12 Integrators and Filters 1

Integrators and Filters
Jieh-Tsorng Wu
May 16, 2017
ES
National Chiao-Tung University
A
1896
Department of Electronics Engineering
Integrators
The transfer function of an ideal integrator is
1 1
H(s) = H(j ω) =
s·τ j ωτ
In practice,
1
H(s) =
τ(sα + σ)
1 1 ωα
H(j ω) = = QI (ω) =
j ωτ · α + στ j ωτ · α 1 − j 1 σ
h i
Q (ω)I
• α and σ are two real numbers. For an ideal integrator, α = 1 and σ = 0.
• Both α and σ can be functions of ω.
• QI is the quality factor of an integrator.
Integrators & Filters 12-2 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Active-RC Inverting Integrators
C
R
Vi Vo Vo 1 1
A(s) (s) = − ·
Vi sRC 1 + 1 1 + 1

A(s) sRC
Let A(s) = ωu/s, then
Vo 1 1 1 1 1
(s) = − · ≈− · if ωu
Vi sRC 1 + 1/(ωuRC) + s/ωu sRC 1 + s/ωu RC
Vo 1 1
(j ω) = − =−
Vi j ωRC − ω2RC/ωu j ωτ · α + στ
2
ω ω ωα ωu
τ = RC α=1 σ=− =− QI = =− = −|A(j ω)|
ωu |A(j ω)| σ ω

First-Order Filters
State−Variable Topology
1
Fully−Differential Active−RC Filter
R2
α s α C1
1 0 1
Vi Vo
sτ
R1 C
Active−RC Filter Vi Vi Vo
R2
C1
C
Vi R1
R1 C
C1
Vi Vo R2
Vo α1s + α0 ±sC1 + G1 R2 ±sR1C1 + 1

=− =− =− ·
Vi sτ + 1 sC + G2 R1 sR2C + 1

State-Variable Second-Order Filters
1
1/Q
K 1 1
Vi Vl
sτ sτ
Vh Vb
Vh s2 s
2
= +K · =K ·
Vi 2
s + s/(Qτ) + 1/τ 2 s2 + sωp/Q + ω2p
Vb s/τ sωp 1 1
= −K · = −K · ωp = √ =
Vi s2 + s/(Qτ) + 1/τ 2 s2 + sωp/Q + ω2p τ1τ2 τ
2 2
Vl 1/τ ωp
= −K · = −K ·
Vi 2
s + s/(Qτ) + 1/τ 2 s2 + sωp/Q + ω2p

State-Variable Second-Order Filters
For integrators with finite quality factors, let
1 1 1 1
− →− + →+
sτ τ(sα1 + σ1) sτ τ(sα2 + σ2)
The new ωp and Q are
2 !
ωp 1 σ2 σ1 σ2
ω0p2 = 1+ · +
α1α2 Q ωp ω2p
ω0p Q
Q0 = ·
ωp α2 + Q · α2σ1+α1σ2
ω p

Two-Pole Transfer Function
1 1 ω0 p
A(s) = = p1,2 = −1 ± 1 − 4Q2
2 2 2Q
s
ω0 + Q1 s
ω0 +1 s
ω0 + 2ζ s
ω0 +1
1
ω0 = Pole Frequency Q = Pole Quality Factor ζ = Dampling Factor =
2Q
We have ω0/(2Q) = (ω1 + ω2)/2. If Q > 0.5, then
ω0 p
2
ω0 ω0 p
p1,2 = −1 ± j 4Q − 1 = −ωr ± j ωq ωr = ωq = × 4Q2 − 1
2Q 2Q 2Q

Two-Pole Transfer Function

Tow-Thomas (TT) Biquad
R
RQ
C Rx
R/K C R Rx
Vi Vl
A1 A2 A3
Vb
Vb ωps Vl ω2p 1
= −K · = −K · ωp =
Vi s2 + sωp/Q + ω2p Vi s2 + sωp/Q + ω2p RC
The sensitivities for any passive component x are

ωp
= −1/2 S ≤ 1
Q
Sx x

Tow-Thomas (TT) Biquad
Let A1 = ωu1/s, A2 = ωu2/s, and A3 = ωu3/s, then
1 1 ωp 1 ω2

− →− α1 = 1 + 1+K + σ1 = −
sτ τ(sα1 + σ1) ωu1 Q ωu1
2 2
1 1 ωp ω ω
+ →+ α2 = 1 + σ2 = − −2
sτ τ(sα2 + σ2) ωu2 ωu2 ωu3
Assuming matched opamps, i.e., ωu1 = ωu2 = ωu3, and ωp ωu, we have
ω0p − ωp ∆ωp 2 + K ωp 2+K 1

= ≈− · =− ·
ωp ωp 2 ωu 2 |A(j ωp)|
0
Q 1
≈ ω
← Q Enhancement
Q 1 − 4Q · ωp
u

Ackerberg-Mossberg (AM) Biquad
Rx
C Rx
RQ
A3
R/K C R
Vi Vl
A1 A2
Vb
Let A1 = ωu1/s, A2 = ωu2/s, and A3 = ωu3/s, then
1 1 1 1
− →− + →+
sτ τ(sα1 + σ1) sτ τ(sα2 + σ2)

Ackerberg-Mossberg (AM) Biquad
where
2 2 2
!
ωp 1 ωp 2ω

ω ω
α1 = 1 + 1+K + σ1 = − α2 = 1 + σ2 = + −
ωu1 Q ωu1 ωu2 ωu3 ωu2
If Q 1, we have
0
ωp − ωp ∆ωp 1 ωp ωp 0 1 + ∆ωp/ωp

Q
= ≈ − (1 + K ) + ≈
ωp ωp 2 ω u1 ωu2 Q ω
1 + ωp + Q · D
u2
2 2
2ωp ωp ωp ωp ωp(1 + K ) 2 1

D= − − − + −
ωu3 ωu1 ωu2 ωu1ωu2 ωu1 ωu3 ωu2
For matched opamps, we have

ωp
Q
0 1− 1+ K
2 ωu
≈ ω 2
Q ωp
1+ ωu + QK ωu
p

Arbitrary Transmission Zeros by Summing
1/Q
K 1 Vb 1
Vi Vl
sτ sτ
Vh
a2
a1
a0
Vo
Vo −a1 · K sωp − a2 · K ω2p a0s2 + s(ωp/Q)[a0 − a1(K Q)] + ω2p[a0 − a2K ]

= a0 + =
Vi s2 + sωp/Q + ω2p s2 + sωp/Q + ω2p

Arbitrary Transmission Zeros by Voltage Feedforward
R
Rx
C Rx
RQ
A3
R/K C R
Vi Vo2
A1 A2
aC Vo1
R/c
R/b
2 2
Vo1 as + sωp(K − b) + cωp
=−
Vi s2 + sωp/Q + ω2p

High-Order Filters
Cascade Topology
In H1 H2 H3 H4 Out
Follow−the−Leader Feedback (FLF) Topology
F1 F2 F3 F4
In H1 H2 H3 H4 Out
Leapfrog (LF) Topology

F2 F4
In H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 Out
F3 F5

High-Order Filters
Cascade Topology:
H(s) = H1 · H2 · H3 · H4
Follow-the-Leader Feedback (FLF) Topology:
H1H2H3H4
H(s) =
1 + F1H1 + F2H1H2 + F3H1H2H3 + F4H1H2H3H4
Leapfrog Topology:
H1H2H3H4H5
H(s) =
D(s)
D(s) = 1 + F2H1H2 + F3H2H3 + F4H4H4 + F5H4H5

+F2F4H1H2H3H4 + F2F5H1H2H4H5 + F3F5H2H3H4H5

High-Order Filter Using the Follow-the-Leader Feedback Topology
R F,n
R F,2
R F,1
R F,0
Ri
Vi
T1(s) T2(s) Tn(s)
V0 V1 V2 Vn
R o,n
RA
R o,2 Vo
R o,1
R o,0

Filters

Filters

Butterworth Filters

MOSTs in the Triode Region
VG
VK
VG VF B = Flat-Band Voltage
V0
Allowalbe φ0 = Surface Band Bending ≈ 2φf
Operating Range
VD VS
γ = Body Effect Coefficient
ID
VQ
VB VB W
k = µCox
L
s
2
γ γ2
VK = VF B + φ 0 − +γ VGB − VF B + VQ ← Model Accuracy Consideration
2 4
ID 1 2 2
2 h 3 3
i
= (VGB − VF B − φ0)(VDB − VSB ) − VDB − VSB − γ (VDB + φ0) 2 − (VSB + φ0) 2
k 2 3
= (VGB − VF B − φ0)VDS − [f (VDB ) − f (VSB )]
1 2 2 3 1 2 2 3
f (VX B ) = VX B + γ(VX B + φ0) = (VX 0 + V0B ) + γ(VX 0 + V0B + φ0)
2 2
2 3 2 3

Employing Taylor’s series expansion and VX B = VX 0 + V0B ,
1 2 1 2

3 1
f (VX B ) ≈ V0B + V0B · VX 0 + VX20 + γ(V0B + φ0) 2 + γ(V0B + φ0) 2 · VX 0
2 2 3
1 − 12 1 − 32
+ γ(V0B + φ0) · VX 0 − γ(V0B + φ0) · VX30 + · · ·
2
4 24
We have
ID 1
= (VG0 − VT )VDS − g(VD0) − g(VS0) VT = VF B + φ0 + γ(V0B + φ0) 2

k
g(VX 0) = ge(VX 0) + go(VX 0) ge(−VX 0) = ge(VX 0) go(−VX 0) = −ge(VX 0)
1 2 1 − 12
ge(VX 0) = · VX 0 + γ(V0B + φ0) · VX20 + · · ·
2 4
1 − 32
go(VX 0) = − γ(V0B + φ0) · VX30 + · · ·
24

Thus
ID = IL − IN IL = k(VG0 − VT ) × VDS = G × VDS IN = k g(VD0) − g(VS0)

• Both ge and go are independent of VG .
• go(VD0) − go(VS0) is very small comparing to IL (e.g., 0.1 percent of it or less).
• ge(VD0) − ge(VS0) can be large and its effect must be eliminated to obtain a linear
resistor.
• If only IL is considered, the resistance between VD and VS is
ID W
G= = k(VG0 − VT ) = µCox (VG0 − VT )
VDS L

MOST-C Fully-Balanced Integrators
C C
VG
I1
R M1
Vi Vo Vi1 Vo1
V0
Vi2 Vo2
M2
I2
VG
C
Vi Vi Vo Vo
Vi 1 = + + V0 Vi 2 = − + V0 Vo1 = + + V0 Vo2 = − + V0
2 2 2 2
G1 = k1(VG − V0 − VT ) G2 = k2(VG − V0 − VT )
Vi Vi Vi

I1 = G1 × + − k1 ge + − ge (0) − k1 go + − go (0)
2 2 2
Vi Vi Vi

I2 = G2 × − − k2 ge − − ge (0) − k2 go − − go (0)
2 2 2

MOST-C Fully-Balanced Integrators
Let
k1 = k2 = k G = k(VG − V0 − VT )
We have
Vi

I1 − I2 = G × Vi − 2kgo ≈ G × Vi
2
Vo(s) I1(s) − I2(s) 1

G
= · − =−
Vi (s) Vi (s) sC sC
• Even-order nonlinearities are eliminated.
• The common-mode voltage along the differential signal path must be maintained at
V0 .
• Linearities around 50 dB have been achieved.

A MOST-C Tow-Thomas Biquad
VG
MR
VG
MRQ
C
VG VG
MR/K C MR
Vi Vb Vl
MR/K MR
C
VG VG
C
MRQ
VG
MR
VG

Double MOST-C Differential Integrators
VGA
M1
C Vi
VGB Vi 1 = + + V0
I1 2
M3
Vi1 Vo1 Vi
Vi 2 = − + V0
2
Vi2 Vo2
Vo
M4 Vo1 = + + V0
I2
VGB
2
C Vo
Vo2 = − + V0
M2 2
VGA
Vi Vi Vi Vi

I 1 = G1 × + − k1 g + − g (0) + G4 × − − k4 g − − g (0)
2 2 2 2
Vi Vi Vi Vi

I 2 = G2 × − − k2 g − − g (0) + G3 × + − k3 g + − g (0)
2 2 2 2

Double MOST-C Differential Integrators
Let
k1 = k2 = k3 = k4 = k
G1 = G2 = GA = k (VGA − V0 − VT ) G3 = G4 = GB = k (VGB − V0 − VT )
We have
Vo(s) I1(s) − I2(s) 1 GA − GB

I1 − I2 = (GA − GB ) × Vi = · − =−
Vi (s) Vi (s) sC sC
• Both even-order and odd-order nonlinearities are eliminated.

• Differential signals are not required to be fully balanced.
• Around 10 dB linearity improvement over the two-transistor MOST-C integrators.
• Linearity performance is limited by the deviation of the above device model and mismatches among
the MOSTs.
• Reference: M. Ismail, et. al., “A new MOSFET-C universal filter structure for VLSI,” JSSC 1988/2,
pp. 183–194.

R-MOST-C Differential Integrators
VCA R2
M1
C
VCB
R1 M3
Vi1 Vo1
Vi2 Vo2
M4
R1
VCB
C
M2
VCA R2

R-MOST-C Differential Integrators
The transfer function is
Vo R2/R1
=−
Vi
h i
RM1
sC R2 1 + R +1
1 kR2 kRM2
• The dc gain is not adjustable.
• The integrator’s time constant can be varied by changing RM1 and RM2
• At low-frequencies, the linear resistors, R1 and R2, dominate the transfer function,
thus reducing distortion. A linearity of 90 d B has been achieved.
• In the criss-cross version, M3 and M4 reduce the effective dc gain and bandwidth
of the integrator, enhance the unity-gain frequency sensitivity to component
mismatches, and increase noises.
• Reference: U-K Moon, et al., JSSC 1993/12, pp. 1254–1264.

Switched-R-C Integrator
C
C
Vi1 Vo1
Vi Vo
Vi2 Vo2
R
• Switches are digitally controlled.
• The W/L ratio of the switches is a trade-off between distortion and bandwidth.
• Reference: C-C Hsu and J-T Wu, “A Highly Linear 125-MHz CMOS Switched-
Resistor Programmable-Gain Amplifier,” JSSC 2003/12, pp. 1663–1670.

Linear Transconductors
Ideal Model Nonideal Model

Io Io
Io
Vi Gm Vi Vi
Ci go
Io
Vi Gm Vi Io Vi
Ci Io go
Io
Io = Gm × Vi

Transconductor Basic Circuits
Controlled Resistance Voltage Amplifier Lossless Integrator
Vi1
G m1 Vi G m1 Vo
G m3 Vo
G m1
C
Zi Vi2
G m2
Vi G m1 C Vo
Vi1 G m1 G m3 Vo
2C
G m1
Vi G m1 Vo
Zi Vi2 G m2 2C
1 1 Vo(s) Gm
Zi = Vo = · (Gm1Vi 1 − Gm2Vi 2) =−
Gm1 Gm3 Vi (s) sC

Gm-C Lossy Integrator
Vi G m1
G m2 Vo G m1 Vo
C
Vi
C
G m2
G m1 = G m2
C Vo
Vi G m1 C G m2 Vo Vi G m1
Vo(s) Gm1
=−
Vi (s) sC + Gm2
• Since no feedback for the integrators, they can be wide-band.
• A transconductor’s output current should be linearly related to the input over the entire
input voltage range.

Fully-Differential Gm-C Integrators
Cp 2C Cp
Vi Gm Vo Vi Gm Vo Vi Gm Vo
C Cp 2C Cp
C
Vo(s) Gm
=−
Vi (s) s(C + Cp/2)
• Can use only grounded capacitors.
• The Cp can affect the integration time constant.
• Partially nonlinear Cp can also cause linearity problems.

Gm-C Opamp Integrators (Miller Integrators)
VDD VDD
2C
Io
Cp
Vi Gm Vo VB 2C 2C VB
Vo
Io Cp
Io Io
2C
VSS VSS
Vo(s) Gm
=−
Vi (s) sC
• The effects of parasitic capacitances are reduced.
• The Gm’s output stage can be simplified, since no large voltage swing is required.
• The lower impedances at the Gm’s output nodes make those nodes less sensitive to
capacitive coupling of noise.

Gm-C First-Oder Filters Using Miller Integrators
α s α 2C X 2C A
1 0 1
Vi Vo
sτ
Vi G m1 Vo
CX
G m2
2C X 2C A
Vi
G m1 Vo
G m2
CA

Gm-C First-Oder Filters Using Miller Integrators
Without the Miller Integrator

CX Gm1
Vo α1 s + α0 s CA +CX
+ CA +CX
= =
Vi s + ωo

Gm2
s+ CA +CX
α1
Gm1 = α0(CA + CX ) Gm2 = ωo(CA + CX ) CX = CA where 0 ≤ α1 < 1
1 − α1
With the Miller Integrator

CX Gm1
Vo α1s + α0 s + CA CA
= =
Vi s + ω

G
o s + Cm2
A
• The use of feed-in capacitors can simplify design, but requires inputs of low source
impedance.

Gm-C Second-Oder Filters Using Miller Integrators
1
1/Q
α
0 1 1
Vi Vo
sτ sτ
α α s
1 2
2C A 2C B
G m1 G m2 Vo
2C A 2C B
2C X
Vi G m4 Vi G m5 G m3
2C X

Gm-C Second-Order Filters Using Miller Integrators
The transfer function is

2 CX Gm5 Gm2 Gm4
Vo
2
α2s + α1s + αo s +s
CB
+ CB CA CB
= =
Vi
ω
2 G G G
s 2 + Q + ωp
p
s2 + s Cm3 + Cm1Cm2
B A B
Thus
CX = α2CB
and
ωp C B α0CA
Gm1 = ωpCA Gm2 = ωpCB Gm3 = Gm4 = Gm5 = α1CB
Q ωp

MOST Transconductors
Io1 Io2 Io1 Io2
1/2 1/2
Vi1 Vi2 Vi1 Vi2
1 1
Tuning Tuning
0.85 I 0.15 I
VSS VSS

MOST Transconductors
Adaptive Source Degeneration Bias Offset Linearization
Io1 Io2 Io1 Io2
Vi1 Vi2
Vi1 Vi2
M1 M2
VB VB
M3 M4
Tuning
VSS
Gmo/ Gm VSS
1
Let M1=M2=M3=M4, then
1
ID = k (VGS − VT )2
2
1 0 1
Gmo Vi / IBias Io1 = Io2 = kVB (Vi 1 − Vi 2)

MOST Transconductors with Source Degeneration
Io1 Io2
Vi1 M3 M4 Vi2
Io1 Io2
M1 V M2
CA
Vi1 M1 M2 Vi2 MA
V’i1 V’i2
VC Ia V
CB
MA MB
V’i1 V’i2 V’i1 V’i2
Ia Ib
VSS VSS
Fully Balanced Type Double−MOST Type

MOST Transconductors with Source Degeneration
Let
Vi Vi
Vi01
= + + V0 0
Vi 2 = − + V0 G = k(VC − V0 − Vt )
2 2
For the fully balanced differential transconductor
Vi Vi Vi Vi

Ia = G × Vi − k ge + − ge − − k go + − go −
2 2 2 2
Vi

Io1 − Io2 = 2Ia ≈ 2G × Vi − 4kgo + ≈ 2G × Vi
2
For the double-MOSFET differential transconductor
Vi Vi Vi Vi

Ia = GA × Vi − ka g + −g − Ib = GB × Vi − kb g + −g −
2 2 2 2
ka = kb ⇒ Io1 − Io2 = 2(Ia − Ib) = 2(GA − GB ) × Vi

BJT Transconductors
Io1 Io2 Io1 Io2
Vi1 Q1 Q2 Vi2 Vi1 Q1 Q2 Vi2
VEE VEE VEE

gm
Multi−tanh Doublet Total
Io1 Io2 Q2−Q4
Q1−Q3
4x 1x 1x 4x
Vi1 Q2 Q3 Vi2
Q1 Q4
V
VOS VOS i
VOS IS1
kT
VOS = ln
q IS2
VEE

Transconductor’s Imperfections
Nonideal Model
Io
Vo
Vi G m1 Vo
Vi go Vi go C
Ci Ci
C
Gm −j φ −1 ω
Io = Gm(s) × Vi Gm(j ω) = ≈ Gm e φ = tan
1 + j ω/ω2 ω2
For the Gm-C integrator
Vo Gm 1 Gm go
= × = ωo =
Vi 1 + s/ω2 sC + go sC 1 + ωo + g 1 + s2

C
ω o
2 ω ω o 2

Switched-Capacitor Equivalent Resistor
fs
V1 V2
φ1 φ2
Ts
C
V1 V2
φ1
C
Req φ2
V1 V2
Ieq
C · V1 − C · V2 1

∆Q
Ieq = = = C · (V1 − V2) · fs Ts =
∆t Ts fs
1 Ieq
Geq = = = C · fs
Req V1 − V2

Switched-Capacitor (SC) Integrators
C2 C2
R1
fs
Vi Vo Vi Vo
C1
Vo 1 1 eq1
G 1 C

1
=− =− · = − · fs ·
Vi sR1C2 s C2 s C2
• Consist of analog switches, capacitors and opamps.
• Discrete-time (or sampled-data) analog filters.
• Time constant is determined by capacitance ratio and switching frequency.

SC Integrator Analysis
C2 Ts
φ1
Q
2
1 2 φ2
Vi Vo
Q Vi n n+1
1 C1
Vo n n+1 n+2
φ1a
CLK
φ1
C1 Va
Vi 1 Vo
z
C2
φ2
φ2a
C1 Vo(z) C1 1 C1 z −1
Vo(n + 1) = Vo(n) − × Vi (n) =− × =− ×
C2 Vi (z) C2 z − 1 C2 1 − z −1

SC Integrator Analysis
During φ1 = 1,
Q1(n) = C1 × Vi (n)
During the succeeding φ2 = 1,
Q2(n + 1) = Q2(n) − Q1(n) = Q2(n) − C1 × Vi (n)
Since Q2 = C2 × Vo, we have
C2 × Vo(n + 1) = C2 × Vo(n) − C1 × Vi (n)
In the z-domain
−1
Vo(z) C1 1 C1 z
zC2Vo(z) = C2Vo(z) − C1Vi (z) ⇒ =− × =− ×
Vi (z) C2 z − 1 C2 1 − z −1

SC Differential Integrators
C2 C2
Q
R1 2
1 2
Vi1 Vo Vi1 Vo
Vi2
R1 Q C1
1
C2
1 2
Vi2
1
RC Integrator → Vo(s) = − (Vi 1 − Vi 2)
sR1C2
−1
C1 z
SC Integrator → Vo(z) = − × × [Vi 1(z) − Vi 2(z)]
C2 1 − z −1

Effects of Parasitic Capacitances
Cp3 Cp4
C2
1 2 Va
Vi1 Vo
A
Cp1
C1
Cp2
1 2
Vi2
" #
C1 Cp1 z −1
A=∞ ⇒ Vo(z) = − [Vi 1(z) − Vi 2(z)] − V (z) ×
C2 C2 i 1 1 − z −1

Effects of Parasitic Capacitances
• Among the parasitic capacitors, only Cp1 contribute charge to C2 if A = ∞.
• Consider a finite value of A, then Vo = −A · Va, and
C1[Vi 1(n) − Vi 2(n)] + C2[Va(n) − Vo(n)] + Cp1Vi 1 + Cp3Va(n)

= C1 + Cp1 + Cp3 Va(n + 1) + C2[Va(n + 1) − Vo(n + 1)]

h Cp1
i
C1 −1
− C [Vi 1(z) − Vi 2(z)] − C Vi 1(z) × z
2 2
⇒ Vo(z) = h i
1 C1 Cp1 Cp3 1 Cp3
1 + A 1 + C + C + C − z −1 1 + A 1 + C
2 2 2 2
• Must keep Cp1 C1 and Cp1,p3 C2.

– Connect the top plates of the capacitors to the opamp’s input.
– Let the bottom plates of the capacitors always be driven.

Parasitics-Insensitive SC Integrators
C2
φ1
φ2
2 1
Vo
Vi1 n n+1
C1 Vi2 n n+1
2 1
Vi2 Vi1 Vo n n+1
h i
C1 −1
−Vi 1 + z Vi 2
C2 kα −1
Vo(z) = i = · −Vi 1 + z Vi 2

1 − βz −1
Cp1 Cp3
h C
1 + A1 1 + C1 + C + C − z −1 1 + A1 1 + C
C p3
2 2 2 2
k −1
= · −Vi 1 + z Vi 2 If A → ∞

1−z −1
! !
C1 1 C1 Cp1 Cp3 1 C1 Cp1
k= α ≈1− 1+ + + β ≈1− +
C2 A C2 C2 C2 A C2 C2

Fully Differential SC Integrators
2 1
Vi2 Vi1
C1
C2
2 1 Vi 1 = Vi 1+ − Vi 1−
Vo
VCMI Vi 2 = Vi 2+ − Vi 2−
2 1
Vo
Vo = Vo+ − Vo−
C2
C1
2 1
Vi2 Vi1
" #
−1
C1 1 z
Vo(z) = × − · Vi 1 + · Vi 2
C2 1−z −1 1−z −1
• VCMI and VCMO can be different.

MOST Analog Switches
C2 mTs
Ts
C1
1 1a φ1
Vi Vo
S1 S2
φ2
2 S3 2a S4
CL φ1a
φ2a
C2
φ1
1a
VDD 1 C1 VDD 1
Vi Vo
VSS VSS
2 2a
VCMO VCMI VCMI

φ1

MOST Analog Switches
• The on-conductance of a MOST switch is Gon = µCox (W/L)Vov .
• During φ2 = 1, the R-C networks include S3-C1-S4. To achieve B-bit resolution, want
mTs > (R3 + R4)C1 × B · ln2
• During φ1 = 1, the Vi -to-Vo delay includes S1-C1-S2 delay and opamp settling. Usually
make S1-C1-S2 5–10 times faster than the opamp.
• Realize switches connected to VSS or near VSS with nMOSTs.
• Realize switches connected to VDD or near VDD with pMOSTs.
• Turn off the switches near the virtual ground node of the opamps first.
• The thermal noise is proportional to kT/C. There are also noises from the power
supplies.

Effects of Opamp’s Finite DC Gain
C2
If Ao = ∞, then
C1 Vo(n) = −kVi (n) + Vo(n − 1)

1 1
Vi Vo k
H(z) = −
1 − z −1
2 2 Ao C1
k=
C2
If Ao = 1/µ is finite, then
kα
Vo(n) = −kαVi (n) + βVo(n − 1) H(z) = −
1 − βz −1
1
α= ≈ 1 − (1 + k)µ = 1 + ∆α ∆α = −(1 + k)µ 1
1 + (1 + k)µ
1+µ
β= ≈ 1 − kµ = 1 + ∆β ∆β = −kµ 1
1 + (1 + k)µ

Effects of Opamp’s Finite DC Gain
The transfer function H(z) in s-domain is

k
j ωTs
× [1 + m(ω)]ej θ(ω)

H e ≈−
1 − z −1
z=ej ωTs
1 C1 1

∆β
m(ω) ≈ ∆α − ≈− 1+ ·
2 2 C2 Ao
∆β 1 1 C1 1 1 C1 1 1
θ(ω) ≈ − · ≈ · · · ≈ · ·
2 tan(ωTs /2) 2 C2 Ao tan(ωTs /2) C2 Ao ωTs

j ωi Ts
• At the unit-gain frequency ωi , where H(e ) = 1, we have

−m(ωi ) ≈ θ(ωi ) ≈ 1/Ao if ωi Ts /2 1
• In most applications, the magnitude error m(ω) has negligible effect, but the phase
error θ(ω) can be detrimental in narrowband (high-Q) filters.

Effects of Opamp’s DC Offset
C2
C1
1 1
Vi Vo
2 2
VOS
C1 1 C1 1
Vo(z) = − · V (z) + · V + VOS
C2 1 − z −1 i C2 1 − z −1 OS
• The VOS to Vo transfer function is also an integration.
• When the entire filter is considered, the VOS may cause finite dc level shift in this and
other integrators.

Effects of Opamp’s Finite Settling Time
T1
C2 φ1
φ2
C1
1 1
Vi Vo
A
2 2
Vo
t settle
t slew
• Let tslew = 0, A(s) = ωu/s, T1 = Ts /2, ωi is the unit-gain frequency of the integrator,
and ωi Ts 1. At ω = ωi , the magnitude error and phase error of the integrator are
m(ωi ) ≈ θ(ωi ) ≈ −ωi Ts e−ωuTs /2
• Want ωu ≥ 5 · ωs . However, to avoid unnecessary noise aliasing, ωu should not be

too much larger than necessary.

Periodic Time-Variance in Biphase SC Filters
C
1 2 1
C1
1 1 2 0
Vi1 Vo
1
2 1 Vi1
1 1
Vo
1
C2 Vi2
1 1 1 2 2
Vi2 Vo
2 2 0
Vo
The circuit is periodic time-variant if
Vo1(n) 6= Vo2(n)

Periodic Time-Invariance in Biphase SC Filters
C
1 2 1
C1
1 2 1 0
Vi1 Vo
1
1 2 Vi1
1 1
Vo
1
C2 Vi2
1 1 1 2 2
Vi2 Vo
2 2 0
Vo
The circuit is periodic time-invariant if
Vo1(n) = Vo2(n)
• SC filters are more robust when designed to be time-invariant.

Active Switched-Capacitor Integrators
C
Vi1 C1
C1
1 1
Vi1 Vo
2 2 1 1 1
Vi2 C2 z Vo
C 1
1−z
C2
2 1
Vi2 1
Vi3 C3 ( 1− z )
1 2
C3 1 2 1 2
1 1
Vi3
Vi n n+1
Vo n n+1
1 −1 −1
Vo = × −C1 × Vi 1 + C2z × Vi 2 − C3 1 − z

× Vi 3
C 1 − z −1

SC First-Order Filters
1 Vi CA1 CB1
α s α
1 0 1
Vi Vo
sτ 1 1 1
Vi CA2 ( 1− z ) Vo
C 1
1−z
CB1
1 1
CA1
1 1
Vi 2 2
2 2
C
CA2 Vo
1 1
Vi

CA1 CA2 C −1
Vo(s) α1s + α0 Vo CA1 ± CA2(1 − z )
−1
C
± C
∓ CA2 z
=− =− =−
Vi (s) sτ + 1 Vi CB1 + C(1 − z −1)

CB1
C
+ 1 − z −1

Switch Sharing
CB1
1 1
CA1
1 1
Vi 2 2
2 2
C
CA2 Vo
1 1
Vi
CB1
1
CA1
1
Vi 2
2 C
1
CA2 Vo
1
Vi
2

SC Second-Order Filters
1
1/Q
K 1 1
Vi Vl
sτ sτ
Vh Vb
1
CB2
CB1 2
1
CA1
1
Vi 2
2 C1 C2
CA2 CK2
2 1 2 1
Vo
1 2 1 2

CA1 CK 2 −1 CA2 CK 2 −2
Vo C1 C2
z − C1 C2
z
=
Vi

CB1 CB2 CK 2 CB1
C1
+1 + C1
· C2
− C1
− 2 z −1 + z −2

SC Second-Order Filters
CB2
1
CB1 2
1
CA1
1
Vi 2
2 C1 C2
CA2 CK2
2 1 2 1
Vo
1 2 1 2
CB2
Vi CA1 CB1
1 1 1 1 1 1
CA2 z CK2 z Vo
C1 1 C2 1
1−z 1−z

Capacitor Scaling
Q3
2 1 1 2
V1 CA
C1 C3
Qi
Vo
Q4
2 1 1 2
V2
C2 C4
Qi C 1 V1 + C 2 V2
Qi = C1V1 + C2V2 Vo = =
CA CA
Q3 = C3Vo Q 4 = C 4 Vo

Capacitor Scaling
Input Capacitor Scaling
C10 = kC1 C20 = kC1 CA0 = kCA C30 = C3 C 0 = C4

0 0
C 1 V1 + C 2 V2 kQi
⇒ Vo0 = = = Vo Q30 = C30 Vo0 = Q3 Q40 = C40 Vo0 = Q4
CA0 kCA
• Use it to scale capacitors.
Output Capacitor Scaling
C10 = C1 C20 = C1 CA0 = kCA C30 = kC3 C 0 = kC4

0 0
C1V1 + C2V2 Qi Vo
⇒ Vo0 = = = Q30 = C30 Vo0 = Q3 Q40 = C40 Vo0 = Q4
CA0 kCA k
• Use it to scale opamp’s output range.

12 Integrators and Filters 1

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Integrators and Filters

May 16, 2017

The transfer function of an ideal integrator is

• α and σ are two real numbers. For an ideal integrator, α = 1 and σ = 0.

• Both α and σ can be functions of ω.

• QI is the quality factor of an integrator.

Integrators & Filters 12-2 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Let A(s) = ωu/s, then

Integrators & Filters 12-3 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Vo α1s + α0 ±sC1 + G1 R2 ±sR1C1 + 1

Integrators & Filters 12-4 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Integrators & Filters 12-5 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

For integrators with finite quality factors, let

The new ωp and Q are

Integrators & Filters 12-6 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Integrators & Filters 12-7 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Integrators & Filters 12-8 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

The sensitivities for any passive component x are

Integrators & Filters 12-9 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Let A1 = ωu1/s, A2 = ωu2/s, and A3 = ωu3/s, then

ω0p − ωp ∆ωp 2 + K ωp 2+K 1

Integrators & Filters 12-10 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Let A1 = ωu1/s, A2 = ωu2/s, and A3 = ωu3/s, then

Integrators & Filters 12-11 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

For matched opamps, we have

Integrators & Filters 12-12 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Vo −a1 · K sωp − a2 · K ω2p a0s2 + s(ωp/Q)[a0 − a1(K Q)] + ω2p[a0 − a2K ]

Integrators & Filters 12-13 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Integrators & Filters 12-14 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Follow−the−Leader Feedback (FLF) Topology

Leapfrog (LF) Topology

Integrators & Filters 12-15 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Follow-the-Leader Feedback (FLF) Topology:

D(s) = 1 + F2H1H2 + F3H2H3 + F4H4H4 + F5H4H5

Integrators & Filters 12-16 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Integrators & Filters 12-17 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Integrators & Filters 12-18 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Integrators & Filters 12-19 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Integrators & Filters 12-20 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Integrators & Filters 12-21 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Employing Taylor’s series expansion and VX B = VX 0 + V0B ,

Integrators & Filters 12-22 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

ID = IL − IN IL = k(VG0 − VT ) × VDS = G × VDS IN = k g(VD0) − g(VS0)

• Both ge and go are independent of VG .

• go(VD0) − go(VS0) is very small comparing to IL (e.g., 0.1 percent of it or less).

• If only IL is considered, the resistance between VD and VS is

Integrators & Filters 12-23 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Integrators & Filters 12-24 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

• Even-order nonlinearities are eliminated.

• Linearities around 50 dB have been achieved.

Integrators & Filters 12-25 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Integrators & Filters 12-26 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Integrators & Filters 12-27 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Vo(s) I1(s) − I2(s) 1 GA − GB

• Both even-order and odd-order nonlinearities are eliminated.

Integrators & Filters 12-28 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Integrators & Filters 12-29 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

The transfer function is

• The dc gain is not adjustable.

• Reference: U-K Moon, et al., JSSC 1993/12, pp. 1254–1264.

Integrators & Filters 12-30 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

• Switches are digitally controlled.

Integrators & Filters 12-31 Data-Conversion ICs; Jieh-Tsorng Wu

Ideal Model Nonideal Model

• Must keep Cp1 C1 and Cp1,p3 C2.

−m(ωi ) ≈ θ(ωi ) ≈ 1/Ao if ωi Ts /2 1