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System of Units
1
Fundamental of International System
of Units
• The international system of units, called SI units, was
established by international agreement in 1950 and consists
of seven base units as shown in Table 1.1
SI unit 2
Derived units
From the base units shown in Table 1.1, all other units used in physical
science are derived. Table 1.2 lists the quantities used in the module.
SI unit 3
Prefixes for SI units
• The unit of length, metre, is too large when it
is required to measure something say the
diameter of a sewing needle (typically 0.001
m) and too small when measuring another
one say the diameter of Earth (approximately
12,800,000 m).
• For this reason, prefixes are used so that a
quantity can be expressed in realistic terms.
4
Prefixes for SI units
• Using prefixes, the diameter of the sewing
needle is 1 mm and the diameter of Earth
(approximately 12,800,000 m) approximately
12,800 km.
5
Table 1.3 Prefixes for use with SI units
Prefix Symbol Multiply by
http://www.math.com/tables/general/measures/metric.htm 6
Force Polygons
b
c
a b
a
7
The resultant vector (c) is the sum of the original two vectors
(a and b) and therefore replaces the original two vectors.
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2 a b cos C
8
The resultant vector c is the sum of the
original vectors a and b and therefore
replaces the original two vectors.
f
f e
r
e
d
d
9
Moment of a force
10
Moment of a force
The magnitude of a moment is dependent on two items --
- the magnitude of the force and the perpendicular
distance between the point or axis of rotation and the
force involved.
i.e. M=Fxd
11
Example
The frame is loaded as shown in the following diagram.
Calculate the moment caused about point A at the base of
the frame.
0.25 m
0.5
10
m
kN
12
Principle of moments
When an object is in equilibrium, the sum of
the clockwise moments about any point is
equal to the sum of anti-clockwise moments
about that point.
i.e.
M 0
13
Moment
Example 1
When the light ruler in the figure is balance, what is the
weight of W? 0.4 m
0.2 m 0.15 m
W 4N 1N
Solutions :
Total anticlockwise moment = Total clockwise moment
W x 0.2 = 4 x 0.15 + 1 x 0.4 ∴W=5N
14
Moment
Example 2
Calculate the resultant moment about end A of the force system below.
5m
1m 15N
5N
30°
A 3m 10N
5 sin30°
Solutions :
Clockwise M = 5 x 1 + 15 x 5 sin30°= 42.5 Nm
Anticlockwise M = 10 x 3 = 30 Nm
Resultant M = 42.5 – 30 = 12.5 Nm clockwise
15
Moment
Ex 2.1
An egg is weighted by a balance as shown. The weight of the
pan and the brass block is 2 N and 5 N respectively. When the
brass block is located 0.3 m away from the handle, the stick is
levelled. Neglect the weight of the stick, find the weight of the
egg.
Handle
0.3 m 0.05 m
egg
Brass block 5 N
Pan 2 N 16
Equilibrium of Forces
A structure is considered to be in equilibrium if
it remains at rest when subjected to a system
of forces and moments.
17
Equilibrium of Forces
If a structure is in equilibrium, then all its
members and parts are also in equilibrium.
18
• For a plane structure subjected to forces in
its own plane, the conditions for
equilibrium can be expressed by the
following equations of equilibrium:
F 0x
F 0
y
M 0
19
Force Vectors - Components in Polar
and Rectangular coordinates
• A Force is a vector quantity since it has direction as well as
magnitude. fy
•
• Fy F
Fx
• Figure 1
fx
• In the x-y plane the force vector F in the above diagram can be
resolved into its components in the x and y directions (rectangular
coordinates), where,
F = Fx Fy ;
20
• The vector can also be represented in terms of
components in polar coordinates. The
components in rectangular (x, y) coordinates
can be expressed in terms of the components
in polar coordinates as follows:
Fx = F.cos; and Fy F.sin;
• and the inverse relationship as:
F
F = Fx Fy and tan
2 2 -1 y
F x
21
Addition of Force Vectors and the
Resultant Force
• Figure 2 shows forces F1 and F2 acting at a
point (on a particle).
• The vector R is called the Resultant and is
equal to the vector sum (addition) of force
vectors F1 and F2. The resultant force can be
found by calculation (Algebraic) method or
graphical (triangle of force) method.
22
• Figure 2
Force F1
ForceF2
Particle Resultant R
Note means "equivalent to"
23
Algebraic Method
F 2
1
Figure 3
F1,y F1
24
R x F1,x F2,x F1 cos 1 F2 cos 2
Ry F1, y F2, y F1 sin1 F2 sin 2
R Rx Ry
2 2
Ry
1
tan
Rx
25
Triangle of Forces Method
26
Figure 4 Figure 5
Fy
R Fy F1
F2 R
F2
F1
Fx Fx
27
Example
Find T1, T2 hanging 5 kg by graphical method (using scale 1 cm = 10 N) ?
Solutions :
W = (5 kg)(10 m/s2 ) = 50 N ; In the space diagram: mark region between W & T1, W & T2, T2 &
T1 as A, B, C respectively.
In the force diagram: draw a line 5 cm vertically from point a to point b ab representing W =
50 N; Draw a line parallel to T2 from point b & draw another line parallel to T1 from point a.
These 2 lines intersect at point c. Then measure bc & ca.
Since bc = 4 cm & ca = 3 cm T2 = 40 N & T1 = 30 N >>
C a
T1 900 T2
900
1430
c
A B
W b 1430
29
Force and Newton's First Law
31
Newton’s second law of motion
The acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to, and in the same direction as,
the unbalanced force acting on it, and
inversely proportional to the mass of the
object:
F = ma
Unit : F(N), m(kg), a(m/s2)
32
Newton's 2nd Law
• Note that the mass of the object (also called the
inertial mass) determines how great the effect a
given force has on that object. The greater the
mass, the harder the object is to accelerate. This
relation between force, mass, and acceleration
agrees with our intuitive concept of what a force
is: a given force will cause a small mass to
accelerate more than a large mass, and for a
given mass a larger force will cause a greater
acceleration.
33
Newton's 2nd Law
• From the 2nd law we can also see that the
units of force must be (kg m/s2), which are
given the special name of Newton (N). That is,
1 Newton = 1 kg m/s2 is the force required to
accelerate a 1 kilogram object at a rate of 1
m/s2.
34
This is an example of how Newton's Second
Law works:
35
Newton’s third law of motion
For every action force there is an equal and
opposite reaction.
36
Mass
Unit : kg
37
Weight
Weight (W) is the force of gravity on an object.
Unit : N
W = mg
38
Example
100 N a
10 kg
30 N
Calculate :
(a) the net force acted on 10-kg mass, and
(b) the acceleration of 10-kg mass.
39
Example
A 3-kg mass is hung from a spring balance
which is suspended from the ceiling of a lift. If
the balance reads 40 N, what is the
acceleration of the lift ?
40
Friction
Friction arises whenever an object slides over
another.
It always acts in the opposite direction to the
motion.
It is produced by the interlocking of
irregularities of the surfaces in contact.
41
Types of Friction
At Rest In Motion
P
A block of mass M kg rests on a
rough surface with a force P applied
on it as shown below.
W=Mxg
P
h
Free Body Diagrams
Mg
P N
F
F
N
Block Plane
Dry Friction
When the block is in static equilibrium and about to slide,
Similarly, F k = k N
k – coefficient of kinetic friction
Coefficients of Friction
f R
50
The normal force is the reaction which
occurs perpendicular to the moving object
and the surface over which it moves.
51
Typical Values of Coef. of Friction, s
Metal on metal 0.15 - 0.60
Metal on stone 0.30 - 0.70
Metal on leather 0.30 - 0.60
Metal on wood 0.25 - 0.50
Wood on leather 0.25 - 0.50
Stone on stone 0.40 - 0.70
Earth on earth 0.20 - 1.00
Rubber on concrete 0.60 - 0.90
Engineering Applications with friction
• Inclined plane
• Wedges
• Screw threads
• Frictional clutch
• Belt drive
• Brake
Example
55
• Solutions :
Since the force system is
concurrent, the equations of
equilibrium that are needed are
F x 0 F y 0
F x 0 P=F
F y 0 N = 50 kN
F=xN
Therefore, in this case :
F = P = 0.3 x 50 kN
= 15 kN
56