Conic Sections

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 Conic Sections
The general form of a second-degree equation in
two variables ! and " is given by
#! $ + &!" + '" $ + (! + )" + * = 0
where #, &, ', (, ) , and * are constants, and at
least one of #, &, and ' is nonzero.
The corresponding graphs of the above equation
are called conic sections.
 Conic Sections
A conic section is the intersection of the plane
and the right circular cone.
 Conic Sections
Graphs of Quadratic Equations
Value of !2 − 4%& Conic Section
!2 − 4%& < 0, ! ≠ 0 or % ≠ & Ellipse
!2 − 4%& < 0, ! = 0 and % = & Circle
!2 − 4%& = 0 Parabola
!2 − 4%& > 0 Hyperbola
 Conic Sections
Determine the type of conic section that each
equation will produce.
1. #2 + 16' − 32 = 0
2. '2 − 6' – 8# − 7 = 0
3. 16#2 + 25'2 = 40
4. 3#2 + 2'2 − 24# + 12' + 60 = 0
5. 12#2 − 4'2 + 72# + 16' + 44 = 0
 Conic Sections
Determine the type of conic section that each
equation will produce.
6. #2 + &2 + 8# − 6& + 21 = 0
7. 3#2 − 2&2 + 4& − 26 = 0
8. 4#2 + 8&2 − 4# − 24& − 13 = 0
9. &2 – 4& + 8# − 28 = 0
10.9#2 + 4&2 – 24& – 72# + 144 = 0
 Degenerate Conics

If the plane passes through the vertex of the cone, then

we obtain degenerate conic sections.
• The degenerate form of a circle/ellipse is a point.
• The degenerate form of a parabola is a line.
• The degenerate form of a hyperbola consists of two
intersecting lines.
Circle
 Circle
• A circle is the set of all points in a plane that
are equidistant from a fixed point.
• The fixed point is called the center of the circle
and the distance from the center to any point
on the circumference of the circle is called the
radius of the circle.
• The standard form of the equation of a circle
with center (", $) and radius & is
' − ℎ * + , − - * = /*.
 Circle
Find the center and radius of each circle, then
graph the circle.
1. #2 + (' – 5)2 = 9
2. (# + 4)2 + '2 = 3
3. (# – 1)2 + (' – 2)2 = 16
4. (# + 9)2 + (' + 2)2 = 25
5. (# + 3)2 + (' – 7)2 = 100
 Circle
Write the equation of the circle that satisfies the
given conditions, then graph the circle.
6. Center (5, −7), radius 8
7. Center (9, 3), radius 10
8. Center (−2, −5), radius 2 15
9. The line segment joining -(0,0) and .(6, −8) is
a diameter
10.The circle is tangent o the line 30 + 43 = 16,
and the center is at (−3, −4)
 Circle
Reduce the given equation of a circle to its
standard form. Find the center and radius, then
graph the circle.
11. !2 + $2 + 14! + 29 = 0
12. !2 + $2 – 4! + 6$ − 36 = 0
13. !2 + $2 – 12! – 4$ − 24 = 0
14. !2 + $2 + 6! – 6$ − 63 = 0
15. !2 + $2 – 2! – 4$ − 40 = 0
 Circle
Write the equation of the circle that satisfies the
given conditions.
16. The circle is tangent to the line 4" + 3% = 4 at
the point (4, −4) and the center is on the line
" − % = 7.
17. The circle is circumscribed about the triangle
whose vertices are (3, −2), (2,5), and (−1,6).
18. The sides of a triangle are along the lines " −
2% = 0, 5" − 2% = 8, and 3" + 2% = 24. Find
the equation of the circle circumscribed about
the triangle.
 Circle
Write the equation of the circle that satisfies the given
conditions.
19. The sides of a triangle are along the lines ! −
2$ = 0, 5! − 2$ = 8, and 3! + 2$ = 24. Find
the equation of the circle inscribed about the
triangle. (The incenter is the point where the
internal angle bisectors of a triangle meet.)
20. Find the values of the constant k so that the graph
of ! , + $ , + 6! − 4$ = . , − . − 33 is (a) a
circle, (b) a single point, (c) the empty set.
Parabola
 Parabola
• A parabola is the set of points in a plane that
are equidistant from a fixed line, called the
directrix and a fixed point not on the directrix.
• The fixed point is called the focus.
• The midpoint of the perpendicular segment
from the focus to the directrix is called the
vertex of the parabola.
 Parabola
• The line that passes through the vertex and
focus is called the axis of symmetry.
• The chord drawn through the focus and
perpendicular to the axis of symmetry is the
latus rectum.
 Parabola

• The standard form of the equation of a

parabola with vertex at (", $) and with focus
on the line & = ", which is the axis of
symmetry, is given by
(& − ")) = *+(, − $).
• The focus is at the point (", $ + +) with
directrix
, = $ – +.
 Parabola

• If the focus lies on the line ! = #, which is the

axis of symmetry, the equation is given by
(! − #)' = ()(* − +).
• The focus is at the point (+ + ), #) with
directrix
* = + – ).
 Parabola

• The orientation of the parabola depends on

the sign of !.
• The length of the latus rectum is "!.
 Parabola
Express each equation in standard form then
find the vertex, focus, directrix, and axis of
symmetry of each parabola. Graph the parabola.
1. #2 + 4' + 4 = 0
2. #2 − 4# – 2' + 10 = 0
3. '2 – 4' + 2# – 2 = 0
4. '2 + 10' − 7# + 32 = 0
5. #2 − 4# + 9' + 58 = 0
 Parabola
Write the standard form of the equation of the
parabola that satisfies each set of conditions then
graph the parabola.
6. Vertex at (9, 2), focus at (9, 5)
7. Vertex at (−3, −4), focus at (−4, −4)
8. Vertex at (0, 5), directrix is the line + = −2
9. Vertex at (6, 6), directrix is the line . = 7
10.Vertex at (3, −2) ends of latus rectum (−2, ½),
(8, ½)
 Parabola
Write the standard form of the equation of the parabola
that satisfies each set of conditions then graph the
parabola.
11. Focus at (2, −3), ' = 6 as directrix
12. Focus at (−2, 2), * = 4 as directrix
13. Vertex at (3, −4), axis horizontal; passes through
(2, −5)
14. Axis vertical; passes through (0,0), (3,0), and (−1,4)
15. Axis horizontal; passes through (1,1), (1, −3), and
(−2,0)
 Parabola
Solve the following problems:
16.A satellite dish, shaped like a paraboloid, has a
width of 9 ft. across and a depth of 2 ft. above
the vertex. If the receiver is placed at the focus,
how high above the vertex is the receiver?
17.The towers of a suspension bridge are 800 m.
apart and are 180 m. high. The cable between
the two towers hangs in the shape of a
parabola, which at its lowest just touches the
road. How high above the road is the cable 300
m. away from the center?
Ellipse
 Ellipse

• An ellipse is the set of all points in a plane

such that the sum of the distances of any
point on the ellipse to two other fixed points
is a positive constant.
• The two fixed points are called the foci of the
ellipse.
• The midpoint of the segment between the foci
is called the center.
 Ellipse

• The intersection of the ellipse and the line

joining the foci are the vertices of the ellipse.
• The segment between the two vertices is
called the major axis of the ellipse.
• The segment perpendicular to the major axis
passing through the center and intercepted by
the ellipse is called the minor axis of the
ellipse.
 Ellipse
• The standard form of the equation of an
ellipse centered at the point (", $) with its
major axis parallel to the &-axis is
&−" ( +−$ (
(
+ (
= . (/ > 1 > 0)
) ,
• The vertices of the ellipse are the points
(" + ), $) and (" − ), $) while the endpoints
of the minor axis are the points (", $ + ,) and
(", $ − ,).
• The foci are located at the points (" + 3, $)
and (" − 3, $) where 3( = )( − ,(.
 Ellipse
• The standard form of the equation of an
ellipse centered at the point (", $) with its
major axis parallel to the &-axis is
'−" ) &−$ )
)
+ )
= . (/ > 1 > 0)
* ,
• The vertices of the ellipse are the points
(", $ + ,) and (", $ − ,) while the endpoints
of the minor axis are the points (" + *, $) and
(" − *, $).
• The foci are located at the points (", $ + 3)
and (", $ − 3) where 3) = ,) − *).
 Ellipse
Find the center, vertices, foci, endpoints of the
minor axis, and lengths of the major and minor
axes of each ellipse. Sketch the graph.
1.
x 2
+
y 2
=1 4.
( x + 2) ( y - 4)
2
+
2
=1
49 16 36 16

2.
y 2
+
x 2
=1 5.
( y - 6) (x - 4)
2
+
2
=1
49 16 81 49

3.
( x - 5)
2
+
y2
=1
64 49
 Ellipse
Write each equation in standard form. Then find
the center, vertices, foci, endpoints of the minor
axis, and lengths of the major and minor axes of
each ellipse. Sketch the curve.
6. 36 x 2 + 144 x + 25 y 2 - 100 y - 656 = 0
7. 16 x 2 + 96 x + 25 y 2 - 250 y + 369 = 0
8. 81x 2 + 648 x + 36 y 2 - 432 y - 324 = 0
9. 49 x + 98 x + 25 y - 250 y - 551 = 0
2 2

10. 36 x - 360 x + 49 y + 490 y + 361 = 0

2 2
 Ellipse
Write the equation of the ellipse that satisfies the
given conditions. Sketch the curve.
11. Center at (5, 1), vertex at (5, 4) and an
endpoint of the minor axis is at (3, 1)
12.Vertex at (13, 5) and foci at (4 + 2 14, 5) and
(4 − 2 14, 5)
13.Endpoints of the minor axis at (−4, −2) and
(10, −2) and a focus at (3, −2 − 15)
14.Vertices at (−3, 2) and (−3, −8) and the length
of the minor axis is 4
15.Foci at (1, 8) and (1, −4) and the length of the
major axis is 20
 Ellipse
Solve the following problems:
16. The distance of Jupiter from the sun ranges from 741
million km. to 816 million km. Find the equation of its
elliptical orbit where the sun is one of the foci. Assume
that the center is the origin and its major axis is the &-axis.
17. The earth’s orbit is an ellipse with the sun at one focus.
The
)
length of the major axis is 186,000,000 miles, and
= 0.0167. Find the distances from the ends of the
*
major axis to the sun. These are the greatest and least
distances from the earth to the sun.
18. The arch of an underpass is a semi-ellipse 60 ft. wide and
20 ft. high. Find the clearance at the edge of a lane if the
edge is 20 ft. from the middle.
 Hyperbola
The Cathedral of Brasilia is a Roman
Catholic cathedral which serves as the seat
of the Archdiocese of Brasilia. It is one of
many public buildings in the Brazilian
capital which were designed by the
architect Oscar Niemeyer.
The cathedral is a hyperbolic structure built
from concrete. It measures 40 m in height
and is capable of holding up to 4,000
people. The base is circular with a
diameter of 60 m.
The structure, with its glass ceiling, is
supported by 16 curved steel columns
which weigh 90 tons each.

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cathedral_of_Brasilia
 Hyperbola
• A hyperbola is the set of points in a plane such
that the difference of the distances between
any of these points and two fixed points is a
constant.
• The two fixed points are the foci of the
hyperbola, and the midpoint of the segment
joining the foci is the center of the hyperbola.
• Every hyperbola consists of two branches.
 Hyperbola
• The line that contains the two foci intersects
the hyperbola at two points, called the
vertices.
• The line that contains these vertices is called
the transverse axis.
• The conjugate axis is a line that passes
through the center of the hyperbola and is
perpendicular to the transverse axis.
 Hyperbola
• The standard form of the equation of the
hyperbola with center at (", $) and a
horizontal transverse axis is
&−" ( *−$ (
(
− (
=-
) +
• The vertices are the points (" + ), $) and
(" – ), $), while the foci are the points
(" + 0, $) and (" – 0, $), where 0( = )( + +(.
 Hyperbola
• The standard form of the equation of the
hyperbola with center at (", $) and a vertical
transverse axis is
&−$ ( *−" (
(
− (
=-
) +
• The vertices are the points (", $ + )) and
(", $ – )), while the foci are the points
(", $ + 0) and (", $ – 0), where 0( = )( + +(.
 Hyperbola
• If the transverse axis of the hyperbola is
horizontal, the asymptotes are drawn using a
rectangle with points
! + #, % + & , ! − #, % − & ,
! − #, % + & , ! + #, % − &
as its corners.
• The equations of the asymptotes are
&
(=%± +−!
#
 Hyperbola
• If the transverse axis of the hyperbola is
vertical, the asymptotes are drawn using a
rectangle with points
! + #, % + & , ! − #, % − & ,
! − #, % + & , ! + #, % − &
as its corners.
• The equations of the asymptotes are
&
(=%± +−!
#
 Hyperbola
Find the center, vertices, foci, and the equations
of the asymptotes of each hyperbola then sketch
the graph.
x 2
-
( y - 3)
2
=1
( y - 5)2 - (x - 2)2
1. 4. =1
25 81 64 49
( y - 4) (x + 2)
2
-
2
=1
( x + 2 ) ( y - 1)
2 2
2. 5. - =1
9 36 100 36
3.
( x + 3) ( y + 3)
2
-
2
=1
25 16
 Hyperbola
Reduce each equation in its standard form. Find
the center, vertices, foci, and the equations of
the asymptotes of the hyperbola. Sketch the
curve.
6.1. 25 x - 36 y + 200 x - 72 y - 536 = 0
2 2

7.2. - 16 x + 9 y + 32 x - 18 y - 151 = 0
2 2

8.3. 100 x 2 - 49 y 2 + 200 x - 196 y - 4996 = 0

9.4. - 81x 2 + 36 y 2 + 648 x - 432 y - 2916 = 0
10.
5. - 81x + 16 y - 162 x + 96 y - 1233 = 0
2 2
 Hyperbola
Write the equation of the hyperbola that satisfies each
set of conditions. Graph the hyperbola.
11. Center at (4, 4), a focus at (4 + 113,4) and a vertex
at (12, 4)
12. Center at (−4, 2), a focus at (−4, 2 − 6 2) and a
vertex at (−4, −4)
13. Foci are the points (−5, 3 + 4 5) and (−5, 3 −
4 5), and with transverse axis of length 16
14. Foci are the points (−1 + 61, 3) and (−1 −
61, 3), and with transverse axis of length 10
15. A vertex at (2, 6), with transverse axis parallel to the
--axis, and 5- = 70 – 19 and 5- = −70 + 9 as its
asymptotes
 Hyperbola
Solve the following problems:
16. Two similarly-charged particles are projected directly
towards each other. They instead repel each other, tracing
the branches of a hyperbola with equation 16# $ − 9' $ =
144. How close to they get to each other?
17. Find the equation of a hyperbola, whose vertices are the
foci of the ellipse 5# $ + 9' $ − 20# + 18' = 151 and
whose foci are the vertices of this ellipse.
18. When a comet follows a hyperbolic (one branch) path
with the sun at its focus, it only visits once and never
returns. It is closest to the sun when it is at the vertex.
Suppose the sun is at (100,0) and a comet is closest to
the sun when it is at (70,0). Find the equation of its path
if its is a hyperbola centered at the origin. (The units are in
1,000,000 km.)
Eccentricity
 Eccentricity
• Any conic section can be defined as the locus
of points whose distances to a point (the
focus) and a line (the directrix) are in a
constant ratio. That ratio is called eccentricity,
commonly denoted as !.
P
$(&')
"=
$(&)) F D

" * $(&)) = $(&')

 Eccentricity
• Eccentricity can be thought of as a measure of
how much the conic section deviates from
being circular.
• The table below provides ranges of values of
the eccentricity ! for each of the conic
sections.
Circle !=#
Ellipse #<!<%
Parabola !=%
Hyperbola !>%
Eccentricity
Eccentricity