Intellectual

 Property  Rights   Failure  to  comply  with  such  mandatory  and  prohibited  
That  consisting  of:   clauses  would  automatically  render  the  TTA  
a.  Copyright  and  Related  rights;   unenforceable.  
b.  Trademarks  and  Service  Marks;   Exception:  If  the  same  is  approved  and  registered  with  
c.  Geographic  indications;   the  Documentation,  Information  and  Technology  
d.  Industrial  Designs;   Transfer  Bureau.  
e.  Patents;  
Intellectual  Property  Office  
f.  Layout  designs  of  Integrated  Circuits;  
Headed  by  a  Director  General  assisted  by  2  Deputy  
g.  Protection  of  Undisclosed  Information.  
Director  generals.  -­‐All  appointed  by  the  President  
Trademark   Divided  into  7  bureaus:  
Any  visible  sign  capable  of  distinguishing  the  goods   1.  Bureau  of  Patents  
(trademark)or  services  (service  mark)  of  an  enterprise   2.  Bureau  of  Trademarks  
and  shall  include  a  stamped  or  marked  container  of   3.  Bureau  of  Legal  Affairs  
goods   4.  Documentation,  Information  and  Technology  
Transfer  Bureau  
Tradename    
5.  Management  Information  System  and  EDP  Bureau  
The  name  or  designation  identifying  or  distinguishing  an  
6.  The  Administrative,  Financial  and  personnel  Services  
enterprise.  
Bureau;  
Copyright   7.  Bureau  of  Copyright  and  Other  Related  Rights  
Confined  to  literary  and  artistic  works  which  are  original  
Functions:  
intellectual  creations  in  the  literary  and  artistic  domain  
protected  from  the  moment  of  their  creation.   • Examine  application  for  grant  of  letters  patent  for  
inventions  and  register  utility  models  and  industrial  
Patentable  Inventions  
designs;  
Refer  to  any  technical  solution  of  a  problem  in  any  field  
• Examine  application  for  the  registration  of  marks,  
of  human  activity  which  is  new,  involves  and  inventive  
geographic  indication,  integrated  circuits;  
step  and  is  industrially  applicable.  
• Register  Technology  Transfer  Arrangements  and  
Technology  Transfer  Arrangement   settle  disputes  involving  technology  transfer  
Contracts  or  agreements  involving  the  transfer  of   payments;  
systematic  knowledge  for  the  manufacture  of  a   • Promote  the  use  of  patent  information  as  a  tool  for  
product,  the  application  of  a  process,  or  rendering  of  a   technology  development;  
service  including  management  contracts;  and  the   • Publish  regularly  in  its  own  publication  the  patents,  
transfer,  assignment  or  licensing  of  all  forms  of   marks,  utility  models  and  industrial  designs,  issued  
intellectual  property  rights,  including  licensing  of   and  approved,  and  the  technology  transfer  
computer  software  developed  for  mass  market.   arrangements  registered;  
• Administratively  adjudicate  contested  proceedings  
Nature  
affecting  intellectual  property  rights;  
A  Licensing  contract  
• Coordinate  with  other  government  agencies  and  
-­‐It  is  a  contract,  between  an  intellectual  property  right  
the  private  sector  efforts  to  formulate  and  
owner,  as  the  licensor,  and  a  second  party,  as  the  
implement  plans  and  policies  to  strengthen  the  
licensee  who  was  granted  the  authority  to  commercially  
exploit  the  same  intellectual  property  right  under   protection  of  intellectual  property  rights  in  the  
country.  
specified  terms  and  conditions.  

Required  and  prohibited  stipulations   Director  General  

Manages  and  directs  all  functions  and  activities  of  the  
The  law  mandates  that  such  contracts  must  contain  
stipulations  known  as  mandatory  provisions.  The  law   office,  including  the  promulgation  of  rules  and  
regulations  to  implement  the  objectives,  policies,  plans,  
also  prohibits  the  parties  to  include  certain  prohibited  
programs  and  projects  of  the  office.  
clauses.  
Subject  to  the  supervision  of  the  Secretary  of  
Department  of  trade  and  Industry  when  the  exercise  of   4. Director  of  Documentation,  Information  and  
the  authority  is  to  propose  policies  and  standards  in   Technology  Transfer  Bureau;  
relation  to:   5. Director  of  Copyright  and  Other  Related  Rights.  

1. The  effective,  efficient,  and  economical  operations   With  the  creation  of  the  Bureau  of  Copyright  and  Other  
of  the  Office  requiring  statutory  enactment;   Related  Rights,  the  amendatory  law  divested  the  
2. Coordination  with  other  agencies  of  government  in   Director  General  with  original  jurisdiction  to  resolve  
relation  to  the  enforcement  of  intellectual  property   disputes  relating  to  the  terms  of  license  involving  
rights;   author’s  right  to  public  performance.  
3. The  recognition  of  attorneys,  agents,  or  other  
Where  to  appeal  
persons  representing  applicants  or  other  parties  
Depends..  
before  the  Office;  
4. The  establishment  of  fees  for  the  filing  and   Decisions  of  the  Director  General  in  the  exercise  of  his  
processing  of  an  application  for  a  patent,  the  utility   appellate  jurisdiction  in  respect  of  the  decisions  of  the  
model  or  industrial  design  or  mark  or  a  collective   Director  of  Patents,  Trademarks,  and  Copyright  and  
mark,  geographic  indication  and  other  marks  of   other  Related  Rights  are  appealable  to  the  CA  in  
ownership,  and  for  all  other  services  performed  and   accordance  with  the  Rules  of  Court.  
materials  furnished  by  the  office.  
Decisions  of  the  Director  General  in  respect  of  the  
Qualifications:  (Director  and  Deputy)   decisions  of  the  Director  of  Documentation,  Information  
and  Technology  Transfer  
1. Natural-­‐born  citizen  of  the  Philippines;  
2. At  least  35  years  of  age  on  the  day  of  their   Law  on  Patents  
appointment;   Patent  (Latin  word-­‐  Patere-­‐  to  lay  open)  
3. Holder  of  a  college  degree  and  of  proven   A  set  of  exclusive  rights  granted  by  a  state  to  an  
competence,  integrity,  probity  and  independence;   inventor  or  his  assignee  for  a  fixed  period  of  time  in  
exchange  for  a  disclosure  of  an  invention.  
Provided,  that  the  Director  General  and  at  least  1  
Deputy  General  shall  be  members  of  the  bar  who  have   Threefold  Purpose  and  Ultimate  Goal  
engaged  in  the  practice  of  law  for  at  least  10  years:  
Provided,  further,  that  in  the  selection  of  the  Director   1. Patent  law  seeks  to  foster  and  reward  invention;  
general  and  the  Deputies  Director  General,   2. It  promotes  the  disclosures  of  inventions  to  
consideration  shall  be  given  to  such  qualifications  as   stimulate  further  invention  and  to  permit  the  public  
would  result,  as  far  as  practicable,  in  the  balanced   to  practice  the  invention  once  the  once  the  patent  
representation  in  the  Directorate  General  of  the  various   expires;  
fields  of  intellectual  property.   3. The  stringent  requirements  for  patent  protection  
seek  to  ensure  that  ideas  in  the  public  domain  
Term  of  Office   remain  there  for  the  free  use  of  the  public.  
5  years  and  shall  be  eligible  for  reappointment  only  
once.   Ultimate  goal  is  to  bring  new  designs  and  technologies  
Appointment  to  any  vacancy  shall  be  only  for  the   in  to  the  public  domain  through  disclosure.  
unexpired  term  of  the  predecessor.   Patentable  Inventions  
Jurisdiction   Sec.  21.  Patentable  Inventions.-­‐  Any  technical  solution  
The  Director  General  has  exclusive  appellate  jurisdiction   of  a  problem  in  any  field  of  human  activity  which  is  new,  
over  all  decisions  rendered  by  the:   involves  an  inventive  step  and  is  industrially  applicable  
1. Director  of  Legal  Affairs;  (Final  Orders,  not   shall  be  patentable.  It  may  be,  or  may  relate  to,  a  
Interlocutory-­‐  CA)   product,  or  process,  or  an  improvement  of  any  of  the  
2. Director  of  Patents   foregoing.  
3. Director  of  trademarks;   Non-­‐patentable  inventions  

When  it  does  not  comply  to  Sec.  21.  and:  

Sec.  22.  Non-­‐Patentable  Inventions.-­‐  the  following  shall   Novelty  
be  excluded  from  patent  protection:   an  invention  shall  not  be  considered  new  if  it  forms  part  
of  a  prior  art.  
22.1.  Discoveries,  scientific  theories  and  mathematical  
methods,  and  in  the  case  of  drugs  and  medicines,  the   2  classes  of  prior  art:  
mere  discovery  of  a  new  form  or  new  property  of  a  
1. Everything  that  is  already  available  to  the  public  not  
known  substance  which  does  not  result  in  the  
only  in  the  country  but  anywhere  in  the  world.  
enhancement  of  the  known  efficacy  of  that  substance,  
2. Those  that  are  actually  subject  of  application  for  
or  the  mere  discovery  of  any  new  property  or  new  use  
patent  registration.    
for  a  known  substance,  or  the  mere  use  of  a  known  
process  unless  such  known  process  results  in  a  new   Filing  Date  
product  that  employs  at  lease  one  new  reactant.   Accorded  only  when  all  the  requirements  provided  
under  Section  40  are  present.  
For  the  purpose  of  this  clause,  salts,  esters,  ethers,  
These  Requirements  are:  
polymorphs,  metabolites,  pure  form,  particle  size,  
isomers,  mixtures  of  isomers,  complexes,  combinations,   1. An  express  or  implicit  indication  that  a  Philippine  
and  other  derivatives  of  a  known  substance  shall  be   Patent  is  sought;  
considered  to  be  the  same  substance,  unless  they  differ   2. Information  identifying  the  applicant;  
significantly  in  properties  with  regard  to  efficacy;   3. Description  of  the  invention  and  one  or  more  claims  
in  Filipino  or  English.  
22.2.  Schemes,  rules  and  methods  of  performing  mental  
acts,  playing  games  or  doing  business,  and  programs  for   If  any  of  these  elements  is  not  submitted  within  the  
computers;   period  set,  the  application  shall  be  considered  
withdrawn.  
22.3.  Methods  for  treatment  of  the  human  or  animal  
If  the  date  of  filing  cannot  be  accorded,  the  applicant  
body  by  surgery  or  therapy  and  diagnostic  methods  
shall  be  given  an  opportunity  to  correct  the  deficiencies  
practiced  on  the  human  or  animal  body.  This  provision  
in  accordance  with  the  implementing  rules  and  
shall  not  apply  to  products  and  composition  for  use  in  
regulations.    
any  of  these  methods;  
If  the  application  does  not  contain  all  the  elements,  the  
22.4.  Plant  varieties  or  animal  breed  s  or  essentially   filing  date  should  be  that  date  when  all  the  elements  
biological  process  for  the  production  of  plants  or   are  received.  
animals.  This  provision  shall  not  apply  to   If  the  deficiencies  are  not  remedies  within  the  
microorganisms  and  non-­‐biological  and  microbiological   prescribed  time  limit,  the  application  shall  be  
processes.   considered  withdrawn.  

Provisions  under  this  subsection  shall  not  preclude   Priority  Date  

congress  to  consider  the  enactment  of  a  law  providing   Comes  into  play  when  there  is  an  application  for  patent  
sui  generis  of  plant  varieties  and  animal  breeds  and  a   for  the  same  invention  that  was  filed  in  another  
system  of  community  intellectual  rights  protection;   country.  
Sec.  31.  Right  of  Priority.-­‐  An  application  for  patent  filed  
22.5.  Aesthetic  creations;  
by  any  person  who  has  previously  applied  for  the  same  
22.6.  Anything  which  is  contrary  to  public  order  or   invention  in  another  country  which  by  treaty,  
morality.     convention,  or  law  affords  similar  privileges  to  Filipino  
citizens,  shall  be  considered  as  filed  as  of  the  date  of  
Elements  of  Patentability   filing  the  foreign  application:  Provided,  That:  
1. Novelty;   a.  the  local  application  expressly  claims  priority;  
2. Inventive  step;   b.  it  is  filed  within  12  moths  from  the  date  the  earliest  
3. Industrial  applicability   foreign  application  was  filed;    
c.  a  certified  copy  of  the  foreign  application  together  
with  an  English  translation  is  filed  within  6  months  from  
the  date  of  filing  in  the  Philippines.  
Non-­‐prejudicial  disclosure   3.  the  differences  between  the  claimed  invention  and  
The  element  of  novelty  requires  that  the  thing  is  not  yet   the  prior  art;  
known  to  anyone  besides  the  inventor.  Once  it  has  been  
4.  Objective  evidence  of  non-­‐obviousness  
made  known  to  the  public  through  disclosures,  this  
  a.  commercial  success;  
requirement  may  be  in  peril.  
  b.  Long-­‐felt  but  unsolved  needs;  
Disclosures  that  will  not  prejudice  the  application:  
  c.  Failure  of  others.  
(application  will  not  be  denied  for  lack  of  novelty)  
Industrially  Applicable  
1.  Made  during  the  12  months  preceding  the  filing  date  
Sec.  27.  Industrial  Applicability.-­‐  A  invention  that  can  be  
or  the  priority  date  of  the  application;  
produced  and  used  in  any  industry  shall  be  industrially  
2.  The  disclosure  was  made  by  any  of  the  following   applicable  
person:  
Right  to  a  Patent  
2.1  the  inventor;  
Ownership  of  Patent  
2.2  the  patent  office  and  the  information  was  contained    
The  right  to  a  patent  belongs  to  the  inventor.  Patent  
a.  in  another  application  filed  by  the  inventor  and  
may  be  acquired  through  succession  or  assignment.  
should  not  have  been  disclosed  by  the  office,  or  
May  also  be  subject  to  joint  ownership.  
b.  in  an  application  filed  without  the  knowledge  or  
consent  of  the  inventor  by  a  third  party  which  obtained   First-­‐to-­‐file  Rule  
the  information  directly  or  indirectly  from  the  inventor;   Sec.  29.  First-­‐to-­‐file  rule.-­‐  If  2  or  more  persons  have  
made  the  invention  separately  and  independently  of  
2.3  the  third  party  which  obtained  the  information  
each  other,  the  right  to  the  patent  shall  belong  to  the  
directly  or  indirectly  from  the  inventor.  
person  who  filed  an  application  for  such  invention,  or  
Inventive  step   where  2  or  more  applications  are  filed  for  the  same  
Sec.  26.  Inventive  step.-­‐  An  ivention  involves  an   invention,  to  the  applicant  who  has  the  earliest  filing  
inventive  step  if,  having  regard  to  prior  art,  it  is  not   date  or,  the  earliest  priority  date.  
obvious  to  a  person  skilled  in  the  art  at  the  time  of  the  
Observed  by  almost  all  nations  in  the  world.  
filing  date  or  priority  date  of  the  application  claiming  
the  invention.   Inventions  pursuant  to  commission  or  employment  
In  the  case  of  drugs  and  medicines,  there  is  no  inventive   The  person  who  commissions  the  work  shall  be  the  
step  if  the  invention  results  from  the  mere  discovery  of  a   owner  of  the  patent  unless  there  was  an  agreement  to  
new  form  or  new  property  of  a  known  substance  which   the  contrary.  
does  not  result  in  the  enhancement  of  the  known  
efficacy  of  that  substance,  or  the  mere  discovery  of  any   When  an  invention  is  made  by  an  employee  in  the  
new  property  or  new  use  for  a  known  substance,  or  the   course  of  his  employment  contract,  the  patent  shall  
mere  use  of  a  known  process  unless  such  known  process   belong  to:  
results  in  a  new  product  that  employs  at  least  1  new   a.  The  employee,  if  the  inventive  activity  is  not  part  of  
reactant.   his  regular  duties  even  if  the  employee  uses  the  time,  
A  person  skilled  in  the  art  is  presumed  to  be  an  ordinary   facilities  and  materials  of  the  employer.  
practitioner  aware  of  what  was  common  general   b.  The  employer,  if  the  invention  is  the  result  of  the  
knowledge  in  the  art  at  the  relevant  date.   performance  of  his  regularly-­‐assigned  duties,  unless  
Graham  factors   there  is  an  agreement,  express  or  implied  to  the  
The  factors  a  court  will  look  at  when  determining   contrary.  
obviousness  and  non-­‐obviousness.   Procedure  for  the  grant  of  patent  
1.  The  scope  and  content  of  the  prior  art;   Filing  of  the  application  
2.  the  level  of  ordinary  skill  in  the  art;   The  patent  shall  be  in  filipino  or  English  and  shall  
contain  the  following:  
a.  A  request  for  the  grant  of  a  patent;   or  within  such  additional  time,  not  exceeding  4  months,  
b.  A  description  of  the  invention;   as  may  be  granted:  
c.  Drawings  necessary  for  the  understanding  of  the   Provided,  further,  that  each  divisional  application  shall  
invention;   not  go  beyond  the  disclosure  in  the  initial  application.  
d.  one  or  more  claims;  
The  fact  that  a  patent  has  been  granted  on  an  
e.  An  abstract.  
application  that  did  not  comply  with  the  requirement  of  
No  patent  may  be  granted  unless  the  application   unity  of  invention  shall  not  be  a  ground  to  cancel  the  
identifies  the  inventor.   patent.  
The  application  shall  disclose  the  invention  in  a  manner  
Formality  Examination  
sufficiently  clear  and  complete  for  it  to  be  carried  out  by  
After  the  patent  application  has  been  accorded  a  filing  
a  person  skilled  in  the  art.  
date  and  the  required  fees  have  been  paid  on  time,  the  
The  abstract  shall  consist  of  a  concise  summary  of  the   applicant  shall  comply  with  the  formal  requirements  
disclosure  of  the  invention  as  contained  in  the   specified  by  Section  32  of  the  law  and  such  other  
description,  claims  and  drawings  in  preferably  not  more   requirements  of  the  implementing  rules  and  regulations  
than  150  words.  It  must  be  drafted  in  a  way  which   within  the  prescribed  period:  
allows  the  clear  understanding  of  the  technical   a.  Contents  of  the  request  for  grant  of  a  Philippine  
problem,  the  gist  of  the  solution  of  that  problem   patent;  
through  the  invention,  and  the  principal  use  or  uses  of   b.  Priority  documents  if  with  claim  of  convention  
the  invention.   priority;  
c.  Proof  of  authority,  if  the  applicant  is  not  the  inventor;  
Prohibited  Matter  
d.  deed  of  assignment;  
The  application  shall  not  contain:  
e.  Payment  of  all  fees;  
1.  A  statement  or  other  matter  contrary  to  public  order  
f.  Signatures  of  the  applicants;  
or  morality;  
g.  Identification  of  the  inventor;  
2.  Statement  disparaging  the  products  or  processes  of   h.  formal  drawings.  
any  particular  person  or  other  than  the  applicant,  or  the  
If  the  formality  examination  reveals  that  the  drawings  
merits  or  validity  of  applications  or  patents  of  any  such  
were  filed  after  the  filing  date  of  the  application,  the  
person.  Mere  comparison  with  the  prior  art  shall  not  be  
bureau  of  patent  shall  send  a  notice  to  the  applicant  
considered  disparaging  per  se;  
that  the  drawings  and  the  references  to  the  drawings  in  
3.  Any  statement  or  other  matter  obviously  irrelevant  or   the  application  shall  be  deemed  deleted  unless  the  
unnecessary  under  the  circumstances.   applicant  requests  within  2  months  that  the  application  
be  granted  a  new  filing  date  which  is  the  date  on  which  
If  an  application  contains  such,  the  bureau  of  patents   the  drawings  were  filed.  
shall  omit  it.  
If  the  formality  examination  reveals  that  the  drawings  
Unity  of  invention   were  not  filed,  the  bureau  of  patents  shall  require  
The  application  should  always  relate  to  one  invention   applicant  to  file  them  within  2  months  and  inform  the  
only  or  to  a  group  of  inventions  forming  a  single  general   applicant  that  the  application  will  be  given  a    new  filing  
inventive  concept.   date  which  the  date  on  which  the  drawings  are  filed,  or,  
If  several  independent  inventions  which  do  not  form  a   if  they  are  not  filed  in  due  time,  any  reference  to  them  
single  general  inventive  concept  are  claimed  in  one   in  the  application  shall  be  deemed  deleted.  
application,  the  Director  may  require  that  the   Classification  and  search  
application  be  restricted  to  a  single  invention.  A  later   To  determine  whether  or  not  your  invention  is  not  yet  a  
application  filed  for  an  invention  divided  out  shall  be   part  of  a  prior  art.  
considered  as  having  been  filed  on  the  same  day  as  the   It  is  at  this  point  that  the  patent  examiner  shall  
first  application:     determine  the  requirement  of  novelty.    
Provided,  that  the  later  application  is  filed  within  4  
months  after  the  requirement  to  divide  becomes  final,  
Publication  of  patent  application   serial  number;    
The  application  shall  be  published  in  the  IPO  Gazette   Provided,  that  the  action  may  not  be  filed  until  after  the  
together  with  a  search  document  established  by  or  on   grant  of  a  patent  on  the  published  application  and  
behalf  of  the  Office  citing  any  document  or  documents   within  4  years  from  the  commission  of  the  acts  
that  reflect  prior  art,  after  the  expiration  of  18  months   complained  of.  
from  the  filing  date  or  priority  date.  
Section  76  is  about  remedies  against  patent  
The  applicant  may  request  for  the  early  publication  of   infringement.  The  remedy,  however,  is  limited  to  civil  
his  application  provided  that  the:   action  only  thus  precluding  any  penal  sanctions  against  
1.  Applicant  submits  a  written  waiver  of  the:   the  supposed  infringer.  
  a.  Above-­‐mentioned  18-­‐month  period,  and  
Sec.  76.  Civil  Action  for  Infringement.-­‐  76.1.  The  making,  
  b.  establishment  of  a  search  report;  
using,  offering  for  sale,  selling,  or  importing  a  patented  
2.  Publication  shall  not  be  earlier  than  6  months  from  
product  or  a  product  obtained  directly  or  indirectly  from  
filing  date;  
a  patented  process,  or  the  use  of  a  patented  process  
3.  Required  fee  for  early  publication  is  paid  in  full.  
without  the  authorization  of  the  patentee  constitutes  
The  application  will  not  be  published  if  it  has  been   patent  infringement:  
finally  refused  or  withdrawn  or  deemed  to  be   Provided,  that  this  shall  not  apply  to  instances  covered  
withdrawn  before  the  termination  of  the  technical   by  Sections  72.1  and  72.4  (Limitations  of  patent  rights);  
preparation  for  publication.   Section  74  (Use  of  invention  by  government);  
After  publication  of  a  patent  application,  any  interested   Section  93.6  (Compulsory  licensing);  
party  may  inspect  the  application  documents  filed  with   Section  93-­‐A  (Procedure  on  insurance  of  a  special  
the  office.   compulsory  license  under  the  TRIPS  Agreement)  
the  Director  General,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the   of  this  code.  
Secretary  of  Trade  and  Industry,  may  prohibit  or  restrict  
76.2  Any  patentee,  or  anyone  possessing  any  right,  title  
the  publication  of  an  application,  if  in  his  opinion,  to  do  
or  interest  in  and  to  the  patented  invention,  whose  
so  would  be  prejudicial  to  the  national  security  and  
rights  have  been  infringed,  may  bring  a  civil  action  
interests  of  the  Republic  of  the  Philippines.  
before  a  court  of  competent  jurisdiction,  to  recover  from  
Confidentiality  before  publication  (WON  prejudicial   the  infringer  such  damages  sustained  thereby,  plus  
disclosure)   attorney’s  fees  and  other  expenses  of  litigation,  and  to  
secure  an  injunction  for  the  protection  of  his  rights.  
A  patent  application,  which  has  not  yet  been  published,  
and  all  related  documents,  shall  not  be  made  available   76.3  If  the  damages  are  inadequate  or  cannot  be  readily  
for  inspection  without  the  consent  of  the  applicant.   ascertained  with  reasonable  certainty,  the  court  may  
award  by  way  of  damages  a  sum  equivalent  to  
Rights  Conferred  after  publication  
reasonable  royalty.  
Sec.  46.  The  applicant  shall  have  all  the  rights  of  a  
76.4  The  court  may,  according  to  the  circumstances  of  
patentee  under  section  76  against  any  person  who,  
the  case,  award  damages  in  a  sum  above  the  amount  
without  his  authorization,  exercised  any  of  the  rights  
found  as  actual  damages  sustained:  Provided,  that  the  
conferred  under  Section  71  of  this  act  in  relation  to  the  
award  does  not  exceed  3  times  the  amount  of  such  
invention  claimed  in  the  published  patent  application  as  
actual  damages.  
if  a  patent  had  been  granted  for  that  invention:  
Provided,  That  the  said  person  had:   76.5  the  court  may,  in  its  discretion,  order  that  the  
infringing  goods,  materials  and  implements  
Sec.  46.1  Actual  Knowledge  that  the  invention  that  he  
predominantly  used  in  the  infringement  be  disposed  of  
was  using  was  the  subject  matter  of  a  published  
outside  the  channels  of  commerce  or  destroyed,  without  
application;    
compensation.  
Sec.  46.2  Received  written  notice  that  the  invention  that  
he  was  using  was  the  subject  matter  of  a  published   76.6  Anyone  who  actively  induces  the  infringement  of  a  
application  being  identified  in  the  said  notice  by  its   patent  or  provides  the  infringer  with  a  component  of  a  
patented  product  or  of  a  product  produced  because  of  a   that  his  claims  have  been  made  infinitely  less  vulnerable  
patented  process  knowing  it  to  be  especially  adopted  for   than  would  be  otherwise  possible;  
infringing  the  patented  invention  and  not  suitable  for  
2.  Every  point  raised  by  the  Examiner  and  finally  
substantial  non-­‐infringing  use  shall  be  liable  as  a  
decided  by  the  Bureau  in  favor  of  the  applicant  will  give  
contributory  infringer  and  shall  be  jointly  and  severally  
him  a  prima  facie  standing  on  that  point  in  court.  
liable  with  the  infringer.  
An  Examiner  will  frequently  make  a  blanket  rejection  on  
Observation  by  3rd  parties.  
some  reference  to  the  prior  art  just  to  be  helpful  to  the  
Following  the  publication  of  the  patent  application,  any  
applicant-­‐  just  to  give  the  applicant  a  chance  to  explain  
person  may  present  observations  in  writing  concerning  
away  some  reference  and  make  a  change  in  his  claims  
the  patentability  of  the  invention.  
to  avoid  it,  rather  than  to  wait  until  the  patent  is  
-­‐Communicated  to  the  applicant  who  may  comment  on  
granted  and  is  involved  in  a  litigation,  when  it  may  be  
them.  
too  late  to  make  the  explanation.  
-­‐the  office  shall  acknowledge  and  put  such  observations  
and  comment  in  the  file  of  the  application  to  which  it   Amendment  of  Application  
relates.   An  applicant  may  amend  the  patent  application  during  
the  examination  provided  that  such  amendment  will  
Substantive  Examination  
not  include  new  matter  outside  the  scope  of  the  
It  is  the  duty  of  the  applicant  to  file  a  written  request  
disclosure  contained  in  the  application  as  filed.  
for  substantive  examination  within  6  months  from  the  
date  of  publication.   After  final  rejection  or  action,  amendments  may  be  
Payment  of  fees  which  is  an  integral  part  of  the  process   made  cancelling  claims  or  complying  with  any  
will  also  be  a  factor  in  the  examination.     requirement  of  form  which  has  been  made,  and  
Withdrawal  of  the  request  of  examination  shall  be   amendments  presenting  rejected  claims  in  better  form  
irrevocable  and  shall  not  authorize  the  refund  of  any   for  consideration  on  appeal  may  be  admitted;  but  any  
fee.   proceedings  relative  thereto,  shall  not  operate  to  
relieve  the  application  from  its  condition  as  subject  to  
Law  Contest  
appeal  or  to  save  it  from  being  considered  withdrawn.  
An  application  is  prosecuted  ex  parte  by  the  applicant;  
that  is,  the  proceedings  are  like  a  lawsuit  in  which  there   Should  amendments  touching  the  merits  of  the  
is  a  plaintiff,  but  no  defendant,  the  court  itself  acting  as   application  be  presented  after  the  final  rejection,  or  
the  adverse  party.   after  appeal  has  been  taken,  or  when  such  amendment  
It  is  a  law  contest  between  the  Examiner,  representing   might  not  otherwise  be  proper,  they  may  be  admitted  
the  public  and  trying  to  give  the  inventor  the  least   upon  a  showing  of  good  and  sufficient  reasons  why  they  
possible  monopoly  in  return  for  his  disclosure,  and  the   are  necessary  and  were  not  earlier  presented.  
applicant  or  his  attorney  trying  to  get  as  much  
monopoly  as  possible.   Grant  of  Patent  
The  examiners  are  charged  with  the  protection  of  the   The  ultimate  objective  of  the  patent  application.  
interest  of  the  public,  and  hence  must  be  vigilant  to  see   A  patent  shall  take  effect  on  the  date  of  the  publication  
that  no  patent  issues  for  subject  matter  which  is  not   of  the  grant  of  the  patent  in  the  IPO  Gazette.  
patentable,  and  is  already  disclosed  in  prior  inventions  
and  accessible  to  the  public  at  large.   Refusal  of  the  Application  
The  grant  of  a  patent  is  not  a  matter  of  right.  
Case  of  “Tough  Love”  
A  hard  fought  application  will  produce  a  patent  much   In  case  of  refusal  or  denial  of  the  application,  the  
more  likely  to  stand  in  court  than  a  patent  which  has   remedy  is  to  appeal  the  decisions  of  the  examiner  to  
slid  through  the  Bureau  easily.  True  for  2  reasons:   the  Director  of  Bureau  of  Patents.  

  The  Rules  provide  that  final  decisions  of  the  Patent  

1.  The  rejections  have  given  the  applicant  or  his   Examiner  who  has  original  jurisdiction  over  all  
attorney  suggestions  of  strengthening  amendments  so   applications  shall  be  subject  to  appeal  to  the  Director  of  
Patents  within  4  months  from  the  mailing  date  of  the   shall  be  published  in  the  IPO  Gazette  and  the  lapse  shall  
notice  of  the  decision.   be  recorded  in  the  appropriate  register  of  the  Office.  

Publication  of  Grant  of  Patent   A  grace  period  of  6  months  from  the  due  date  shall  be  
In  the  IPO  Gazette   granted  for  the  payment  of  the  annual  fee,  upon  
Any  interested  party  may  inspect  the  complete   payment  of  the  prescribed  surcharge  for  delayed  
descriptions,  claims,  and  drawings  of  the  patent  on  file   payment.  
with  the  Office.  
Surrender  of  Patent  
Issuance  of  the  certificate  of  Letters  Patent   The  owner  of  the  patent,  with  the  consent  of  all  persons  
Issued  in  the  name  of  the  Republic  of  the  Philippines   having  grants  or  licenses  or  other  right,  title  or  interest  
under  the  Seal  of  the  Office  and  shall  be  signed  by  the   in  and  to  the  patent  and  the  invention  covered  thereby,  
Director,  and  registered  together  with  the  description,   which  have  been  recorded  in  the  Office,  may  surrender  
claims,  and  drawings,  if  any,  in  books  and  records  of  the   his  patent  or  any  claim  or  claims  forming  part  thereof  to  
office.   the  Office  for  cancellation.  

Term  of  Patent  (Apply  the  First-­‐to-­‐file  rule)   Correction  of  Mistakes  
The  term  of  a  patent  shall  be  20  years  from  the  filing   The  Director  of  Patent  has  the  power  to  correct,  
date  of  the  application.   without  fee,  any  mistake  in  a  patent  incurred  through  
the  fault  of  the  Office  when  clearly  disclosed  in  the  
Not  absolute,  since  a  patent  shall  cease  to  be  in  force  
records  thereof,  to  make  the  patent  conform  to  the  
and  effect  if  any  prescribed  annual  fees  therefor  is  not  
records.    
paid  within  the  prescribed  time  or    
if  the  patent  is  cancelled  in  accordance  with  the   This  is  done  upon  written  petition  of  the  patentee  or  
provisions  of  the  law  and  implementing  rules  and   assignee  of  record  and  upon  tender  to  the  office  of  the  
regulations.   copy  of  the  patent  issued.  

After  the  expiration  of  the  patent,  the  monopoly  ceases   Also,  on  request  of  any  interested  person  and  payment  
to  exist  and  the  subject  matter  of  patent  becomes  part   of  the  prescribed  fee,  the  Director  is  authorized  to  
of  public  domain.   correct  any  mistake  in  a  patent  of  a  formal  and  clerical  
nature,  not  incurred  through  the  fault  of  the  office.  
Annual  fees  
The  1st  annual  fee  on  a  patent  shall  be  due  and  payable   Changes  in  Patents  
on  the  expiration  of  4  years  from  the  date  of  the   The  owner  of  a  patent  shall  have  the  right  to  request  
application  is  published,  and  on  each  subsequent   the  Bureau  to  make  the  changes  in  the  patent  in  order  
anniversary  of  such  date.     to:  
Payment  may  be  made  within  3  months  before  the  due  
a.  Limit  the  extent  of  the  protection  conferred  by  it;  
date.  
b.  Correct  obvious  mistakes  or  to  correct  clerical  errors;  
The  obligation  to  pay  the  annual  fees  shall  terminate  
c.  Correct  mistakes  or  errors,  other  than  those  referred  
should  the  application  be  withdrawn,  refused,  or  
to  in  letter  b,  made  in  good  faith,  provided  that  where  
cancelled.  
the  change  would  result  in  a  broadening  of  the  extent  
Date  application  is  the  date  when  the  IPO  Gazette   of  protection  conferred  by  the  patent,  no  request  may  
containing  the  application  is  released  for  circulation.   be  made  after  the  expiration  of  2  years  from  the  grant  
of  a  patent  and  the  change  shall  not  affect  the  rights  of  
If  any  annual  fee  is  not  paid  within  the  prescribed  time,  
any  3rd  party  which  has  relied  on  the  patent,  as  
the  application  shall  be  deemed  withdrawn  or  the  
published.  
patent  considered  as  lapsed  from  the  day  following  the  
expiration  of  the  period  within  which  the  annual  fees   No  change  in  the  patent  shall  be  permitted  under  this  
were  due.   section  where  the  change  would  result  in  the  disclosure  
A  notice  that  the  application  is  deemed  withdrawn  or   contained  in  the  patent  going  beyond  the  disclosure  
the  lapse  of  a  patent  for  non-­‐payment  of  any  annual  fee   contained  in  the  application  filed.  
Form  and  Publication  of  Amendment   If  the  patent  is  amended  under  Subsection  65.2,  the  
An  amendment  or  correction  of  a  patent  shall  be   bureau  shall,  at  the  same  time  as  it  publishes  the  
accomplished  by  a  certificate  of  such  amendment  or   mention  of  the  cancellation  decision,  publish  the  
correction,  authenticated  by  the  seal  of  the  office  and   abstract,  representative  claims  and  drawings  indicating  
signed  by  the  Director,  which  certificate  shall  be   clearly  what  the  amendments  consist  of.  
attached  to  the  patent.  Notice  of  such  amendment  or  
Effect  of  cancellation  of  Patent  or  Claim  
correction  shall  be  published  in  the  IPO  Gazette  and  
The  rule  is  that  the  decision  or  order  to  cancel  the  
copies  of  the  patent  kept  or  furnished  by  the  Office  
patent  or  claim  by  the  Director  of  Legal  Affairs  shall  be  
shall  include  a  copy  of  the  certificate  of  amendment  or  
immediately  executory  even  pending  appeal  unless  this  
correction.  
decision  is  restrained  by  the  Director  general.  Notice  of  
Cancellation  of  Patent   the  cancellation  shall  be  published  in  the  IPO  Gazette.  
Grounds  
Remedies  of  Persons  deprived  of  patent  ownership  
Any  interested  person  may,  upon  payment  of  the  
Person  Declared  by  Final  Court  order  as  having  the  
required  fee,  petition  to  cancel  the  patent  or  any  claim  
Right  to  the  Patent  
thereof,  or  parts  of  the  claim  
If  a  Person  referred  to  in  Section  29  other  than  the  
Grounds  for  cancellation:  
applicant,  is  declared  by  final  court  order  or  decision  as  
a.  The  invention  is  not  new  or  patentable;  
having  the  right  to  the  patent,  such  person  may,  within  
b.  The  patent  does  not  disclose  the  invention  in  a  
3  months  after  the  decision  has  become  final:  
manner  sufficiently  clear  and  complete  for  it  to  be  
carried  out  by  any  person  skilled  in  the  art;   a.  Prosecute  the  application  as  his  own  application  in  
c.  The  patent  is  contrary  to  public  order  or  morality.   place  of  the  applicant;  
b.  File  a  new  patent  application  in  respect  of  the  same  
Where  the  grounds  for  cancellation  relate  to  some  of  
invention;  
the  claims  or  parts  of  the  claim,  cancellation  may  be  
c.  Request  that  the  application  be  refused;  
effected  to  such  extent  only.  
d.  Seek  cancellation  of  the  patent,  if  one  has  already  
Petition  for  Cancellation   been  issued.  
Shall  be  in  writing,  verified  by  the  petitioner  or  by  any  
True  and  Actual  Inventor  
person  in  his  behalf  who  knows  the  facts,  specify  the  
If  a  person,  who  was  deprived  of  the  patent  without  his  
grounds  upon  which  it  is  based,  include  a  statement  of  
consent  or  through  fraud  is  declared  by  final  court  order  
the  facts  to  be  relied  upon,  and  filed  with  the  Office.  
or  decision  to  be  the  true  and  actual  inventor,  the  court  
Jurisdiction  and  Notice  of  hearing   shall  order  for  his  substitution  as  patentee,  or  at  the  
With  the  Director  of  Legal  Affairs.   option  of  the  true  inventor,  cancel  the  patent,  and  
award  actual  and  other  damages  in  his  favor  if  
In  cases  involving  highly  technical  issues,  on  motion  of  
warranted  by  the  circumstances.  
any  party,  the  Director  of  legal  Affairs  may  order  that  
the  petition  be  heard  and  decided  by  a  Committee   Publication  of  the  Court  Order  
composed  of  the  Director  of  Legal  Affairs  as  chairman   In  both  instances  referred  above,  the  court  shall  furnish  
and  2  members  who  have  the  experience  or  expertise  in   the  Office  a  copy  of  the  order  or  decision,  which  shall  be  
the  field  of  technology  to  which  the  patent  sought  to  be   published  in  the  IPO  Gazette  within  3  months  from  the  
cancelled  relates.  The  decision  of  the  Committee  shall   date  such  order  or  decision  became  final  and  executory,  
be  appealable  to  the  Director  general.   and  shall  be  recorded  in  the  register  of  the  Office.  

Cancellation  of  the  Patent   Time  to  file  action  in  court  
If  the  committee  finds  that  a  case  for  cancellation  has   Within  1  year  from  the  date  of  publication.  
been  proven,  it  shall  order  the  patent  or  any  specified  
Remedies  against  Infringement  
claim  or  claims  thereof  cancelled.  
Rights  conferred  by  patent  
If  the  fee  for  the  printing  of  a  new  patent  is  not  paid  in   Depends  on  whether  the  subject  matter  is  a  product  or  
due  time,  the  patent  should  be  revoked.     a  process.  
Product-­‐  the  Patent  owner  shall  have  the  exclusive  right   which  is  a  party  to  any  convention,  treaty  or  agreement  
to  restrain,  prohibit  and  prevent  any  unauthorized   relating  to  intellectual  property  rights  or  the  repression  
person  or  entity  from  making,  using,  offering  for  sale,   of  unfair  competition,  to  which  the  Philippines  is  also  a  
selling  or  importing  that  product.   party,  or  extends  reciprocal  rights  to  nationals  of  the  
Philippines  by  law,  shall  be  entitled  to  benefits  to  the  
Process-­‐  The  patent  owner  shall  have  the  exclusive  right  
extent  necessary  to  give  effect  to  any  provision  of  such  
to  restrain,  prevent  or  prohibit  any  unauthorized  person  
convention,  treaty  or  reciprocal  law,  in  addition  to  the  
or  entity  from  using  the  process,  and  from  
rights  to  which  any  owner  of  an  intellectual  property  
manufacturing,  dealing  in,  using,  selling  or  offering  for  
right  is  otherwise  entitled  by  this  act.  
sale,  or  importing  any  product  obtained  directly  or  
indirectly  from  such  process.   Presumptions  in  Patent  infringement  action  
If  the  subject  matter  of  a  patent  is  a  process  for  
Regardless  whether  the  patent  is  over  a  product  or  a  
obtaining  a  product,  any  identical  product  shall  be  
process,  the  patent  owners  shall  have  the  right  to  assign  
presumed  to  have  been  obtained  through  the  use  of  the  
it,  transfer  it  by  succession,  or  conclude  licensing  
patented  process  if  the  product  is  new  or  there  is  
contracts  for  the  same.  
substantial  likelihood  that  the  identical  product  was  
Civil  Action  for  infringement   made  by  the  process  and  the  owner  of  the  patent  has  
Patent  Infringement   been  unable  despite  reasonable  efforts,  to  determine  
The  making,  using,  offering  for  sale,  selling,  or  importing   the  process  actually  used.  In  ordering  the  defendant  to  
a  patented  product  or  a  product  obtained  directly  or   prove  that  the  process  to  obtain  the  identical  product  is  
indirectly  from  a  patented  process,  or  the  use  of  a   different  from  the  patented  process,  the  court  shall  
patented  process  without  the  authorization  of  the   adopt  measures  to  protect,  as  far  as  practicable,  his  
patentee.   manufacturing  and  business  secrets.  
The  rule  will  not  apply  to:  
Sec.  80.  Damages;  Requirement  of  Notice.-­‐  Damages  
Sections  72.1  and  72.4  (Limitations  of  patent  rights);  
cannot  be  recovered  for  acts  of  infringement  
section  74  (Use  of  invention  by  government);  
committed  before  the  infringer  had  known;  or  had  
Section  93.6  (Compulsory  Licensing);  
reasonable  grounds  to  know  of  the  patent.  It  is  
Section  93-­‐A  (Procedures  on  Issuance  of  a  Special  
presumed  that  the  infringer  had  known  of  the  patent  if  
Compulsory  License  under  the  TRIPS  agreement)  
on  the  patented  product  or  on  the  container  or  package  
The  patentee  or  anyone  possessing  any  right,  title  or   in  which  the  article  is  supplied  to  the  public,  or  on  the  
interest  may  bring  a  civil  action  before  a  court  of   advertising  material  relating  to  the  patented  product  or  
competent  jurisdiction,  to  recover  from  the  infringer   process,  are  placed  the  words  ‘Philippine  Patent’  with  
such  damages  sustained  thereby,  plus  attorney’s  fees   the  number  of  the  patent.  
and  other  expenses  of  litigation,  and  to  secure  an  
Prescription  in  action  for  infringement  
injunction  for  the  protection  of  his  rights.  May  award  by  
No  damages  can  be  recovered  for  acts  of  infringement  
way  of  damages  a  sum  equivalent  to  reasonable  royalty.  
committed  more  than  4  years  before  the  institution  of  
Anyone  who  actively  induces  the  infringement  of  a   the  action  for  infringement.  
patent  or  provides  the  infringer  with  a  component  of  a  
Defenses  in  Action  for  Infringement  
patented  product  or  of  a  product  produced  because  of  
The  defendant,  in  addition  to  other  defenses  available  
a  patented  process  knowing  it  to  be  especially  adopted  
to  him,  may  show  the  invalidity  of  the  patent,  or  any  
for  infringing  the  patented  invention  and  not  suitable  
claim  thereof,  on  any  of  the  grounds  on  which  a  petition  
for  substantial  non-­‐infringing  use  shall  be  liable  as  a  
of  cancellation  can  be  brought  under  sec.  61.  
contributory  infringer  and  shall  be  jointly  and  severally  
liable  with  the  infringer.   Section  61.  Cancellation  of  Patents.  -­‐  61.1.  Any  
interested  person  may,  upon  payment  of  the  required  
Infringement  Action  by  a  Foreign  National  
fee,  petition  to  cancel  the  patent  or  any  claim  thereof,  
Sec.  3.  International  conventions  and  Reciprocity.-­‐  Any  
or  parts  of  the  claim,  on  any  of  the  following  grounds:  
person  who  is  a  national  or  who  is  domiciled  or  has  a  
real  and  effective  industrial  establishment  in  a  country  
(a)  That  what  is  claimed  as  the  invention  is  not  new  or   purposes  or  educational  purposes  and  such  other  
Patentable;   activities  directly  related  to  such  scientific  or  
educational  experimental  use;  
(b)  That  the  patent  does  not  disclose  the  invention  in  a  
manner  sufficiently  clear  and  complete  for  it  to  be   4.  in  the  case  of  drugs  and  medicines,  where  the  act  
carried  out  by  any  person  skilled  in  the  art;  or   includes  testing,  using,  making  or  selling  the  invention  
including  any  data  related  thereto,  solely  for  purposes  
(c)  That  the  patent  is  contrary  to  public  order  or  
reasonable  related  to  the  development  and  submission  
morality.  
of  information  and  issuance  of  approvals  by  
Criminal  action  for  infringement   government  regulatory  agencies  required  under  any  law  
If  infringement  is  repeated  by  the  infringer  or  by  anyone   of  the  Philippines  or  of  another  country  that  regulates  
in  connivance  with  him  after  finality  of  the  judgment  of   the  manufacture,  construction,  use  or  sale  of  any  
the  court  against  the  infringer,  the  offenders  shall,   product:  Provided,  that,  in  order  to  protect  the  data  
without  prejudice  to  the  institution  of  a  civil  action  for   submitted  by  the  original  patent  holder  from  unfair  
damages,  be  criminally  liable  therefor  and,  upon   commercial  use  provided  in  article.  93.3  of  the  TRIPS    
conviction,  shall  suffer  imprisonment  for  the  period  of   agreement,  the  Intellectual  Property  Office,  in  
not  less  than  6  months  but  not  more  than  3  years   consultation  with  the  appropriate  government  agencies  
and/or  a  fine  of  not  less  than  100k  but  not  more  than   shall  issue  the  appropriate  rules  and  regulations  
300k,  at  the  discretion  of  the  court.  The  criminal  action   necessary  therein  not  later  than  120  days  after  the  
herein  provided  shall  prescribe  in  3  years  from  the  date   enactment  of  this  law;  
of  the  commission  of  the  crime.  
5.  Where  the  act  consists  of  the  preparation  for  
The  law  is  clear  therefore  that  criminal  liability  only   individual  cases,  in  a  pharmacy  or  by  a  medical  
inures  when  the  infringement  is  repeated.   professional,  of  a  medicine  in  accordance  with  a  
medical  prescription  or  acts  concerning  the  medicine  so  
Limitations  on  Patent  Rights   prepared;  
Acts  Allowed  even  without  authorization  
The  owner  of  a  patent  has  no  right  to  prevent  3rd  parties   6.  Where  the  invention  is  used  in  any  ship,  vessel,  
from  performing,  without  his  authorization,  the  acts   aircraft,  or  land  vehicle  of  any  other  country  entering  
referred  to  in  section  72,  as  amended  by  RA  9502:   the  territory  of  the  Philippines  temporarily  or  
accidentally:  Provided,  That  such  invention  is  used  
1.  Using  a  patented  product  which  has  been  put  on  the   exclusively  for  the  needs  of  the  ship,  vessel,  aircraft,  or  
market  in  the  Philippines  by  the  owner  of  the  product,   land  vehicle  and  not  used  for  the  manufacturing  of  
or  with  his  express  consent,  insofar  as  such  use  is   anything  to  be  sold  within  the  Philippines.  
performed  after  that  product  has  been  so  put  in  the  
market:  Provided,  that,  with  regard  to  drugs  and   Prior  User  
medicines,  the  limitation  on  patent  rights  shall  apply   Any  user,  who,  in  good  faith  was  using  the  invention  or  
after  a  drug  or  medicine  has  been  introduced  in  the   has  undertaken  serious  preparations  to  use  the  
Philippines  or  anywhere  else  in  the  world  by  the  patent   invention  or  has  undertaken  serious  preparations  to  use  
owner,  or  by  any  party  authorized  to  use  the  invention:   the  invention  in  his  enterprise  or  business,  before  the  
Provided,  further,  that  the  right  to  import  the  drugs  and   filing  date  or  priority  date  of  the  application  on  which  a  
medicines  contemplated  in  this  section  shall  be   patent  is  granted,  shall  have  the  right  to  continue  the  
available  to  any  government  agency  or  any  private  3rd   use  thereof  as  envisaged  in  such  preparations  within  
party;   the  territory  where  the  patent  produces  its  effect.  

2.  Where  the  act  is  done  privately  and  on  a  non-­‐ To  protect  the  patent  owner,  however,  the  prior  user  
commercial  scale  or  for  non-­‐commercial  purpose:   may  only  transfer  or  assign  this  right  if  it  is  transferred  
provided,  that  it  does  not  significantly  prejudice  the   or  assigned  together  with  his  enterprise  or  business,  or,  
economic  interests  of  the  owner  of  the  patent;   with  that  part  of  his  enterprise  or  business  in  which  the  
use  or  preparations  for  use  have  been  made.  
3.  Where  the  act  consists  of  making  or  using  exclusively  
for  experimental  use  of  the  invention  for  scientific  
Use  of  Invention  by  government   Section  74.1  ©,  the  right  holder  shall  be  notified  as  
GR:  The  government  is  bound  to  respect  the  patent.   soon  as  reasonable  practicable;  
(Due  process  Shit,  property  daw  siya)  
b.  In  the  case  of  public  non-­‐commercial  use  of  the  
rd
Xpn:  A  Government  agency  or  3  person  authorized  by   patent  by  the  patentee,  without  satisfactory  reason,  as  
the  government  may  exploit  the  invention  even  without   provided  under  74.1  (d),  the  right  holder  shall  be  
agreement  of  the  patent  owner  where:   informed  promptly:  Provided,  that,  the  Government  or  
1.  The  Public  interest,  in  particular,  National  Security,   3rd  person  authorized  by  the  Government,  without  
nutrition,  health  or  the  development  of  other  sectors,   making  a  patent  search,  knows  or  has  demonstrable  
as  determined  by  the  appropriate  agency  of  the   ground  to  know  that  a  valid  patent  is  or  will  be  used  by  
government,  so  requires;     or  for  the  government;  

2.  A  judicial  or  administrative  body  has  determined  that   c.  if  the  demand  for  the  patented  article  in  the  
the  manner  of  exploitation,  by  the  owner  of  the  patent   Philippines  is  not  being  met  to  an  adequate  extent  and  
or  his  license,  is  anti-­‐competitive.   on  reasonable  terms  as  provided  under  section  74.1  €,  
the  right  holder  shall  be  informed  promptly;  
Under  RA  9502:  
d.  The  scope  and  duration  of  such  use  shall  be  limited  to  
Sec.  74.  Use  of  Invention  by  Government.-­‐  74.1.  A  
the  purpose  for  which  it  was  authorized;  
government  agency  or  3rd  person  authorized  by  the  
government  may  exploit  the  invention  even  without   e.  such  use  shall  be  non-­‐exclusive;  
agreement  of  the  patent  owner  where:  
f.  the  right  holder  shall  be  paid  adequate  remuneration  
a.  The  public  interest,  in  particular,  national  security,   in  the  circumstances  of  each  case,  taking  into  account  
nutrition,  health  or  the  development  of  other  sectors,   the  economic  value  of  the  authorization;  
as  determined  by  the  appropriate  agency  of  the  
g.  the  existence  of  a  national  emergency  or  other  
government,  so  requires;  or  
circumstances  of  extreme  urgency,  referred  to  under  
b.  A  judicial  or  administrative  body  has  been   Section  74.1  c,  shall  be  subject  to  the  determination  of  
determined  that  the  manner  of  exploitation,  by  the   the  President  of  the  Philippines  for  the  purpose  of  
owner  of  the  patent  or  his  licensee,  is  anti-­‐competitive;   determining  the  need  for  such  use  or  other  exploitation,  
which  shall  be  immediately  executory.  
c.  In  the  case  of  drugs  and  medicines,  there  is  a  national  
emergency  or  other  circumstance  of  extreme  urgency   74.3.  All  cases  arising  from  the  implementation  of  this  
requiring  the  use  of  the  invention;   provision  shall  be  cognizable  by  courts  with  appropriate  
jurisdiction  provided  by  law.  
d.  in  the  case  of  drugs  and  medicines,  there  is  public  
non-­‐commercial  use  of  the  patent  by  the  patentee,   No  court,  except  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  Philippine,  
without  satisfactory  reason;   shall  issue  any  temporary  restraining  order  or  
preliminary  injunction  or  such  other  provisional  
e.  in  the  case  of  drugs  and  medicines,  the  demand  for  
remedies  that  will  prevent  its  immediate  execution.  
the  patented  article  in  the  Philippines  is  not  being  met  
to  an  adequate  extent  and  on  reasonable  terms,  as   74.4.  The  Intellectual  Property  Office,  in  consultation  
determined  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Department  of   with  the  appropriate  government  agencies,  shall  issue  
Health.   the  appropriate  implementing  rules  and  regulations  for  
the  use  or  exploitation  of  patented  inventions  as  
74.2.  unless  otherwise  provided  herein,  the  use  by  the  
contemplated  in  this  section  within  120  days  after  the  
Government,  or  3rd  person  authorized  by  the  
effectivity  of  this  law.  
Government  shall  be  subject,  where  applicable,  to  the  
following  provisions:   Extent  of  Protection  and  Interpretation  of  Claims;  
Tests  in  patent  infringement  
a.  In  situations  of  national  emergency  or  other  
The  extent  of  protection  conferred  by  the  patent  shall  
circumstances  of  extreme  urgency  as  provided  under  
be  determined  by  the  claims,  which  are  to  be  
interpreted  in  the  light  of  description  and  drawings.  It  is   3.  Those  that  contain  restrictions  regarding  the  volume  
the  patent  claims  that  describe  the  scope  of  the  patent.   and  structure  of  production;  

For  the  purpose  of  determining  the  extent  of  protection   4.  those  that  prohibit  the  use  of  competitive  
conferred  by  the  patent,  due  account  shall  be  taken  of   technologies  in  a  non-­‐exclusive  technology  transfer  
elements  which  are  equivalent  to  the  elements   agreement;  
expressed  in  the  claims,  so  that  a  claim  shall  be  
5.  Those  that  establish  a  full  or  partial  purchase  option  
considered  to  cover  not  only  all  the  elements  as  
in  favor  of  the  licensor;  
expressed  therein,  but  also  equivalents.  
6.  those  that  obligate  the  licensee  to  transfer  for  free  to  
Doctrine  of  Equivalents  
the  licensor  the  inventions  or  improvements  that  may  
An  infringement  also  takes  place  when  a  device  
be  obtained  through  the  use  of  the  licensed  technology;  
appropriates  a  prior  invention  by  incorporating  its  
innovative  concept  and,  although  with  some   7.  Those  that  require  payment  of  royalties  to  the  owner  
modification  and  change,  performs  substantially  the   of  patents  for  patents  which  are  not  used;  
same  function  in  substantially  the  same  way  to  achieve  
substantially  the  same  result.   8.  Those  that  prohibit  the  licensee  to  export  the  
licensed  product  unless  justified  for  the  protection  of  
Voluntary  Licensing   the  legitimate  interest  of  licensor  such  as  exports  to  
Voluntary  license  contract   countries  where  exclusive  licenses  to  manufacture  
One  of  the  ways  by  which  an  inventor  may  reap   and/or  distribute  the  licensed  products  have  already  
economic  benefits  from  the  invention  is  by  granting   been  granted;  
authority  to  enterprises  that  can  commercially  exploit  
the  invention,  either  by  manufacturing,  distribution  or   9.  those  which  restrict  the  use  of  the  technology  
retail  selling.   supplied  after  the  expiration  of  the  technology  transfer  
arrangement,  except  in  cases  of  early  termination  of  the  
The  law  dictates  special  provisions  that  seek  to  regulate   technology  transfer  arrangement  due  to  reasons  
contracts  entered  into  by  the  inventor  as  the  licensor   attributable  to  the  licensee;  
and  the  licensee.  
Section  85.  To  encourage  the  transfer  and   10.  Those  which  require  payments  for  patents  and  
dissemination  of  technology,  prevent  or  control   other  industrial  property  rights  after  their  expiration,  
practices  and  conditions  that  may  in  particular  cases   termination  arrangement;  
constitute  an  abuse  of  intellectual  property  rights   11.  those  which  restrict  the  research  and  development  
having  an  adverse  effect  on  competition  and  trade,  all   activities  of  the  licensee  designed  to  absorb  and  adapt  
technology  transfer  arrangements  shall  comply  with  the   the  transferred  technology  to  local  conditions  or  to  
provisions  of  this  chapter.   initiate  research  and  development  programs  in  
Prohibited  Clauses   connection  with  new  products,  processes  or  equipment;  
The  law  provides  that  except  in  cases  under  section  91,   12.  Those  which  require  that  the  technology  recipient  
the  following  provisions  are  prohibited  since  they  are   shall  not  contest  the  validity  of  any  of  the  patents  of  the  
deemed  prima  facie  to  have  an  adverse  effect  on   technology  supplier;  
competition  and  trade:  
13.  Those  which  prevent  the  licensee  from  adapting  the  
1.  Those  which  impose  upon  the  licensee  the  obligation   imported  technology  to  local  conditions,  or  introducing  
to  acquire  from  a  specific  source  capital  goods,   innovation  to  it,  as  long  as  it  does  not  impair  the  quality  
intermediate  products,  raw  materials,  and  other   standards  prescribed  by  the  licensor;  
technologies,  or  of  permanently  employing  personnel  
indicated  by  the  licensor;   14.  Those  which  exempt  the  licensor  for  liability  for  
non-­‐fulfillment  of  his  responsibilities  under  the  
2.  Those  pursuant  to  which  the  licensor  reserves  the   Technology  Transfer  Arrangement  and/or  liability  
right  to  fix  the  sale  or  resale  prices  of  the  products   arising  from  3rd  party  suits  brought  about  by  the  use  of  
manufactured  on  the  basis  of  the  license;   the  licensed  product  or  the  licensed  technology;  
15.  other  clauses  with  equivalent  effects.   Prohibited  and  Mandatory  clauses,  respectively,  need  
not  be  registered  with  the  Documentation,  information  
Sec.  91.  Exceptional  Cases.-­‐  In  exceptional  or  
and  Technology  Transfer  Bureau.  
meritorious  cases  where  substantial  benefits  will  accrue  
Non-­‐conformance  with  any  of  the  provisions  of  sections  
to  the  economy,  such  as  high  technology  content,  
87  and  88,  however,  shall  automatically  render  the  
increase  in  foreign  exchange  earnings,  employment  
Technology  transfer  arrangement  unenforceable,  unless  
generation,  regional  dispersal  of  industries  and/or  
said  technology  transfer  arrangement  is  approved  and  
substitution  with  or  use  of  local  raw  materials,  or  in  the  
registered  with  the  Documentation,  Information  and  
case  of  Board  of  investments,  registered  companies  
Technology  Transfer  bureau  under  the  provisions  of  
with  pioneer  status,  exemption  from  any  of  the  above  
Section  91  on  exceptional  cases.  
requirements  may  be  allowed  by  the  Documentation,  
information  and  Technology  Transfer  bureau  after   Compulsory  licensing  
evaluation  thereof  on  a  case  by  case  basis.   Nature  of  Compulsory  licensing  
Licenses  are  awarded  against  the  will  of  the  patent  
Mandatory  Provisions  
owner.  The  basis  for  this  compulsion  is  again  related  to  
1.  That  the  laws  of  the  Philippines  shall  govern  the  
the  State  policies  on  intellectual  property  rights.  
interpretation  of  the  same  and  in  the  event  of  litigation,  
the  venue  shall  be  the  proper  court  in  the  place  where   Jurisdiction  
the  licensee  has  its  principal  office;   Director  of  Legal  Affairs.    
Director  General  of  the  Intellectual  Property  office  may  
2.  Continue  access  to  improvements  in  techniques  and  
grant  a  license  to  exploit  patented  invention  under  the  
processes  related  to  the  technology  shall  be  made  
grounds  enumerated  therein.  
available  during  the  period  of  the  technology  transfer  
arrangement;   Grounds  
Sec.  93.  Even  without  the  agreement  of  the  patent  
3.  In  the  event  the  technology  transfer  arrangement  
owner:  
shall  provide  for  arbitration,  the  Procedure  of  
Arbitration  of  the  arbitration  law  of  the  Philippines  or   1.  National  emergency  or  other  circumstances  of  
the  Arbitration  Rules  of  the  United  Nations  Commission   extreme  urgency;  
on  International  Trade  Law  or  the  Rules  of  conciliation  
2.  Where  the  public  interest,  in  particular,  national  
and  Arbitration  of  the  International  Chamber  of  
security,  nutrition,  health  or  the  development  of  other  
Commerce  shall  apply  and  the  venue  of  arbitration  shall  
vital  sectors  of  the  national  economy  as  determined  by  
be  the  Philippines  or  any  neutral  country;  and  
the  appropriate  agency  of  the  Government,  so  requires;  
4.  the  Philippine  taxes  on  all  payments  relating  to  the   or  
technology  transfer  arrangement  shall  be  borne  by  the  
3.  where  a  judicial  or  administrative  body  has  
licensor.  
determined  that  the  manner  of  exploitation  by  the  
Rights  Reserved  to  Licensor  and  Licensee   owner  of  the  patent  or  his  licensee  is  anti-­‐competitive;  
Sec.  89.  In  the  absence  of  any  provision  to  the  contrary   or  
in  the  Technology  transfer  arrangement,  the  grant  of  a  
4.  In  case  of  public  non-­‐commercial  use  of  the  patent  by  
license  shall  not  prevent  the  licensor  from  granting  
the  patentee,  without  satisfactory  reason;  
further  licenses  to  3rd  person  nor  from  exploiting  the  
subject  matter  of  the  technology  transfer  agreement.   5.  IF  the  patented  invention  is  not  being  worked  in  the  
Philippines  on  a  commercial  scale,  although  capable  of  
Sec.  90.  The  licensee  shall  be  entitled  to  exploit  the  
being  worked,  without  satisfactory  reason:  Provided,  
subject  matter  of  the  technology  transfer  arrangement  
that  the  importation  of  the  patented  article  shall  
during  the  whole  term  of  the  Technology  Transfer  
constitute  working  or  using  the  patent;  and  
arrangement.  
6.  where  the  demand  for  patented  drugs  and  medicines  
Registration  of  License  Contract  
is  not  being  met  to  an  adequate  extent  and  on  
Sec.  92.  Technology  Transfer  arrangements  that  
conform  with  the  provisions  of  Sections  86  and  87  on  
reasonable  terms,  as  determined  by  the  Secretary  of   Period  for  filing  a  petition  for  a  compulsory  license  
the  Department  of  Health.   Depends  on  the  ground  of  the  petition.  
Subsection  93.5-­‐  before  the  expiration  of  a  period  of  4  
Sec.  93-­‐A.  Procedures  on  Issuance  of  a  Special  
years  from  the  date  of  filing  of  the  application  or  3  years  
Compulsory  License  under  the  TRIPS  Agreement.  
from  the  date  of  the  patent  whichever  period  expires  
The  Director  General  of  the  Intellectual  Property  Office,  
last.  
upon  thee  written  recommendation  of  the  Secretary  of  
Subsections  93.2,  93.3,  93.4,  93.6  and  section  97-­‐  
the  Department  of  health,  shall,  upon  filing  of  a  
applied  for  at  any  time  after  the  grant  of  the  patent.  
petition,  grant  a  special  compulsory  license  for  the  
importation  of  patented  drugs  and  medicines.  The   Requirement  to  obtain  a  license  on  reasonable  
special  compulsory  license  for  the  importation   commercial  terms  
contemplated  under  this  provision  shall  be  an  additional   The  license  will  only  be  granted  after  the  petitioner  has  
special  alternative  procedure  to  ensure  access  to  quality   made  efforts  to  obtain  authorization  from  the  patent  
affordable  medicines  and  shall  be  primarily  for  domestic   owner  on  reasonable  commercial  terms  and  conditions  
consumption:  Provided,  that  adequate  remuneration   but  such  efforts  have  not  been  successful  within  a  
shall  be  paid  to  the  patent  owner  either  by  the   reasonable  period  of  time.  
exporting  or  importing  country.  The  compulsory  license   This  requirement  shall  not  apply  in:  
shall  also  contain  a  provision  directing  the  grantee  the  
1.  Where  the  petition  for  compulsory  license  seeks  to  
license  to  exercise  reasonable  measures  to  prevent  the  
remedy  a  practice  determined  after  judicial  or  
re-­‐exportation  of  the  products  imported  under  this  
administrative  process  to  be  anti-­‐competitive;  
provision.    
The  grant  of  a  special  compulsory  license  under  this   2.  in  situations  of  national  emergency  or  other  
provision  shall  be  an  exception  to  Sections  100.4  and   circumstances  of  extreme  urgency;  
100.6  of  RA  8293  and  shall  be  immediately  executory.  
No  court,  except  the  SC  of  the  Philippines,  shall  issue   3.  incases  of  public  non-­‐commercial  use;  
any  temporary  restraining  order  or  preliminary   4.  In  cases  where  the  demand  for  the  patented  drugs  
injunction  or  such  other  provisional  remedies  that  will   and  medicines  in  the  Philippines  is  not  being  met  to  an  
prevent  the  grant  of  the  special  compulsory  license.   adequate  extent  and  on  reasonable  terms,  as  
Sec.  93-­‐A.2  A  compulsory  license  shall  also  be  available   determined  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Department  of  
for  the  manufacture  and  export  of  drugs  and  medicines   health.  
to  any  country  having  insufficient  or  no  manufacturing   Compulsory  Licensing  of  Patents  involving  Semi-­‐
capacity  in  the  pharmaceutical  sector  to  address  public   conductory  technology  
health  problems:  Provided,  that  a  compulsory  license,   The  license  may  only  be  granted  in  case  of  public  non-­‐
has  been  granted  by  such  country  or  such  country  has,   commercial  use  or  to  remedy  a  practice  determined  
by  notification  or  otherwise,  allowed  importation  into   after  judicial  or  administrative  process  to  be  anti-­‐
its  jurisdiction  of  the  patented  drugs  and  medicines   competitive.  
from  the  Philippines  in  compliance  with  the  TRIPS  
agreement.   Compulsory  License  based  on  interdependence  of  
patents  
Sec.  93-­‐A.3  The  right  to  grant  a  special  compulsory   if  the  invention  protected  by  a  patent,  hereafter  
license  under  this  section  shall  not  limit  or  prejudice  the   referred  to  as  the  second  patent,  within  the  country  
rights,  obligations  and  flexibilities  provided  under  the   cannot  be  worked  without  infringing  another  patent  
TRIPS  agreement  and  under  Philippine  laws,  particularly   hereafter  referred  to  as  the  first  patent,  granted  on  a  
Section  72.1  and  section  74  of  the  Intellectual  Property   prior  application  or  benefiting  from  an  earlier  priority,  a  
Code,  as  amended  under  this  act.  It  is  also  without   compulsory  license  may  be  granted  to  the  owner  of  the  
prejudice  to  the  extent  to  which  drugs  and  medicines   second  patent  to  the  extent  necessary  for  the  working  
produced  under  a  compulsory  license  can  be  exported   of  his  invention,  subject  to  the  following  conditions:  
as  allowed  in  the  TRIPS  agreement  and  applicable  laws.  
1.  The  invention  claimed  in  the  second  patent  involves   such  a  3  dimensional  disposition  prepared  for  an  
an  important  technical  advance  of  considerable   integrated  circuit  intended  for  manufacture.  
economic  significance  in  relation  to  the  first  patent;  

2.  The  owner  of  the  first  patent  shall  be  entitled  to  a  
cross-­‐license  on  reasonable  terms  to  use  the  invention  
claimed  in  the  second  patent;  

3.  the  use  authorized  in  respect  the  first  patent  shall  be  
non-­‐assignable  except  with  the  assignment  of  the  
second  patent;  

4.  the  terms  and  conditions  of  sections  95,  96,  and  98  to  
100.  

Utility  Models  
It  is  a  statutory  monopoly  granted  for  a  limited  time  in  
exchange  for  an  inventor  providing  sufficient  teaching  
of  his  or  her  invention  to  permit  a  person  of  ordinary  
skill  in  the  relevant  art  to  perform  the  invention.  

It  is  a  technical  solution  to  a  problem  in  any  field  of  

human  activity  which  is  new  and  industrially  applicable.  

A  utility  model  registration  shall  expire,  without  any  

possibility  of  renewal,  at  the  end  of  the  7th  year  after  
the  date  of  the  filing  of  the  application.  

Prohibition  against  filing  of  parallel  applications  

An  applicant  may  not  file  2  applications  for  the  same  
subject,  one  for  utility  model  registration  and  the  other  
for  the  grant  of  a  patent  whether  simultaneously  or  
consecutively.  

Industrial  Designs-­‐  term  of  5  years  

3  types:  
1.  Industrial  design-­‐  and  composition  of  lines  or  colors  
or  any  3  dimensional  form,  whether  or  not  associated  
with  lines  or  colors  provided  that  such  composition  or  
form  gives  a  special  appearance  to  and  can  serve  as  
patter  for  an  industrial  product  or  handicraft.  

2.  Integrated  circuit-­‐  a  product,  in  its  final  form,  or  an  

intermediate  form,  in  which  the  elements,  at  least  one  
of  which  is  an  active  element  and  some  or  all  the  
interconnections  are  integrally  formed  in  and/or  on  a  
piece  of  material,  and  which  is  intended  to  perform  an  
electronic  function.  

3.  Layout-­‐design  (Topogrophy)-­‐  The  3  dimensional  

disposition,  however  expressed,  of  the  elements,  at  
least  one  of  which  is  an  active  element,  and  of  some  or  
all  of  the  interconnections  of  an  integrated  circuit,  or