender

Workplace

The creation of separate spheres

and the cult of domesticity

The home – private sphere

The factory / office – public sphere

Three movements:

Industrial working-class women’s movement

Working and middle-class African American women’s movement

White middle-class movement

Toward the Modern woman

The masculinization of labor

The masculinization of business

Women in the labor market

The masculinization of politics

Fear and Entrenched Resistance – why?

The masculinization of politics

First Wave Feminism in the US

Sarah and Angelina Grimke

Lucretia Mott

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Seneca Falls Convention (July 19-20, 1848)

"a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman“

Declaration of Sentiments

Resolution on suffrage

Property Rights

Family Law

Educational Barriers
Charles Darwin (1809-1882): H.M.S. Beagle 1831-1836

The Galapagos Islands

“Scepticism is my spirit. In my sorest needs I have had no actual faith, and have said to destruction,
‘Thou art my sister.’ To the skirts of human love I have clung, and I cling blindly. But all else is chaos – a
mountain chasm filled with tumbling mists.”

-J.A. Symonds, English poet and literary critic

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) “War and courage have accomplished more things than love of
neighbor.”

Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)

First volume of poetry, The Strayed Reveller (1849)

“the calm, the cheerfulness, the disinterested objectivity have disappeared: the dialogue of the mind
with itself has commenced.; modern problems have presented themselves; we hear already the doubts,
we witness the discouragement, of Hamlet or of Faust.”

“Woe was upon me,” he wrote to a friend, “if I analyzed not my situation…and the modern situation in
its true blankless and barrenness and unpoetrylessness.

He found himself in a world of “doubts, disputes, distractions, fears.”