Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
n°62
photographie
Neutral earthing in
an industrial HV
network
François Sautriau
1. Introduction p. 4
2. Earthing Direct earthing p. 4
Earthing through a reactor p. 4
Earthing through a resistor p. 4
3. Requirements imposed by Earthing through a current p. 5
overvoltages limiting reactor
Earthing through a resistor p. 4
4. Requirements imposed by networks p. 5
5. Requirements imposed by receivers p. 6
6. Calculating fault currents p. 6
7. Earth protection mode Earth protection adjustment p. 7
Earthing with accessible neutral p. 8
Earthing with an artificial neutral p. 8
Appendix 1: Comments on determining p. 10
network capacitance values
Appendix: Bibliography p. 11
When designing an industrial HV implies the following: neutral generally implies mandatory
network, a suitable neutral earth ■ the risk of high overvoltages likely to tripping on the first fault, however:
arrangement must be selected: the favourize multiple faults, ■ it reduces overvoltages,
neutral can either be insulated, or it can ■ the use of superinsulated equipment, ■ it provides a simple, reliable,
be connected to earth. The use of an ■ compulsory monitoring of the selective means of protection,
insulated neutral in an HV network has insulation, ■ it allows the use of equipment, and in
the advantage of ensuring operational ■ protection against overvoltages, particular cables, with lower insulation
continuity since it does not trip on the which will become compulsory in the levels than for an insulated neutral.
first fault, however the network near future,
capacitance must be such that an earth ■ the need for complex, selective
fault current is not likely to endanger protection against earth faults which
personnel or damage equipment. cannot usually be ensured by simple
On the other hand, an insulated neutral current-measuring relays. An earthed
2. earthing
The purpose of this study is not to However, in the event of an earth fault, earthing through a resistor
compare the different neutral earth the current is not limited, damage and
arrangements, but rather, once the interference occur and there is This is often the most satisfactory
neutral earth solution has been considerable danger for the personnel solution.
adopted, to determine the earthing during the time the fault persists. A study is necessary to choose
mode by finding a compromise This solution is not used for HV between these two earthing, (through a
between three often contradictory distribution. reactor or through a resistor) :
requirements: accurate determining of these earthing
■ to sufficiently damp overvoltages, modes depends on the voltage level,
■ to limit damage and disturbances earthing through a reactor the size of the network and the type of
caused by an earth fault, Tuned reactor (Petersen coil) receivers.
■ to provide simple, selective protective This solution is sometimes used for Depending on the earthing mode, a
devices. public HV networks. It is rarely used for criterion then determines a maximum
Earthing can be of different types: industrial distribution. impedance value corresponding to the
■ direct (without impedance-dependent Protective relays sensitive to the active overvoltage problem.
current limiting), component of the residual current must Next, it is necessary to check its
■ through a reactor, be used to obtain selectivity. compatibility with the requirements of
■ through a resistor. the network and the receivers.
Current limiting reactor
This solution can result in serious
direct earthing overvoltages, as demonstrated by Le
This type of earthing is the most Verre (the Research and Development
efficient in limiting overvoltages; division of the E.D.F.) [1]. It can be
protection selectivity presents no used only where there are low limiting
difficulties. impedances.
earthing through a current earthing through a resistor current IC in the event of an earth fault.
Hence the relation IL ≥ 2 IC.
limiting reactor As recommended by EDF for
hydroelectric power networks. The Determination of the cable capacitance
(see fig. 1) values depends on their design (see
resistance value r is détermined in
The study of overvoltages that occur order to obtain a total active power appendix for this calculation).
when short-circuits are eliminated from
2
networks with the neutral earthed U
through a reactor gives the following loss : equal to or greater than the
3r
results:
2
■ let, I0ω be the earth fault current capacitive power 2 C ω U in the event
limiting reactance, of a phase-earth fault, i.e.:
■ and Lω the network three-phase 2
short-circuit reactance. U 2
∆V 1 I0 where:
= for all other cases.
V 2 L U
■ is the value of the earth fault
In practise, the earth fault current is 3r
limited to at most 10 % of the three- current IL in the earthing connection,
phase short-circuit current, as applied U fig. 1 : a zigzag or neutral point coil provides
by the EDF to its HV power distribution ■ 3Cω is the network capacitive an earth fault current limiting reactor.
network. 3
The above criterion is used to define its path and in particular to the cable
the lower limit of the phase to earth shields. The maximum current
fault current. withstood by the cable shields may be
To determine the upper limit, it is specified by the constructors. As a
necessary to check that the fault general rule, the value used is between
current does not cause damage along 500 and 3 000 A for 1 second.
In HV networks, receivers are between 3 kV and 15 kV, most machine when the metal plating is
transformers which have no particular frequently 5.5 kV in France; the earth damaged is much more time
requirements as concerns the neutral fault current should not exceed 20 A in consuming and more costly.
earthing in a power supply network. order to avoid damage to the steel
However, industrial HV networks can plating of the machines, for if reworking
supply rotating machines with voltages a winding is a regular repair, repairing a
The neutral earthing impedance affects used, in particular when these 10 times less than the saturation value
the required method of protection 3 transformers are already required for for a steady-state balanced current. An
against phase to earth faults. another application. But the earth protection device supplied by
As a general rule, the higher the fault measurement obtained is degraded by 3 transformers must therefore include a
currents, the easier they are to detect; the inaccuracies of all three time delay in order to avoid spurious
the lower they are, the harder they are transformers, in particular in the event triggering resulting from transients. The
to detect . of transient overcurrents when the current setting must not be lower than
Moreover, it is advisable, even transformers become saturated. 6 % of the transformer rating at best, or
essential, to ensure protection not at 15 or 20 % of the transformer ratings in
one single point, but in all branches of earth protection setting the most unfavourable cases.
the network, since the relays operate Moreover, if an earth fault occurs in a
This must be adjusted according to the star winding near a neutral point, the
selectively.
measurement accuracy. It must ensure maximum fault current is only a small
Phase to earth protection is provided by maximum protection and authorize part of the maximum fault current which
overcurrent relays supplied by the earth selectivity. is limited by the neutral earth
current. impedance. For this reason, the current
If the measurement is carried out using
This current can be measured as setting is usually 20% of the maximum
the sum of the secondary currents of
follows: current limited by the neutral earth in
the three transformers, it will be
■ either by a core balance transformer degraded by the dispersion of the order to protect 80% of the windings.
around the three phase conductors and transformers. In particular, a residual But, as the calculation shows, in the
which directly detects the sum of their current is measured if there is no earth event of a fault, a residual capacitive
currents (zero if no earth fault) ; fault when the transformers become current flows through the sound parts of
■ or by three current transformers the saturated. the network. So, to prevent the
secondary windings of which are Saturation is caused by excessive protective device of a sound line from
connected to form a neutral conductor amplitude of the phase current, but tripping spuriously, the threshold must
through which the sum of the three more specifically by the DC component be set to 30% higher than the
currents flows. induced in a short-circuit or unbalanced capacitive current flowing through this
The core balance transformer solution inrush current. sound line when a phase to earth short-
is the most accurate, however it can Note that, in transient conditions, the circuit affects the network.
only be installed on cables, not on DC component can induce saturation of Moreover, we must take into account
busbars or overhead lines. The the transformers even though the peak the possible presence of voltage
3 current transformers solution is often value of the transient current is around harmonics likely to produce currents
I∆
R R
I∆
I∆
fig. 6: neutral earthing by means of a zigzag fig. 8: neutral earthing by means of a zigzag
coil. transformer.
The capacitance of the cables depends disturb the network and does not affect be known is therefore:
on their design: the protection operation. Ic = 3 Cω V
■ single-pole cable On the other hand, if an earth fault which only takes into account the
The conductor is surrounded by a occurs in the network, in other words capacitance C regardless of the cable
shield and the capacitance C is that when a phase is earthed, the cable type.
measured between the conductor and capacitance is equivalent to an
In practise, cable manufacturers use
the earthed shield. unbalanced load composed of the
the term star connection capacitance,
■ three-pole radial field cable capacitance C between the two sound
for which they indicate the following:
Each conductor is surrounded by a phases and the earth under phase to
■ the value of C for radial field cables,
shield and the capacitance C is that phase voltage U.
■ the value of 3 K + C for belted type
measured between each conductor and The two currents CωU which are out of
cables.
its earthed shield. phase by 60° flow through the two
■ three-pole belted type cable sound phases; the sum of these two They do not normally give this C
A single shield surrounds the three currents is known as the capacitive capacitance value for belted type
conductors. There is a capacitance K current IC of the network in the event of cables. On request, they give three
between conductors and a capacitance an earth fault. measurement results for these cables:
π ■ the capacitance C1 measured
C between each conductor and the I c = 2 Cω V cos 3 Cω U
earthed shield. 6 between a conducting core and the
i.e. IC = 3 CωV. other cores connected to the metal
For the three-pole belted type cable, sheathing; this gives the relation
if there is no fault, current ic flowing in C1 = 2 K + C,
balanced conditions is: ■ the capacitance C2 measured
C i c = 3 Kω U + Cω V = 3 Kω V + Cω V between the three conducting cores
bound together and the metal
i.e. ic = (3 K + C) ω V per phase, and
sheathing; this gives the relation:
K K the sum of the currents of the three
phases is zero C2 = 3 C,
Cable manufacturers generally give ■ the capacitance C3 measured
C C
this 3 K + C capacitance value for between two conducting cores, with the
K
belted-type cables. third connected to the metal sheathing;
On the other hand, if there is an earth this gives the relation:
fault in the network, in other words if a 3K+C
C3 =
phase is earthed, the capacitive load 2
includes: Thus, capacitance C2 must be known in
■ the three K capacitance values under order to directly obtain the value of:
the phase to phase voltage which form C2
For the single-pole cable and the
a balanced load; C=
three-pole radial field cable, there is 3
■ the three C capacitance values, two
no ambiguity since there is only one
capacitance, C which is a phase-to- of which are under phase to phase
earth capacitance. If there is no fault voltages and are out of phase by 60°;
and in three-phase steady-state the third under a zero voltage.
operating conditions, a capacitive The sum of these currents (ic per
current ic flows through each phase phase), known as the capacitive current
and is absorbed by the cable Ic of the network in the event of an
capacitance C under the phase earth fault is:
voltage V, flowing from phase to earth, π
i c = 2 Cω V cos = 3 Cω U
at the network frequency: 6
i.e. Ic = 3 Cω V.
U
i c = Cω V = Cω Conclusion: when determining the
3
resistance of an earth connection or the
Since this capacitive load is three- adjustment of an earth protection
phased and balanced, it does not device, the capacitive current that must