PSYCHROMETRIC

Psychrometric
Chart
Basics of Drying
Drying- definition
 Removal of majority of water present in the food by the

application of heat
 Removal of water by evaporation or sublimation
 Purpose
- to extend the shelf life by lowering aw
- To reduce volume (reduce storage and transport costs)
Theory
 Involves simultaneous heat and mass transfers

 Heat must be transferred to equal the heat of evaporation
 If heat supply is less than the amount of evaporation-
temperature of material drops- “evaporative cooling”
 If heat supply is more than the amount of evaporation-
temperature of material rises
Drying techniques
 Hot air drying

 Solid drying
- Cabinet/try drier, heat pump drier, bin drier, conveyor drier, fluidised bed
drier, flash drier
 Liquid drying
- Spray drier, drum drier
 Freeze drying
- Solid and liquid both
 Microwave drying
DRYING USING HEATED AIR
3 inter-related factors controlling the

capacity of moisture removal from food
 Amount of vapour already carried by the air (absolute humidity or
RH)
 Air temperature
 Amount of air passing through the product (amount and velocity)
Mechanism of drying
 During drying- water vapour diffuses

through a boundary layer
 Water vapour gradient (DP) from
surface to interior of food
 DP- driving force for water removal
Air
Boundary layer
Boundary layer
 A stagnant air film surrounding the food particles

 Barrier to both heat and mass transfer
 Thicker the film slower the diffusion of evaporated vapour
into the air
 Thickness of this film- determined by velocity of the air
 Faster the air- thinner the film- faster the drying
Movement of moisture during drying
Drying air
Boundary layer
Food cells
Moisture diffusion
Moisture movement mechanism
 Liquid movement by capillary forces- particularly in

porous food
 Diffusion of liquids caused by differences in
concentration of solutes at the surface and in the
interior
 Diffusion of liquids absorbed in layers at the
surface of solid components of foods
 Water vapour diffusion in air spaces within food
caused by vapour pressure gradient (multilayer
moisture- diffusion in vapour form)
Drying periods
• Constant-rate period drying

• Falling-rate period drying
Constant rate
Moisture content
Drying rate
Falling rate
Moisture content
Drying time
Constant-rate drying period
 Moisture removal with respect to time is constant

 Water movement occurs mainly by capillary forces
 Movement of water from the interior equals to the
evaporation rate from the surface
 Exists when surface remains wet
 Surface temperature is maintained at wet-bulb
temperature
 Very brief constant rate or non-existing in food
 End of constant rate and beginning of falling rate is
called “critical moisture content”
Falling-rate drying period
 Drying rate slowly decreases until it approaches to

zero at the equilibrium moisture content of the
drying air (aw of the food is = RH of the air)
 Rate of water movement to the surface is less than
the evaporation from the surface
 Surface becomes drier than interior- formation of
crust or a “case hardening”
 Temperature of the product increases
 Non-hygroscopic foods- single falling rate
 Hygroscopic foods- two or more falling rate
States of water in food and removal of water
Free moisture
Multilayer + capillary
condensed
Drying rate
aw
multilayer
monolayer Moisture content (dry basis)

Product property factor influencing the drying
rate
 Size
 smaller size larger surface area and less distance from
interior to surface- less diffusion time- faster drying
 Structure
 Orientation of fiber in vegetable or meat
 Internal porosity
 Tissue rupture by freezing, blanching or mechanical
 Composition
 High solutes such as sugars, salts decrease the porosity
– slow moisture removal
 Ratio of product to air
 High ratio than an optimal- slower water removal
Calculation of drying rate
 Useful information to estimate how quickly a food will dry in

a drier
 Allows to calculate the production rate per hour or day
 Data required:
 Equilibrium moisture content at drying air temperature condition
 Critical moisture content
Prediction of drying times from drying rate data
(only one falling rate)
Constant rate: dX
  Rc
dt
1
 R c  dX
dt 
Drying rate=dX/dt)
tc=constant rate (X o  X c )
tc  Rc
drying time Rc
t-tc= falling rate
dX
drying time ()
dt R 0
t=total drying time   c
X Xc  0
dX R c
  X
Falling rate: dt X c
0 Xc X0
slope of falling Integratin g :
rate curve X X
t - t c  c ln c Moisture (X), db
Rc X
Xc Xc
t  tc  ln
Rc X
Xo  Xc X c X c
t  ln
Rc Rc X
Basic Concepts
Saturation Line
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
Lexington, Kentucky USA 210
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE 28.874 inches of Mercury
200
190
180
170
160
150
HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR

140
130
120
110
Staturation Line
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
Linric Company Psychrometric Chart, www.linric.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

Constant Dry Bulb Temperature
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
200
190
180
170
160
150

140
130
Constant Dry Bulb Temperature 120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Constant Humidity Ratio
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
200
190
180
170
160
150

140
130
Constant Humidity Ratio 120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
200
190
180
170
160
150

140
130
Constant Humidity Ratio 120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Constant Relative Humidity
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
200
190
180
170
160
150

140
130
Constant Relative Humidity 120
110
100
90
80
%
90
%
70
80
%
60
70
%
60 50
%
50
40
%
40
30
30%
20
20%
HUMIDITY
LATIVE 10
10% RE
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Constant Specific Volume
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
200
190
15.5
180
170
160
150

140
130
15.0
Constant Specific Volume 120
110
100
90
14.5
80
SPE
CIFIC
70
VOL
U
60
ME
ft³/lb
14.0
50
OF D
RY A
40
IR
30
13.5
20
13.0
10
12.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Constant Wet Bulb Temperature
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
200
85
190
180
85
W
ET
BU 170
LB
TE
80 MP
ER
AT 160
URE
-°
F
150
80

Constant Web Bulb Temperature 75
140
130
75
120
70
110
70
100
65
90
65
60
80
60 70
55
60
50 55
50
45 50
40 40
45
35
40 30
30
35
25
30 20
20
25
15
10 20
5 15 10
10
0 5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Constant Enthalpy
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
200
190
180
170
160
150

Constant Enthalpy 140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Constant Enthalpy and Web Bulb
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
200
85
190
180
85
W
ET
BU 170
LB
TE
80 MP
ER
AT 160
URE
-°
F
150
80

Constant Enthalpy 75
140
and 75
130
Constant Web Bulb 70

120
110
70
100
65
90
65
60
80
60 70
55
60
50 55
50
45 50
40 40
45
35
40 30
30
35
25
30 20
20
25
15
10 20
5 15 10
10
0 5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Typical Chart With Enthalpy Lines
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART 55 60
210
Lexington, Kentucky USA 1.3
50 200 65
85
85
190 1.2
180
45
85
W
ET 1.1
BU 170
LB 60
TE
80 MP
ER 80
AT 160
URE
40 1.0
-°
F
IR
150
YA
80
DR

OF
140 .9
75
ND
75 55
°F
PO
35
VAPOR PRESSURE - INCHES OF MERCURY

130
ENTHALPY - BTU PER POUND OF DRY AIR

R
RE
PE
15.0
TU
U
75 .8
A
BT
ER
120
Y-
MP
70
LP
TE
70
HA
N
30
IO
110
EN
AT
.7
50
R
TU
70
SA
100
65
65
.6
90
25
65
14.5
60
80 60
%
90
SPE
20 .5
45
CIFIC
%
60 70
80
55
55
VOL
%
.4
U
60
70
15
ME
50 55
50
ft³/lb
%
60
14.0
50
OF D
45 50
% 45 .3
50 40
RY A
10
40 40
45 40
IR
%
35 40
40 30 35 .2
13.5
DEW POINT - °F
30
5 35 30% 30
25
30 20 25
20 20%
25 20 .1
13.0
15
TY
10 20 HUMIDI 35
LATIVE 10
5 15 10% RE 10
10
12.5
0 5 0
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
10 15 20 25 30
Typical Chart Without Enthalpy Lines
210
50 200 65
85
85
190 1.2
180
45
85
W
ET 1.1
BU 170
LB 60
TE
80 MP
ER 80
AT 160
URE
40 1.0
-°
F
IR
150
YA
80
DR

OF
140 .9
75
ND
75 55
°F
PO
35
E-

130

R
PE
15.0
TU
U
75 .8
A
BT
ER
120
Y-
MP
70
TE
AL
70
TH
N
30
IO
110
EN
AT
.7
50
R
TU
70
SA
100
65
65
.6
90
25
65
14.5
60
80 60
%
90
SPE
20 .5
45
CIFIC
%
60 70
80
55
55
VOL
%
.4
U
60
70
15
ME
50 55
50
ft³/lb
%
60
14.0
50
OF D
45 50
% 45 .3
50 40
RY A
10
40 40
45 40
IR
4 0%
35
40 30 35 .2
13.5
DEW POINT - °F
30
5 35 30% 30
25
30 20 25
20 20%
25 20 .1
13.0
15
TY
10 20 HUMIDI 35
LATIVE 10
5 15 10% RE 10
10
12.5
0 5 0
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
10 15 20 25 30
State Point
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
200
190
180
170
160
150

140
130
120
110
100
90
State Point 80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Reading a Psychrometric Chart Practice
State Point
Sea Level Chart

Dry-bulb temperature = 70 F
Relative humidity = 60%
State Point 70 F
210
200
190
180
170

160
150
140
130
Constant Dry Bulb Temperature 120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Dry Bulb 70
State Point 60%
Wet-bulb
Sea Level Chart

Wet-bulb temperature = ? F
Wet-bulb
Wet-bulb
Sea Level Chart

Wet-bulb temperature = 61 F
Dew Point
Sea Level Chart

Dew point = ?
Dew Point
Dew Point
Dew Point
Sea Level Chart

Dew point = 55.5 F

Specific Volume
Sea Level Chart

Specific volume = ?
Specific Volume
Specific Volume
Sea Level Chart

Relative Humidity = 60%
Specific volume = 13.6 ft3 / lb dry air

Humidity Ratio
Sea Level Chart

Humidity ratio = ?
Humidity Ratio
Humidity Ratio
Sea Level Chart

Humidity ratio = 0.0094 lb water / lb dry air

or
7000 grains = 1 lb water
7000 x 0.0094 = 65.8
Enthalpy
Sea Level Chart

Enthalpy = ?
Enthalpy
Enthalpy
Sea Level Chart

Enthalpy = 27.0 Btu / lb dry air

Calculating Air Property Values
http://linricsoftw.web127.discountasp.net/webpsycalc.aspx
Sensible Heating
Raise Room Temperature 1 degree F
27.31 Btu/lb
27.06 Btu/lb
00.25 Btu/lb
Raise Room Temperature 1 degree F
Length (ft) x Width (ft) x Height (ft) = Volume (ft3)

Volume (ft3) / Specific Volume (ft3/lb) = Mass of Air (lb)
Mass of Air (lb) x Enthalpy Change (Btu/lb) = Heat Input (Btu)
Bedroom
12 x 12 x 8 = 1152 ft3
1152 / 14.02 = 82.17 lb
82.17 x 0.25 = 20.54 Btu
Heating System Example
210
1) Return Air 65 F and 60%

50 200 65
85
2) Supply Air 95 F and 22%

190 1.2
180
45
1.1
170
60
80
160
40 1.0
IR
150
YA
DR

OF
Furnace
140 .9
D
55
UN
75
F
PO
35
-°

130

R
E
PE
UR
Expected
AT
U
.8
BT
ER
120
Y-
MP
LP
TE
70
HA
N
Result
30
TIO
110
EN
.7
RA
50
TU
SA
100
65
.6
90
25
80 60
20 .5
supply air from furnace

70
55
45
15 60 .4
50
return air to furnace

10
1 2
50
40
45 .3
40
40
30 35 .2
DEW POINT - °F
5 30
20 25
20 .1
35
10 10
0
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
10 15 20 25 30
1) PSYCHROMETRIC
Return
Lexington, 65
Kentucky
CHART
USAF and 60% Measured Values
55 60
210
1.3
2) Supply 95 F and 18% 50 200
190
85
1.2
65
45 How is this possible? 180
1.1
170
60
80
160
40 1.0
IR
150
YA
DR

OF
140 .9
D
55
UN
75
°F
PO
35
E-

130

R
PE
UR
AT
U
.8
BT
ER
120
Y-
MP
P
TE
AL
70
TH
N
30
TIO
110
EN
.7
RA
50
TU
SA
100
65
.6
90
25
80 60
20 .5
45
70
55
15 60 .4
1 2 supply air from furnace

50
50

45 .3
10 40
40
40
30 35 .2
DEW POINT - °F
5 30
20 25
20 .1
35
10 10
0
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
10 15 20 25 30
Mixing Air Streams
ma1 Energy Balance

h1
ma1 h1 + ma2 h2 = ma3 h3
w1
ma3
Mass Balance
h3
w3 ma1 w1 + ma2 w2 = ma3 w3
By Algebra
ma2
h2 h2 – h3 = w2 – w3 = ma1
w2 h3 – h1 w3 – w1 ma2
Mixing Air Streams
Resulting mixture lies on the line between the

two state points.

Lexington, Kentucky USA
50
85
210
200
1.3
65
85
190 1.2
Mixing Two Equal Air Streams = the center of the line 45 85

W
ET
B UL
B
180
170
1.1
60
TE
80 MP
ER 80
AT 160
URE
40 1.0
-°
F
IR
150
YA
80
DR

OF
140 .9
75
D
55
UN
75
F
PO
35
-°

130

R
RE
PE
15.0
TU
U
75 .8
A
BT
ER
120
Y-
MP
70
TE
AL
70
TH
N
30
IO
110
EN
AT
.7
50
R
TU
70
SA
100
65
65
.6
90
25
65
14.5
60
80 60
%
90
SPE
20 .5
45
CIFIC
%
60 70
80
55
55
VOL
%
.4
U
60
70
15
ME
50 55
50
ft³/lb
%
60
14.0
50
OF D
45 50
% 45 .3
50 40
RY A
10
40 40
45 40
IR
%
35 40
40 30 35 .2
13.5
DEW POINT - °F
30
5 35 30% 30
25
30 20 25
20 20%
25 20 .1
13.0
15 Y
10 20 HUMIDIT 35
LATIVE 10
5 15 10% RE 10
10
12.5
0 5 0
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
10 15 20 25 30
1) PSYCHROMETRIC
Return
Lexington, 65
Kentucky
CHART
USAF and 60% Measured Values
55 60
210
1.3
2) Supply 95 F and 18% 50 200
190
85
1.2
65
45 How is this possible? 180
1.1
170
60
80
160
40 1.0
IR
150
YA
DR

OF
140 .9
D
55
UN
75
°F
PO
35
E-

130

R
PE
UR
AT
U
.8
BT
ER
120
Y-
MP
P
TE
AL
70
TH
N
30
TIO
110
EN
.7
RA
50
TU
SA
100
65
.6
90
25
80 60
20 .5
45
70
55
15 60 .4
1 2 supply air from furnace

50
50

45 .3
10 40
40
40
30 35 .2
DEW POINT - °F
5 30
20 25
20 .1
35
10 10
0
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120
10 15 20 25 30
Cooling
Cooling Systems
Cooling Systems
Solving the General Equations
for Air Conditioning
Total Heat
q = (cfm) (4.5) (∆h)
q = Btuh
h = enthalpy, Btu per lb dry air
Sensible Heat
q = (cfm) (1.08) (∆t)
t = temperature F
Latent Heat
q = (cfm) (4840) (∆w)
w = humidity ratio, lb water per lb dry air
Solving the General Equations
for Air Conditioning - Sources of Error
Sensible Heat
q (Btuh) = (cfm) (1.08) (∆t)
(∆t) = q (Btuh)
(cfm) (1.08)
cfm lower - (∆t) higher
cfm higher - (∆t) lower
q lower - (∆t) lower
q higher - (∆t) higher
Standard Operation of an Air Conditioner
12,000 Btuh / ton

400 cfm /ton
Sensible heat fraction = 0.70
Latent heat fraction = 0.30
Total Heat
q = (cfm) (4.5) (∆h)
12,000 = (400) (4.5) (∆h)
(∆h) = 27.3 Btu / lb dry air
Sensible Heat
q = (cfm) (1.08) (∆t)
12,000 (0.7) = (400) (1.08) (∆t)
(∆t) = 19 F
Latent Heat
q = (cfm) (4840) (∆w)
12,000 (.3) = (400) (4840) (∆w)
(∆w) = 0.002 lb water / lb dry air
Operation of an Air Conditioner
What if humidity ratio of return air

equals the humidity ratio of the
supply air?
Air Conditioner Example
0.002
0.002
0.002
19 F
Evaporative Cooling
180
85
W
ET
B
Annual Hourly Outside Air Conditions – Lexington KY

UL 170
B
TE
MP
80 ER
AT
U 160
RE
-°
F
150
80

140
75
130
1 5 .0
75
120
70
110
70
100
65
90
65
1 4 .5
60
80
SPE
90
CIF
%
60 70
IC V
55
80
OLU
%
70 60
ME
50 55
ft³
%
/lb O
60
1 4 .0
50
45
FD
50
%
RY
50
40 40
A IR
45
4 0%
35
40 30
1 3 .5
30
35 30%
25
30 20
20 20%
25
1 3 .0
15
10 20 MID ITY
TIVE HU 10
5 15 10% RELA
10
1 2 .5
0 5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110

Human Comfort Zones
180
Annual Hourly Outside Air Conditions – Phoenix, AZ 85

WE
TB
UL
BT
170
EM 160
PE
80 RA
TU
RE-
°F
150

80
140
75
130
14.
5
120
75
70
110
100
70
65
90
65
14.
60 80
%
0S
90
PEC
% 70
IF
80
IC V
55 60
OLU
% 60
70
ME
50 55
ft
³/lb
%
60 50
13.
OF
45 50
D
%
50
RY
40
A IR
40
45
40%
35
40 30
30 30%
13.
35
0
25 20
30
20%
25
12.
20 IDITY
TIVE HUM 10
10% RELA
5
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110

Crawl Space Conditions
Example
180
85
W
ET
B UL 170
Annual Hourly Outside Air Conditions – Lexington KY

B
TE
MP
80 ER
AT
U 160
RE
-°
F
150
80

140
75
130
1 5 .0
75
120
70
110
70
100
65
90
65
1 4 .5
60
80
SPE
90
CIF
%
60 70
IC V
55
80
OLU
%
70 60
ME
50 55
ft³
%
/lb O
60
1 4 .0
50
45
FD
50
0%
RY
5
40 40
A IR
45
4 0%
35
40 1 3 .5 30
30
35 30%
25
30 20
20 20%
25
1 3 .0
15
10 20 MID ITY
TIVE HU 10
5 15 10% RELA
10
1 2 .5
0 5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110

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PSYCHROMETRIC - Basics of Drying PDF

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 Removal of majority of water present in the food by the

 Involves simultaneous heat and mass transfers

 Hot air drying

3 inter-related factors controlling the

 During drying- water vapour diffuses

 A stagnant air film surrounding the food particles

 Liquid movement by capillary forces- particularly in

• Constant-rate period drying

 Moisture removal with respect to time is constant

 Drying rate slowly decreases until it approaches to

monolayer Moisture content (dry basis)

 Useful information to estimate how quickly a food will dry in

HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Linric Company Psychrometric Chart, www.linric.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR

Constant Dry Bulb Temperature 120

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Linric Company Psychrometric Chart, www.linric.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR

Constant Humidity Ratio 120

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Linric Company Psychrometric Chart, www.linric.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR

Constant Humidity Ratio 120

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Linric Company Psychrometric Chart, www.linric.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR

Constant Relative Humidity 120

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Linric Company Psychrometric Chart, www.linric.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Linric Company Psychrometric Chart, www.linric.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Linric Company Psychrometric Chart, www.linric.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Linric Company Psychrometric Chart, www.linric.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR

Constant Web Bulb 70

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Linric Company Psychrometric Chart, www.linric.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR

VAPOR PRESSURE - INCHES OF MERCURY

ENTHALPY - BTU PER POUND OF DRY AIR

Linric Company Psychrometric Chart, www.linric.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR

VAPOR PRESSURE - INCHES OF MERCURY

ENTHALPY - BTU PER POUND OF DRY AIR

Linric Company Psychrometric Chart, www.linric.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Linric Company Psychrometric Chart, www.linric.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °F

Sea Level Chart

HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

Sea Level Chart

Sea Level Chart

Sea Level Chart

Sea Level Chart