CE 111

Hydraulic Engineering

HYDRAULIC MACHINERY

Cornelio Q. Dizon
Associate Professor
Institute of Civil Engineering
University of the Philippines
 Pumps
Major Categories

• Positive-displacement machines (reciprocating or

rotary)
• Closed volume is used to squeeze or suck fluid.
• Pump: human heart
• Dynamic machines
• No closed volume. Instead, rotating blades supply or
extract energy.
• Enclosed/Ducted Pumps: torpedo propulsor
• Open Pumps: propeller or helicopter rotor
 Pumps
Major Categories

• For gases, pumps are further broken down into

Fans: Low pressure gradient, High
volume flow rate. Examples include
ceiling fans and propellers.
Blower: Medium pressure gradient,
Medium volume flow rate. Examples
include centrifugal and squirrel-cage
blowers found in furnaces, leaf blowers,
and hair dryers.
Compressor: High pressure gradient,
Low volume flow rate. Examples
include air compressors for air tools,
refrigerant compressors for refrigerators
and air conditioners.
Dynamic Pumps
Types

• Dynamic Pumps include

• centrifugal pumps: fluid enters
axially, and is discharged radially.
• mixed--flow pumps: fluid enters
axially, and leaves at an angle
between radially and axially.
• axial pumps: fluid enters and leaves
axially.
Centrifugal Pumps
Description
Any pump in which fluid is energized by a rotating impeller, whether the
flow is radial, axial, or a combination of both (mixed). Has 3 types (radial,
axial and mixed flow)
• Snail--shaped scroll
• Most common type of pump: homes, autos, industry.
• Low cost, simple and reliable in a wider range of flows and heads
• Pump capacity (Q) is the flow rate or discharge of a pump
• Head is the difference in elevation between a free surface of water above (or below) a
reference datum (varies with pump type).
 Centrifugal Pumps
Description

Typical flow paths in

centrifugal pumps. (a)
radial vertical; (b)
mixed; (c) radial
horizontal; (d) axial
Centrifugal Pumps
Description
Multistage pumps are pumps with more than one impeller (stage). The
stages are in series. The impellers are on a single shaft and are enclosed
in a single pump housing.

Single and multistage pumps

 Centrifugal Pumps
Description

Illustration of total dynamic

head and net positive
suction head
Centrifugal Pumps
Operating characteristics
Operating characteristics of pumps are dependent upon their size, speed,
and design. For centrifugal pumps, similar flow patterns occur in
geometrically similar pumps. From dimensional analysis:
Q
Discharge coefficient: CQ  Q  pump capacity in m 3 /s (ft 3 /min)
nD 3 n  speed in radians per second (rpm)
D  impeller diameter in meters (ft)
H gH
Head coefficient: CH  2 2 ; 2 2 H  head in meters (ft)
n D n D g  acceleration due to gravity in m/s 2 (ft/s2 )
P P  power input in kilowatts (hp)
Power coefficient: CP    density in kg/m 3 (slugs per cubic foot)
 n3D5
Affinity laws are defined for a pump operating at two different speeds with
the same diameter:
 Centrifugal Pumps

Dimensional Analysis
• Reynolds number also appears with a relationship, but
in terms of angular rotation
• Reynolds number
• Functional relation is
• Head coefficient
• Power coefficient
Centrifugal Pumps
Sample Problem: Affinity Law
Problem (Mays, 12.2.1). A pump operating at 1800 rpm delivers 180
gal/min at 80 ft head. If the pump is operated at 2160 rpm, what are the
corresponding head and discharge?
Solution. Use the affinity law to compute for the corresponding
requirements.
Q2160 2160

Q1800 1800
 2160 
Q2160  180    216 gal / min
 1800 
2
H 2160  2160 
 
H1800  1800 
2
 2160 
H 2160  80    115.2 ft
 1800 
Centrifugal Pumps
Operating characteristics

• If two pumps are

geometrically similar, and
• The independent ’s are
similar, i.e.,
CQ,A = CQ,B
ReA = ReB
A/DA = B/DB
• Then the dependent ’s will
be the same
CH,A = CH,B
CP,A = CP,B
Centrifugal Pumps
Specific Speed
The specific speed ns is a parameter used to select the type of centrifugal
pump that is best suited to a particular application.
Q / nD3 
1/2
1/2
CQ nQ1/2
ns    3/4
CH 3/4 H / n D 
2 2 3/4 H
The total dynamic head is the head against which a pump must operate.
For a given speed of pump operation, the Q and H must be at the point of
maximum efficiency.
For dimensional correctness, use a conversion factor of 17, 200.

In determining the specific speed of multistage pumps, the head is the

head per stage. Because ns is related to 1/H3/4, ns decreases with an
increase in H and the efficiency is small for the smaller ns, one impeller
used for large heads results in low efficiency. Multistage pumps can
increase efficiency.
 Centrifugal Pumps
Specific Speed

Pump efficiency as related

to specific speed and
discharge
Centrifugal Pumps
Sample Problem: Specific speed
Problem (Mays, 12.2.2). A flow of 0.02 m3/s must be pumped against a
head of 25 m. The pump will be driven by an electric motor with a speed of
1450 rpm. What type of pump should be used and what is the
corresponding efficiency?
Solution. Compute the specific speed,
nQ1/2 1450(0.02)1/2
ns  3/4  3/4
 18.34
H (25)
From the figure of specific speed vs. efficiency, we find that a radial flow
centrifugal pump would be used with an efficiency of around 68%.
Centrifugal Pumps
Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head
Cavitation occurs in pumps when the absolute pressure at the pump inlet
decreases below the vapor pressure of the fluid, at which time vapor
bubbles form at the impeller inlet (suction side).

The bubbles are transported through the impeller, where they reach a
higher pressure and abruptly collapse. Collapse of the bubbles produces
noise and vibration.
 Centrifugal Pumps
Description

Illustration of total dynamic

head and net positive
suction head
 Centrifugal Pumps
Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head
The available net positive suction head (NPSHA) at the eye of the
impeller is computed and compared to the required net positive
suction head (NPSHR) of the pump, specified by the manufacturer.
The available net positive suction head (NPSHA) is the absolute
dynamic head in the impeller eye, defined by.
p
patm pv  atmospheric pressure head in meters (feet)
atm

NPSH A   Zs   hLent  hL f   hLm 

  Z  static suction head in meters (feet)
s

pv
hLf  suction pipe friction headloss in meters (feet)  vapor pressure head in meters (feet)

h Lm  sum of minor losses of valves and fittings in meters (feet) hL  entrance headloss in meters (feet)
ent

The NPSHA should always be greater than the NPSHR.

Thoma’s cavitation constant is defined as the ratio of net positive
suction head at the point of cavitation inception (NPSHi) to the total
dynamic head H. NPSH i

H
Centrifugal Pumps
Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head
When applied to multistage pumps, H is the dynamic total head per stage.
Thoma’s cavitation constant can be related approximately to specific
speed and pump efficiency.
Kns 4/3 HKns 4/3
 NPSH i 
10 6 106

Thoma’s cavitation constant should not be used for design decisions,

instead recommended values of NPSHR.
Pump Cavitation and NPSH
Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head

• Cavitation should be avoided due to

erosion damage and noise.
• Cavitation occurs when P < Pv
• Net positive suction head

• NPSHrequired curves are created

through systematic testing over a
range of flow rates V.
Centrifugal Pumps
Sample Problem
Problem (Mays, 12.2.4). Estimate the available net positive suction head
(NPSHA) for a new system with the configuration shown below for a
discharge of 0.12 m3/s. The suction piping and the discharge piping are
both cement mortar-lined ductile iron pipe with a Hazen-Williams
coefficient of 140. The suction piping has an inside diameter of 300 mm
and a length of 5 m. The static suction head is +3m.The system has a
bellmouth entrance, two 90o bends, and a gate value on the suction side.
The elevation is at 1000 m above mean sea level, the temperature is 200C
and patm /γ=9.19 m.
Solution. The NPSHA is computed
using:

patm pv
NPSH A   Zs   hLent  hL f   hLm
 
Centrifugal Pumps
Sample Problem

Referring to tables for vapor pressure head of water at 20oC, pv/γ = 0.25
m. The losses due to friction are computed using the Hazen-Williams
equation:
V  0.849CR 0.63S f 0.54
The friction loss in meters per 1000 m of pipe length can be expressed
more conveniently from: 1.85 1.85
Q  151Q 
hLf  10,700   D 4.87   2.63 
C  CD 
1.85
 0.12  4.87
hLf  10,700   (0.300)
 140 
 7.988 m per 1000 m of pipe
 7.988 (5 m/1000 m) = 0.0399 m total loss

Bend losses (suction piping):

V2 Q 0.12
hLb  K V   1.69m / s
2g A 0.0706
Centrifugal Pumps
Sample Problem

Gate valve loss (suction piping):

Q 0.12 (1.69) 2
V   1.69m / s hLG  0.2  0.029m
A 0.0706 2(9.81)
Bellmouth entrance loss:
(1.69) 2
K  0.05 hLent1  0.05  0.007m
2(9.81)
Total minor losses:
h Lm 0.036  0.036  0.029  0.007  0.108m
Solving for NPSHA:
patm pv
NPSH A   Zs   hLent  hL f   hLm
 
NPSH A  9.19  3  0.25  0.0399  0.108  11.79
Centrifugal Pumps
Pump Characteristics
A pump head-characteristic curve is a graphical representation of the total
dynamic head versus the discharge that a pump can supply.

Manufacturer’s
pump
performance
curves
Centrifugal Pumps
Pump Characteristics
When two or more pumps are operated, the pump station losses, which
are the headlosses associated with the piping into and out of the pump,
should subtracted from the manufacturer’s pump curves to derive a
modified head characteristic curves.

Modified pump
performance
curves
Centrifugal Pumps
Pump Characteristics
Shutoff head is the head output by the pump at zero discharge. Normal
discharge (head) or rated capacity is the discharge (or head) where the
pump is operating at its most efficient level. There is a set of pump curves
for a single pump. System operation depends on flow requirements.

Pump performance
curves for variable
speed pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
Pump Characteristics
Pumps in series or parallel requires the addition of modified head-
characteristics curves. For pumps in parallel, curves are added
horizontally with the respective heads the same. For pumps in series,
curves are added vertically with the respective discharges the same.

Pumps in parallel Pumps in series

Centrifugal Pumps
Pump Characteristics
Pump manufacturers also provide curves relating brake horsepower
(required by the pump) to the pump discharge.
 QH  QH bhp  brake horsepower in hp (kilowatts)
bhp  : English bhp  : SI Q  pump discharge in cfs (m 3 /s)
550e e
H  total dynamic head in ft (m)
  specific weight of water in lb/ft 3 (KN/m3 )
e  pump efficiency

Pump efficiency is the power delivered by the pump to the water (water
horsepower) divided by the power delivered to the pump by the motor
(brake horsepower)
Pumps operate best at their best efficiency point (bep) because of
minimum radial loads on the impeller and minimum cavitation problems.
Centrifugal Pumps
Pump Characteristics
Operating ranges of a pump can be developed by (1) establishing a
minimum acceptable efficiency and (2) setting upper and lower limits on
the allowable impeller diameters.
System Head Curves

Hydraulic Machinery
Matching a Pump to a Piping System
Design

• Steady operating point:

• Energy equation:
Pump Operating Point

Hydraulic Machinery
 Ex. 12.5.1 (Mays)

0  0  20  hp  0  0  50   hLA B

hp  30  1.61Q 2 ( system  head _ curve)

Hydraulic Machinery
Hydraulic Machinery
 Ex. 12.5.2 (Mays)

pA VA2 pB VB2
 ZA   h p   hL   ZB 
 2g  2g
 1000  V82
h p  30  0.5  2(0.2)  0.017  1 .0 
 8 12  2g

h p  30  3.49Q 2

Hydraulic Machinery
Ex. 12.5.2 (Mays)

Operating point:
Q = 4.4 cfs
hp= 98 ft.
e=83%

The power required to drive the pump is

Qh p
bhp 
550e
62.4(4.4)(98)
bhp   59 HP
550(0.83)

Hydraulic Machinery