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Graph of
x2 –4x + 3 2x2 – 4x – 2
Does it have
Classwork (p. 3.20)
eflectional
2. (i),(ii) (a) (i) p > 0
(ii) r < 0
(b) (i) p > 0
(ii) r = 0
(c) (i) p > 0
(ii) r > 0
(d) (i) p < 0
(ii) r = 0
(e) (i) p < 0
(ii) r > 0
(f) (i) p < 0
(ii) r < 0
55
NSS Mathematics in Action 4A Full Solutions
56
3 Functions and Graphs
Quick Practice 3.6 (p. 3.17) Quick Practice 3.9 (p. 3.23)
(a) ∵ The graph cuts the x-axis and the y-axis at (−2, 0) and (a) ∵ The graph of y = −2x2 + 3x – k touches the x-axis at
(0, −4) respectively. one point.
∴ x-intercept = −2 and y-intercept = −4 ∴ ∆=0
(b) ∵ The graph passes through (0, −4). i.e. 3 2 − 4(−2)(−k ) = 0
∴ By substituting (0, −4) into y = ax + b, we have 9 − 8k = 0
−4 = a(0) + b 9
b = −4 k=
∵ The graph passes through (−2, 0).
8
57
NSS Mathematics in Action 4A Full Solutions
= −2( x − 1) 2 − 1 2 2
f − = 4 − 6 −
∵ 2
Coefficient of x = −2 < 0 3 3
∴ The maximum value of y = −2x2 + 4x − 3 is −1. =8
2
Quick Practice 3.12 (p. 3.33) (b) f (k ) = −
2 3
(a) y = x + 8 x − k 2
4 − 6k = −
= ( x 2 + 8x + 42 − 42 ) − k 3
= ( x 2 + 8 x + 16) − 16 − k 7
k=
9
= ( x + 4) 2 − 16 − k
∵ The minimum value of y = −7
∴ −16 − k = −7
2. (a)
2
G (−4) = −4
(−4) + a (−4) = −4
k = −9
16 − 4a = −4
(b) For the graph of y = x2 + 8x + 9, the coordinates of the
vertex are (−4, −7), and the axis of symmetry is x = −4. a=5
1
Quick Practice 3.13 (p. 3.34) (b) G (b − 1) − G (3) = −2
3
(a) H = 8t − 5t 2
1
(b − 1) 2 + 5(b − 1) − (3 2 + 5 × 3) = −2
= −5t 2 + 8t 3
8 b 2 − 2b + 1 + 5b − 5 − 8 = −2
= −5 t 2 − t
5 b 2 + 3b − 10 = 0
8 4 4
2 2
(b + 5)(b − 2) = 0
= −5t 2 − t + −
5 5 5 b = − 5 or b = 2
8 16 16
= −5 t 2 − t + +
∵
Further Practice (p. 3.29)
5 25 5
1. (a) (i) The y-intercept of the graph of
2
4 16 y = (x + 2)2 + k is 5.
= −5 t − +
5 5 ∴ 5 = (0 + 2 ) 2 + k
1 b −3
A = x • (4 − 2 x) =1
2 2
= x( 2 − x) b=5
By substituting (–3, 0) and h = 1 into
= −x 2 + 2x
y = −( x − h) 2 + k , we have
= −( x 2 − 2 x + 12 − 12 )
0 = −(−3 − 1) 2 + k
2
= −( x − 2 x + 1) + 1
k = 16
= −( x − 1) 2 + 1
∵ The maximum value of A is 1.
(b) When x = 0, y = −(0 − 1) 2 + 16
58
3 Functions and Graphs
∴
= −( x − 6) 2 + 36 + c
The coordinates of the vertex are (6, 36 + c).
∴ The value of g(x) is
17
when x = −2.
∴
16
2k = 6
k =3 4. (a) f (30°) = cos 30°
36 + c = 3 3
=
c = − 33 2
(b) f (45°) = cos 45°
2
3. (a) C = 6 x − 600 x + 15 120 2 1
= or
= 6( x 2 − 100 x) + 15 120
2 2
= 6( x 2 − 100 x + 2500) − 15 000 + 15 120 (c) f (60°) = cos 60°
= 6( x − 50) 2 + 120 1
=
∵ The minimum value of C is 120. 2
∴ The minimum cost of producing an oven is $120.
(b) From (a), the minimum value of C is attained when 1
x = 50. 5. (a) f (1) =
∴ The corresponding number of ovens produced per
9(1) 2 + 1
1
day such that the cost is minimum is 50. =
9 +1
Exercise 1
=
10
Exercise 3A (p. 3.12)
1 1
Level 1 (b) f = 2
1. Case (I): 3 1
9 + 1
(a) A = 2n + 5(6 − n) 3
∴ A = 30 − 3n
=
1
(b) The domain of function A is the collection of 1, 2, 3, 4 1
and 5. 9 + 1
Case (II): 9
1 1
(a) A = x • (20 − 2 x ) =
2 1+1
= x(10 − x) 1
=
= 10 x − x 2 2
(b) The domain of function A is the collection of the real 1
number x, where 5 ≤ x < 10. (c) f ( 3) =
9( 3 ) 2 + 1
2. (a) f (3) = 2(3) 3 − 1 1
=
27 + 1
= 54 − 1
1
=
= 53
∴ The value of the function is 53 when x = 3.
28
59
NSS Mathematics in Action 4A Full Solutions
10. h(3) = 1
2
3(3) + m = 1
27 + m = 1
m = − 26
60
3 Functions and Graphs
(b) f ( x) • g ( x) = 50
2 3 −
2
(b) f − = 32 3 2( x − 2)( x − 2) = 50
3
2( x 2 − 4 x + 4) = 50
= 3(2 − 2 )
x 2 − 4 x + 4 = 25
1
= 3 x 2 − 4 x − 21 = 0
4
3 ( x − 7)( x + 3) = 0
=
4 x = 7 or − 3
4 − 2k + 6 = 9 − 3k + 6 21. (a) f ( k ) = 2k
k =5
(k + 3)(k + 2) − k 2 = 2k
k 2 + 5k + 6 − k 2 = 2k
18. (a) f (8) = 6 g (4)
3k = −6
2(8 + m) = 6(4 + m)
k = −2
16 + 2m = 24 + 6m
4m = −8
m=−2
61
NSS Mathematics in Action 4A Full Solutions
( x + 1)( x + 2) = 0
[(2 x + 1) + (3 x − 2)]x
x = − 1 or x = − 2 25. (a) S ( x) =
2
x(5 x − 1)
22. (a) f ( x + 2) = ( x + 2) 2 − k ( x + 2) =
2
= x 2 + 4 x + 4 − kx − 2k (b) ∵ The area of the trapezium is 60 cm2.
2
= x + ( 4 − k ) x + 4 − 2k ∴ S ( x) = 60
x(5 x − 1)
f ( x − 2) = ( x − 2) 2 − k ( x − 2) = 60
2
= x 2 − 4 x + 4 − kx + 2k x (5 x − 1) = 120
= x 2 − ( 4 + k ) x + 4 + 2k
5 x 2 − x − 120 = 0
(b) f ( x + 2) − f ( x − 2) = kx − 32 ( x − 5)(5 x + 24) = 0
2 2
x + (4 − k ) x + 4 − 2k − [ x − (4 + k ) x + 4 + 2k ] = kx − 32 24
x = 5 or x=− (rejected)
8 x − 4k = kx − 32 5
By comparing coefficients, k = 8 When x = 5, 2 x + 1 = 11
∵ 3 x − 2 = 13
∴
(c) f ( x + 2) = f ( x − 2) + 40
∴ f ( x + 2) − f ( x − 2) = 40 The lengths of AD and BC are 11 cm and 13 cm
respectively.
8 x − 32 = 40 (by (b))
x=9 26. (a) F (50) = 500 + 4(50)
= 500 + 200
2 = 700
f (1) = f
∴
23. (a)
2 The cost for holding a party with 50 guests is
3(2) $700.
= +5
(b) ∵ The cost for holding a party is $840.
∴
2
=8 F (n) = 840
500 + 4n = 840
4
f ( 2) = f n = 85
2
3(4)
∴ The number of guests is 85.
= +5 (c) (i) H (n) = 10n − F (n)
2
= 10n − (500 + 4n)
= 11
= 10n − 500 − 4n
2u = 6n − 500
(b) f (u ) = f
2
(ii) H (150) = 6(150) − 500
3(2u )
= +5 = 900 − 500
2
= 400
= 3u + 5
∴ The profit is $400 when there are 150
guests.
24. (a) f (2) = f (2 ×1)
= 12 + 3(1) − 4 Exercise 3B (p. 3.23)
Level 1
=0
1. (a) no (b) yes (c) no
f (4) = f (2 × 2)
(d) no (e) yes (f) yes
= 2 2 + 3(2) − 4
= 4+6−4
=6
62
3 Functions and Graphs
∴ a=
4
3
and b = 4
i.e. 6 2 − 4(−1)(k ) = 0
36 + 4k = 0
k = −9
4. (a) ∵ The graph cuts the x-axis and the y-axis at (4, 0) The corresponding quadratic equation is
and (0, 4) respectively.
∴ x-intercept = 4 and y-intercept = 4
− x2 + 6x − 9 = 0
63
NSS Mathematics in Action 4A Full Solutions
9. (a) ∵ P(h, 6) is the vertex of the graph of the function 14. (a) x-intercepts = −9 and 9
y = x2 – 6x + 15.
∴
The axis of symmetry of the given graph is x = 0.
6 = h 2 − 6h + 15 (b) ∵ The x-intercepts of the given quadratic graph
2
are –9 and 9.
∴
h − 6h + 9 = 0
The quadratic function is y = A(x + 9)(x – 9),
(h − 3) 2 = 0
where A is a negative real number since the graph
h=3
opens downwards.
(b) The axis of symmetry of the graph is x = 3. For A = –1, y = –(x + 9)(x – 9), the maximum value of
the quadratic function is 81.
10. (a) The axis of symmetry is x = –1. For A = –2, y = –2(x + 9)(x – 9), the maximum value
(b) The coordinates of the vertex are (–1, –1). of the quadratic function is 162.
(c) The graph opens upwards. (or any other reasonable answers)
(d) y-intercept = −0.5
(e) x-intercepts: –2.5 and 0.5 Level 2
15. (a) f (2) = k
11. (a) The axis of symmetry is x = –1. − k (2) + 6 = k
(b) The coordinates of the vertex are (–1, 4). − 2k + 6 = k
(c) The graph opens downwards. k=2
(d) y-intercept = 3
(b) Consider y = –2x + 6.
(e) x-intercepts: –3 and 1 When x = 0, y = –2(0) + 6 = 6
∴ y-intercept of y = –2x + 6 is 6.
12. (a) The axis of symmetry is x = 1.5. When y = 0, 0 = −2 x + 6
x=3
∴ x-intercept of y = –2x + 6 is 3.
∴ △
Area of OBA =
3× 6
2
sq. units
= 9 sq. units
64
3 Functions and Graphs
17. The vertex is the intersection of the quadratic graph and its 20. (a)
axis of symmetry.
3
When x = ,
2
2
3 3 1
y = − + 3 −
2 2 4
9 9 1
=− + −
4 2 4
=2
∴ The coordinates of the vertex of the graph are
3
, 2 .
2
18. (a) The axis of symmetry of the graph is (b) The axis of symmetry of the graph is x = 5.
−2 + 4 (c) The maximum value of y is 6.3.
x=
2
x =1 21. (a) y = ( x + 1)(1 − x) + 3
(b) When x = 1, = 1 − x2 + 3
y = 12 − 2(1) − 8
= −x2 + 4
= −9 x –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
The coordinates of the minimum point of the graph are y –5 0 3 4 3 0 –5
(1, –9).
∴ 34
The coordinates of the vertex are 2, .
5
65
NSS Mathematics in Action 4A Full Solutions
∵
Level 1
1. (a) Coefficient of x2 = 1 > 0
∴ The graph opens upwards. 11. (a) y = x2 + 2x + 3
(b) The coordinates of the vertex are (2, –4). = x 2 + 2 x + 12 − 12 + 3
(c) The axis of symmetry is x = 2. = ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) − 1 + 3
3. (a) ∵ 2
Coefficient of x = –1 < 0
12. (a) y = 2x 2 + 4x + 7
5. ∵ Coefficient of x2 = 1 > 0
= −( x 2 − 4 x + 4) + 4
7. ∵ Coefficient of x2 = –2 < 0
14. (a) y = −3 x 2 − 12 x + 5
= x 2 + 5x + −
2
∴ The minimum value of y is –17.
2 2 (b) The coordinates of the vertex = (−4, − 17)
2
5 25 The axis of symmetry is x = –4.
= x 2 + 5x + −
2 4
2
5 25
=x+ −
2 4
66
3 Functions and Graphs
= −4( x 2 + 4 x + 4) + 16 + 5 = x2 + 5
or let a = 1 and h = 1, we have
= −4( x + 2) 2 + 21
∴The maximum value of y is 21.
f(x) = (x – 1)2 + 5.
(or any other reasonable answers)
(b) The coordinates of the vertex = (−2, 21)
24. Let y = a(x – h)2 + k be the quadratic function.
∵
The axis of symmetry is x = –2.
The graph opens downwards and its axis of symmetry
is x = –3.
19. y = x 2 + 10 x + k
= ( x 2 + 10 x + 5 2 ) − 5 2 + k
∴ a < 0 and h = –3.
Let a = –1 and k = 1, we have
= ( x 2 + 10 x + 25) − 25 + k y = –(x + 3)2 + 1.
= ( x + 5) 2 + k − 25 or let a = –1 and k = 0, we have
∴ The minimum value of y is k – 25. y = –(x +3)2.
∴ k − 25 = 8 (or any other reasonable answers)
k = 33
Level 2
25. (a) y = ( x + 2)( x − 4)
20. y = −x2 + 6x + k
= x2 − 2x − 8
= −( x 2 − 6 x) + k
= ( x 2 − 2 x + 1) − 1 − 8
= −( x 2 − 6 x + 32 − 32 ) + k
= ( x − 1) 2 − 9
= − ( x 2 − 6 x + 9) + 9 + k
∴The minimum value of y is –9.
= −( x − 3) 2 + 9 + k
∴
(b) The coordinates of the vertex are (1, –9).
The maximum value of y is 9 + k.
∴
The axis of symmetry is x = 1.
9 + k = 12
k =3 26. (a) y = 2(2 − x)( x + 2) − 4 x
= 8 − 2 x2 − 4x
21. Let x be one of the numbers, then the other number is = −2( x 2 + 2 x ) + 8
16 – x, and y be the product of these two numbers.
∴ y = x(16 − x)
= −2( x 2 + 2 x + 1) + 2 + 8
= −2( x + 1) 2 + 10
= − x 2 + 16 x
By completing the square,
∴The maximum value of y is 10.
(b) The coordinates of the vertex are (–1, 10).
y = − x 2 + 16 x
The axis of symmetry is x = –1.
= −( x 2 − 16 x)
= −( x 2 − 16 x + 8 2 − 8 2 )
= −( x 2 − 16 x + 64) + 64
= −( x − 8) 2 + 64
67
NSS Mathematics in Action 4A Full Solutions
= 2 x 2 − 3x + − + 6 − k = 8 sq. units
2 2
9 9
= 2 x 2 − 3 x + − + 6 − k y = x2 − 6x + k
4 2 33. (a)
3 3
2
= ( x 2 − 6 x + 32 − 3 2 ) + k
= 2 x − + − k
2 2 = ( x 2 − 6 x + 9) − 9 + k
∴ The minimum value of y is
3
−k . = ( x − 3) 2 + k − 9
2
∴ Coordinates of the vertex = (3, k – 9) = (h, –25)
∴ 3
2
− k = −8 ∴ h=3
19 and k − 9 = −25
k=
2 k = − 16
(b) Consider x 2 − 6 x − 16 = 0 .
30. (a) By substituting (0, –21) into y = (x – 2)(x + 6) + k, we x 2 − 6 x − 16 = 0
have ( x + 2)( x − 8) = 0
−21 = (0 − 2)(0 + 6) + k
x+2=0 or x −8 = 0
− 21 = −12 + k
x = −2 or x=8
∴
k = −9
The coordinates of P and Q are (–2, 0) and (8, 0)
(b) y = ( x − 2)( x + 6) − 9
respectively.
= x 2 + 4 x − 12 − 9 (c) Area of rectangle PQRS
= x 2 + 4 x − 21 = [8 − (−2)] × [0 − (−25)] sq. units
= ( x 2 + 4 x + 22 ) − 22 − 21 = 10 × 25 sq. units
2
= ( x + 4 x + 4) − 25 = 250 sq. units
= ( x + 2) 2 − 25
The coordinates of the vertex are (–2, –25).
The axis of symmetry is x = –2.
68
3 Functions and Graphs
34. Let x be one of the numbers, then the other number is 20 – x, (b) From (a), y = –2(x – 15)2 + 450
and y be the sum of the squares of these two numbers. ∴ When x = 15, the area of the playground is
∴ y = x 2 + (20 − x )2 maximum.
When x = 15, 60 – 2x = 30
= x 2 + ( x 2 − 40 x + 400)
= 2 x 2 − 40 x + 400
∴ The dimensions of the rectangular playground is
30 m × 15 m.
By completing the square,
y = 2 x 2 − 40 x + 400
37. (a) Let x cm be the length of a side of one of the squares,
= 2( x 2 − 20 x) + 400 then the length of a side of the other square is
= 2( x 2 − 20 x + 10 2 − 102 ) + 400 1
(80 − 4 x ) cm = (20 − x) cm
4
= 2( x 2 − 20 x + 100) − 200 + 400
= 2( x − 10) 2 + 200
∴ Total area of the two squares
∴ The minimum value of the sum of the squares of these (b) Let y cm2 be the total area of the two squares.
two numbers is 200. ∴ y = x 2 + (20 − x) 2
= x 2 + ( x 2 − 40 x + 400)
35. (a) h = 30t − 5t 2 = 2 x 2 − 40 x + 400
2
= −5t + 30t = 2( x 2 − 20 x) + 400
2
= −5(t − 6t ) = 2( x 2 − 20 x + 102 − 102 ) + 400
= −5(t 2 − 6t + 32 − 32 ) = 2( x 2 − 20 x + 100) − 200 + 400
2
= −5(t − 6t + 9) + 45 = 2( x − 10) 2 + 200
= −5(t − 3) + 45 2
∴
∴
When x = 10, y attains its minimum value.
When t = 3, h attains its maximum value.
∴
When x = 10, 20 – x = 10.
The ball will attain its maximum height after ∴ The lengths of the sides of the squares are both
3 seconds. 10 cm.
(b) From (a), h = –5(t – 3)2 + 45
∴ The maximum height reached is 45 m. ∵ △ABC ~ △AFE
∴
38. (a) (AAA)
Half of the maximum height reached is 22.5 m.
By substituting h = 22.5 into h = 30t – 5t2, we have
∴ CB
EF AF
=
AB (corr. sides, ~ △s)
22.5 = 30t − 5t 2 AF
2
EF = • CB
5t − 30t + 22.5 = 0 AB
Using the quadratic formula, 8− x
= • 12 cm
− (−30) ± ( −30) 2 − 4(5)(22.5) 8
t= 3
2(5) = (8 − x) cm
2
30 ± 450 (b) The area of rectangle BDEF = DE • EF
=
10
3
= 0.879 or 5.12 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) = x (8 − x) cm 2
2
∴ The maximum area of the playground is 450 m2. ∴ The dimensions and the area of the largest
rectangle that can be inscribed in ABC are △
6 cm × 4 cm and 24 cm2 respectively.
69
NSS Mathematics in Action 4A Full Solutions
2 2 2
Revision Exercise 3 (p. 3.41) (b) [ g (1)] • f (−1) = [3(1) + 5] • [(−1) − 2(−1)]
Level 1
= 82 • 3
1. (a) By substituting C = 0 and F = 32 into F = aC + b, we
have = 192
32 = a(0) + b 2
f (2) 2 − 2(2)
(c) =
b = 32 g (−2) 3( −2) + 5
By substituting C = 100, F = 212 and b = 32 into =0
F = aC + b, we have
212 = a(100) + 32
6. (a) f (0) = 2
a = 1.8
2(0) + b = 2
(b) F = 1.8C + 32
b=2
1.8C = F − 32
(b) From (a), we have
F − 32 f ( x) = 2 x + 2
C=
1.8 ∴ f (−3) = 2(−3) + 2
5 = −6 + 2
= ( F − 32)
9 = −4
3 −1
4. (a) f (3) = 9. (a) h( x) = [ f ( x)] 2 − g ( x)
32 + 1
2 = ( x + 2) 2 − ( x 2 − 3 x + 1)
=
10 = x 2 + 4 x + 4 − x 2 + 3x − 1
1 = 7x + 3
=
5
(b) H ( x) = f ( x 2 ) − g ( x )
1
−1 = ( x 2 + 2) − ( x 2 − 3 x + 1)
1
(b) f = 2 2
2 1 = x 2 + 2 − x 2 + 3x − 1
+1
2 = 3x + 1
△
1
− 10. (a) Area of OAB = 12 sq. units
= 2
5 1
× AO × OB = 12 sq. units
4 2
2 1
=− × AO × (6 units) = 12 sq. units
5 2
AO = 4 units
5. (a) f (1) + g (2) = [12 − 2(1)] + [3(2) + 5] ∴ The coordinates of A are (−4, 0).
= 1− 2 + 6 + 5
= 10
70
3 Functions and Graphs
∴
(c) The minimum value of the function is −9.
The minimum value of y is −4.
15. (a) y = 4( x − 2) 2 + 1
12. (a) The axis of symmetry is x = −2.
∵Coefficient of x 2 = 4 > 0
(b) The coordinates of the vertex = (−2, 11)
∴The graph opens upwards.
(c) ∵ The graph opens downwards. (b) The coordinates of the vertex are (2, 1).
∴ The maximum value of y is 11. (c) The axis of symmetry is x = 2.
y −5 0 3 4 3 0
∴The graph opens downwards.
(b) The coordinates of the vertex are (3, −4).
(c) The axis of symmetry is x = 3.
17. y = 3 − (4 + x) 2
= −( x + 4) 2 + 3
∵ Coefficient of x 2 = −1 < 0
∴ The maximum value of y is 3.
18. y = (6 − x ) 2
= ( x − 6) 2
∵ Coefficient of x 2 = 1 > 0
∴ The minimum value of y is 0.
19. y = − x 2 + 6 x − 25
71
NSS Mathematics in Action 4A Full Solutions
9 9
∴ 2k = −5
= 2 x 2 + 3 x + − + 1 5
4 2 k =−
2
2
3 7 (b) The maximum value of the function
= 2 x + −
2 2 2
∵ 2
Coefficient of x = 2 > 0
5
= 5 −
2
∴ The minimum value of y is −
7
2
.
=
125
4
21. y = x( x + 2) + 10
26. Let x cm be the length of the rectangle. Then the width of
= x 2 + 2 x + 10
1
= ( x 2 + 2 x + 12 ) − 12 + 10 the rectangle is (16 − 2 x) cm .
2
= ( x + 1) 2 + 9 Let y cm2 be the area of the rectangle formed.
∵ Coefficient of x 2 = 1 > 0 1
∴
y = x(16 − 2 x)
The minimum value of y is 9. 2
= x(8 − x)
22. y = (2 − x)( x + 6) − 10 = −x2 + 8x
2
= − x − 4 x + 12 − 10 = −( x 2 − 8 x )
= −x 2 − 4x + 2 = −( x 2 − 8 x + 4 2 − 4 2 )
2
= −( x + 4 x) + 2 = −( x 2 − 8 x + 16) + 16
2 2 2
= −( x + 4 x + 2 − 2 ) + 2 = −( x − 4) 2 + 16
2
= − ( x + 4 x + 4) + 4 + 2 The maximum area of the rectangle formed is 16 cm2.
= −( x + 2) 2 + 6
27. Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c be the quadratic function.
∵ Coefficient of x 2 = −1 < 0 ∵
∴
f(1) = 4
The maximum value of y is 6.
∴ a(1) 2 + b(1) + c = 4
a+b+c=4 ……(1)
23. y = x 2 − 8x − k
∵ f(3) = 14
= x 2 − 8x + 4 2 − 4 2 − k
2
∴ a(3) 2 + b(3) + c = 14
= ( x − 8 x + 16) − 16 − k 9a + 3b + c = 14 ……(2)
= ( x − 4) 2 − (16 + k ) (2) − (1): 8a + 2b = 10
∴ The minimum value of y = −(16 + k ) = −12 4a + b = 5 ……(3)
k =−4 Put a = 1 into (3),
4(1) + b = 5
b =1
24. y = − x 2 − kx
Put a = 1 and b = 1 into (1),
= −( x 2 + kx) 1+1+ c = 4
k
2
k
2
c=2
= − x 2 + kx + −
2 2 ∴ f ( x) = x 2 + x + 2
or put a = 2 into (3),
k2 k2
= − x 2 + kx + + 4(2) + b = 5
4 4
b = −3
2
k k2 Put a = 2 and b = −3 into (1),
= − x + + 2−3+c=4
2 4
∴ k2 c=5
The maximum value of y =
4
= 16 ∴ f ( x) = 2 x 2 − 3x + 5
k = 8 or −8 (or any other reasonable answers)
72
3 Functions and Graphs
x 2 + 6 x + 9 + 3k − ( x 2 − 6 x + 9 + k ) = 12 x + 1 (b) Consider x 2 + 6 x + 8 = 0 .
12 x + 2k = 12 x + 1 x2 + 6x + 8 = 0
1 ( x + 2)( x + 4) = 0
k=
2 x = −2 or − 4
∵ α<β
31. Let (−a, 0) and (0, b) be the coordinates of A and B ∴ α = −4 and β = −2
respectively. (c) Coordinates of the mid-point of (α, 0) and (β, 0)
By substituting (−a, 0) into y = (k − 1) x + 2k , we have −4 − 2
0 = (k − 1)(− a ) + 2k = , 0
2
a (k − 1) = 2k = (−3, 0)
a=
2k ∴ The axis of symmetry of the graph is x = –3.
k −1 2
When x = –3, y = (−3) + 6(−3) + 8
By substituting (0, b) into y = (k − 1) x + 2k , we have
= −1
b = (k − 1)(0) + 2k ∴ The coordinates of the minimum point are
b = 2k (−3, −1).
73
NSS Mathematics in Action 4A Full Solutions
1+ 6
(b) The mid-point of AB is
7
, 0 , i.e. , 0 .
∴ p+q
2
=5
2 2
y = x 2 − 6 x + 11 = −( x 2 − 12 x + 36) + 36 + 3
35.
= ( x 2 − 6 x + 3 2 − 3 2 ) + 11 = −( x − 6) 2 + 39
= ( x 2 − 6 x + 9) − 9 + 11
∴ The maximum area of the cardboard is 39 cm2
when x = 6.
= ( x − 3) 2 + 2
∴ The coordinates of the vertex Q are (3, 2). 39. (a) AP = DS = CR = BQ = (10 − x) cm
∴
∴
Area of OPQR = OP × PQ 1
S ( x) = (10 × 10) − 4 ( x)(10 − x)
= 3 × 2 sq. units 2
= 6 sq. units = 100 − 20 x + 2 x 2
= 2 x 2 − 20 x + 100
36. (a) y-intercept of the graph
(b) S ( x) = 2 x 2 − 20 x + 100
= y-coordinate of B
= –1 = 2( x 2 − 10 x) + 100
∴
The coordinates of B are (0, −1). = 2( x 2 − 10 x + 5 2 − 5 2 ) + 100
y = x 2 − 4x − 1 = 2( x 2 − 10 x + 25) − 50 + 100
2 2 2
= ( x − 4x + 2 − 2 ) − 1 = 2( x − 5) 2 + 50
2
= ( x − 4 x + 4) − 4 − 1 ∴ When x = 5, S(x) attains its minimum value.
= ( x − 2) 2 − 5
∴The coordinates of C are (2, −5).
(b) OA = 2 units
AC = 5 units
∴ Area of △ABC = 12 × OA × AC
1
= × 2 × 5 sq. units
2
= 5 sq. units
74
3 Functions and Graphs
∴ 1 1 4
f ( 2) • f = •
2 8 17
∴ AP SP
=
AE CE
(corr. sides, ~ △s) =
1
34
x
4−
2 = SP 3. Answer: A
4 3
f ( x − 1) − f ( x) = ( x − 1) 2 + ( x − 1) + 1 − ( x 2 + x + 1)
3
12 − x = x 2 − 2x + 1 + x − 1 + 1 − x 2 − x − 1
SP = 2 cm
4 = − 2x
4. Answer: C
3
= 3 − x cm f ( x ) = ( x − 2)( x − 5) g ( x ) + 3 x − 1
8
f (2) = ( 2 − 2)(2 − 5) g (2) + 3(2) − 1
∴ 3
Area of PQRS = 3 − x ( x) cm
8
2 =5
f (5) = (5 − 2)(5 − 5) g (2) + 3(5) − 1
3 = 14
= 3 x − x 2 cm 2
8 ∴ f (2) + f (5) = 5 + 14
(b) Let A cm2 be the area of PQRS. = 19
3
A = 3x − x 2
8 5. Answer: B
3 The graph of y = H(x) is a straight line.
= − ( x 2 − 8 x)
Let y = ax + b, where a and b are constants.
∵
8
The graph passes through (0, 3).
3
= − ( x 2 − 8 x + 4 2 − 42 )
8
∴ By substituting (0, 3) into y = ax + b, we have
3 = a (0) + b
3
= − ( x 2 − 8 x + 16) + 6 b=3
8
∵ The graph passes through (3, 0).
3
= − ( x − 4) 2 + 6
8
∴ By substituting (3, 0) and b = 3 into y = ax + b, we
∵
Consider P = 15t. 6. Answer: D
When t = 2, P = 15(2) = 30 The graph opens upwards.
When t = 3, P = 15(3) = 45 ∴ a>0
When t = 4, P = 15(4) = 60 ∵ The graph has no x-intercepts.
When t = 5, P = 15(5) = 75
When t = 6, P = 15(6) = 90
∴ The quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has no real
roots.
When t = 7, P = 15(7) = 105
∴ The algebraic representation of the function in the
∴ ∆<0
i.e. b2 − 4ac < 0
table may be P = 15t.
∵ y-intercept > 0
∴ c>0
2. Answer: A
f (2) = 2
1 ∴ I, II and III are true.
2 +4
7. Answer: D
1 The coordinates of the vertex are (h, k).
=
8 From the graph, we have
h < 0 and k < 0
75
NSS Mathematics in Action 4A Full Solutions
8. Answer: D s( x) = 4(1 − x − x 2 )
For y = x 2 − 4 x + 6 ,
= −4( x 2 + x) + 4
y = ( x 2 − 4x + 2 2 − 2 2 ) + 6 1
2 2
1
= ( x 2 − 4 x + 4) − 4 + 6 = −4 x 2 + x + − + 4
2 2
= ( x − 2) 2 + 2
∴ The axis of symmetry of y = x 2 − 4 x + 6 is x = 2.
1
= −4 x 2 + x + + 1 + 4
4
For y = x 2 + 8 x + 6 , 2
1
y = ( x 2 + 8x + 4 2 − 4 2 ) + 6 = −4 x + + 5
2
= ( x 2 + 8 x + 16) − 16 + 6 ∴ The maximum value of s(x) = 5
= ( x + 4) 2 − 10 ∴ The answer is C, i.e. III and IV only.
∴ The axis of symmetry of y = x 2 + 8 x + 6 is x = −4.
HKMO (p. 3.47)
For y = x 2 − 8 x + 6 , 1. f (4) = f (2) × f (2)
y = ( x 2 − 8x + 4 2 − 4 2 ) + 6 = 3×3
2
= ( x − 8 x + 16) − 16 + 6 =9
= ( x − 4) 2 − 10 f (6) = f (2) × f (3)
10. Answer: C x 2 − 2x − 3 = 0
f ( x) = 6 x − x 2 − 14 ( x − 3)( x + 1) = 0
x = 3 or − 1 (rejected)
= − x 2 + 6 x − 14
When x < 1, the solution cannot be greater than 3.
= −( x 2 − 6 x) − 14 ∴ d =3
= −( x 2 − 6 x + 3 2 − 3 2 ) − 14
= −( x 2 − 6 x + 9) + 9 − 14 3. The area of the rectangle is the largest when the rectangle is
2 a square. The side of the square is 0.25 m.
= −( x − 3) − 5
∴
2
Area of the square = 0.25 × 0.25 m
The maximum value of f(x) = −5
= 0.0625 m 2
For g ( x) = x 2 + 4 x + 9 ,
∵ Coefficient of x2 = 1 > 0 ∴ 1
∴ The function has a minimum value, but no maximum
b = 0.0625 or
16
value.
h( x ) = 2 x + 4 − x 2
= −x 2 + 2x + 4
= −( x 2 − 2 x ) + 4
= − ( x 2 − 2 x + 12 − 12 ) + 4
= −( x 2 − 2 x + 1) + 1 + 4
= −( x − 1) 2 + 5
∴ The maximum value of h(x) = 5
76
3 Functions and Graphs
1
2. (a) The width of the region = (12 − 2 x) m
2
= (6 − x ) m
∴ y = x (6 − x )
= 6x − x 2
77