Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Interval Estimation
Learning Objectives
1. Know how to construct and interpret an interval estimate of a population mean and / or a population
proportion.
2. Understand the concept of a sampling error.
3. Be able to use knowledge of a sampling distribution to make probability statements about the
sampling error.
4. Understand and be able to compute the margin of error.
5. Learn about the t distribution and its use in constructing an interval estimate for a population mean.
6. Be able to determine the size of a simple random sample necessary to estimate a population mean
and/or a population proportion with a specified level of precision.
7. Know the definition of the following terms:
confidence interval precision
confidence coefficient sampling error
confidence level margin of error
degrees of freedom
8 1
Chapter 8
Solutions:
1. a. x / n 5 / 40 0.79
b. At 95%, z / n 196
. (5 / 40 ) 155
.
2. a. 32 1.645 (6 / 50 )
32 1.4 (30.6 to 33.4)
b. 32 1.96 (6 / 50 )
32 1.66 (30.34 to 33.66)
c. 32 2.576 (6 / 50 )
32 2.19 (29.81 to 34.19)
3. a. 80 1.96 (15 / 60 )
80 3.8 (76.2 to 83.8)
80 2.68 (77.32 to 82.68)
c. Larger sample provides a smaller margin of error.
4. 126 1.96 ( s / n )
8 2
Interval Estimation
16.07
1.96 4
n
1.96(16.07)
n 7.874
4
n 62
b. 24.80 1.40 or (23.40 to 26.20)
6. x 1.96 ( s / n )
369 6.20 (362.80 to 375.20)
7. x z.025 ( / n )
3.37 .05 (3.32 to 3.42)
8. a. x z / 2
n
12,000 1.645 (2, 200 / 245)
12,000 231 (11,769 to 12,231)
12,000 275 (11,725 to 12,275)
12,000 362 (11,638 to 12,362)
d. Interval width must increase since we want to make a statement about with greater confidence.
8 3
Chapter 8
9. a. Using a computer, x = $12.41
b. Using a computer, s = 3.64
c. x 1.96 ( s / n )
12.41 1.96 (3.64 / 60 )
12.41 0.92 (11.49 to 13.33)
s
10. x z.025
n
3.45
7.75 1.96
180
7.75 .50 (7.25 to 8.25)
11. Using Minitab we obtained a sample standard deviation of 2.163. The confidence interval output is
shown below:
THE ASSUMED SIGMA =2.16
The 95% confidence interval estimate is 5.74 to 6.94.
xi 114
12. a. x 3.8 minutes
n 30
( xi x ) 2
b. s 2.26 minutes
n 1
s 2.26
Margin of Error = z.025 1.96 .81 minutes
n 30
s
c. x z.025
n
3.8 .81 (2.99 to 4.61)
13. a. .95
b. .90
8 4
Interval Estimation
c. .01
d. .05
e. .95
f. .85
14. a. 1.734
b. 1.321
c. 3.365
d. 1.761 and +1.761
e. 2.048 and +2.048
80
15. a. x xi / n 10
8
( xi x ) 2 84
b. s 3.464
n 1 81
c. With 7 degrees of freedom, t.025 = 2.365
x t.025 ( s / n )
10 2.365 (3.464 / 8 )
10 2.90 (7.10 to 12.90)
17.25 1.28 (15.97 to 18.53)
b. 17.25 2.09 (3.3 / 20 )
17.25 1.54 (15.71 to 18.79)
c. 17.25 2.861 (3.3 / 20 )
17.25 2.11 (15.14 to 19.36)
8 5
Chapter 8
80 1.740 (10 / 18 )
80 4.10 (75.90 to 84.10)
80 4.97 (75.03 to 84.97)
xi 18.96
18. a. x $1.58
n 12
( xi x ) 2 .239
b. s .1474
n 1 12 1
c. t.025 = 2.201
x t.025 ( s / n )
1.58 .09 (1.49 to 1.67)
( xi x ) 2
s 0.54 minutes
n 1
x t.025 ( s / n )
6.53 2.093 (0.54 / 20 )
6.53 .25 (6.28 to 6.78)
22.4 1.25 (21.15 to 23.65)
b. With df = 60, t.025 = 2.000
8 6
Interval Estimation
22.4 2 (5 / 61)
22.4 1.28 (21.12 to 23.68)
c. x t.025 ( s / n )
Confidence intervals are essentially the same regardless of whether z or t is used.
xi 864
21. x $108
n 8
( xi x ) 2 654
s 9.6658
n 1 8 1
t.025 = 2.365
x t.025 ( s / n )
108 2.365 (9.6658 / 8)
108 8.08 (99.92 to 116.08)
b. x t.025 ( s / n ) t.025 = 2.064 df = 24
6.86 2.064 (0.78 / 25 )
6.86 0.32 (6.54 to 7.18)
z.2025 2 (196
. ) 2 (25) 2
23. n 96.04 Use n 97
E2 52
24. a. Planning value of = Range/4 = 36/4 = 9
z.2025 2 (196
. ) 2 (9) 2
b. n 2
34.57 Use n 35
E 32
. ) 2 ( 9) 2
(196
c. n 77.79 Use n 78
22
. ) 2 (6.82) 2
(196
25. n 79.41 Use n 80
. )2
(15
8 7
Chapter 8
. ) 2 (6.82) 2
(1645
n 3147
. Use n 32
22
z 2 2 (1.96)2 (9400) 2
26. a. n 339.44 Use 340
E2 (1000) 2
(1.96) 2 (9400) 2
b. n 1357.78 Use 1358
(500) 2
(1.96) 2 (9400) 2
c. n 8486.09 Use 8487
200
. ) 2 (2,000) 2
(196
27. a. n 6147
. Use n 62
(500) 2
. ) 2 (2,000) 2
(196
b. n 384.16 Use n 385
(200) 2
. ) 2 (2,000) 2
(196
c. n 1536.64 Use n 1537
(100) 2
z 2 2 (1.645) 2 (220) 2
28. a. n 52.39 Use 53
E2 (50) 2
(1.96) 2 (220) 2
b. n 74.37 Use 75
(50) 2
(2.576) 2 (220)2
c. n 128.47 Use 129
(50) 2
d. Must increase sample size to increase confidence.
. ) 2 (6.25) 2
(196
29. a. n 37.52 Use n 38
22
. ) 2 (6.25) 2
(196
b. n 150.06 Use n 151
12
. ) 2 (7.8) 2
(196
30. n 58.43 Use n 59
22
8 8
Interval Estimation
31 . a. p = 100/400 = 0.25
p (1 p ) 0.25(0.75)
b. 0.0217
n 400
p (1 p )
c. p z.025
n
.25 1.96 (.0217)
.25 .0424 (.2076 to .2924)
0.70(0.30)
32. a. .70 1.645
800
.70 .0267 (.6733 to .7267)
0.70(0.30)
b. .70 1.96
800
.70 .0318 (.6682 to .7318)
34. Use planning value p = .50
. ) 2 (0.50)(0.50)
(196
n 1067.11 Use n 1068
(0.03) 2
p (1 p ) 0.6904(1 0.6904)
b. 1645
. 1645
. 0.0267
n 814
c. 0.6904 0.0267 (0.6637 to 0.7171)
36. a. p = 152/346 = .4393
p (1 p) .4393(1 .4393)
b. p .0267
n 346
p z.025 p
8 9
Chapter 8
.4393 1.96(.0267)
.4393 .0523 (.3870 to .4916)
p (1 p )
37. p 196
.
n
182
p .28
650
(0.28)(0.72)
.28 1.96
650
0.28 0.0345 (0.2455 to 0.3145)
p (1 p ) (0.26)(0.74)
38. a. 196
. 196
. 0.0430
n 400
b. 0.26 0.0430 (0.2170 to 0.3030)
. 2 (0.26)(0.74)
196
c. n 82125
. Use n 822
(0.03) 2
2
z.025 p(1 p) (1.96) 2 (.33)(1 .33)
39. a. n 943.75 Use 944
E2 (.03)2
2
z.005 p (1 p ) (2.576) 2 (.33)(1 .33)
b. n 1630.19 Use 1631
E2 (.03) 2
40. a. p = 255/1018 = 0.2505
(0.2505)(1 0.2505)
b. 1.96 = 0.0266
1018
p (1 p ) .16(1 .16)
41. p .0102
n 1285
Margin of Error = 1.96 p = 1.96(.0102) = .02
.16 1.96 p
.16 .02 (.14 to .18)
8 10
Interval Estimation
z.025 p = 1.96(.0226) = .0442
2
z.025 p(1 p)
b. n
E2
. 2 (0.5)(1 0.5)
196
43. a. n 600.25 Use n 601
(0.04) 2
b. p = 445/601 = 0.7404
(0.7404)(0.2596)
c. 0.7404 1.96
601
0.7404 0.0350 (0.7054 to 0.7755)
s 20,500
44. a. z.025 1.96 2009
n 400
b. x z.025 ( s / n )
50,000 2009 (47,991 to 52,009)
45. a. x z.025 ( s / n )
252.45 1.96 (74.50 / 64 )
252.45 18.25 or $234.20 to $270.70
b. Yes. the lower limit for the population mean at Niagara Falls is $234.20 which is greater than
$215.60.
8 11
Chapter 8
b. Using a computer, s = 15.99 minutes
c. x 1.96 ( s / n )
49.8 2.22 (47.58 to 52.02)
With 19 degrees of freedom, t.025 = 2.093
x 2.093 ( s / n )
16.8 2.093 (4.25 / 20 )
16.8 1.99 (14.81 to 18.79)
b. Using a computer, x = 24.1 and s = 6.21
24.1 2.093 (6.21 / 20 )
24.1 2.90 (21.2 to 27.0)
c. 16.8 / 24.1 = 0.697 or 69.7% or approximately 70%
132
48. a. x xi / n 13.2
10
( xi x ) 2 547.6
b. s 7.8
n 1 9
c. With d f = 9, t.025 = 2.262
x t.025 ( s / n )
13.2 2.262 (7.8 / 10 )
8 12
Interval Estimation
13.2 5.58 (7.62 to 18.78)
d. The 5.58 shows poor precision. A larger sample size is desired.
. 2 (0.45)
196
49. n 77.79 Use n 78
10 2
(2.33) 2 (2.6) 2
50. n 36.7 Use n 37
12
. ) 2 (8) 2
(196
51. n 6147
. Use n 62
22
(2.576) 2 (8) 2
n 10617
. Use n 107
22
. ) 2 (675) 2
(196
52. n 175.03 Use n 176
1002
p (1 p )
53. a. p 196
.
n
(0.47)(0.53)
0.47 1.96
450
0.47 0.0461 (0.4239 to 0.5161)
(0.47)(0.53)
b. 0.47 2.576
450
0.47 0.0606 (0.4094 to 0.5306)
c. The margin of error becomes larger.
54. a. p = 200/369 = 0.5420
p (1 p ) (0.5420)(0.4580)
b. 196
. 196
. 0.0508
n 369
c. 0.5420 0.0508 (0.4912 to 0.5928)
55. a. p = 504 / 1400 = .36
(0.36)(0.64)
b. 196
. 0.0251
1400
8 13
Chapter 8
(2.33) 2 (0.70)(0.30)
56. a. n 1266.74 Use n 1267
(0.03) 2
(2.33) 2 (0.50)(0.50)
b. n 1508.03 Use n 1509
(0.03) 2
57. a. p = 110 / 200 = 0.55
(0.55)(0.45)
0.55 1.96
200
.55 .0689 (.4811 to .6189)
. ) 2 (0.55)(0.45)
(196
b. n 380.32 Use n 381
(0.05) 2
58. a. p = 340/500 = .68
p (1 p ) .68(1 .68)
b. p .0209
n 500
p z.025 p
.68 1.96(.0209)
.68 .0409 (.6391 to .7209)
. ) 2 (0.3)(0.7)
(196
59. a. n 2016.84 Use n 2017
(0.02) 2
b. p = 520/2017 = 0.2578
p (1 p )
c. p 196
.
n
(0.2578)(0.7422)
0.2578 1.96
2017
0.2578 0.0191 (0.2387 to 0.2769)
60. a. p = 618 / 1993 = .3101
8 14
Interval Estimation
p (1 p )
b. p 196
.
1993
(0.3101)(0.6899)
0.3101 1.96
1993
.3101 .0203 (.2898 to .3304)
z 2 p(1 p)
c. n
E2
. ) 2 (0.3101)(0.6899)
(196
z 8218.64 Use n 8219
(0.01) 2
No; the sample appears unnecessarily large. The .02 margin of error reported in part (b) should
provide adequate precision.
8 15