17153H41P PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR 4 0 0 4

AIM

To expose the students to the various faults in power system and learn the various methods of
protection scheme. To understand the current interruption in Power System and study the various
switchgears.

OBJECTIVES

i. Discussion on various earthling practices usage of symmetrical components to estimate fault current
and fault MVA.

ii. Study of Relays & Study of protection scheme, solid state relays.

iii. To understand instrument transformer and accuracy.

iv. To understand the method of circuit breaking various arc theories Arcing phenomena – capacitive
and inductive breaking.
v. Types of circuit breakers.

UNIT I: INTRODUCTION 12

Principles and need for protective schemes – nature and causes of faults – types of faults – fault
current calculation using symmetrical components – Power system earthing - Zones of protection
and essential qualities of protection – Protection scheme.

UNIT II: OPERATING PRINCIPLES AND RELAY CONSTRUCTIONS 12

Need for protection – essential qualities of protective relays – Electromagnetic relays, Induction
relays – Over current relays - Directional, Distance, Differential and negative sequence relays. Static
relays

UNIT III: APPARATUS PROTECTION 12

Apparatus protection transformer, generator, motor, protection of bus bars, transmission lines –
CTs and PTs and their applications in protection schemes.

UNIT IV: THEORY OF CIRCUIT INTERRUPTION 12

Physics of arc phenomena and arc interruption. Restricting voltage & Recovery voltage, rate of
rise of recovery voltage, resistance switching, current chopping, and interruption of capacitive
current – DC circuit breaking.
UNIT V: CIRCUIT BREAKERS 12

Types of Circuit Breakers – Air blast, Air break, oil SF6 and Vacuum circuit breakers – comparative
merits of different circuit breakers – Testing of circuit breakers

TEXT BOOKS

1. B. Ravindranath, and N. Chander, ‘Power System Protection & Switchgear’, Wiley Eastern Ltd.,
1977.

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Sunil S. Rao, ‘Switchgear and Protection’, Khanna publishers, New Delhi, 1986 .

2. C.L. Wadhwa, ‘Electrical Power Systems’, Newage International (P) Ltd., 2000.

3. M.L. Soni, P.V. Gupta, V.S. Bhatnagar, A. Chakrabarti, ‘A Text Book on Power System
Engineering’, Dhanpat Rai & Co., 1998.

4. Badri Ram, Vishwakarma, ‘Power System Protection and Switchgear’, Tata McGraw hill, 2001.

5. Y.G. Paithankar and S.R. Bhide, ‘Fundamentals of Power System Protection’, Prentice Hall of India
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi – 110001, 2003.
 17153H41P – PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR
UNIT- 1 PROTECTION SCHEME

PART-A
1. What are the functions of protective relays?
2. State the significance of single line to ground fault.
3. What are symmetrical components?
4. Define negative sequence component.
5. State the different types of faults.
6. What is primary protection?
7. Define protected zone.
8. What is back up protection?
9. State the significance of double line fault.
10. What are the different types of earthing ?
PART-B

11. i) What are the causes of over voltage on a power system? (8+8)
ii) Why is it necessary to protect the lines and other equipment of the power System
against over voltages?
12. Derive an expression for fault current for single line to ground fault by symmetrical
components method.(16)
13. What is a 3Φ unsymmetrical fault? Discuss the different types of unsymmetrical faults
that can occur on 3Φ system. (16)
14. Derive an expression for fault current for line to line fault by symmetrical components
method. (16)
15. Derive an expression for fault current for double line to ground fault by symmetrical
components method.

UNIT- 2 OPERATING PRINCIPLES AND RELAY CONSTRUCTIONS

PART-A

1. What is Relay?
2. How to classify the protective relays.
3. What is static relay?
4. Define operating time of a relay.
5. What are the features of directional relay?
6. What is Selectivity?
7. What is Sensitivity?
8. Define pickup current.
9. State reliability?
10. What is simplicity?
PART-B

11. i)Explain the working principle of distance relay.(12)

ii) List the advantages of Static relays. (4)
12. Write short notes on the following:
i) Fundamental requirements of protective relaying. (8)
ii) Definite distance type impedance relay. (8)
13. Describe the construction and principle of operation of an induction type directional over
current relay.(16)
14. Draw and explain the working principle of differential relay.(16)
15. What are the different types of electromagnetic relays? Discuss their field of applications.
(16)

UNIT- 3 APPARATUS PROTECTION

PART-A
1. Name the fault occurs in generator.
2. Define current transformer.
3. What are the applications of C.T and P.T?
4. Give the difficulties in the bus bar protection.
5. List out the advantages of instrument transformer.
6. Why bus bar protection is needed?
7. Define phase angle error.
8. What are the functions of auxiliary relay?
9. Name the possible transformer faults.
10. Define potential transformer.
PART-B
11. Describe the following systems of bus bar protection: (8+8)
(i) Differential protection.
(ii) Fault–bus protection.
12. Discuss over current protection of transmission line. (16)
13. (i).State the importance of bus bar protection? And explain one scheme of bus bar
protection.(10)
(ii) Describe the faults develop in power transformer? (6)
14. Draw and explain the protection scheme of A.C 3 phase induction motor? (16)
15. What type of protective devices is used for the protection of an alternator against
overheating of its
i) stator and (ii) Rotor? Discuss them in brief. (8+8)

UNIT- 4 THEORY OF CIRCUIT INTERRUPTION

PART-A
1. What is switchgear?
2. Write the two functions of switchgear in any power system.
3. How the arc voltage is produced?
4. Define recovery voltage.
5. What is re-striking voltage?
6. Define current chopping
7. What is an arc?
8. Give the two methods of arc interruption?
9. Define restricting voltage.
10. List out the problems of circuit breakers.

PART-B
11. (i). Explain the maintenance schedule for circuit breaker. (8)
(ii). Write the short on essential features of switch gear. (8)
12. Write short notes on the following:
(i).Basic working principle of circuit breaker. (5)
(ii).Arc phenomenon in circuit breaker. (5)
(iii).Explain the problems of circuit breakers. (6)
13. Write short notes on the following:
(i).Resistance switching. (6)
(ii) Circuit breaking rating. (10)
14. (i)Explain the construction and working principle of light duty DC air circuit breaker.(10)
(ii)Explain the problems of DC breaking. (6)
15. (i)Explain the various method of arc extinction in a circuit breaker.(10)
(ii)Write the short note on the rate of re-striking voltage indicating its importance in the
arc extinction. (6)
UNIT-5 CIRCUIT BREAKERS
PART-A

1. What is circuit breaker?

2. Write the classification of circuit breakers based on the medium used for arc extinction?
3. List out the main problem of the circuit breaker?
4. Write the demerits of MOCB?
5. What is breaking capacity?
6. Mention the indirect methods of circuit breaker testing?
7. Write the classifications of test conducted on circuit breakers.
8. What are the advantages of MOCB over a bulk oil circuit breaker?
9. Define dielectric test of a circuit breaker.
10. What are the types of air blast circuit breaker?

PART-B

11. Explain the construction and working principle of cross jet explosion pot oil circuit
breaker.(16)
12. Explain the construction and working principle of oil minimum circuit breaker (MOCB)
and list out the advantages and disadvantages. (16)
13. Explain the construction and working principle of sulphur hexa fluoride (SF6) circuit
breaker and state its advantages.(16)
14. What are the different methods of testing of circuit breakers? Discuss their merits and
demerits.
15. Explain the construction and working principle of vacuum circuit breaker.(16)