Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Zhang
DRAFT VERSION
c AAPT
⃝
12 Year 2011
2012.9 C ⋆⋆ gravitation
2012.10 D ⋆⋆⋆ rolling motion, conservation of energy
2012.14 A ⋆⋆ torque
2012.15 A ⋆⋆ power
2013.11 C ⋆⋆ forces
2013.12 B ⋆⋆ rolling motion, torque, conservation of energy
2013.13 A ⋆ rotational motion
2013.14 B ⋆⋆ collisions
2013.15 D ⋆⋆⋆ Archimedes’ Principle, torque
2014.7 D ⋆ torque
2014.8 D ⋆ springs, oscillations
2015.7 A ⋆ collisions
2015.8 B ⋆⋆ collisions
2017.9 D ⋆⋆ pressure
2017.10 B ⋆⋆ pressure
2017.21 D ⋆⋆ collisions
2017.22 C ⋆⋆ collisions
2017.23 C ⋆ waves
2018-B.9 E ⋆⋆ collisions
2018-B.10 D ⋆⋆ Archimedes’ Principle
Decimal prefixes
• Addition and subtraction: the result should have the minimum of the
number of significant digits of the terms. For example,
• Raising to the second or third power: The result should have the same
number of significant digits as the base. For example,
• Extracting a square or cube root: The result should have the same
number of significant digits as the radicand. For example,
√ √
E = 2.718 = 1.6486350 ≈ 1.649.
241
Summary of Trigonometry
−1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 − 1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1
sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
sin θ
tan θ =
cos θ
1 − cos 2θ 1 + cos 2θ
sin2 θ = cos2 θ =
2 2
sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y cos(x + y) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y
242 USEFUL “STUFF”
!a" !a"
(1 + x)a = 1 + ax + 2 x2 + 3 x3 + . . . ≈ 1 + ax
x2 x3
ex = 1+x+ + + ... ≈ 1+x
2! 3!
x2 x3 x4
ln(1 + x) = x− + − + ... ≈ x
2 3 4
x3 x5 x7
sin x = x− + − + ... ≈ x
3! 5! 7!
x2 x4 x6 x2
cos x = 1− + − + ... ≈ 1−
2! 4! 6! 2
x3 2x5 17x7
tan x = x+ + + + ... ≈ x
3 15 315
x3 x5 x7
arctan x = x− + − + ... ≈ x
3 5 7
243
Simple pendulum #
ℓ
ℓ is the length of the pendulum T = 2π
g
Physical pendulum #
I
d is the pivot-centroid distance T = 2π
mgd
Torsional oscillator #
I
f is the torsional constant of the string T = 2π
f