Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2. CELLULAR ORGANIZATION :
A) Membrane structure and function : (Structure of model membrane, lipid bilayer
and membrane protein diffusion, osmosis, ion channels, active transport, membrane
pumps, mechanism of sorting and regulation of intracellular transport,electrical
properties of membranes).
3. FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES :
A) DNA replication, repair and recombination (Unit of replication, enzymes involved,
replication origin and replication fork, fidelity of replication, extrachromosomal
replicons, DNA damage and repair mechanisms, homologous and site-specific
recombination).
B) RNA synthesis and processing (transcription factors and machinery, formation
of initiation complex, transcription activator and repressor, RNA polymerases,
capping, elongation, and termination, RNA processing, RNA editing, splicing, and
polyadenylation, structure and function of different types of RNA, RNA transport).
C) Protein synthesis and processing (Ribosome, formation of initiation complex,
initiation factors and their regulation, elongation and elongation factors, termination,
genetic code, aminoacylation of tRNA, tRNA-identity, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase,
and translational proof-reading, translational inhibitors, Post- translational
modification of proteins).
D) Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level (regulating
the expression of phages, viruses, prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes, role of
chromatin in gene expression and gene silencing).
5. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY :
A) Basic concepts of development : Potency, commitment, specification, induction,
competence, determination and differentiation; morphogenetic gradients; cell fate
and cell lineages; stem cells; genomic equivalence and the cytoplasmic
determinants; imprinting; utants and transgenics in analysis of development
B) Gametogenesis, fertilization and early development: Production of gametes,
cell surface molecules in sperm-egg recognition in animals; embryo sac
development and double fertilization in plants; zygote formation, cleavage, blastula
formation, embryonic fields, gastrulation and formation of germ layers in animals;
embryogenesis, establishment of symmetry in plants; seed formation and
germination.
C) Morphogenesis and organogenesis in animals : Cell aggregation and
differentiation in Dictyostelium; axes and pattern formation in Drosophila, amphibia
and chick; organogenesis – vulva formation in Caenorhabditis elegans, eye lens
induction, limb development and regeneration in vertebrates; differentiation of
neurons, post embryonic development- larval formation, metamorphosis;
environmental regulation of normal development; sex determination.
D) Morphogenesis and organogenesis in plants : Organization of shoot and root
apical meristem; shoot and root development; leaf development and phyllotaxy;
transition to flowering, floral meristems and floral development in Arabidopsis and
Antirrhinum
E) Programmed cell death, aging and senescence
8. INHERITANCE BIOLOGY :
A) Mendelian principles : Dominance, segregation, independent assortment.
B) Concept of gene : Allele, multiple alleles, pseudoallele, complementation tests
C) Extensions of Mendelian principles : Codominance, incomplete dominance,
gene interactions, pleiotropy, genomic imprinting, penetrance and expressivity,
phenocopy, linkage and crossing over, sex linkage, sex limited and sex influenced
characters.
D) Gene mapping methods : Linkage maps, tetrad analysis, mapping with molecular
markers, mapping by using somatic cell hybrids, development of mapping population
in plants.