Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
yield gaps in oil palm plantations
in Indonesia
T.H. Fairhurst, W. Griffiths, C. Donough, C. Witt,
D. McLaughlin, K.E. Giller
Tropical Crop Consultants Ltd, Wye, UK
Private address, Cairns, Australia
International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI), Penang, Malaysia
World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Washington DC, USA
Wageningen University, Netherlands
Context
Theory of yield gap management and best
management practices (BMPs)
Practical implementation
Conclusions and perspective
For the grower
Maximize return on investment
Increase IRR and reduce payback period
Improved public profile
For the public and NGOs
Efficient use of land occupied by oil palm
Spare land (and rainforest) for other uses
In Indonesia and Malaysia ~35 t ha‐1 of fresh fruit
bunches = 8 t ha‐1 of oil?
Derived from
Fertilizer trials
Blocks under long term best management
Bunch yield (t ha‐1)
Plateau yield
35 Declining yield
phase
phase
30
Steep ascent
• Shorten time to
25
yield phase maturity and peak
yield
20
• Prolong plateau
15 phase
10
Low 17 t/ha
• Reduce rate of
5
Yield Med 23 t/ha decline
building High 29 t/ha
phase
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Year after planting (YAP)
After Ng, 1976
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Measure change in frequency of yields for
soil x palm age groups over time
Frequency (% area)
Reduce
variability
and increase
yield!
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
‐1
Bunch yield (t ha )
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Oil palm productivity is very sensitive to environmental stress
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An interval of >36 months elapses between the formation
of a flower and the production of a ripe bunch!
Source: Donough, 2008
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Potential yield of a progeny under a given
soil type and climate
Yield (% potential)
100
Yield
potential of
90 progeny for
a given soil
80 and climate
70
60
50
40
Yield (% potential)
100
Yield gap 1 Yield
potential of
90 Maximum progeny for
economic a given soil
80 yield and climate
70
60
50
40
Poor plantation establishment
Poor nursery technique and culling
Erosion and compaction at land clearing
Incorrect planting density or inaccurate lining
Failure to replace unproductive palms
Poor gap filling at planting
Gaps due to palm death
Failure to establish legume cover plants
Yield (% potential)
100
Yield gap 1 Yield
Yield gap 2 potential of
90 Maximum progeny for
economic a given soil
80 yield and climate
Yield reduced
70 because of
nutrient
deficiencies
60
50
40
Nutrient constraints
Failure to take account of soil variability
Faulty leaf sampling
Insufficient field inspection to corroborate results
of leaf analysis
Failure to use long term data trends
Failure to make spatial analysis of nutritional
trends
Yield (% potential)
100
Yield gap 1 Yield
Yield gap 2 potential of
90 Yield gap 3 Maximum progeny for
economic a given soil
80 yield and climate
Yield reduced
70 Yield reduced because of
because of nutrient
poor deficiencies
60 management
50
40
Poor harvesting and management
Inadequate infrastructure (mill‐to‐palm access)
Poor round control
Poor harvest supervision
Failure to implement fertilizer and crop residue
application programmes accurately
Human resource management
150
Focus more
attention on
blocks with
100 greatest scope
for
50
improvement
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Yield (t ha‐1)
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Spatial analysis of yield gaps:
Are blocks with large yield gaps
dispersed or clustered?
Source: Gfroerer, 2009
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PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION of BMPs
Pilot phase runs for four years
Evaluation
Productivity
Cost benefit analysis
Changes required in management
Broad scale implementation (may begin after
one year)
Source: Gfroerer, 2009
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Healthy
leaf canopy
Sufficient Full
ground cover access
Complete
crop recovery
Excellent standards of management in place in a BMP block
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RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Average yield increase of 3.2 t ha‐1 (range 0.4‐
30 ‐1)
6 t ha REF
BMP
Average increase in bunch number (114 bunch
25
Bunch yield (t ha )
‐1
ha‐1) and bunch weight (+1 kg)
20
Less difference between sites after BMP
15
10
implementation
5
0
N Sum 1 E Kal W Kal C Kal S Sum N Sum 2
Site Source: Donough, 2009
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BMP works on degraded lands
(anthropic savanna of Imperatacylindrica)
Only where pilot phase reveals economically
worthwhile yield improvement
Stepwise implementation in 1,000‐1,500 ha
blocks
Identify all constraints and plan their removal
Determine potential yield for all sites
Goal of management is to minimize the gap
between achievable and actual yield
BMP is a step‐wise process to close yield gaps
Small scale pilot phase
Scale up once evidence of gaps available
Maximum economic yield is the key to
profitability and competitiveness
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Thank you for your attention!
Tropical Crop Consultants Ltd
www.tropcropconsult.com
www.ipni.net
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