Tutorial 4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FOUR STORIED RC

BUILDINGS USING SAP2000
This tutorial shows how to analyze and design four storied building as shown in Fig.1 & 2
using SAP2000

3 Nos @ 5m C/C
Y4

3m

Y3
2m
Y2

3m

Y1
X1 X2 X3 X4
Fig.1 Plan of the building

Z6
3.1

Z5

3.1

Z4

3.1

Z3

3.1

Z2
1.2
Z1
Fig. 2 Elevation of building

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Building details are as follows

1. Grade of concrete used is C20/25 and grade of steel used is S400.

2. Floor to floor height is 3.1 m
3. Plinth height above GL is 0.55 m.
4. Depth of Foundation is 0.65 m below GL
5. Parapet height is 1.5 m.
6. Slab Thickness is 150 mm.
7. External wall thickness is 230 mm and internal wall thickness is 150 mm.
8. Size of columns is 300mm x 450 mm and size of beams 300mm x 450 mm.
9. Live load on floor is 3 kN/m2 and Live load on roof is 1.5 kN/m2.
10. Floor finishes is 1 kN/m2 and roof treatment is 1.5 kN/m2
11. Site located in Addis Ababa.
12. Building is resting on soil class B.
13. Take Importance Factor as 1.
14. Building frame type is Moment Resting Frame (SMRF).
15. Density of concrete is 25 kN/m3and Density of masonry wall is 20 kN/m3

Step 1 Begin a New Model

In this Step, the basic grid that will serve as a template for developing the model will be
defined.

A. Click the File menu > New Model command or the New Model button . The form
shown in Fig. 3 will display. Verify that the default units are set to KN, m, C.

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B. The New Model form

allows for the quick
generation of
numerous model
types using
parametric generation
techniques. However, in this
tutorial the model will be
started using only the grid
generation.
When laying out the
grid, it is important that the geometry
defined accurately represents Fig.3 New Model form

the major geometrical aspects of the model, so it is advisable to spend time carefully
planning the number and spacing of the grid lines. Select the Grid Only button, and
the form shown in Fig. 4 will display.
C. The Quick Grid Lines form (Fig. 4) is used to specify the grids and spacing in the X,
Y and Z directions. Set the number of grid lines to 4 in the X and Y direction, and to
6 in the Z directions. Type 5, 3, 3.1 into X, Y, Z directions spacing edit boxes
respectively. The values specified in the First Grid Line Location area locate the
origin of the grid lines; make sure that these values are all set to zero for this tutorial.
Click the OK button to continue.
1. Click the Define menu > Coordinate Systems/Grids command. The
Coordinate/Grid Systems form will display. Make sure that the Systems item
on the Coordinate/Grid Systems form has Global highlighted and

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Fig. 4 Quick Grid lines form Fig. 5 Define Grid Data form

Fig. 6 SAP 2000 Windows

click the Modify/Show System button. The Define Grid Data form (Fig. 5)
will display.

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2. The Define grid data form is used to specify the irregular spacing in the X, Y
and Z directions. Set the Display Grid as to spacing.
3. In Y Grid Data set spacing as 2 for Grid ID 2 and in Z Grid Data set it to
1.2 for z1 Grid ID.
4. Click the OK button to close the Define Grid Data form.

D. Click the OK button to close the Coordinate/Grid Systems form, and Fig. 6 will
appear. The grids appear in two view windows tiled vertically, an X-Y “Plan” View
on the left and a 3-D View on the right, as shown in Fig. 6. The number of view
windows may be changed by selecting the Options menu > Windows command.

Notice that the “Plan” view is active in Fig 6. When the window is active, the display
title bar is highlighted. Set a view active by clicking anywhere in the view window.

Note that the Global Axes are displayed as well, and that Z positive is in the “up”
direction. When SAP2000 refers to the direction of gravity, this is in the negative Z
direction, or “down”.

Step 2 Define Material

Use the Define menu > Materials command to add, modify, or delete a material
property definition. The material property
definitions are then used in defining the
structural objects (frame sections,
cable sections, tendon sections,
area sections, solid properties).
A. Click the Define menu > Materials
command, the Define Material form (Fig.
7) will display. Fig. 7 Define Materials form

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Fig. 8 Material P roperty Data form -Concrete Fig. 9 Material Property Data form -Rebar

Highlight a 4000Psi in the Materials display list. Then Click the Modify/Show Material
button, the form shown in Fig. 8 will display.
B. In Material Name and display color edit box, type C20/25 and in Material Type select
concrete from drop down list.
C. Set Weight per unit Volume as 25. Set Modulus of Elasticity to 30000000. Set Poisson’s
Ratio to 0.20. Set Specified Concrete Compressive Strength to 20000 and then click OK
button.
D. Highlight a A992fy50 in the Materials display list. Then Click on Modify/Show
Material button, the form shown in Fig. 9 will display.
E. In Material Name and display color edit box, type S400 and in Material Type select
Rebar from drop down list.
F. Set Minimum yield stress, fy, Minimum tensile stress, fu , Expected yield stress, fye and
Expected tensile stress, fue to 400000, 400000, 400000 and 400000. Click OK buttons
on Material Property Data form and Add materials form to exit all forms.

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Step 3 Define Frame Section

Defining a frame section makes the section

available for assignment to selected frame
objects. The Define menu > Frame Sections
command can be used to (a) import sections
from predefined databases, (b) define frame
section properties on the basis of
their dimensions, (c) review and modify
section properties and (d) delete section properties Fig. 10 Frame Properties form

A. Click the Define menu > Section Properties > Frame Sections command, which
will display the Frame Properties form (Fig. 10).
B. Click the Add New Property button, which will display form shown in Fig. 11
C. In Frame Section Property Type select Concrete from drop down list and click the
Rectangular button, which will display from shown in Fig. 12.
1. In Section Name Area, Type C-300X450.
2. In Depth and Width edit box, Type 0.45 and 0.3 respectively.
D. Click the Concrete Reinforcement button, Reinforcement data form (Fig. 13) will
appear.
1. In Rebar Material Area, Select S400 from list as a Rebar Material of

Fig. 11 Add Frame Section Property form Fig. 12 Rectangular Section form
Longitudinal Bars and Confinement Bars (Ties).
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2. In Design Type Area, Select Column (P-M2-M3Design) option.

3. In Configuration of reinforcement area, select Rectangular.
4. In Longitudinal Bars - Rectangular Configuration area, Type 0.05 in Cover
to for confinement bars edit box.
5. In Confinement Bars Area, Select 8d from drop down list as Confinement
Bar Size; Type 0.2 in Longitudinal Spacing of Confinement Bars edit box and
Type 2 in Number of Confinement Bars in 3-dir and 2-dir.
6. In Set Check/ Design Area, select Reinforcement to be Designed.
7. Click OK buttons on Reinforcement Data form and Rectangular section form. E.
Click the Add New Property button, which will display form shown in Fig.
11.
F. Make sure that in Frame Section Property Type, Concrete is selected and click the
Rectangular button, which will display from shown in Fig. 12.
1. In Section Name Area, Type B-300X450.
2. In Depth and Width edit box, Type 0.45 and 0.3 respectively.

Fig. 13Reinforcement Data form for Column Fig. 14Reinforcement Data form for Beam

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G. Click the Concrete Reinforcement button, Reinforcement data form (Fig. 13) will
appear.
1. In Rebar Material Area, Select S400 from list as a rebar material of Longitudinal
Bars and Confinement Bars (Ties).
2. In Design Type Area, Select Beam (M3Design only) option, which will display
reinforcement data form (Fig.14) for beam.
3. In Concrete Cover to Rebar Center Area, Type 0.03 Top and Bottom edit box.
4. Click the OK buttons on Reinforcement Data form, Rectangular section form and
frame properties form.

Step 4 Add Frame Objects

In this Step, Frame objects with the associated column and beam sections list are drawn
using the grids and snap-to options, and generated using Edit menu commands.

Draw Frame Objects (XZ Plane)

Make sure that the X-Z Plane @ Y= 0 views is active (see Step1-D for directions on how to
make a view active). This view should be in the left window. Also check that the Snap to
Points and Grid Intersections command is active. This will assist in accurately positioning
the frame objects. This command is active when its associated button is depressed.
Alternatively, use the Draw menu > Snap to > Points and Grid Intersections command.
By default, this command is active. A. Click the View menu > Set 2D View command.
B. In the Set 2D View form click on the X-Z plane option. Type 0 into the Y = edit box
to display the Side view at Y = 0, and click OK.

C. Click the Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon button or use the Draw menu > Draw
Frame/Cable/Tendon command. If you accessed the Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon
command via the Draw menu, the Draw
Frame/Cable/Tendon button will depress verifying your command selection. The
Properties of Object pop-up form for frames will appear as shown in Fig.15.

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If the Properties of Object form is covering any part of the model in either view,
click on the title bar and drag it out
of the way.
D. Click in the Section drop-down list
on the Properties of Object form
and scroll down to C-
Fig. 15 Properties of Objects
300X450. Single click on it to assign the auto select list C-300X450 to the members
you will draw.
E. To draw the columns, left click once in the X-Z Plane view at the X-Z origin, and
then go on clicking at the nodes (X=0, Z=1.2), (X=0, Z=4.3), (X=0, Z=7.4), (X=0,
Z=10.5) and (X=0, Z=13.6) i.e. nodes along the vertical grid line X =0. The cursor
location is indicated in the lower right-hand corner of the interface. A frame lines
should appear in both views (Side and 3D). After clicking to define the end point of
the column, a right click will “lift the pen” so you will no longer be actively drawing,
but will leave the Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon command active so that you may
add additional objects. If you have made a mistake while drawing this object, click

the Select Object button, to leave the Draw mode and go to the Select mode.
Then click the Edit menu > Undo Frame Add command, and repeat Items C-D.
F. Repeat Item E to draw additional columns along the Grid line X=5, X=10 and X=15.
These members form the columns of XZ frame at Y = 0. Right click to stop drawing.
G. Click in the Section drop-down list on the Properties of Object form (Fig. 15) and
scroll down to B-300X450. Single click on it to assign the auto select list B300X450
to the members you will draw.
H. Repeat Item E to draw beams along grid line Z=1.2, Z=4.3, Z=7.4, Z=10.5 and Z=
13.6. These members form the complete XZ frame at Y = 0.

I. Click the Select Object button, or Press the Esc key on the key-board to exit
the Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon command.

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Add Restraints
In this step, supports for the frame are defined. Make sure that the X-Y Plane @ Z=0 view
is active, and that the program is in the Select mode. A. Select the support nodes i.e. nodes
at Z=0.
B. Click the Assign menu > Joint > Restraints
command to bring up the Joint Restraints form
(Fig. 16).

C. Click the Fixed support button to assign

restraints in the Translation and Rotation in 1,
2 and 3 directions. Click OK

to accept the changes. Fig. 16 Joint restraints form

Modify Column Orientation

To better view the column orientation, click the Set button. When
Display Options the form (Fig. 18) appears, check the Fill
Objects and Extrude view check box and the Apply to All
Window check box, as shown in Fig.18.
A. Select all the columns along the grid line X=0 and
X =15.
B. Click the Assign menu > Frame > Local Axes

command to access the Frame Local Axis form Fig. 17 Frame Local Axis Form

Fig. 18 Display Options for Active Window

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C. Type 90 in Angle in degrees edit box. Click OK to accept changes.

Replicate Objects
Make sure that the program is in the Select mode.
A. Select the complete XZ plane frame at Y=0 by left clicking directly on the members,
or left clicking to the right of the object, holding the left mouse button down, and
dragging the mouse across the member. See Fig. 19 for selection options.

Fig. 19 Graphical selection options

B. Click the Edit menu > Replicate command to bring up the form shown in Fig.
20.
C. On the Linear tab, type 3 into the dy edit box. Type 1 in the Number edit box.
Click the OK button. D.
Repeat Item A-B.

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E. On the Linear tab, type 5 into the dy edit

box. Type 1 in the Number edit box. Click
the OK button.
F. Again repeat Item A-B
G. On the Linear tab, type 8 into the dy edit
box. Type 1 in the Number edit box.
Click the OK button.

Fig. 20 Replicate form

Draw Frame Objects (YZ Plane)
Make sure that the Y-Z Plane @ X= 0 view is active Or Click the View menu > Set 2D
View command. In the Set 2D View form click on the Y-Z plane option. Type 0 into the X
= edit box to display the Side view at X = 0, and click OK.

A. Click the Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon button or use the Draw menu > Draw
Frame/Cable/Tendon command. The Properties of Object pop-up form for frames
will appear as shown in Fig.15.
B. Click in the Section drop-down list on the Properties of Object form (Fig. 15) and
scroll down to B-300X450. Single click on it to assign the auto select list B300X450
to the members you will draw.
C. Draw beams along Grid line Z=1.2, Z=4.3, Z=7.4, Z=10.5 and Z=13.6. These
members form the complete YZ frame at X = 0. Right click to stop drawing.

D. Click the Select Object button, or Press the Esc key on the key-board to exit
the Draw Frame/Cable/Tendon command.
Replicate Objects
Make sure that the program is in the Select mode and Y-Z Plane @ X= 0 views is active. A.
Select all the beams in YZ plane frame at X=0.
B. Click the Edit menu > Replicate command to bring up the form shown in Fig.
20.
C. On the Linear tab, type 5 into the dx edit box. Type 3 in the Number edit box.
D. Click the OK button.

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Step 5 Define Load Patterns

The loads used in this problem consist of Dead, Dead Wall, Dead Slab, Dead FF (Floor
finish), Dead RT (Roof treatment), Live and Live Roof loads acting in the gravity direction.
A. Click the Define menu > Load Patterns command to bring up the Define Load
Patterns form (Fig. 21). Note there is a single default load case defined, which is a
Dead Load case with self-weight (DEAD).
Note that the self-weight multiplier is set to 1 for the default case. This indicates that
this load pattern will automatically include 1.0 times the self-weight of all members.
In SAP2000, both Load Patterns and Load Cases exist, and they may be different.
However, the program automatically creates a corresponding Load case when a load
pattern is defined, and the load cases are available for review at the time the analysis
is run.

B. Click in the edit

box for
the Load
Pattern
Name column.
Type the name

of the new load Fig. 21 Define load Patterns form

pattern, DEAD Wall. Select a Type of load from the drop-down list; in this case, select
SUPER DEAD. Make sure that the Self Weight multiplier is set to zero. Click the Add
New Load Pattern button to add the Dead Wall load to the load list. C. Repeat item B,
to add Dead Slab, Dead FF, Dead RT load cases.
D. Type the name of the new load pattern, LIVE. Select LIVE, a Type of load from the
drop-down list. Make sure that the Self Weight Multiplier is set to zero. Click the Add
New Load Pattern button to add the Live load to the load list.
E. Type the name of the new load pattern, LIVE ROOF. Select ROOF LIVE, a Type of
load from the drop-down list. Make sure that the Self Weight Multiplier is set to zero.
Click the Add New Load Pattern button to add the Live load to the load list.

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F. The Define Loads form should now appear as shown in Fig. 22. Click the OK button
in that form to
accept the
newly
defined static
load cases.

Fig. 22 Define load Patterns form

Step 6 Assign Gravity Loads

In this Step, the Dead and Live loads will be applied to the model.

Assign DEAD WALL load

Make sure that the X-Y Plane @ Z=1.2 view is active, and that the program is in the select
mode.
A. Select the all external walls in X-Y Plane at level Z=1.2, Z= 4.3, Z=7.4 & Z=10.5. If

you make a mistake in selecting, press the Clear Selection button, and try again.

Use the Move Up in list and Move Down in List buttons to change floor
level.
B. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command. This brings up the
Frame Distributed Loads form (Fig. 23).
1. Select DEAD WALL from the Load Case Name drop-down list. New Load

Pattern can be added by clicking New Load Pattern button, if required.

2. In Units, Verify that the KN, m, C option is selected.
3. In the Load Type and Direction area, verify that the Forces option is selected
and that the Gravity direction is selected.
4. In the Options, select the Replace Existing Loads Option.

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5. Type 12.19 (value of

external wall load
intensity) in the Uniform
Load edit box. Remember
that the Gravity Direction
is in the negative Global Z
direction.
6. In the Trapezoidal loads
area, verify that in all Load
edit boxes values are zero.
7. Click the OK button to Fig. 23 Frame Distributed Loads form accept the DEAD

WALL load.

C. Select all internal walls in X-Y Plane at level Z=1.2, Z= 4.3, Z=7.4 & Z=10.5.
D. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
1. In Load Case Name, Verify that Dead Wall is selected.
2. In the Options, select the Replace Existing Loads Option.
3. Type 7.95 (value of internal wall load intensity) in the Uniform Load edit box
4. In the Trapezoidal loads area, verify that in all Load edit boxes values are zero.
5. Click the OK button to accept the Dead Wall load.
E. Make sure that the X-Y Plane @ Z=13.6 views is active, and that the program is in the
Select mode. Select all external walls.
F. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
1. In Load Case Name, Verify that DEAD WALL is selected.
2. In the Options, select the Replace Existing Loads Option.
3. Type 6.90 (value of parapet wall load intensity) in the Uniform Load edit box
4. In the Trapezoidal loads area, verify that in all Load edit boxes values are zero.
5. Click the OK button to accept the DEAD WALL load.
Assign DEAD SLAB load
In this tutorial Slab load is transferred to adjacent beams and Rigid Diaphragm is assigned
to simulate the in-plane slab rigidity. Yield line pattern for slab load is shown in Fig.24.

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Y4

Y2

Y3

Y1
X1 X2 X3 X4
Fig. 24 Yield line pattern for slab load

Make sure that the X-Y Plane @ Z=4.3 view is active, and that the program is in the select
mode.
A. Select the all beams in X-Y Plane along line Y=0, Y=3, Y=5 and Y=8 (i.e. beams along
Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 in Fig. 24) at level Z= 4.3, Z=7.4, Z=10.5 & Z=13.6). Use the Move

Up in list and Move Down in List buttons to change floor level.

B. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
1. Select DEAD SLAB from the Load Case Name drop-down list.
2. In the Options, select the Replace Existing Loads Option.
3. In the Trapezoidal loads area, select the Absolute Distance From End I option.
a. In Trapezoidal loads area, type 0 in first Distance and Load edit boxes.
b. Type 1.5 in second Distance edit box and type 5.625 in second Load
edit box.
c. Type 3.5 in third Distance edit box and type 5.625 in third Load edit
box.
d. Type 5 in fourth Distance edit box and type 0 in fourth Load edit box
4. In the Uniform load area, Type 0 in Load edit box.
5. Click the OK button to accept the DEAD SLAB load.
C. Select the all beams in X-Y Plane along line Y=3 and Y=5 (i.e. beams alongY2 & Y3
in Fig. 22) at level Z= 4.3, Z=7.4, Z=10.5 & Z=13.6).
D. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
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1. In Load Case Name, Verify that DEAD SLAB is selected.

2. In the Options, select the Add to Existing Loads Option.
3. In the Trapezoidal loads area, Type 0 in all Load edit boxes.
4. In the Uniform load area, Type 3.75 in Load edit box.
5. Click the OK button to accept the DEAD SLAB load.
E. Select the beams having 3m length in X-Y Plane along line X=0, X=5, X=10 and
X=15(i.e. beams along X1, X2, X3 and X4 in Fig. 24) at level Z= 4.3, Z=7.4, Z=10.5 &
Z=13.6).
F. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
1. Select DEAD SLAB from the Load Case Name drop-down list.
2. In the Options, select the Replace Existing Loads Option.
3. In the Trapezoidal loads area, select the Absolute Distance From End I option.
a. In Trapezoidal loads area, type 0 in first Distance and Load edit boxes.
b. Type 1.5 in second Distance edit box and type 5.625 in second Load
edit box.
c. Type 1.5 in third Distance edit box and type 5.625 in third Load edit
box.
d. Type 3 in fourth Distance edit box and type 0 in fourth Load edit box.
4. In the Uniform load area, Type 0 in Load edit box.
5. Click the OK button to accept the DEAD SLAB load.
G. Select the beams having 3m length in X-Y Plane along line X=5 & X=10 (i.e. beams
along X2 and X3 in Fig. 24) at level Z= 4.3, Z=7.4, Z=10.5 & Z=13.6). H. Click the
Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
1. Select DEAD SLAB from the Load Case Name drop-down list.
2. In the Options, select the Add to Existing Loads Option.
3. In the Trapezoidal loads area, select the Absolute Distance From End I option.
a. In Trapezoidal loads area, type 0 in first Distance and Load edit boxes.
b. Type 1.5 in second Distance edit box and type 5.625 in second Load
edit box.
c. Type 1.5 in third Distance edit box and type 5.625 in third Load edit
box.

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d. Type 3 in fourth Distance edit box and type 0 in fourth Load edit box.
4. In the Uniform load area, Type 0 in Load edit box.
5. Click the OK button to accept the Dead Slab load.

Assign DEAD FF (Floor Finish) load

Make sure that the X-Y Plane @ Z=4.3 view is active, and that the program is in the select
mode.
A. Select the all beams in X-Y Plane along line Y=0, Y=3, Y=5 and Y=8 (i.e. beams
along Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 in Fig. 24) at level Z= 4.3, Z=7.4and Z=10.5). B. Click the
Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
1. Select DEAD FF from the Load Case Name drop-down list.
2. In Units, Verify that the KN, m, C option is selected.
3. In the Load Type and Direction area, verify that the Forces option is selected
and that the Gravity direction is selected.
4. In the Options, select the Replace Existing Loads Option.
5. In the Trapezoidal loads area, select the Absolute Distance From End I option.
a. In Trapezoidal loads area, type 0 in first Distance and Load edit boxes.
b. Type 1.5 in second Distance edit box and type1.5 in second Load edit
box.
c. Type 3.5 in third Distance edit box and type1.5 in third Load edit box.
d. Type 5 in fourth Distance edit box and type 0 in fourth Load edit box 6.
In the Uniform load area, Type 0 in Load edit box.
7. Click the OK button to accept the DEAD FF load.
C. Select the all beams in X-Y Plane along line Y=3 and Y=5 (i.e. beams along Y2 and Y3
in Fig. 24) at level Z= 4.3, Z=7.4and Z=10.5).
D. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
1. In Load Case Name, Verify that DEAD FF is selected.
2. In the Options, select the Add to Existing Loads Option.
3. In the Trapezoidal loads area, Type 0 in all Load edit boxes.
4. In the Uniform load area, Type 1 in Load edit box.
5. Click the OK button to accept the DEAD FF load.

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E. Select the beams having 3m length in X-Y Plane along line X=0, X=5, X=10 and X=15
(i.e. beams along X1, X2, X3 and X4 in Fig. 24) at level Z= 4.3, Z=7.4and Z=10.5).
F. Click the Assign menu > Frame Distributed command.
1. Select DEAD FF from the Load Case Name drop-down list.
2. In the Options, select the Replace Existing Loads Option.
3. In the Trapezoidal loads area, select the Absolute Distance From End I option.
a. In Trapezoidal loads area, type 0 in first Distance and Load edit boxes.
b. Type 1.5 in second Distance edit box and type 1.5 in second Load edit
box.
c. Type 1.5 in third Distance edit box and type 1.5 in third Load edit box.
d. Type 3 in fourth Distance edit box and type 0 in fourth Load edit box.
4. In the Uniform load area, Type 0 in Load edit box.
5. Click the OK button to accept the DEAD FF load.
G. Select the beams having 3m length in X-Y Plane along line X=5 & X=10 (i.e. beams
along X2 and X3 in Fig. 24) at level Z= 4.3, Z=7.4and Z=10.5).
H. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
1. Select DEAD FF from the Load Case Name drop-down list.
2. In the Options, select the Add to Existing Loads Option.
3. In the Trapezoidal loads area, select the Absolute Distance From End I option.
a. In Trapezoidal loads area, type 0 in first Distance and Load edit boxes.
b. Type 1.5 in second Distance edit box and type 1.5 in second Load edit
box.
c. Type 1.5 in third Distance edit box and type 1.5 in third Load edit box.
d. Type 3 in fourth Distance edit box and type 0 in fourth Load edit box.
4. In the Uniform load area, Type 0 in Load edit box.
5. Click the OK button to accept the DEAD FF load.

Assign DEAD RT (Roof Treatment) load

Make sure that the X-Y Plane @ Z=13.6 views is active, and that the program is in the
select mode.

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A. Select the all beams in X-Y Plane along line Y=0, Y=3, Y=5 and Y=8(i.e. beams
along Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 in Fig. 24).
B. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
1. Select DEAD RT from the Load Case Name drop-down list.
2. In Units, Verify that the KN, m, C option is selected.
3. In the Load Type and Direction area, verify that the Forces option is selected
and that the Gravity direction is selected.
4. In the Options, select the Replace Existing Loads Option.
5. In the Trapezoidal loads area, select the Absolute Distance From End I
option.
a. In Trapezoidal loads area, type 0 in first Distance and Load edit
boxes.
b. Type 1.5 in second Distance edit box and type2.25 in second Load
edit box.
c. Type 3.5 in third Distance edit box and type2.25 in third Load edit
box.
d. Type 5 in fourth Distance edit box and type 0 in fourth Load edit box
6. In the Uniform load area, Type 0 in Load edit box.
7. Click the OK button to accept the Dead RT load.
C. Select the all beams in X-Y Plane along line Y=3 and Y=5 (i.e. beams along Y2, and
Y3 in Fig. 24).
D. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
1. In Load Case Name, Verify that DEAD RT is selected.
2. In the Options, select the Add to Existing Loads Option.
3. In the Trapezoidal loads area, Type 0 in all Load edit boxes.
4. In the Uniform load area, Type 1.5 in Load edit box.
5. Click the OK button to accept the DEAD RT load.
E. Select the beams having 3m length in X-Y Plane along line X=0, X=5, X=10 and
X=15 (i.e. beams along X1, X2, X3 and X4 in Fig. 24).
F. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
1. Select DEAD RT from the Load Case Name drop-down list.

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2. In the Options, select the Replace Existing Loads Option.

3. In the Trapezoidal loads area, select the Absolute Distance From End I
option.
a. In Trapezoidal loads area, type 0 in first Distance and Load edit
boxes.
b. Type 1.5 in second Distance edit box and type 2.25 in second Load
edit box.
c. Type 1.5 in third Distance edit box and type 2.25 in third Load edit
box.
d. Type 3 in fourth Distance edit box and type 0 in fourth Load edit box.
4. In the Uniform load area, Type 0 in Load edit box.
5. Click the OK button to accept the DEAD RT load.
G. Select the beams having 3m length in X-Y Plane along line X=5 & X=10 (i.e.
beams along X2 and X3 in Fig. 24).
H. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
1. Select DEAD RT from the Load Case Name drop-down list.
2. In the Options, select the Add to Existing Loads Option.
3. In the Trapezoidal loads area, select the Absolute Distance From End I
option.
a. In Trapezoidal loads area, type 0 in first Distance and Load edit
boxes.
b. Type 1.5 in second Distance edit box and type 2.25 in second Load
edit box.
c. Type 1.5 in third Distance edit box and type 2.25 in third Load edit
box.
d. Type 3 in fourth Distance edit box and type 0 in fourth Load edit box.
4. In the Uniform load area, Type 0 in Load edit box.
5. Click the OK button to accept the Dead RT load.

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Assign LIVE Load

A. Select the all beams in X-Y Plane along line Y=0, Y=3, Y=5 and Y=8 at level Z= 4.3,
Z=7.4 & Z=10.5 (i.e. beams along Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 in Fig. 24).
B. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
1. Select LIVE from the Load Case Name drop-down list.
2. In Units, Verify that the KN, m, C option is selected.
3. In the Load Type and Direction area, verify that the Forces option is selected
and that the Gravity direction is selected.
4. In the Options, select the Replace Existing Loads Option.
5. In the Trapezoidal loads area, select the Absolute Distance From End I option.
a. In Trapezoidal loads area, type 0 in first Distance and Load edit boxes.
b. Type 1.5 in second Distance edit box and type 4.5 in second Load edit
box.
c. Type 3.5 in third Distance edit box and type 4.5 in third Load edit box.
d. Type 5 in fourth Distance edit box and type 0 in fourth Load edit box
6. In the Uniform load area, Type 0 in Load edit box.
7. Click the OK button to accept the LIVE load.
I. Select the all beams in X-Y Plane along line Y=3 and Y=5 at level Z= 4.3, Z=7.4 &
Z=10.5 (i.e. beams along Y2 and Y3 in Fig. 24).
J. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
1. In Load Case Name, Verify that LIVE is selected.
2. In the Options, select the Add to Existing Loads Option.
3. In the Trapezoidal loads area, Type 0 in all Load edit boxes.
4. In the Uniform load area, Type 3 in Load edit box.
5. Click the OK button to accept the LIVE load.
K. Select the beams having 3m length in X-Y Plane along line X=0, X=5, X=10 and X=15
at level Z= 4.3, Z=7.4 & Z=10.5 (i.e. beams along X1, X2, X3 and X4 in Fig.
24).
L. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
1. Select Live from the Load Case Name drop-down list.
2. In the Options, select the Replace Existing Loads Option.

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3. In the Trapezoidal loads area, select the Absolute Distance From End I option.
a. In Trapezoidal loads area, type 0 in first Distance and Load edit boxes.
b. Type 1.5 in second Distance edit box and type 4.5 in second Load edit
box.
c. Type 1.5 in third Distance edit box and type 4.5 in third Load edit box.
d. Type 3 in fourth Distance edit box and type 0 in fourth Load edit box.
4. In the Uniform load area, Type 0 in Load edit box.
5. Click the OK button to accept the LIVE load.
M. Select the beams having 3m length in X-Y Plane along line X=5 & X=10 at level Z=
4.3, Z=7.4 & Z=10.5 (i.e. beams along X2 and X3 in Fig. 24).
N. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
1. Select Live from the Load Case Name drop-down list.
2. In the Options, select the Add to Existing Loads Option.
3. In the Trapezoidal loads area, select the Absolute Distance From End I option.
a. In Trapezoidal loads area, type 0 in first Distance and Load edit boxes.
b. Type 1.5 in second Distance edit box and type 4.5 in second Load edit
box.
c. Type 1.5 in third Distance edit box and type 4.5 in third Load edit box.
d. Type 3 in fourth Distance edit box and type 0 in fourth Load edit box.
4. In the Uniform load area, Type 0 in Load edit box.
5. Click the OK button to accept the LIVE load.
Assign LIVE ROOF load
Make sure that the X-Y Plane @ Z=13.6 views is active, and that the program is in the
select mode.
A. Select the all beams in X-Y Plane along line Y=0, Y=3, Y=5 and Y=8.
B. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
a. Select LIVE ROOF from the Load Case Name drop-down list.
b. In Units, Verify that the KN, m, C option is selected.
c. In the Load Type and Direction area, verify that the Forces option is selected
and that the Gravity direction is selected.
d. In the Options, select the Replace Existing Loads Option.

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e. In the Trapezoidal loads area, select the Absolute Distance From End I
option.
1. In Trapezoidal loads area, type 0 in first Distance and Load edit
boxes.
2. Type 1.5 in second Distance edit box and type 2.25 in second Load
edit box.
3. Type 3.5 in third Distance edit box and type 2.25 in third Load edit
box.
4. Type 5 in fourth Distance edit box and type 0 in fourth Load edit box
f. In the Uniform load area, Type 0 in Load edit box.
g. Click the OK button to accept the Live Roof load.
C. Select the all beams in X-Y Plane along line Y=3 and Y=5
D. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
a. In Load Case Name, Verify that Live Roof is selected.
b. In the Options, select the Add to Existing Loads Option.
c. In the Trapezoidal loads area, Type 0 in all Load edit boxes.
d. In the Uniform load area, Type 1.5 in Load edit box.
e. Click the OK button to accept the Live Roof load.
E. Select the beams having 3m length in X-Y Plane along line X=0, X=5, X=10 and
X=15
F. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
a. Select LIVE ROOF from the Load Case Name drop-down list.
b. In the Options, select the Replace Existing Loads Option.
c. In the Trapezoidal loads area, select the Absolute Distance From End I
option.
1. In Trapezoidal loads area, type 0 in first Distance and Load edit
boxes.
2. Type 1.5 in second Distance edit box and type 2.25 in second Load
edit box.
3. Type 1.5 in third Distance edit box and type 2.25 in third Load edit
box.

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4. Type 3 in fourth Distance edit box and type 0 in fourth Load edit box.
d. In the Uniform load area, Type 0 in Load edit box.
e. Click the OK button to accept the LIVE ROOF load.
G. Select the all beams in X-Y Plane along line X=5 & X=10
H. Click the Assign menu > Frame Loads > Distributed command.
a. Select LIVE ROOF from the Load Case Name drop-down list.
b. In the Options, select the Add to Existing Loads Option.
c. In the Trapezoidal loads area, select the Absolute Distance From End I
option.
1. In Trapezoidal loads area, type 0 in first Distance and Load edit
boxes.
2. Type 1.5 in second Distance edit box and type 2.25 in second Load
edit box.
3. Type 1.5 in third Distance edit box and type 2.25 in third Load edit
box.
4. Types 3 in fourth Distance edit box and type 0 in fourth Load edit
box.
d. In the Uniform load area, Type 0 in Load edit box.
e. Click the OK button to accept the LIVE ROOF load.

Step 7 Assign Rigid Diaphragm

Make sure that the X-Y Plane @ Z=4.3 view is active, and that the program is in the select
mode.
A. Select all the nodes at Z= 4.3, Z=7.4, Z=10.5 & Z=13.6 level.
B. Click the Assign menu > Joint >Constraints command. This brings up the
Assign/Define Constraint form (Fig. 25).
C. In the Choose Constraint Type to Add area, click the drop-down list and select
Diaphragm.
D. Click the Add New Constraint button, which will display Diaphragm Constraint form
(Fig. 26).

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E. Type Floor Diaphragm in the Constraint Name edit box.

F. Verify that the Z Axis option is selected in

Fig. 25 Assign /Define Constraints form Fig.

26 Assign/Define Constraints form

the Constraint Axis area.
G. Check Assign a different diaphragm constraint to each different selected Z level box.
H. Click the OK buttons on the Diaphragm Constraint and the Assign/Define constraints
forms to exit all forms.

Step 8 Define Response Spectrum Function.

A response-spectrum function is simply a list of period versus spectral-acceleration values.
In SAP2000, the acceleration values in the function are assumed to be normalized; that is,
the functions themselves are not assumed to have units. Instead, the units are associated
with a scale factor that multiplies the function and that is specified when the response-
spectrum analysis case is defined.
A. Click the Define menu > Functions > Response Spectrum Functions command,
which will display Define Response Spectrum Function form (Fig.27).
B. In the Choose the Function Type to Add area, Select EuroCode8 2004 Spectrum from
File from drop-down list.
C. Click the Add New Function button, which will display Response Spectrum function
Definition

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form (Fig. 28).

1. In Function Name
edit box, type EC8

2. In Function

Fig. 27 Define Response Fig. 28 Response Spectrum Function Definition form

Spectrum Functions
Damping Ratio area, type 0.05.
3. Click the OK buttons on the Response Spectrum Function Definitions and the
Define Response spectrum functions forms to exit all forms.

Step 9 Define Response Spectrum Load case

A. Click the Define menu > Load Cases command, which will display the Define Load
Cases form.
B. Click the Add New Load Case button, which will display Define Load case data
form (Fig. 30).
C. In Load Case Name Area, Type EQ – X.
D. In Load Case Type Area, select Response Spectrum from drop-down list.
E. In Modal Combination Area, Select CQC option.
F. In Load applied area
1. In Load Type area, select Accel from drop down list.
2. In Load Name area, select U1 from drop down list.
3. In Function area, select EC8
(Function defined in step 7) from drop down list.
4. In Scale factor edit box, Type 9.81,

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Fig. 30 Load Cases Data – Response Spectrum form

5. Click the Add button
G. Click OK button on the Load Case Data – Response Spectrum form to accept the
EQ- X analysis case.
H. Click the Add New Load Case Button on the Define Load Cases form.
I. In Load Case Name Area, Type EQ – Y.
J. Repeat Item D-E
K. In Load applied area
1. In Load Type area, select Accel from drop down list.
2. In Load Name area, select U2 from drop down list.
3. In Function area, select EC8 (Function defined in step 7) from drop down list.
4. In Scale factor edit box, Type 9.81
5. Click the Add button.
L. Click OK buttons on the Analysis Case Data– Response Spectrum form and Define
Load Cases form.

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Step 10 Define Mass sources.

A. Click the Define menu > Mass Source command, which will display the Define
mass source form (Fig. 31).
B. In Mass Definition area, select From
loads option.
C. In Define Mass Multiplier for loads area
1. In Load area, Select DEAD from
drop down list.
2. Type 1 in Multiplier edit box.
3. Click the Add button to add mass
source.
4. Repeat Item 1-3 for DEAD Slab,
Fig. 31 Define Mass Source DEAD
Wall, Dead FF and DEAD RT
load.
5. In Load area, Select LIVE from drop down list.
6. Type 0.15 in Multiplier edit box.
D. Click OK button on the Define Mass Source form to accept mass sources.

E. Click the File menu > Save command, or the Save button, to save your model.

Step 11 Run the Analysis

In this Step, the analysis will be run.

A. Click the Analyze menu > Run Analysis command or the Run Analysis
button, to bring up the Set Load Cases to Run form (Fig. 31).
B. Click the Run Now button on the set load cases to run form, which will display
SAP Analysis Monitor (Fig. 32). The program will create the analysis model from
your object-based SAP2000 model. Data will scroll in this window as the program
runs the analysis. This information may be accessed at a later time by going to the
File menu > Show Input/Output Text Files command and selecting the file with
the .LOG extension.

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Fig. 32 Set Analysis Cases to Run form

C. When the analysis is finished, the message “ANALYSIS COMPLETE” will

display. Close the analysis window. The program automatically displays a
deformed shape view of the model, and the model is locked. The model is locked
when the Lock/Unlock Model button appears depressed. Locking the model
prevents any changes to the model that would invalidate the analysis results.

Fig. 33 SAP Analysis Monitor

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Step 13 Define Load Combinations

A. Click the Define menu > Combinations command, which will display the Define
Response Combinations form.
B. Click the Add New Combo button,
which will display the Response
Combination Data form

(Fig.35).
1. Type 1.35DL+1.5LL in the
Response Combination

Name edit box.

2. Select Linear Add from the
Combination Type drop-
down list if it is not already

selected. Fig. 35 Response Combination Data form

3. Select DEAD in the Case Name from drop-down list (if it is not already
selected) and type 1.35 in the Scale Factor edit box (if it is not already there)
and click the Add button.
4. Select DEAD Slab in the Case Name from drop-down list and click the Add
button.
5. Select DEAD Wall in the Case Name from drop-down list and click the Add
button.
6. Select DEAD FF in the Case Name from drop-down list and click the Add
button.
7. Select DEAD RT in the Case Name from drop-down list and click the Add
button.
8. Select Live in the Case Name from drop-down list and click the Add button.
9. Select Live Roof in the Case Name from drop-down list and click the Add
button.
10. Click OK button on Response Combination Data form to accept combination.
C. Again Click the Add New Combo button to add another load combination, which
will display the Response Combination Data form (Fig.35).
11. Type 1.0DL+0.3LL+EQX in the Response Combination Name edit box.

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12. Select Linear Add from the Combination Type drop-down list if it is not
already selected.
13. Select DEAD in the Case Name drop-down list and type 1.0 in the Scale
Factor edit box and click the Modify button.
14. Select DEAD Slab in the Case Name drop-down list and type 1.0 in the Scale
Factor edit box and click the Modify button.
15. Select DEAD Wall in the Case Name drop-down list and type 1.0 in the Scale
Factor edit box and click the Modify button.
16. Select DEAD FF in the Case Name drop-down list and type 1.0 in the Scale
Factor edit box and click the Modify button.
17. Select DEAD RT in the Case Name drop-down list and type 1.0 in the Scale
Factor edit box and click the Modify button.
18. Select Live in the Case Name drop-down list and type 0.3 in the Scale Factor
edit box and click the Modify button.
19. Select Live Roof in the Case Name drop-down list and click the Delete button.
20. Select EQ-X in the Case Name drop-down list and type 1.0 in the Scale Factor
edit box and click the Add button.
21. Click OK button on Response Combination Data form to accept combination.
D. Similarly define following combinations
1. 1.0DL + 0.3LL - EQX
2. 1.0DL + 0.3LL + EQY
3. 1.0DL + 0.3LL - EQY
4. 1.0DL + 0.3LL ±EQX ±0.3EQY
5. 1.0DL + 0.3LL ±EQY ±0.3EQX

Step 14 Graphically Review the Analysis Results.

In this Step, the analysis results will be reviewed using graphical representation of the results.
A. Make sure that the X-Y Plane @ Z=0 view is active.

Then click on the XZ View button to reset the view to an elevation.

B. Click the Show Forces/Stresses > Frames/Cables button or the

Display menu > Show Forces/Stresses > Frames/Cables command to
bring up the Member Force Diagram for Frames (Fig. 35).
1. Select DEAD from the Case / Combo Name drop-down list.
2. Select the Shear 2-2 option.
3. Check the Fill Diagram check box.

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Fig. 36 Member Force Diagram

for Frames form

Fig.37 Shear Force 2-2 Diagram (DEAD) in an elevation view

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4. Click the OK
button to generate
the Shear force
diagram shown in
Fig 37.
C. Right click on the any
column in the X-Z
view to bring up the
Diagram for Frame
Object window (Fig.
38). Note that the
program displays the
force diagrams for the
entire column.

1. Select DEAD in
Fig. 38 Diagram for Frame Object
the Case drop-down list.
2. Select Major (V2 and M3) in the Item drop-down list.
3. Click the Scroll for Values option and you may obtain the values at any location by
moving the mouse over the diagrams with the left button held down.
4. Click the Done button to close the
form.
D. Make sure that the X-Z View is
active and then click the Display
menu > Show Deformed Shape
command or the Show

Deformed Shape button, to

bring up the Deformed Shape form
(Fig. 39).
1. Select MODAL from the
Case/Combo Name drop-down (Fig.40)
box.
2. Check the Cubic Curve check box.
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 Tutorial 4

3. Click the OK button to display first Mode shape shown in

Fig. 39 Deformed Shape form

Fig.40 Mode Shape in an elevation and 3D views

Click the Start Animation button on the status bar at the
bottom of the screen to animate the first mode shape.

4. Click the Right Arrow button on the status bar at the bottom of the screen
to view the next mode shape.
5. Continue clicking the Right Arrow button to step through all of the mode
shapes.
6. Click the Left Arrow button on the status bar at the bottom of the screen
to view the previous mode shape.
7. Click the Options menu > Sound command to turn the sound associated with
the animation off or on.
E. Right click on any joint to display the Joint Displacements
results form (Fig.41)

F.

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 Tutorial 4

G. Click the Show

Undeformed Shape
button to remove the displayed
mode shape

Fig. 41 Joint Displacements obtained. by

right clicking at node

Step 15 Concrete Frame Design

In this Step, the concrete frame members will be designed. Note that the analysis should
be run before completing the following Action Items.
A. Click the Design menu >Concrete Frame Design > View/Review Preferences
command. The Concrete Frame Design Preferences form shown in Fig. 42 appears.
a. Click in the Design Code Values drop-down list to see the available design
codes. Select the Eurocode 2-2004 code. Change AlphaCC
(compression) from 1 to 0.85.
b. Review the information contained in the other items and then click OK to
accept the selections.
B. Click the Design menu > Concrete Frame Design > Select Design Combinations
button, which will show Design Load Combination Selection form (Fig. 36).
In List of Combination Area, Select all the load combinations defined in Step 13
and click Add.

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Fig. 41 Concrete frame design preferences form

C. Click the Design menu > Concrete Frame Design > Start De-sign/Check of

Structure command or the Start Concrete Design/Check of Structure

button, to start the concrete frame design process.
When the design is finished, the area of longitudinal bar required is displayed on
the screen. Note that the current units are KN and m.

D. Click the drop-down list in the status bar to change the units to . The
values for the area of longitudinal reinforcing steel are now in units of mm2.
E. Click the Design menu > Concrete Frame Design > Display Design Info
command to access the Display Concrete Design Results form.
1. Verify that the Design Output option is selected.
2. Select Rebar Percentage from the Design Output drop-down list.

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3. Click the OK button. The required longitudinal reinforcing percentage is

displayed on the screen.

F. Right click on any beam/column to access the Concrete Beam /Column Design
Information form.

1. Note that the required top and bottom longitudinal steel and the required
shear steel is reported for each design load combination at each output
segment along the beam.
2. Click the Flex. Details button to display flexural design details for the
highlighted design load combination and output station location. The
Concrete Design Information {Code} form is displayed.

3. When finished viewing the detailed information, click the Close button
in the upper right-hand corner of the Concrete Design Information {Code}
form to close it.
4. Click the OK button to close the Concrete Beam Design Information form.

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APPENDIX A. Load calculations

A.1. Wall load
External wall load intensity
= 0.231 x 1 x (3.1-0.45) X 20
= 12.19kN/m.
Internal wall load intensity
= 0.15 x 1 x (3.1-0.45) x 20
= 7.95kN/m.
Parapet wall load intensity
= 0.23 x 1 x 1.5 x 20
= 6.9kN/m.
A.2. Slab (Self weight) load (Dead Slab)
Intensity of slab load
= 0.15 x 1 x 1 x 25
= 3.75kN/m.
A.3. Floor finish load (Dead FF)
Intensity of floor finish load
=1x1
= 1kN/m.
A.4 Roof treatment load (Dead RT)
Intensity of roof treatment load
= 1.5 x 1
= 1.5kN/m.
A.5. Live load
Intensity of live load
=3x1
= 3kN/m.
A.6. Live roof load
Intensity of live roof load
= 1.5 x 1
= 1.5kN/m.

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Table A.1 Load calculations

Load Case
Triangular loading

Trapezoidal loading
Dead Slab a = 3.75 X 1.5 = 5.625

Dead FF a = 1.00 X 1.5 = 1.500

Dead RT a = 1.50 X 1.5 = 2.250

Live a = 3.00 X 1.5 = 4.500

Live Roof a = 1.50 X 1.5 = 2.250

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