Comparison and Contrast Style 4. It usually uses two circles for comparison.

Helpful for brainstorming as many similarities

-Comparison and contrast focuses on the similarities and
and differences as possible.
differences between two or more separate things.
a. Idea Chart
Purpose of Comparison and Contrast in Academic b. Venn Diagram
Writing: c. Point-by-Point
d. Subject-by-Subject
 to explain how these similarities and differences 5. A writing style that focuses on the similarities and
reveal something meaningful that is not apparent differences between two or more separate things.
when either object stands alone a. Compare and Contrast
Structures for Organizing Compare and Contrast Writing b. Narrative
c. Same and Different
 Venn Diagram - A Venn Diagram is helpful for d. Descriptive
brainstorming as many similarities and
differences as possible. It usually uses two circles
for comparison. WRITING TECHNIQUE: DEFINITION
 Idea Chart - An Idea Chart is tabular in form and
is helpful for organizing and listing similarities DEFINITIVE TEXT
and differences. Filling in the blanks is a great A definition text is a piece of writing that explains
way to discover key points you will use to what a term or a concept means. Some terms have definite,
organize the paper. concrete meanings, such as glass, book, or tree. Terms
 Subject-by-subject: One subject is fully discussed such as honesty, honor, or love are abstract and depend
before the second. When using this structure, it’s more on a person’s point of view.
important to remember that comparisons must be
made between each subject. The term may be evaluated from the direct, or
 Point-by-point: Both subjects are discussed with exact meaning and from the point of the subjectivity of
each point of comparison. This structure requires the person defining the term. The aim is not only to
frequent transitions between each subject. provide the dictionary definition but also to expound on
why the word is defined in such a manner. The approach
QUIZ to be used depends on the subject, your readers, and the
essay’s purpose.
1. It is tabular in form and is helpful for organizing
and listing similarities and differences. 3 Steps to a Powerful Definition Writing
a. Idea Chart
b. Venn Diagram Step 1: Tell readers what term is being defined.
c. Point-by-Point Step 2: Present clear and basic information.
d. Subject-by-Subject
2. One subject is fully discussed before the second. Step 3: Use facts, examples, or anecdotes that readers
When using this structure, it’s important to will understand.
remember that comparisons must be made
DOs and DON’Ts in Writing Definitive Essay
between each subject.
a. Idea Chart
b. Venn Diagram
c. Point-by-Point
d. Subject-by-Subject
3. Both subjects are discussed with each point of
comparison. This structure requires frequent
transitions between each subject.
a. Idea Chart
b. Venn Diagram
c. Point-by-Point
d. Subject-by-Subject

Choosing a definition is a key step in writing a
definition essay. You need to understand the term before
you can define it for others. Read the dictionary, but don't
just copy the definition. Explain the term briefly in your
own words. Also, it's important to limit your term before
you start defining it. For example, you could write forever
on the term "love." To limit it, you would write about
either "romantic love," "platonic love," or "first love."
PERSUASION / PERSUASIVE WRITING
A form of nonfiction writing that encourages
careful word choice, the development of logical
arguments, and a cohesive summary.
Key points
 main purpose is to convince
PERSUASIVE
 tries to influence
 Contains the opinions and biases of the author
 contains justifications, reasons and arguments
 Often asks for readers to do something about the
situation (this is called a call-to-action)
It is often used in the following:
Forms of Persuasive Writing
 letters of complaint
 advertisements or commercials
 Newspaper opinion and editorial pieces
 Reviews (of books, music, movie, restaurants,
etc.)
 Letter of recommendation
Quiz
1. A form of nonfiction writing that encourages
careful word choice, the development of logical
arguments, and a cohesive summary.
a. Narration
b. Persuasion
c. Expository
2. What is the purpose of persuasive writing?
a. To inform
b. To tell a story
c. To persuade
3. Which of the following is not correct?
a. Persuasion tries to bring other people around
to the author’s point of view
b. Persuasion’s main purpose is to convince
c. Persuasion tells a story or an event
4. Which of the following is an example of a
persuasion?
a. A vacation to Florida is an experience you
will never forget, offering sun, fun and
beautiful beaches. Book your trip today
b. Many people associate the taste of pumpkins
with fall. In October, companies from
Starbucks to McDonalds roll out their
pumpkin-flavored lattes and desserts. Here is
how to make an easy pumpkin pie using only
five ingredients. First, make sure you have all
of the ingredients.
c. The iPhone 6 is unexpectedly light. While size
of its screen is bigger than those of the
iPhones that came before, it is thinner and its
smooth, rounded body is made of aluminum,
stainless steel, and glass.
5. Persuasion is often used in the following except?
a. Journal/Diary
b. Advertisements/Commercials
c. Anecdotes
 A persuasive text is any text where the main
purpose is to present a point of view and seeks
to persuade a reader. A persuasive text can be an
argument, exposition, discussion, review or even
an advertisement.
 Advertisements
 Editorials
 Speeches
 Propaganda
 Reviews
 Blogs
 Persuasive essays
Purpose
 To convince, or persuade, the reader that the
opinion, or assertion, or claim, of the writer is
correct or valid.
Components
 Argument - Distorting facts and abuse opponents
without being malicious. What is known as half
truths – when facts can be manipulated to suit the
argument of the writer. Exaggeration is also used
to move the reader into the writer’s realm.
 Ask Rhetorical Questions - These grab a reader’s
heart strings, making them think, but they don’t
need to have an answer back.
 Include Facts - Facts back up what you are
writing about and make your material more
believable.
 Others:
o Use Personal Pronouns
o Emotions
o Discussion
o Language Features
Quiz
1. It is any text where the main purpose is to present a
point of view and seeks to persuade a reader.
a. Narrative
b. Descriptive
c. Compare and Contrast
d. Persuasive
2.-3. Give 2 forms of persuasive writing. (Advertisements,
Editorials, Speeches, Propaganda, Reviews, Blogs,
Persuasive essays)
4.-5. A persuasive text can be an argument, exposition,
discussion, review or even an advertisement.
CAUSE AND EFFECT
 Also commonly known as the reason and result
essays, a cause and effect essay explores the
underlying reason for a specific event, occurrence,
or situation and the discusses the effects or results
of such. One of the most commonly used type of
essay
Cause and Effect Essay Structure
 Block Structure. Each of the causes will be
outlined first, and the subsequent effects will
follow. It most often used when attempting to
organize a shorter or less detailed essay.
Introduction > Cause 1 > Cause 2 > Transition
Paragraph > Effect 1 > Effect 2 > Conclusion
 Chain Structure. Each cause will have the
corresponding effect following it and so on. It is
beneficial when there is a need to relate the effect
directly to the cause.
Introduction > Cause 1 & Effect 1 > Cause 2 & Effect 2
> Conclusion
When authoring a cause and effect paper, there
are a number of structure words, known as transition
signals that are used to assign the relationship between
cause and effect. With this type of writing, particularly
when it is used in academic setting, it is important to
clearly distinguish cause from effect, or reason from result.
This can be done with the inclusion of transition signals.
Remember, the cause always occurs prior to the effect.
Steps to Follow when Writing a Cause and Effect Essay
1. Understand the difference between cause (reason) and
effect (result)
2. Draft the thesis statement.
3. Research and organize your ideas, provide proof or
details to support you claims.
4. Utilize the most appropriate transitional phrases
Quiz
1. Another name for cause and effect essays
a. Reason and Result Essay
b. Cause and Consequence Essay
c. Reason and Outcome Essay
d. Causality and Effect Essay
2. What do you call this cause-effect essay structure?
Introduction > Cause 1 & Effect 1 > Cause 2 &
Effect 2 > Conclusion
a. Black Structure
b. Blocked Structure
c. Block Structure
d. Chain Structure
3. What do you call this cause-effect essay structure?
Introduction > Cause 1 & Effect 1 >
Cause 2 & Effect 2 > Conclusion
a. Chain Structure
b. Chained Structure
c. Block Structure
d. Blocked Structure
 4. These are used to assign the relationship between
cause and effect
a. Transitional Words
b. Transitional Phrases
c. Transition Signals
d. Transition Verbiages
5. The following are ways to organize the
supporting details in a cause-effect essay except:
a. Chronological order
b. Based on level of importance
c. Logical Order
d. Based on category
CAUSE AND EFFECT
 Cause and effect is a relationship between events
or things, where one is the result of the other or
others. This is a combination of action and
reaction.
 Cause and effect is the principle of causality,
establishing one event or action as the direct
result of another.
 Cause and effect is a common way to organize
information in a text. Paragraphs structured
as cause and effect explain reasons why
something happened or the effects of something.
These paragraphs can be ordered as causes and
effects or as effects and then causes. The cause
and effect text structure is generally used in
expository and persuasive writing modes.
 To put it another way: when an author gives
reasons why something happened, he or she is
explaining what caused an effect (reasons are
causes and the thing that happens is the effect).
Also, when a writer explains the results of an
action, he or she is explaining the effects of
a cause (results are effects and the thing that
occurs is the cause). The cause and effect text
structure is used so commonly that you have
probably written a paragraph using it and not
noticed.
Principle of Cause and Effect
 The universal law of cause and effect states that
for every effect there is a definite cause, likewise
for every cause, there is a definite effect. Your
thoughts, behaviors, and actions
create specific effects that manifest and create
your life as you know it.
How to Identify One?
Identifying a text written using the cause and
effect pattern of organization can be tricky. In most stories,
events in the plot occur for various reasons, This can be
mistaken for the cause and effect text structure; however,
stories are organized chronologically, and the information
in each passage is more likely to be organized by the time
in which each event occurred. Contrarily, cause and effect
passages usually focus on explaining the reason why
something occurs or occurred, and time will usually not
pass in these paragraphs. Here are some signal words that
may indicate that information in a paragraph is organized
as cause and effect: because, as a result, resulted, caused,
affected, since, due to, effect.
Quiz
1. It is a common way to organize information in a text.
a. Brainstroming List
b. Cause and Effect
c. Concept Map
d. Topic Outline
2. Cause and effect is the combination of action and
a. interaction
b. recreation
c. reaction
d. relation
3. It states that for every effect there is a definite cause,
likewise for every cause, there is a definite effect.
a. principle of cause and effect
b. principal of cause and effect
c. universal law of cause and effect
d. universal principle of cause and effect
4. The cause and effect text structure is generally used in
a. expository and persuasive modes
b. narrative and definition modes
c. expository and narrative modes
d. definition and narrative modes
5. Results are effects and the thing that occurs is the
a. affect
b. cause
c. process
d. rate 5. Numbers from zero to ten should be spelled out while
numbers higher than ten should be written in figure.
6. Generally, citations are used in academic and formal
MECHANICS texts. However, they are used sparingly in business texts.
 It is the technical aspect of writing that should not QUIZ
be overlooked when writing.
 One of the properties of well-written text and is 1. How much should you use citations in a business text?
characterized as a set of conventions on how to
a. Always
spell, abbreviate, punctuate, and capitalize a
composition. b. Often
 Always use Standard English.
c. Sparingly
 Avoid contractions.
 Avoid exclamation marks unless they are part of d. Not enough info
a direct quotation.
2. The technical aspect of writing.
 Mention the full name of the institution or
organization with the abbreviation in parenthesis, a. Mechanics
in first mention. Thereafter, use the abbreviation.
 Numbers from zero to ten should be spelled out b. Mechanism
while numbers higher than ten should be written c. Mechanical
in figures.
 Generally, citations are used in academic and d. Mechazord
formal texts. However they are sparingly used in 3. The form of English that must be used in a well-written
business texts. text.
What is mechanics? a. American English
◦ This is the technical aspect of writing. b. British English
◦ It should not be overlooked when writing,
c. Standardized English
because it is one of the most important properties
of a well-written text. d. Standard English
Conventions of mechanics 4. Which of these sentences observed proper mechanics?
◦ These are the mechanics in writing effectively. a. Come to me bruh, fire n’ war.
They should be followed, but in many scenarios
b. He really misses her cooking.
such as writing a story you can disregard some
mechanics. c. two hundred fiddy dollas is da cost.
◦ An example is the use of contradictions. d. The PNP took his drugs!
Contradictions will improve the overall
immersion of the story as people use 5. Which of these sentences observed proper mechanics?
contradictions often. Don’t they? a. All are free to enter.
1. Always use standard English. b. The people ate the sausage!
2. Avoid contractions. c. A leader shouldn’t talk like that.
3. Avoid exclamation marks unless they are a part of a d. This isn’t the answer, ay!
quotation.
4. Mention the full name of an institution or an
organization first with the abbreviation in parenthesis PROBLEM SOLUTION
after.
 In composition, using a problem-solution format
is a method for analyzing and writing about a topic by
identifying a problem and proposing one or more
solutions. A problem-solution essay is a type of argument.
"This sort of essay involves argumentation in that the
writer seeks to convince the reader to take a particular
course of action. In explaining the problem, it may also
need to persuade the reader concerning specific causes"
(Dave Kemper et al., "Fusion: Integrated Reading and
Writing," 2016).
There are also a few signal words which may
indicate that information in a passage is ordered in the
problem and solution pattern of organization: propose,
solution, answer, issue, problem, problematic, remedy,
prevention, and fix.
Problem Solution Outline
 Introduction
 Cause/Effect
 Thesis Statement
 Solution
 Call to Action
Problem Solution Method
-Use this pattern for developing and identifying the
source and its causes.
-Analyze the causes and propose elucidations to the
causes.
Problem Cause-Effect Method
-Use this method to outline the effects of the quandary
and what causes it all. Prove the connection between
financial, political, social causes and their effects.
Comparative Advantage Method
-Use this organizational public speaking pattern as
recommendation in case everyone knows of the impasse
and the different fixes and agrees that something has to
be done.
COHERENCE AND COHESION
Coherence and cohesion are achieved when ideas
are logically, clearly and smoothly linked to one another;
without it, the reader may not be able to comprehend your
composition. Although these two concepts are
interrelated, they are distinct. Coherence occurs when
ideas are connected at the conceptual or idea level. It can
be seen through well-defended arguments.
Unlike coherence, cohesion is the connection of
ideas at the sentence level. It can be readily seen in a text
through the smooth flow of the sentences and the
connection of the ideas.
Cohesion can be applied using three techniques.
The first one is through the use of pronouns to refrain
from using a specific word repeatedly. The second
technique is through the use of transitional devices to
connect sentences with linked ideas. The last technique
employs a repetition of words to tie up the paragraphs
subtly.
Quiz
1. This occurs when ideas are connected at the
conceptual or idea level. It can be seen through
well-defended arguments. - Coherence
2. This is the connection of ideas at the sentence
level. It can be readily seen in a text through the
smooth flow of the sentences and the connection
of the ideas. - Cohesion
For 3 points, give the three techniques used to apply
cohesion in a paragraph.
(Use of pronouns, Use of transitional devices, Employs a
repetition of words)
LANGUAGE USE
 The way language is used is one of the
indicators of a well-written text. It enable the
writer to effectively communicate ideas without
confusing the reader.
 Effective Language Use is achieved by
observing time-tested principles in writing.
1. Use clear and concise sentences.
2. Avoid redundancies, wordiness, cliches, and high
falutin language.
3. Avoid excessive use of “there” and “it” structures.
4. Use precise vocabulary.
5. Be consistent with your pronoun’s point of view.
6. Avoid sexist language.
Quiz
1. Used as one of the indicators of a well-written text.
(Language Use)
2. It is achieved by observing time-tested principles in
writing. (Effective Language Use)
3-5. List three examples of the principles of Effective
Language use.
NARRATION
 is a text that tells a story. The story can be realistic,
imagined, or a mix of both. The goal of a
narrative is to connect the reader with the text and
the characters and events that occur within the
story.
 can take many different forms. It can be written,
spoken, illustrated or even sung.
 entertain the reader, evoke certain feelings from
the reader, teach the reader something, provide a
lesson or a moral.
Some examples of narratives include:
 fairytales, myths or legends
 fiction stories or novels
 ballads or songs
 movies or television programmes, picture books
or comic strips.
Narrative texts can be:
 1st person
 2nd person
 3rd person
 Alternating Person
Structure of Narrative Text
 Exposition or orientation-This introduces the
story, character and setting.
 Series of events or plot-makes up most of the
narrative text.
 This tells the reader what has happened or is
happening.
 Within the series of events there is a complication
(conflict or problem) that creates obstacles that
the main character has to overcome. The climax
of the story is the turning point. This can occur at
any point within the series of events.
 Conclusion-This contains the resolution of the
complication or conflict.
QUIZ
1. Is a text that tells a story. The story can be
realistic, imagined or mix of both? (NARRATION)
2. This introduces the story character and setting
(EXPOSITION)
3. This tells the reader what has happened or is
happening (SERIES OF EVENTS/PLOT)
4. This contains the resolution of the complication.
(CONCLUSION)
5. It is the conflict that the main character has to
overcome (COMPLICATION)
EXEMPLIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION
 The action of giving examples
 Commonly used in academic writing
 There are several ways of referring to examples,
not just the expression for example or e.g.
(although these are the most common)
 In exemplification writing it uses specific vivid
examples for the purpose of adding more infos
to explain, persuade, define or illustrate a
general idea
Commonly used abbreviations
 f.e. / e.g. – for example
 i.e. – that is (to say)/ in other words
 viz. – namely/ it is/they are
e.g. There are four language skills, viz. listening,
speaking, reading and writing
Classification
 Dividing something into groups, classes or
categories
 Classification is normally made according to a
criterion or several criteria (e.g. age, size,
number...)
 Effective way to present background
information
 Explaining which class a thing belongs to ;
dividing a group of things into classes
How to format for Classifications?
 Headings
 Lists
 Notices
 Graphics
Quiz
Complete the sentences using: illustration, for example, When you would use Descriptive Writing
a case in point, an example, for instance, such as.
 Poetry
1. At the approach of danger many birds utter warning  Journal or diary writing
calls: this is __________ of animals communicating with  Nature writing
each other.  Descriptive passages in fiction
2. Cries, ________ those of anger, fear and pleasure, are Quiz
uttered by apes.
1. It is the pattern of narrative development that
3. There are important differences between human aims to make a vivid place, character, object or
language and animal communication: ________, animals’ group
cries are not articulate. a. Narration
4. Animals’ cries lack, _______, the kind of structure that b. Description
enables us to divide a human utterance into words. c. Exposition

5. A good ________ of changing an utterance by 2. Descriptive writing’s main purpose is to

substituting one word for another is a soldier who can a. Argue
say... b. Describe
c. Narrate

3. The author draws what he/she sees, hears, tastes,

feels, and smell.
a. True b. False
DESCRIPTION
4. Often found in fiction, though it can make an
 Description is the pattern of narrative appearance in nonfiction as well.
development that aims to make vivid a place, a. Descriptive
object, character, or group. Description is one of b. Persuasive
four rhetorical modes (also known as modes of c. Informative
discourse), along with exposition, argumentation,
and narration. 5. Descriptive writing can be used to the following
 Descriptive writing's main purpose is to describe. except
It is a style of writing that focuses on describing a. Poetry
a character, an event, or a place in great detail. It b. Declamation
can be poetic when the author takes the time to be c. Nature writing
very specific in his or her descriptions.
Description
Example:
• It is also a spoken or written representation or
In good descriptive writing, the author will not just say: account of a person, object, or event. This enables
“The vampire killed his lover.” a reader or listener to picture the scene describes
in a story.
He or she will change the sentence, focusing on more • It tells something about a place, thing, or event by
details and descriptions, like: “The bloody, red-eyed using examples, characteristics, etc.
vampire, sunk his rust-colored teeth into the soft skin of
his lover and ended her life." What is the use of description in a text?

Characteristics • This structure presents the casual relationship

 It is often poetic in nature
 It describes places, people, events, situations, or
locations in a highly-detailed manner.
 The author visualizes what he or she sees, hears,
tastes, smells, and feels.
between a specific event, idea, or concept and the
events, ideas, or concept that follow.
• It provides details and examples through words
and phrases that describe help to “paint a picture”
for the reader about whatever it is you are writing.
Guide questions:
• What is being described?
• Why is this being described?
• Is one thing or more than one thing being
described?
• For each thing being described, what are the
details and examples that support the description?
Essay
 A group of paragraphs that talk about one central
idea.
 Organized around thesis
 Contains introductory paragraph
 Uses paragraphs to explain major points
 Always uses a concluding paragraph

Clue Words: Topic Sentence

• Such as
• Is like  It is the central idea of the paragraph; it can be a
• For instance stand or a comment, an objective statement, or a
• Including question
• For example
Body (Supporting Details)
• To illustrate
 Sentences that clarify and prove the main idea
Example of descriptive text
Body (Closing Sentence)
The Florida worm lizard does not have legs or
feet. It is about eight inches long and looks like a giant  Concludes the details that have been presented
earthworm because it is pink. It doesn’t have eyes or ears, Essay
but it has a mouth that looks like other lizards’ mouths. Its
body is covered with scales.
QUIZ:
Give the characteristics of the main subject in the text.
1. The soft fur of the dog felt like silk against my
skin and her black coloring glistened as it
absorbed the sunlight, reflecting it back as a Introduction
perfect, deep, dark mirror. Lead or Attention-Getter
2. His deep and soulful blue eyes were like the color  Is the first statement in the essay which aims to
of the ocean on the clearest day you can ever hook the readers
imagine.
Transitional Statement
3. Gregory is my beautiful gray Persian cat. He
walks with pride and grace, performing a dance  The sentence which links the lead to the thesis
of disdain as he slowly lifts and lowers each paw statement
with the delicacy of a ballet dancer.
Thesis Statement

 States the main idea or argument of the essay

PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE WRITING
Paragraph
 A group of interrelated sentences that talk about
one main idea
 Organized around a topic sentence
 Contains introductory sentence
 Uses sentences to explain major points
 May use a concluding sentence
Transitional Paragraph
 To bridge one paragraph to another
Body
 Discusses the thesis statement in detail. It is
where the topic is developed and where
arguments is discussed
Conclusion
Restatement of the Thesis

 This is where the conclusion begins

Transitional Statement

 This part talks about the recommendation,

benefits of ideas presented and purpose of writing
the essay
Closing Statement

 Is used to wrap up the essay

Unity

 Is achieved when a composition contains one

focused idea