Chapter 4 - Becoming a Member of Society

- Man as a social being needs other people to survive.

Enculturation - parents transmitting to their siblings the ancestral cultural values, skills, beliefs,
motives etc

Socialization - is a continuing process whereby an individual acquires a personal identity and

learns the norms, values, behavior, and social skills appropriate to his and her social position.

Why is the process of socialization very important?

- Because it teaches us how to behave and act within our society.
- Socialization is an instrument on how an individual will adapt to his existing environment.
- Adapt - means to adjust.
- Socialization enables the individual to grow and function socially.
- Socialization helps people learn to analyze and evaluate the appropriateness of things.
-

Identity Formation:

1. Personality and role development - we develop our sense of belongingness.

2. Skills Development and training - we develop social skills such as communication,
interpersonal, and occupational.
3. Values formation - we are influenced by the prevailing (existing) values of social groups
and society.
4. Social integration and adjustment - fitting-in in an organized way of life by being
accustomed including cultural setting.

Accustomed- means make (someone or something) accept something as normal or usual.: "I
accustomed my eyes to the lenses""they tried to accustom him to their lighthearted ways".
5. Social control and stability - integration to society binds individuals to the control
mechanisms set forth by society's norms with regard to acceptable social relationships
and social behavior.

Agents of Socialization - these refers to various social groups or social institution that
introduces and integrates an individual as an accepted and functioning member of society.
- *Integrate - means to combine.

Forms of Social Norms:

1. Folkways - These are the customary patterns that specify what is socially correct and
proper in everyday life.
 2. Mores - They define what is morally right and morally wrong. These are folkways with
ethical and moral significance which are strongly held and emphasized.
3. Laws - These are norms that are enforced formally by a special political organization. It
regulates and controls the people's behavior and conduct.

Values - are general conceptions of “the good”, ideas about the kinds of ends that people
should pursue throughout their lives.

Examples of Filipino Values according to the study of Jaime Bulatao:

1. Emotional closeness and security in the family
2. Authority value
3. Economic and social betterment
4. Patience, suffering, and endurance.

Social Statuses - refers to the position an individual occupies in society and implies an array of
rights and duties.
Classifications of Social Statuses:
a. Ascribed statuses - those which are assigned to the individual from birth. ex.
age, gender
b. Achieved statuses - it is acquired by choice ex. Choice in occupation

Social role - involves the pattern of expected behavior in a social relationship with one or more
persons occupying other statuses.

Conformity and Deviance:

Conformity or social conformity - individuals attempt to change behavior to conform with the
social norm.
*Conform - means obey, observe, or to follow

Types of conformity:
1. Compliance - group acceptance/cooperation
2. Internalization - genuine acceptance of group norms
3. Identification - group membership, recognition
4. Ingratiational - impress to gain favor/acceptance

Deviance or social deviance - refers to any behavior that differs or diverges from established
social norms.
Diverges - means to separate or go in different directions

Forms of deviance:
1. Innovation - accepting the goal of success but rejecting the use of socially
accepted means of achieving it.
 2. Ritualism - occurs when people de-emphasize or reject the importance of
success once they realize they will never achieve it.
*de-emphasize - means to reduce the importance
3. Retreatism - this means withdrawal from the society, caring neither about
success nor about working.
* withdrawal - means removal or discontinuation.

4. Rebellion - occurs when people reject and attempt to change both the goals and
the means approved by society.

Social Control - refers to the effort of the group or society to regulate the behavior of its
members. It includes the use of behavioral restraints to encourage people to follow set of social
expectations.

Two types of Sanctions:

1. Informal sanctions - unofficial or casual pressures to conform.
a. Positive sanctions - smile, an affirmation
b. Negative sanctions - involves penalties in a form or ridicule (sarcasm),
ostracism (exclusion from a society or group), rejection, etc.
2. Formal sanction - official and institutionalized.
a. The Criminal Justice System - is the most important and visible
institution of social control.

Human Rights and Dignity:

Human rights - are natural rights of human beings whatever their nationality, religion, ethnicity,
sex, language, and color.
- It protects our human dignity.

Human dignity - is the most important human right from which all the other fundamental rights
derive.