Author: Maria Cristina D.

Padolina

Leading authorities in distance education : Desmond Keegan

-his description is one of the most cited definitions in the literature.
-The foundations of distance education published in 1986
- was translated to Italian and Chinese

Verduin and Clark revised the first criterion of Keegan into

“Separation of teacher and learner during at least a majority of the instructional
process”

The second criterion is considered as an indispensable part of distance education.

Verduin and clark omitted the fifth criterion thinking that there should not be any
restriction of group study in distance education programs.

Concepts related to distance education

Correspondence education
- old form of distance education
⁃ Through postal system
⁃ The student receive learning materials through postal mail and sent back
assignments and requirements through the same system

Home study
⁃ Forms of study here a major portion of the learning process takes places at
the home of the student.
⁃ Present use refers to the systems where the students are children and the
learning process is assisted by a parent or a personal tutor.

External studies
⁃ Refers to education or training conducted by an educational institution at a
place outside of its campus
⁃ Some refer to this as extension classes
⁃ Instruction in ES may be through the traditional face-to-face classroom
instruction and may not involve DE at all

Independent study
⁃ Refer to one that is solely the initiative of an individual who would
determine what and how to study

Open Learning
⁃ Is considered by some as a view or perspective about learning where the
student is given wide latitude in what, how and when to learn
⁃ The openness refers to entry criteria, time (including the pace) of learning,
the place where learning takes place, the learning materials used and the
learning process itself.
Flexible Learning
⁃ Limited where the choices available to the student are wider than usual but
not totally open.

Distributed Learning
⁃ “Distributed resources” which refers to learning resources that are not
located in a centralized place
⁃ May take place in a traditional class
⁃ Some consider distance education as a subset of distributed learning

Online Learning
⁃ Learning resources are accessed by the student through the Internet

eLearning
⁃ “e” originally stood for “electronic” but eventually was applied to anything
that made use of computers and the use of computer networks

mLearning
⁃ Mobile learning
⁃ The use of mobile or portable technology such as mobile phones, handheld
computers or PDAs(personal digital assistants)

Blended Learning
⁃ A combination of multiple approached to learning

1. Wrong letter D ; new answer B but pwede sad A

2. Wrong letter D; new answer C