Chapter 2

2.3
Applying Newton second law
γQ
(V2 − V1 ) = P1 − P2 + W sin θ − FR
g

Assume θ=0 and no friction FR =0

P1 = γ z1 A1
P2 = γ z2 A2
Q2 Q2
− = z1 A1 − z2 A2
gA2 gA1
Q2 Q2
+ z1 A1 = + z2 A2
gA1 gA2
Q2
Fs = + zA
gA
Force / Unit weight

2.4

Q=4 x 5 x 5 = 100 m3/s

V 4
F= = = 0.57 Sub critical
gy 9.81 × 5

Energy equation neglecting losses

H1 = E1 = E2 − ∆z
2
V1
y1 + = E2 + 0.2
2g
42 Q2
5+ = y2 + + 0.2
2 × 9.81 2 gA2
1002
5.61 = y2 +
2 × 9.81 × (5 × y2 ) 2
y2 − 5.61 × y2 + 20.387 = 0
3 2

Trial and error will give y2 = 2.6 m.

14
 Chapter 2

2 2
V1 V
H = y1 + + 0.2 = y2 + 2
2g 2g
42 1002
5+ + 0.2 = y2 +
2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81 × (5 × y2 ) 2
20.387
6.015 = y2 + 2
y2
y2 − 6.015 × y2 + 20.387 = 0
3 2

y2 = 5.285 m rise with water level.

2.5
V1 Q A1 4
F1 = = = = 0.571
gy1 gy1 9.81 × 5

Energy equation neglecting losses

H1 = E1 = E2 + ∆z

q = Q/B = 20 m3/m

2
V 42
y1 + 1 = 5 + = 5.8155 = E2 + 0.3
2g 2 × 9.81
q2
5.8155 − 0.3 = y2 + 2
2 gy2
y2 − 5.5155 y2 + 20.387 = 0
3 2

Using trial and error y2 = 4.52 m

(ii)

F1 = 0.571

2 2
V1 V
H 1 = y1 + + 0.2 = y 2 + 2 = E 2
2g 2g
42 q2
5+ + 0.2 = y 2 +
2 × 9.81 2 gy 2
2

15
 Chapter 2

y 2 − 6.015 y 2 + 20.387 = 0
3 2

Using trial and error, y2 = 5.285 m

2.6
Q = 400 m3 / s
V1 = 400 / 5 x 10 = 8 m / sec
V 8
F1 = 1 = = 1.14 > 1 Super critical
gy1 9.81 × 5

If the step is a rise water surface rises

If the step is a drop water surface drops

2.7
Q = 96 m3 / s
Section1
B1 = 8 m Y1 = 4 m V1 = 3 m / sec

H1= H2= H3= H4= H5

Hi= Ei

2
V
H1 = y1 + 1 = 4.459m
2g

3
F1 = = 0.479 < 1 Sub critical
9.81 × 4

q1 = Q/B1= 96/8 = 12 m3/s / m

Section 2
B2 = 7.5 m
q1 = Q/B1= 96/7.5 = 12.8 m3/s / m
Q2
E2 = E1 = y2 + = 4.459
( B2 y2 ) 2 × 2 × 9.81
y2 − 4.459 y2 + 8.35 = 0
3 2

y2 = 3.91 m

16
 Chapter 2

Section 3

B3 = 7 m
q1 = Q/B1= 96/7 = 13.71 m3/s / m
q32
E1 = E3 = y3 + 2 = 4.459
y3 × 2 × 9.81
y2 − 4.459 y2 + 9.58 = 0
3 2

y2 = 3.79 m

Section 4

B4 = 6.5 m
q1 = Q/B1= 96/ 6.5= 14.77 m3/s / m
q42
E1 = E4 = y4 + 2 = 4.459
y4 × 2 × 9.81
y2 − 4.459 y2 + 11.12 = 0
3 2

y2 = 3.6 m

Section 5

B4 = 6 m
q1 = Q/B1= 96/ 6= 16 m3/s / m
q52
E1 = E5 = y5 + 2 = 4.459
y5 × 2 × 9.81
y 2 − 4.459 y 2 + 13.048 = 0
3 2

y2 = 3.11 m

2.8
(i)
h =20 m Q= 40 m3/s b= 4 m
E1= E2 , V1 = 0, V2 =Q/By2 = q/y2, q= 10 m3/s / m

V1 q2
h+ = y2 +
2× g 2 × g × y22
y2 − 20 y2 + 5.097 = 0
3 2

y2= 0.511 m
V2=10/0.511=19.57 m/s
V
F2 = = 8.47 > 1 Supercritical
g×y

17
 Chapter 2

y3 =
y2
2
[
1 + 8 F22 − 1 ]
y3 =
0.511
2
[
1 + 8 × 8.742 − 1 = 6.066m ]
(ii)

Thrust on the gate

Fth = Fs1 − Fs 2
Q2 402
Fs1 = + z1 A1 = + 10 × (20 × 4) = 802.038m3
gA1 9.8 × (20 × 4)
Q2 402 0.511
Fs 2 = + z2 A2 = + × (0.511 × 4) = 80.31m3
gA2 9.8 × (0.511 × 4) 2
Fth = 802.038 − 80.31 = 721.72m3

Thrust force = γFth=9.81 x 721.72 = 7080.07 kN

(iii)
Energy losses

E2 = E3 + H L
H L = E2 − E3
q2 q2
H L = y2 + − y3 −
2 gy22 2 gy32
10 2 102
H L = 0.511 + − 6 . 066 − = 13.85m
2 × 9.8 × 0.5112 2 × 9.8 × 0.662

2.9
q2
E= y+
2 gy 2
q 2 = 2 gy 2 ( E − y )
1
q = (2 gy 2 E − 2 gy 3 ) 2
dq 1
dy 2
−1
[ ]
= (2 gy 2 E − 2 gy 3 ) 2 4 gyE − 6 gy 2 = 0

Maximum q for critical depth

18
 Chapter 2

4 gyE − 6 gy 2 = 0
2
yc = E
3
y 2
tan θ = c =
E 3

2.10
(i) Channel width remains constant
Use a step and determine if it is a rise or down
V 4
F1 = 1 = = 0.639 < 1 Sub critical flow
gy1 9.81
E1 > E2 Δz is positive (step rise)

E1 = E2 + ∆z
Q
q= = V y = 16m 3 / sec/ m
b
and
y1 = y2 + ∆z + (704 − 703.54)
∆z = 3.54 − y2

2
V q2
y1 + 1 = y2 + + ∆z
2g 2 gy22
16 16 2
4+ = y2 + + (3.54 − y2 )
2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81 × y22
y2 = 3.198m
∆z = 3.54 − 3.198 = 0.34m

Bottom elevation = 700+0.34=700.34m

(ii)
Channel bottom level 0.5 of transition at elevation 700.2 m
b1= 8m
y1 = 4 m; y2 = 3.34 m
Q= 32 x 4 =128 m3/s

E1 = E 2 + ∆z
2 2
V V
y1 + 1 = y 2 + 2 + ∆z
2g 2g

19
 Chapter 2

16 128 2
4+ = 3.34 + + 0.2
2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81× (b2 × 3.34) 2
74.856
4.815 = 3.54 +
b22
b2 = 7.66m

2.11
(i)
V1 A1 = V2 A2
0.8 × 2 × b
V2 =
y2 × b
1.6
V2 =
y2
0.8
F1 = = 0.18 < 1 Sub critical
2 × 9.81
E1 = E2 + ∆z
2 2
V V
y1 + 1 = y 2 + 2 + ∆z
2g 2g
0.8 2 (1.6 y2 ) 2
2+ = y2 + + 0.15
2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81
y 2 − 1.882 y 2 + 0.1305 = 0
3 2

y 2 = 1.84m

(ii)
y2 = 2 m; V1 = 0.8 m; q = 1.6 m3/sec/m
2
V
E1 = y1 + 1 = 2.033
2g
Maximum Δz occurs at minimum E and Fr=1

q 2 3 1.62
y2 = 3 = = 0.64
g 9.81
2
V2 1.62
E2 = y 2 + = 0.64 + = 0.96
2g 2 × 9.81 × 0.642
∆zmax = E1 − E2 = 2.033 − 0.96 = 1.073 m

20
 Chapter 2

2.12
Assume b1=10 m
Q1= Q2= 10 x 2 x 0.8 = 16 m3/s

q 22
E1 = y 2 +
2 gy 22
q 22
E1 y 22 = y 23 +
2g
q 2 = (2 gE1 y 22 − 2 gy 23 )1 2
Q
q2 =
b2
Q is constant. Therefore, maximum q2 corresponds to minimum b2.

dq2 1 −1
[
= (2 gy22 E − 2 gy23 ) 2 4 gyE − 6 gy 2 = 0
dy2 2
]
2
y2 = E1
3

From problem 2.11, E1 = 2.033 m

2
y2 = × 2.033 = 1.355 m
3
q2 = (2 × 9.81 × 2.033 × 1.3552 − 2 × 9.81 × 1.3553 )1 2
= 4.941 m3 /sec/m
b2 = 16 = 3.238 m
4.941
b2 3.238
= = 0.32
b1 10

2.13
(i)
Q = 80 ft3 / sec

E1 = E 2
2 2
V V
y1 + 1 = y 2 + 2
2g 2g
Q2 Q2
y1 + = y 2 +
2 g (b1 y1 ) 2 2 g (b2 y 2 ) 2

21
 Chapter 2

80 2 80 2
8+ = y2 +
2 × 32.2 × (5 × 8) 2 2 × 32.2 × (4 × y 2 ) 2
6.211
8 + 0.0621 = y 2 + 2
y2
y 2 − 8.0621 y 2 + 6.211 = 0
3 2

y 2 = 7.964 ft

(ii)
80
V1 = = 2 ft/sec
5×8
V 2
Fr = = = 0.125 < 1 subcritical
gy 9.81 × 8
E1 = E2 + ∆z
Q2 Q2
y1 + = y 2 + + ∆z
2 g (b1 y1 ) 2 2 g (b2 y2 ) 2
802 802
8+ = 7 . 964 + + ∆z
2 × 32.2 × (5 × 8) 2 2 × 32.2 × (5 × 7.964) 2
8.0621 = 8.0266 + + ∆z
y2 − 8.0621 y2 + 6.211 = 0
3 2

∆z = 0.035 ft

2.14
80
V1 = = 8 m/sec
0.5 × 20
8
Fr = = 3.612
9.81 × 0.5

y2 =
y1
2
[
1 + 8 F12 − 1 ]
y2 =
0.5
2
[ ]
1 + 8 × (3.162) 2 − 1 = 2.316 m

Losses H L = E1 − E 2
2 2
V1 V
H L = y1 + − y2 − 2
2g 2g

22
 Chapter 2

2
82 1  80 
H L = 0.5 + − 2.316 −  
2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81  20 × 23.6 
= 1.294 m

2.15
Q = 80 m3 / s
54
V1 = = 11.25 m/s
8 × 0.6
11.25
Fr = = 4.63
9.81 × 0.6
y
[
y2 = 1 1 + 8 F12 − 1
2
]
y2 =
0.6
2
[ ]
1 + 8 × (4.63) 2 − 1 = 3.646 m

2.16
0.2V22
Losses at junction =
2g
10
V1 = = 0.67 m/s
10 ×1.5
0.67
Fr = = 0.173 subcritical
9.81×1.5
E1 = E2 + ∆z + Losses
2 2
V1 V 0.2V22
y1 + = y2 + 2 + 0.1 +
2g 2g 2g

0.67 2 10 2
1.5 + = y 2 + 1.2 × + 0.1
2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81 × (8 y 2 ) 2
y 2 − 1.432 y 2 + 0.0956 = 0
3 2

y 2 = 0.29 m

2.17
B =8m
Q = 8 × 2 × 3 = 48 m 3 / s
E1 + ∆z = E 2
32 48 2
2+ + 0.15 = y 2 +
2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81× (8 y 2 ) 2

23
 Chapter 2

1.835
2.609 = y 2 +
y 22
y 2 − 2.609 y 2 + 1.835 = 0
3 2

y 2 = 2.245 m

2.18
V 3
F= = = 0.533
g× y 9.81 × 3
V1 y1 = V2 y2
3 × 3 = V2 y2
V2 = 9 / y2
E1 = E2 + ∆z
2
32 1  9
3+ = y2 +   + 0.3
2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81  y2 
y2 − 3.16 y2 + 4.128 = 0
3 2

y2 = 1.66 m

2.19
V1 = 2 g (160 − 120)
= 28 m/sec
Q = BV1 y1
1200
y1 = = 2.14 m
20 × 28

V2 28 2
F =
2
= = 37.35
gy1 9.81 × 2.14
r1

y2 =
y1
2
[
1 + 8F22 − 1 ]
y2 =
2.14
2
[ ]
1 + 8 × 37.35 − 1 = 17.46 m

1200
V2 = = 3.44 m/s
20 × 17.46
Energy losses = E 1 -E 2
28 2 3.44 2
= 2.14 + − 17.46 − = 24 m
2 × 9.81 2 × 9.81

24
 Chapter 2

2.20
Q= 18 m3/sec; B= 6 m; q= 18/6 = 3 m3 / s / m

18
V1 = = 10 m/s
6 × 0.3
V2 10 2
Fr12 = = = 33.97
gy1 9.81 × 0.3

y2 =
0.3
2
[ ]
1 + 8 × 33.97 − 1 = 2.328 m sequential depth

q2
E= y+
2 gy 2
at y = 0.3
32
E = 0.3 + = 5.397
2 × 9.81 × 0.32
0.4587
5.397 = y +
y2
y2 − 5.397 y2 + 0.4587 = 0
3 2

y2 = 5.38 m alternate depth

Head loss = E1 -E 2
q12 q22
= y1 + − y 2 −
2 gy12 2 gy22
32 32
= 0.3 + − 2 . 328 −
2 × 9.81× 0.32 2 × 9.81× 2.3282
= 5.397 − 2.413 = 2.98 m

2.21

(i)
q= 15 ft3/sec/ft
Q= 6 x 5 x 3 = 90 ft3/sec

25
 Chapter 2

V 3
Fr1 = = = 0.2364 subcritical
g×y 32.2 × 5
2
V1 32
E1 = y1 + =5+ = 5.14
2g 2 × 32.2
E1 = E2 = E3 = E4 = E5 = E6
Section 2 :
E1 = E2
90 2
5.14 = y2 +
2 × 32.2 × 5.82 × y22
y2 − 5.14 y2 + 3.74 = 0
3 2

y2 = 4.99 ft
Section 3 :
E1 = E3
90 2
5.14 = y3 +
2 × 32.2 × 5.6 2 × y32
y3 − 5.14 y3 + 4.01 = 0
3 2

y3 = 4.977 ft
Section 4 :
E1 = E4
902
5.14 = y4 +
2 × 32.2 × 5.42 × y42
y4 − 5.14 y4 + 4.31 = 0
3 2

y4 = 4.965 ft

Section 5 :
E1 = E 5
90 2
5.14 = y 5 +
2 × 32.2 × 5.2 2 × y 52
y 5 − 5.14 y 5 + 4.65 = 0
3 2

y 5 = 4.95 ft
Section 6 :
E1 = E 6

26
 Chapter 2

90 2
5.14 = y 6 +
2 × 32.2 × 5 2 × y 62
y 6 − 5.14 y 6 + 5.031 = 0
3 2

y 6 = 4.933 ft

(ii)
H1 = H 2
E1 + ∆z = E2
2 2
V1 V
y1 + + ∆z = y2 + 2
2g 2g
for the water surface to be horizontal
y1 + ∆z = y2
2 2
V1 V
= 2
2g 2g
902
9=
52 y22
y2 = 6 ft
∆z = y2 − y1 = 6 − 5 = 1 ft

2.22

Q= 50 ft3/sec
50
V1 = = 3.33 ft/sec
3× 5
50
V2 = = 5 ft/sec
2.5 × 4
H1 = H 2
E1 = E 2 + ∆z

2 2
V V
y1 + 1 = y 2 + 2 + ∆z
2g 2g
3.33 2 52
3+ = 2.5 + + ∆z
2 × 32.2 2 × 32.2
∆z = 0.28 ft

27
 Chapter 2

2.23
Y2 =
1.5
2
[ ]
1 + 8 × 25 − 1 = 9.88 ft

V1
Fr = 5 =
32.2 ×1.5
V1 = 34.75 ft/sec
34.75 ×1.5
V2 = = 5.275 ft/sec
9.88
head loss = E1 − E2
34.752 5.2752
1.5 + − 9.88 − = 9.939 ft
2 × 32.2 2 × 32.2

2.24
Assume rectangular cross section and horizontal channel bed
V2 4.3
Fr2 = = = 0.3323
gy 2 32.2 × 5.2

y1 =
y2
2
[ ]
1 + 8 F22 − 1

y2 =
5.2
2
[ ]
1 + 8 × (0.3323) 2 − 1 = 0.968 ft

q = 5.2 × 4.3 = 22.36 ft 3 / sec/ ft

22.36
V1 = = 23.099 ft/sec
0.968
E1 = E3 neglecting losses through the gate
2 2
V V
y1 + 1 = y 3 + 3
2g 2g
23.099 2
y3 = 0.968 + = 9.25 ft
2 × 32.2
22.36
V3 = = 2.41 ft/sec ∴ y 3 = 9.16 ft
9.25
22.36
V3 = = 2.44 ft/sec ∴ y 3 = 9.157 ft
9.16

2.25
A = (8 + 2 y ) y
Q2 Q2
E= y+ = y+
2 gA2 2 × 9.8 × (8 + 2 y ) 2 y 2

28
 Chapter 2

Y E (Q=10) E (Q=20) E (Q=40) E (Q=50)

0.3 1.066 3.363 12.55 19.44
0.5 0.7515 1.506 4.527 6.79
0.7 0.8177 1.171 2.58 3.64
0.8 0.886 1.145 2.183 2.96
0.9 0.9655 1.162 1.948 2.54
1 1.051 1.204 1.815 2.27
1.1 1.14 1.262 1.7477 2.11
1.2 1.233 1.33 1.723 2.018
1.4 1.756 1.957
1.5 1.8 1.968
1.6 1.85 1.997
2 2.142 2.22
4 4.02 4.03

2.26
D = Hydraulic depth
α = Velocity Coefficient
d = ycosθ
p αQ 2
E=H =Z+ +
γ 2 gA 2
γd cos θ αQ 2 αQ 2
= Z+ + = Z + y cos θ +
2

γ 2 gA 2 2 gA 2
dE αQ 2 dA
= 0 = cos θ +
2
(−2 A −3 ) at critical depth
dy 2g dy

αQ 2 B dA
cos θ 2 = 3
where =B
g A dy
gD cos θ 2
V2 =
α

V2
= 1 = Fr2
gD cos θ 2
α
V
Fr =
gD cos θ 2
α

29
 Chapter 2

2.28
V1 = 2 × 32.2(400 − z )
Q = 80000 = 200 × y1 2 × 32.2(400 − z )
80000 49.844
y1 = =
200 2 × 32.2(400 − z ) 400 − z
V 2 2 × 32.2 × (400 − z ) 3
F =
2
r1 = = 0.04 × (400 − z ) 2
gy1 49.844
32.2 ×
400 − z
y2 1
=
y1 2
[
1 + 8 F12 − 1]
220 − z 1 3 
=  1 + 8 × 0.04 × (400 − z ) 2 − 1
49.844 2 
400 − z
 3 
(220 − z ) × 400 − z = 24.922  1 + 0.32(400 − z ) 2 − 1
 
By trial and error, z = 166.5 ft.

30