Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Definition of Sets: A sets is a collection of things or items which are well-defined and have
common properties or features.
Set Notation:
Item Symbols Example
Universal Set The universal set
Subset AB Set A is a subset of Set B
Empty Set f or { } The empty set f or { }
Equal Sets A=B Set A is equal to Set B
Elements of a set x A x is an element in Set A
Complement of a set A’ The complement of set A
Intersection of two sets A B The intersection of Set A and Set B
Union of two sets A B The union of Set A and Set B
Number of elements in a set n(A) The number of elements in Set A
Skills assessed
List the elements in a set that fulfills a certain description.
Use the Venn diagram to illustrate sets.
Use the concept of subset, universal set and the complement of a set.
Perform operations involving two or more sets: intersection and union.
List the elements for A B, A B, P Q’, P’ Q etc.
Determine the outcome of combined operations on sets and represent it in a Venn diagram.
Solve problems involving combined operations on sets.
Solving strategy
List down all the elements in the universal set, .
Mark or circle elements in different sets P, Q and R by using a different colour for each set.
To list the elements in a set, just identify the elements with the same colour.
For questions involving n(P Q), count the elements which belongs to both Set P and Set Q.
For questions involving n(P Q), count the elements which belongs to either Set P or Set Q.
Common Mistakes
Students do not list down all the elements
Students find the elements in the set while the question asked for the number
of elements in the set.
Students fail to extract information from a problem and to solve it using sets.
=> A null or empty set has no elements in it. The symbol for a null set is f or {}
=> If two sets, P and Q, contain exactly the same elements, then set P is equal to set Q, P = Q
Sets 1
EXAMPLES EXERCISES
1 List the elements and state the List the elements and state the
number of elements number of elements
A = {factors of 18} A = {factors of 20}
Solution Solution
A = {1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18} A=
n(A) = 6 n(A) =
2 List the elements and state the List the elements and state the
number of elements number of elements
P = {consonants in the word ‘STUDENTS’} P = {vowels in the word ‘UNIVERSAL’}
Solution Solution
P = {S, T, D, N, T} P=
n(P) = 5 n(P) =
3
List the elements and state the List the elements and state the
number of elements number of elements
P = {prime factors of 14} P = { prime factors of 21}
Solution Solution
P = { 2, 7} P=
n(P) =
n(P) = 2
4 List the elements and state the List the elements and state the
number of elements number of elements
P = {x : x is an integer, -2 x 4 } P = {x : x is an integer, -3 x 3 }
Solution Solution
P = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4} P=
n(P) = 7 n(P) =
5 Given the sets P ={1, 2, 4, r, 8} and Given the sets R ={2, 4, m, 8} and
Q = {20, 21, 22, 23}. T = {1 2, 2 2, 3 2, 4 2}.
If P = Q, find the value of r. If R= T, find the value of m.
Solution Solution
P = {1, 2, r, 8} R=
Q = {1, 2, 4, 8} T=
r=4 m=
Sets 2
3.2 (a) SUBSETS.
Definition: If each element of set A is a member of set B, then set A is a subset of set B.
Symbol: A B.
Venn diagram B
A
A B
EXAMPLES EXERCISE
1 Given that Given that
A = {p, q} X = { 4, 5}
B = {m, n, o, p, q} Y = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
What is the relation between set A and B? What is the relation between set X and Y?
Answer: A B Answer:
Each element in set A is a member of set B. Each element in set _____ is a member of
Set _________ .
Venn diagram.
B Draw the Venn Diagram.
A •n
•p •q
•o •m
2 From the Venn Diagram below, what is the From the Venn Diagram below, what is the
relation between set P,Q,R and S? relation between set P, Q,R and S?
P P
S S
Q R R Q
Answer: Answer:
RQ
QP
SP
RP
Sets 3
3.2 (b) UNIVERSAL SET
COMPLEMENT OF A SET.
Definition: Complement of set A is a set in the universal set which contains all the elements not
found in A.
Symbol : A’
. A’ Venn Diagram
ξ
A
. EXAMPLES EXERCISE
1 Given that ξ = {11,12,…20} Given that ξ = {11,12,…20}
A= {prime numbers} B = {odd numbers}
List all elements in set ξ, A and set A’. Then List all elements in set ξ, B and B’. Then draw
draw a Venn diagram for the sets. a Venn diagram for the sets.
Answer : Answer :
ξ = {11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20} ξ=
A = {11,13,17,19} B=
A’= {12,14, 15, 16, 18 ,20} B’=
ξ ξ
A
•11 •13
•17 •19
•12 •14
•15 •16
•18 •20
2
Q P B
ξ ξ A
•a •c •5 •3 •1 •2
•b •k •j •4
•d C
•e R •10 •8
•6
•11 •7 •9
•f •h
•12
•g •i
List the elements of the following sets List the elements of the following sets
ξ= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k} n(ξ)= 11 ξ= n(ξ)=
P ={j, k} n(P)= 2 A= n(A)=
P’= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i} n(P’)= 9 A’= n(A’)=
Q = {a, b, c, d, e} n(Q)= 5 B= n(B)=
Q’= {f, g, h, i, j, k} n(Q’)= 6 B’= n(B’)=
R = { e, f, g} n(R)= 3 C= n(C)=
R’= {a, b, c, d, h, i, j, k} n(R’)= 8 C’= n(C’)=
Sets 4
3.3 OPERATION ON SETS.
Definition : The intersection of sets A and B is the set of elements which are common to both
A and B.
Symbol : A B
The following Venn diagrams show three examples of the intersection of sets. A
B
A A B B
EXAMPLES EXCERCISES
1 It is given that It is given that
A= {w, x, y, z} A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {u, v, w, x} B = {4, 5, 6, 7}
A B = { w, x} A B=
Draw a Venn diagram to represent the sets Complete the Venn diagram below.
given. A B
A B
•y •w •u
•z •x •v
Draw a Venn diagram to represent the sets Draw a Venn diagram to represent the sets
given. A B given.
P Q
•q •r •v
•s
•p •t •u
•x
C R
Sets 5
EXAMPLES EXCERCISES
3 Shade the region that represents X Y Z Shade the region that represents X Y Z
for the following Venn diagrams for the following Venn diagrams
i) X Y i) X Y
Z
Z
X Z
ii) ii)
Z Y
X Y
iii)
iii) X Z Y
Y
4 Find the complement of ( M N )' for each Find the complement of ( M N )' for each
of the following sets. of the following sets.
5. Shade the region that represents the Shade the region that represents the
complement of the following sets. complement of the following sets.
a) a)
A B A B
()’
()’
A
b) b)
A
B ()’
B ()’
A B
c) B
A
c) ( A B C )'
( A B C )' C
C
The following Venn diagrams show three examples of the union of sets. A
A B A B
B
A B A B =A
EXAMPLES EXCERCISE
1 Given that Given that
A= {w, x, y, z} A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {u, v, w, x} B = {4, 5, 6, 7}
A B = {u, v w, x, y ,z} A B =
A B = {u, v w, x, y ,z}
A B
A B
•y •w •u
•z •x •v
Complete the Venn diagram above.
2 Shade the region that represents X Y Z Shade the region that represents X Y Z for
for the following Venn diagrams the following Venn diagrams
Y i) X Y
i) X
Z
Z
X Z
ii)
ii)
Z Y
X Y
iii)
iii)
X
Sets 7
X Y
Z Y
Z
EXAMPLES EXCERCISES
3 It is given that
It is given that
ξ={2,4,6,8,10,12}
ξ ={a, e, i, o, u}
M={4,8,12}
M={a, e}
N= {4, 6}
N= { u}
Find Find
i) ( M N ) = {a, e,, u} (M N ) =
i)
ii) ( M N )' = {i, o}
ii) ( M N )' =
()’
b)
A A
b) ()’
BB ()’
B
c) c)
B
A A B
( A B C )' ( A B C )'
C C
Sets 8
1
ξ ξ
P Q R
Q •a •c •5 •3 •1 •2
•k •j •4
P
•b •e •10
R •8
•d •6
•f •11 •7 •9
•h
•g •12
•i
List the elements of a set List the elements of a set
ξ = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k} n(ξ)= 11
ξ= n(ξ)=
P ={j, k} n(P)= 2
P= n(P)=
P’= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i} n(P’)= 9
P’= n(P’)=
Q = {a, b, c, d, e} n(Q)= 5
Q= n(Q)=
Q’= {f, g, h, i, j, k} n(Q’)= 6
Q’= n(Q’)=
R = { e, f, g} n(R)= 3
R= n(R)=
R’= {a, b, c, d, h, i, j, k} n(R’)= 8
R’= n(R’)=
P Q={} n( P Q)= 0
P Q= n( P Q)=
Q R={e} n( Q R)= 1
Q R= n( Q R)=
P R={} n( P R)= 0
P R= n( P R)=
P’ R={e,f,g} n( P’ R)= 3
P’ R= n( P’ R)=
Q’ R= {f,g} n( Q’ R)= 2
Q’ R= n( Q’ R)=
R’ Q={a,b,c,d} n( R’ Q)= 4
R’ Q= n( R’ Q)=
Q R={a,b,c,d,e,f,g} n( Q R)= 7
Q R= n( Q R)=
Q P={a,b,c,d,e,k,j} n( Q P)= 6
Q P= n( Q P)=
(Q R)’={k,j,h,i} n[(Q R)’]=4
(Q R)’= n[(Q R)’]=
(Q P)’={f,g,h,i} n[(Q P)’]=4
(Q P)’= n[(Q P)’]=
P’ Q’={f,g,h,i} n( P’ Q’)=4
P’ Q’= n( P’ Q’)=
(P Q R)’={h,i} n [(P Q R)’]=2
(P Q R)’= n [(P Q R)’]=
Sets 9
EXAMPLES EXCERCISES
2 Given that ξ = X Y Z Shade the region Given that ξ = X Y Z Shade the region
for the operation on the following sets. for the operation on the following sets.
a) (X Y) Z a) (Y Z) X
Y
X X
Z
Z
Y
b) (X Y) Z b) (Z Y) X
Y X
X Z
Y
Z
c) (X Y)’ Z c) (Z Y)’ X
X Y Z X
Y
Z
d) X’ Y Z’ d) Z’ Y X’
X Y Z X Y Z
e) X’ Y Z’ e) X’ Y Z’
Z Z
Y X
X Y
A. ξ A. ξ
R R
P P
Q Q
B. ξ B.
Q ξ
P Q
R P
R
C. ξ C.
P ξ
R P
Q R
Q
ξ
Q ξ
R Q
D. P D. R
P
2 Diagram shows a Venn diagram with the Diagram shows a Venn diagram with the
universal set = P Q R . universal set = P Q R .
P P Q
Q R R
A B C D A B C D
Considering the four regions, A, B, C and D, Considering the four regions, A, B, C and D,
which of these represents the set which of these represents the set P R Q' ?
P R Q' ?
Answer : B Answer :
EXAMPLES EXCERCISES
Sets 11
3 Diagram is a Venn diagram which shows the
Diagram is a Venn diagram which shows the
elements of sets P, Q and R.
elements of sets P, Q and R.
Q
P R Q
•p P R
•r •p
•m •n •t •r
•m •n •t
•q •s •q •s
If the universal set = P Q R , then set R’
If the universal set = P Q R , then set
is
Q’ is
A. {m ,n}
A. {r ,s}
B. {m, n, p, q}
B. {n, t}
C. {t ,r, s}
C. {m, r, s}
D. {m ,n , p , q ,t}
D. {n, p, q, t}
4 Diagram is a Venn diagram which shows the Diagram is a Venn diagram which shows the
universal set, ξ, and sets P, Q and R. universal set, ξ, and sets P, Q and R.
ξ Q ξ
P Q
P
R R
The shaded region in the Venn diagram The shaded region in the Venn diagram
represents the set represents the set
A. P Q ' A. P Q '
B P R' B P R'
C. P ' R C. P ' R
D. R Q ' D. R Q'
EXAMPLES EXCERCISES
Sets 12
5 Given the universal set, ξ = {x : 10 x Given the universal set, ξ = {x : 5 x 25, x
20, x is an integer}, is an integer},
P = {16,18,20} P = {12,16,18,20,25}
Q = { x : x is prime number} and Q = { x : x is prime number} and
R = {x : x is a multiple of 3} R = {x : x is a multiple of 5}
The elements of the set ( P R ) Q' . The elements of the set ( P R ) Q' .
A. {15, 18} A. {15, 18, 19}
B. {12, 18, 20} B. {12, 18, 20, 25}
C. {12, 15, 16, 18, 20} C. {12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 25}
D. {10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20} D. {10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 25}
6.
ξ Q P ξ Q P
3 5 2 3
2 1
R R
1 3 4 2
Diagram shows the number of elements in Diagram shows the number of elements in sets
sets P, Q and R. Find n(Q R )' P, Q and R. Find n(Q R )'
A. 5 A 5
B. 6 B 6
C. 8 C. 8
D. 12 D. 12
7.
ξ ξ
P Q P Q
R R
1 1
3 2 5 4 3 2 5 4
3 3
Diagram shows the number of elements in Diagram shows the number of elements in sets
sets P, Q and R. Find n( P R )' . P, Q and R. Find n( P Q )' .
A. 4 A. 4
B. 6 B. 7
C. 8 C. 8
D. 11 D. 11
Sets 13
EXAMPLES EXCERCISES
8.
ξ P ξ P
1 2 1 2
Q 2 R Q 2 R
3 x
4 4
1 3 1 3
2
x
Diagram shows the number of elements in Diagram shows the number of elements in sets
sets P, Q and R. Given that ξ = P Q R. P, Q and R. Given that ξ = P Q R. and
and n(P) = n(Q R) Find the value of x. n(R) = n(P Q) Find the value of x.
A. 3 A. 3
B. 5 B. 5
C. 6 C. 7
D. 8 D. 9
9
ξ P ξ P
y1 2 y1 42
Q 2 R Q 2 R
3 32
4 54
x1 43 x1 3 3
5x 4x
Diagram shows the number of elements in Diagram shows the number of elements in sets
sets P, Q and R. Given that ξ = P Q R. P, Q and R. Given that ξ = P Q R.
n(ξ)=30 and n(P’) = n(R). Find the value of n(ξ)=25 and n(P’) = n(R). Find the value of
x + y. x + y.
A. 5 A. 5
B. 7 B. 7
C. 8 C. 8
D. 10 D. 10
Sets 14
10. In the Venn diagram, given that
B
= {x: x is an integer} A
A = {x : x is a multiple of 5} I II I III
B = {x : x is a multiple of 7} I
Number 49 should be in the area IV
A. I C. III
B. II D. IV
14. Diagram shows a Venn diagram with the universal set = {Year Five pupils}, set M =
{ pupils who read a Malay language newspaper} and R= { pupils who read a English
language newspaper}. Given that n(M) = 80, n (R) = 104, n(M R) = 12 and the
number of pupils who do not read either newspaper is 4, find the total number of Year Five
pupils.
A. 172 C. 196 M R
B. 176 D. 200
Sets 15
15. The diagram above shows a Venn diagram with
universal set , set P and set Q. The shaded
region represents P
Q
A P Q C P’ Q
B P Q’ D P’ Q’
Find n[(A C) B]
A 6 C 8
B 7 D 9
A 38 C 41
B 40 D 44
18. . The Venn diagram in diagram shows all the elements in the sets L, M and N.
•8
•1
C { 1, 3, 7, 8 }
D { 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 }
Sets 16
19. The Venn diagram in diagram shows the number of elements in sets J, K and L.
The universal set = J K L .
C 144
D 148
Sets 17
Past Year SPM Questions
Paper 1
A. ξ B. ξ
L K
J J
K L
D.
C. ξ ξ
J K
L L
K J
Considering the four regions, A, B, C and D, which of these represents the set
E F G' ?
3. Diagram 14 shows a Venn diagram with the universal set = { Year Five pupils},
set M = {Pupils who read a Malay language newspaper} and R = { Pupils who read
an English language newspaper }.
Given that n(M) = 80, n(R) = 104,
n(M R) = 12 and the number of pupils who do
M
R not read either newspaper is 4, find the total
number of Year Five pupils.
A 172 C 196
B 176 D 200
Diagram 14
4. It is given that the universal set = E F G , set E = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 16},
Sets 18
set F = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}, and set G = {2, 4, 14},
Which Venn diagram shows the relation between set E, F and G?
A. F E B.
F E
G G
B. F E D.
F
E
G
G
7. Diagram 14 is a Venn diagram which shows the universal , set P and set Q.
P Q
Diagram 14
10. Diagram 13 is a Venn diagram which shows the elements of universal set ,
set P and set Q.
Q •7
P
•5 •1 •2 •6 Diagram 13
•3 •4
•8
A. {5, 6} C. {1, 2, 3, 4}
B. {7, 8} D. {5, 6, 7, 8}
11. It is given that P = {3, 4,5, 6, 7}, Q = {6, 8, 10, 14}, R = {10, 16, 20} and
universal set = P Q R. .
Which of these Venn diagrams shows the relation between set P, Q and R?
P Q R
P Q R
A. B.
P R
Q R
C. D. P Q
12. Which of the following Venn diagrams represents set R S such that the
universal set = R S ?
R S R
Sets 20
A. C. S
S S
R
B. D. R
14. Diagram 14 is a Venn diagram which shows the elements of set R, set S and set T.
R S
3 x-4 1
x-3 Diagram 14
8
9
5
T
15. Diagram 11 is a Venn diagram showing the sets M, N and P such that the universal set
=MM �N �P
P N
Sets 21
Diagram 11
The shaded region represents the set
A ( M �N ) �P C. ( M �N ') �P
B ( M �N ) �P D. ( M '�N ) �P
16. Diagram 12 is an incomplete Venn diagram showing the number of elements in sets P, Q
and R.
P
Q
4 6 7
1
3 2
DIAGRAM 12
R
A 5 C. 12
B 6 D. 17
17. It is given that the universal set, = { x :19 �x �31, x is an integer } and set
R = { x : x is a number such that the sum of its two digits is an even number} . Find set R ' .
18. Diagram 13 is a Venn diagram showing the universal set , set P and set Q.
P Q
Sets 22
Diagram 13
19. Table 2 shows data obtained from a survey of 100 television viewers. Diagram 14 is a Venn diagram
that represents part of the information in Table 2.
Find the number of viewers who watched sports or news and also entertainment programmes.
A 26 C. 47
B 39 D. 51
A { 6, 8, 9, 10, 12 }
B { 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 }
C { 6, 8, 10, 12 }
D { 5, 7, 11, 13 }
20. Diagram 15 is a Venn diagram showing set P and set S. It is given that
Diagram 15
If n ( P ) = 27, n ( S ) = 36 and n ( P S ) = 8 , find n ( P S ) .
A 71 C. 55
B 63 D. 47
A {m} , {n}
B {m} , {n}, { }
C {m} , {n}, { m,n}
D {m} , {n}, { m,n},{ }
21. Diagram 14 is a Venn diagram showing the universal set , = { Form Five students }, set L
= { Students who play badminton } and set M = { Students who play tennis }
L M
Diagram 14
A 15 C. 31
B 23 D. 52
22. Given the universal set, = P Q , set P = { 0 , 1, 2 } and set Q = { 2, 3, 4, 5 }, find the
value of n ( ).
A 7 C. 5
B 6 D. 4
23. Diagram 12 shows a Venn diagram with the universal set, , set T and set S.
T S
1 2
5
6
Sets 4 24
7 3
Diagram 12
A { 1, 4 } C. { 1, 4, 5 }
B { 3, 7 } D. { 1, 3, 4, 7 }
24. Diagram 13 shows a Venn diagram with universal set , = { Form Five students }, set P =
{ Members of Science Society } , set Q = { Members of Mathematics Society } and set R =
{ Members of Geography Society }.
P Q R
Diagram 13
A 271 C. 223
B 236 D. 188
25. Diagram 14 is a Venn diagram showing the number of elements in sets P , Q and R.
P
R
Q
1
2
7 3
4
Diagram 14
It is given that the universal set, = P Q R . Find n ( P ( Q R ) )
A 5 C. 10
B 6 D. 17
26. Diagram 13 is a Venn diagram showing the elements of the universal set, , set T and set U.
Sets 25
T U
l k n
m
p Diagram 13
q
A {q} C. { l , p , q }
B {l,p} D. { l , p , q , n }
Diagram 14
Given that, n (R ) = 95, n (S ) = 78 and n ( R S ) = 25 , find n ( ).
A 123 C. 173
B 148 D. 198
28. Diagram 15 is a Venn diagram showing the number of students in sets G, M and S. It is given
that set G = { Geography Society Members } , set M = { Mathematics Society Members }, set S
= { Science Society Members } and universal set, = G M S .
G M
x 7
4
2
2x
4
S
28. If the number of students who join both the Science Society and the Mathematics Society
Diagram
is 8, find the number15
of students who join only two societies.
A 13 C. 16
B 15 D. 18
Sets 26
29. The Venn diagram shows the number of members of three sports club.
Swimming Club
40 Hockey Club 70
x 15 6x
Golf Club
1
Given that the number of members of hockey Club is of the number of members
6
of the Swimming Club. Calculate the number of members of the Golf Club only.
A. 25 B. 42 C. 127 D. 134
ANSWERS
Chapter 11 Sets
Sets 27
3.1: UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF SET.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A={1,2,4,5,10,20} P={A,E,I,U} P={3,7} P={-3,-2,-1,0, 1,2,3} m=6
n(A) = 6 n(P) = 4 n(P) = 2 n(P) = 7
R P
2
1 X Y 2 1 ξ= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12}
ξ= n(ξ)=
QS 12 {11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20}
P A = B{3,4,5,6,7} n(A)=
All Selemens in set X is a member of = {11,13,15,17,19}
5 B’= {12,14,16, 18 ,20}
set Y. P
Q
A’= {1,2,8,9,10,11,12} n(A’)= 7
3.3.a B = {1,2,3,4} n(B)=
Y
X 7 4 ξ B
4 5 B’= {5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12} n(B’)=
3 •11 •17
8
6 •13
C = {8,9} •12 •14n(C)=
2 •15 •19
•16
C’= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,10,11,12} n(C’)=
•18 •20
10
•1 •6 •1 .4 •6
.4
•2 •7 •2 .5 •7
.5
•3 •3
2 P Q 2 i
•b •f •g
•c •e X Y
•a •d •h
•u
•i
R Z
3 i) ii) X Z
X Z Y
Y
X
Sets 28
X
Y Y
Z
ii) iii)
iii)
4. ( M N ) = {4,12} 3 ( M N ) = {4,6,8,12}
( M N )' = {2,6,8,10} ( M N )' = {2,10}
5 a) 4
A
Z
a) A B
A b) A
b) B B
A B c)
A
c) B
C C
ξ = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12} n(ξ)= 12
Y
P ={8,9} n(P)=2
Z X
P’= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,10,11,12} n(P’)=10
c)
Q ={3,4,5,6,7} n(Q)=5
Q’={1,2,8,9,10,11,12} n(Q’)=7 Y
R = {1,2,3,4} n(R)=4 X Y Z
R’= {5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12} n(R’)=8
d)
Sets 29
P Q={} n( P Q)= 0
Q R= {3,4} n( Q R)=2
P R= {} n( P R)=0
P’ R={1,2,3,4} n( P’ R)=4
e)
Q’ R= {1,2} n( Q’ R)=2
Z
R’ Q= {5,6,7} n( R’ Q)=3
Y X
Q R={1,2,3,4,5,6,7} n( Q R)=7
Q P= {3,4,5,6,7,8,9} n( Q P)=7
1. B 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. D
6. A 7. B 8. C 9. A 10 C
11. C 12 B 13 C 14 B 15 C
16. B 17 B 18 C 19 B 20. B
2003
2004
2004J
2005
2005J
2006J
2006
2007J
2007
2008J
2008
Sets 30