STEEL STEEL

Objectives: • Carbon content varies from 0.25 to 1.50 per cent.

 To be able to distinguish steel from other irons. [no free graphite]

 To know how steel are being manufactured.
• Is equally strong in compression as well as in tensile.
 To identify the different uses of steel
 To know to factors affecting the physical and magnetic • If a drop of nitric acid is placed, it will produce a dark
properties of steel grey stain. [high % of carbon content]
 to distinguish the common defects in steel
 to differentiate mild steel form hard steel MANUFACTURE OF STEEL
 to learn the mechanical and heat treatment process
1. Bessemer process
 to know the market forms of steel
2. Cementation process
Body:
3. Crucible steel process
CAST-IRON
4. Duplex process
• Contains carbon 2 to 4 per cent. [free graphite]
5. Electric process
• Can take up only compressive stress.
6. L.D. process
WROUGHT IRON
7. Open-hearth process
• Carbon content does not exceed 0.15 per cent.

• Is of a fibrous nature and it is suitable to resist tensile

stress. USES OF STEEL

• If a drop of nitric acid is placed, the stain is not

appreciable.
 • For making steel suitable for such use, its magnetic
properties are given supreme importance and these
properties are obtained by carefully adjusting its
chemical composition

• MAGNETIC PROPERTIES:

1. CARBON – it is desirable to keep carbon

content as low as possible and not to exceed
0.10%.

2. SILICON – the presence of silicon results in

considerable increase of electrical losses and
hence it is highly undesirable.
FACTORS AFFECTING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL
3. SULPHUR AND PHOSPHORUS – if combined
Physical properties of steel [ductility, elasticity, strength] content of sulphur and phosphorus exceeds
about 0.30%, the magnetic properties of steel
FACTORS: are greatly affected.
1. Carbon content 4. MANGANESE – if content of manganese
2. presence of impurities exceeds about 0.30%, it proves to be injurious
to the magnetic properties of steel.
3. heat treatment processes
DEFECTS IN STEEL
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF STEEL
1. CAVITIES OR BLOW-HOLES – formed when gas is
• The steel is widely used in electrical machinery, confined or imprisoned in the molten mass of metal.
generators, and transformers. Such confined gas produces bubbles or blow-holes on
solidification of metal.
 2. COLD SHORTNESS – steel cracks when being worked in • its specific gravity is 7.80
cold state. This defect is due to the presence of excess
• its ultimate compressive strength is about 80 to 120 kN
amount of PHOSPHORUS.
per cm²
3. RED SHORTNESS – steel cracks when being worked in
hot state. This defect is due to the presence of excess • its tensile and shear strengths are about 60 to 80 kN
amount of SULPHUR. per cm²
4. SEGREGATION – some constituents of steel solidify at
an early stage and they separate out from the main PROPERTIES OF HARD STEEL
mass. It is prominent on the top surface of ingots or
• it can be easily hardened and tempered
castings
• it can be magnetised permanently
PROPERTIES OF MILD STEEL
• it cannot be readily forged and welded.
• It can be magnetised permanently.
• it has granular structure.
• It can be readily forged and welded.
• it is not easily attacked by salt water.
• it cannot be easily hardened and tempered.
• it is tougher and more elastic than mild steel.
• it has fibrous structure.
• it is used for finest cutlery, edge tools, and for parts
• it is malleable and ductile.
which are to be subjected to shocks and vibrations.
• it is not easily attacked by salt water.
• it rusts easily and rapidly.
• it is tougher and more elastic than wrought-iron.
• its melting point is about 1300˚C
• it is used for all types of structural work.
• its specific gravity is 7.90
• it rusts easily and rapidly.
• its ultimate compressive strength is about 140 to 200
• its melting point is about 1400˚C kN per cm²
 • its ultimate shear strengths is about 110 kN per cm² 4. To increase the surface hardness
5. To make the steel easily workable
• its ultimate tensile strengths are about 80 to 110 kN
6. To vary the strength and hardness
per cm²
• FACTORS:
MECHANICAL TREATMENT OF STEEL
1. Equipment for controlling the temperature
• PURPOSE: give desired shape to the ingots so as to
make steel available in market forms. 2. Furnaces employed

• May be HOT WORKING or COLD WORKING. [ hot is 3. Heating medium

common]
4. Methods employed in heating and cooling a
• OPERATIONS given variety of steel

1. DRAWING 5. Quenching mediums

2. FORGING 6. Rate of heating and cooling

3. PRESSING 7. Variety or specification of steel

4. ROLLING • PROCESSES:

HEAT TREATMENT PROCESSES 1. ANNEALING

• PURPOSES: 2. CASE HARDENING

1. To alter the magnetic and electrical properties • DEPTH OF HARDENING

of steel.
• CARBURIZING MIXTURES
2. To change the structure of the steel
3. To increase the resistance to heat and • PRECAUTIONS IN CASE HARDENING
corrosion.
3. CEMENTING
4. CYANIDING • HIGH TEMP

5. HARDENING MARKET FORMS OF STEEL

• MEDIUMS OF QUENCHING STANDARD SHAPES

• AIR 1. ANGLE SECTIONS

• MOLTEN SALTS 2. CHANNEL SECTIONS

• OIL 3. CORRUGATED SHEETS

• WATER 4. EXPANDED METAL

6. NITRIDING 5. T-SECTIONS

7. NORMALIZING 6. I-SECTIONS

• POINTS: 7. PLATES

• DURATION 8. RIBBED (HYSD) BARS

• HEATING RANGE 9. ROUND BARS

• MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 10. SQUARE BARS

8. TEMPERING 11. FLAT BARS

• CATEGORIES 12. RIBBED MILD STEEL BARS

• LOW-TEMPERATURE 13. THERMO-MECHANICALLY TREATED BARS (TMT BARS)

TEMPERING
14. COLD TWISTED DEFORMED BARS (CTD BARS)
• MEDIUM-TEMP
 15. WELDED WIRE FABRICS (WWF)

Recommendation:

SOURCES:

ENGINEERING MATERIALS BY RANGWALA

REPORTED BY:

TAN, SHARON C.

ROXAS, PAULYN KAYE L.